cHapTER 2 ee err err rere rr OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 2 Freehand Sketching Frechand sketching ira valuable skill in both technical and non- (echuca wurk, For example, graphic designers use frehand sketches as they develop ideas. [A graphic designer may be involved with any atea of visual om. _munieations concerning a individual product or an entire company’s cor- porate image. This may involve signage, logos, advertising, or appearance ‘of an Internet website. The graphic designer must have a good sense of color, syle, typography, layour, and media presentation styles to address the appropriate marker fora product. ‘Working from fiechand sketches, che designer will use computer ‘graphics ystems that have high-resolucion, photo-qualiy calor printers ro produce finished renderings that once required extremely tedious and ‘time-consuming arowork drawn by hand, CAREER LINK ook a2:4 Tur Iuponrance oF SkercuiNe. The importance of frechand sketching t0 the drafter, engineer, architect, and others in technical or nontechnical work cannot be ‘overemphasized. It is a valuable means of expression for anyone. Ic isan effective way «0 fet an idea across when words fail, In this ‘vay, graphic language becomes an important ad to verbal language Most original mechanical i tions are recorded for the firs cime in the form of a sketch, Fig. 2-1. Sketches help designers organize their ideas and recall from day to day what was figured out before. The skerch is also used to show others what the Gesigner has in mind, In ease ofa lawsuit over he original sketch may connect the ‘Sketches ae often used instead of complete mechanical drawings where changes of design must be made in a hurry. They may also be tused when time it not available for a Finished ‘mechanical drawing ro be made. The greatest tse of sketches, however, isin formulating, expressing, and recording new ides. Fig 2-1, echnical raving begins wih a shh 22Boscccassct sees tretsi re Fig 2.2 Shech on crotesotion paper 2.2 War SxeTeuine Mares To Use. You red only chree objects to make a freehand serch: a pencil, an eraser, and apiece of paper, Sketches are often made on the backs of ceavelopes or on scraps of paper. However, the drafier or engineer usually has a sketching pad lor several sheets fisted toa clipboatd. Cros- section paper (Fig, 2-2) is often used in skerch- ing, The rl lines help keep the lines straight. ‘The squares (usually $” orf") can be used to sketch approximately to scale, if desired However, mest sketches need not be drawn to scale, but only in proportion, Sec. 2.7. The beginner should lara co sketch without the aid ‘of cross-section paper as soon as posible. For sketching, whether you use a mechani- cal or wood pencil, always use a soft lead, FREEHAND SKETCHING such as For HB. Two eres ate desirable, a white plastic drafing eraser and an ondnary Pink penel eraser, Fig 4-24 ad () 2.8 Snanpenine THs Woooen Pencit. Sharpen the pel vo concl pin ig 23 The tela fn ae alin hace ing: thin medion and hick, a shown a (a (band (6 To make these, the pel should be shpat sh sigh dul, epee vl ll three per of lines shouldbe cea cut and dark. Avoid fury, gry or sloppy lines. Only construction lines () should Be ser light and gay. They shoul Bave medium ‘hid 24 FReenano LINES. A good fiechand line should not be rigid and stif like « mechanical line, Fig, 2-4(a). The effectiveness of a mechanical ine les in is exctng uniformity. In sketching, no arempe shold be made £0 imicate mechanical lines. The important thing is c sketch the line in the eight dirce- tion, and noc as shown at Fg. 2-4). A good fiechand line has the qualities of freedom and varies. It continues in the cor- rect path, as shown ar Fig. 2-0) and (d). A long line should not be drawn in a single scroke, Ie should be drawn in several strokes end-to-end, the hand being shifted after each sroke, Small gaps (if wery mall) may be lefe Fig. 2. Peni point. 23ht e ge on pet coco ay aavirs Tee Fig 2-4 Charcroflins berween strokes if desired, (@) All fnal lines should be clean-cut and dark, They should never overlap of be sloppy and indefinice. Avoid uncertain intermingled lines, appropri- axely referred to a5 "hen-scratch lines.” 2.5 Sxercning StaaicHt Lines. Hold the pencil naturally, about 19 inches from the poine. To draw horizontal lines, Fig. 2-(a), first spot your beginning and end points. ‘Then swing the pencil back and forch between the points, barely touching the paper, until the proper direction is clearly fsablihed, Finally, draw che line firmly wich a fiee and easy wristand-arm motion. Keep ‘jour exe on the point roward which you are Grawing, not on the peacil point, This is ‘something like gol where you warch the ball not the club, ‘Draw vertical lines downward, or roward your stomach, with a fie finger-and-wrist, motion, a¢ shown in Fig. 2-5(b). If an inclined line isto be nearly vertical, draw it Fig. 25, Shatching sigh ines.FREEHAND SKETCHING ig 2-6 Aide in hatching, downward, as shown at Fig. 2-5(¢) and (@) IF ic is t0 be nearly horizontal, draw ie to the right, Fig. 2-5(e). You can draw an inclined line asa horizontal or a vertical line merely by turning the paper tothe desired postion, Fig 2-5(f) and (g). 2.6 Aios IN SKETCHING. There are many icks” you can use as aids in sketching Figure 2-62) shows a useful method af block ing in horizontal or vercical lines by drawing lines parallel to the edges of che tablet or pd. Ae (b) is shown a method of transferring a distance by using « pencil as a measuring stick. Ar (6 is shown 2 method of dividing a line into a number of equal pars. At I, the pencil is wsed eo estimate half the distance by ‘uying an estimated distance on the left and then on the right. At Il and IIL the divisions are further subelivided by eye. The final draw ing is shown at IV, 2.7 Esnmanine Propornons. You may have Iheard the advice, “Bethe labor great or small, Fig, 2-7. Exiting proportions of am objec: 25do ic well oF noe a all.” This cule particularly applies to proportion in sketching. The pro- portions “mnake or break” a sketch A drawing isin proportion if all is parts are the covrect, sizes 3¢ compared to all other pars. The larg- fr the drawing, the more important itis to dew iin correct proportion, Forexanple,iFyou wane o serch the front view of an object, you must fist get its widen and high: corectly proportioned. If you are ‘working fiom a given pierre, ig. 7a), you ‘an compure measurements with your pencil a shown, IF you ate skeching directly fiom AUNTS: the abject, you can compare measurements by sighting dimensions on the object and noxing hhow long they appear on your pencil, a5 shown at (b). For these comparisons always bold your pencil ac arm’ length, ‘Another method, if you are working fom f picture, is to mark off by eye convenient Tnits on the picture, as shown in Fig. 2-8, ‘You mighe also use strip of paper on whose edge you have marked off one unit, See hove many uniee high and how many units wide the drawing is. Aztume char you are drawing fa computer In thie case, itis convenient ro 4UNITS “ Gomplete the computer atch Fig. 28. Sep in secing x compu 26Fig 29. Sting with a quae mark off four units for the width. About four tunite are also required for the height. Stare the skerch, Fig. 2-8, 1, by sketching a large rectangle four units high and four units wide. Carefully compare each unit by eye with very other unit. Then draw the monitor as shown in 2. Next, as shown in 3, block in the CPU. Then, as thown in 4, complete the sketch, adding the remaining decails as shown. All lines should be very light up to this poine. Finally, dim all che lines with the eraser until they can hardly be seen. Then “punch in’ the final lines, making them clean-cut and dark. The main outline should be slightly heavier chan the interior lines, Remember se sere of sketching itt ft bru the large areas in coree proportion. You Fe: should then add the smaller fossre in their caret relive ise, 2.8 Arcs ano Cinctes. You can exily sketch a small circle, Fig. 2-9(D. Fist, lightly sketch fan enclosing square and mark the midpoines of the sides. Then, II, draw light diagonals and mark off the estimated radius-dstance on each. Finally, draw che circle through the eight points, I. "Another method is to sare with the center lines, Fig. 2-100). Add light radial lines, or “Spokes,” berwoen these as at Il. Sketch small arcs a che radius-istance from the enter on ‘each. Finally I, sketch the fll cre, In both methods, keep the construction lines very light. IF necessary, dim al lines with an eraser before heavying-in the final circle. a = = Shaching lage cc 2ig 212 Sheching ares. Another excellent method, Fig. 2-11(a), especially useful for large circles of are, is 10 set off the radius on a scrap of paper. Use this radius co set off from the center a5 many points on the circle ar desired. You can then sketch in the circle through these points ‘After a litle practice, you can make exeel- lent large circles by using your pencil and hand as a compass, Place your litle finger at the center co serve as a pivot. Set the pencil point at the radiue-distance from the center, Fig. 2-11(). While your hand is held rigidly in this postion, rotate the paper slowly, as ovcigeues seeeaR (cl pecs shoven aI, while the pencil mas che circle. Yu can use the same procedure while hold- ing wo pencils rigidly in position, IL Tn sketching acs, Fig. 2-12, wse the same general methods as ia sketching circles. ‘Where che construction lines are 100 notice- able, dim the lines with the eraser before bheayyingrin che final arc. 2.9 SkeTcuin EuuPses. Ifyou look sraght at circles, they appear as erue circles, Fig. 2. 13(a). If you view circles at an angle, they appear as elu, (8). IFyou view chem edge © OSoteaen Fig. 2.13. Cicer and lips 8Sheching ellipses. wise, they appear as lines, (¢). You can demonstrace this principle another way by viewing a coin in different positions, as shown at (4). The long axis of an ellipse is called che major axix The shore axis is called the minor ax, “To sketch an ellipse, Fig. 2-14(2),lighely sketch the enclosing rectangle and mark the approximate mid-points of the sides. Then, (b), sketch light tangent ares ar the mid- points, and complete the ellipse, (c) Before hheavyingrin che final ellipse, dim all construc- sion lines with an eraser ‘A second method isco sare with che major and minor axes and skerch the ellipse as shown ac (0 (0. |_Dsa Ba ‘An excellent way to sketch a ge ellipse i to use the sremmel method, Fig, 6-21. You firse sketch che two axes at sight angles to each other You then prepare a “tammel” on the edge of a piece of scrap peper. As the trammel is moved to differen: positions, points on the ellipse can be marled. The Final ‘llipse can be sketched through these points, 2.10 Steps m Skercuine a View. IF we look at a Lock Plate, Fig. 2-15(a), inthe direction fof the atrow, we sce a “view” of che objec. The steps in sketching this vew sre shown in the figure. The sketch is not made to scale, but is eareflly proportioned. I. Sketch in the large main areas lightly ‘This is che most important part of the sketch. No sketch can be sitistictory if these areas are incovrecly proportioned. Lightly block in construction for ares and cece Dim all lines with the eraser, Then heavy-in all final lines, making ches clean-cut and dark. mL, fi { mill FALCON MAN SuArES TE GrETOr ARCS BORGES TIEHEARUN FNAL LES Fig. 2:15. Step ia shetehing lock plate.BASIC TECHNICAL DRAWING Several oneview sketching problems are given in Figs. 2-16 to 2-31. For each problem, use aan 8!" x 11" sheet of cros-section paper, plain bond typewriter paper, or drawing paper. Sketch ‘a border leaving a margin of abour on all sides. Then sketch the assigned probler carefully in proportion, fing icon che sheet approximately as shown. Write the dare and your name atthe bottom ofeach sheet. For problems 2-24 and 2-25, you may sketch the plans as shown. With ‘your instructor’ approval, you may sketch a plan of your own home. Fig. 2-16 Straight i Fig 2-17 Parquet lor, Fig 2-18. Switch over Fig 2-19, Tryoquareson onescw dechng robles re aval in Figs 44 4-45 Staching fom sctslohjrs snr how hom hebw le mocha. Sct nye Os your inseuctors approval before you stare work, If assigned by che instructor, construct drawings using decimal-inch or merc scales by con- verting given factional dimensions to decimal-inch or metric equivalent. Refer t9 Table 20 in the Appendix. Fig. 2-20. Cover get Fig 2.21. Samping. 6 (23) eo eS Fig 2.22 Samping. Fig. 2.25, Pineblde and hap. 3BASIC TECHNICAL DRAWINGFig. 2.28. Hinge plas.