B GIO DC V O TO

TP ON BU CHNH VIN THNG VIT NAM

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG VIT NAM

----------------------------------------------------

NGUYN HUY HONG

NGHIN CU, XUT LA CHN CNG NGH CHO

CC H THNG TRUYN HNH S MT T VIT NAM

CHUYN NGNH: K THUT IN T

M S: 60.52.70

TM TT LUN VN THC S K THUT

H NI NM 2011

Lun vn c hon thnh ti:

Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

PGS TS Trn Hng Qun

Phn bin 1: .......................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................
Phn bin 2: ......................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Lun vn s c bo v trc hi ng chm lun vn ti Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh
Vin thng
Vo lc: ........gi.......ngy........thng........nm..........
C th tm hiu lun vn ti:
- Th vin Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng

GII THIU V TI
Vi nhng u im vt tri ca truyn hnh s so vi truyn hnh analog,
trong nhng nm qua, truyn hnh s mt t pht trin mnh m trn th gii v
Vit Nam, vic thay th hon ton truyn hnh mt t analog bng cng ngh
truyn hnh s mt t trn ton th gii s din ra trong tng lai khng xa.
n nay c nhiu Quc gia trn th gii la chn tiu chun DVB T
pht sng mt t. Tuy nhin, trc cc nhu cu i hi v dung lng, v khng
li ng truyn, nng cao tin cy vi cc loi hnh dch v, v gim t s cng
sut nh / cng sut trung bnh, nhu cu v phn chia ph tn ca cc dch v vin
thng khc, cng vi xu th hi t trong cc mi trng truyn dn, s pht trin
mnh m ca truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV vi dung lng bit ln m DVB
T cha p ng c.
T cc yu cu thc t t ra , nhm DVB Project pht trin chun
truyn hnh s th h th 2 l DVB T2. Tiu chun ny c xut bn ln u tin
vo 6/2008 v c ETSI chun ha t thng 9/2009. Hin nay, Anh, Phn Lan
thng bo trin khai cc dch HDTV trn ng truyn mt t dng chun DVB
T2; c, Ty Ban Nha, Thu in cng ang tin hnh th nghim pht sng
DVB - T2.
T nm 2001, Vit Nam tin hnh th nghim pht sng truyn hnh mt
t. Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt quy hoch truyn dn, pht sng truyn
hnh, theo n nm 2020 c bn chm dt truyn dn, pht sng truyn hnh mt
t s dng cng ngh analog trn ton quc. Trc sc p v l trnh chuyn i
hon ton sang pht sng s mt t trc nm 2020, xu hng pht trin ca
truyn hnh s mt t DVB T2 trn th gii, lun vn tp trung phn tch cc gii
php k thut ca h thng truyn hnh s mt t DVB T, nhng bt cp, tn ti
khi trin khai ti Vit Nam, ng thi nghin cu cu trc v nhng gii php k
thut c bn, nhng tnh nng u vit ca tiu chun DVB T2. T , xut la
chon gii php cng ngh hp l nht cho h thng truyn hnh s mt t ti Vit
Nam trong nhng nm ti.
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V
H THNG TRUYN HNH S MT T,
NHU CU V XU HNG PHT TRIN
1.1 Gii thiu cc tiu chun truyn hnh s mt t
Vi truyn hnh s mt t, hin ti hu ht cc nc ang s dng th h th
nht truyn hnh s gm 3 tiu chun:
1.1.1 Chun ATSC

Nm 1996 FCC chp nhn tiu chun truyn hnh s ca M da trn tiu
chun gi d liu quc t 188 byte Mpeg 2. Cc ch tiu k thut c th c quy
nh bi ATSC. ATSC cho php 36 chun Video t HDTV n cc dng thc
Video tiu chun SDTV khc vi cc phng thc qut (xen k, lin tc) v cc t
l khun hnh khc nhau.
ATSC c cu trc dng lp, tng thch vi m hnh lin kt h thng m
(OSI) 7 lp ca cc mng d liu. Mi lp ATSC c th tng thch vi cc ng
dng khc cng lp. ATSC s dng dng thc gi MPEG-2 cho c Video, Audio v
d liu ph. Cc n v d liu c di c nh ph hp vi sa li, ghp dng
chng trnh, chuyn mch, ng b, nng cao tnh linh hot v tng thch vi
dng thc ATM. Hnh 1.1 di y m t khung d liu VSB.
8 2 8 b i u tr n g
ng b m nh s 1

3 1 2 o n d li u

D li u
4 6 ,8 s
ng b m nh s 2

D li u

7 7 ,7 s

Hnh 1.1 Khung d liu VSB [3].

1.1.2 Chun ISDB-T
ISDB T cn gi l tiu chun DiBEG ca Nht Bn ban hnh nm 1997, s
dng k thut ghp knh on di tn BTS (Band Segmened) OFDM v cho php
s dng cc phng thc iu ch tn hiu s khc nhau i vi tng on d liu
nh QPSK, DQPSK, 16 QAM hoc 64 QAM
ISDB-T s dng tiu chun m ho MPEG-2 trong qu trnh nn v ghp
knh. H thng s dng phng php ghp a tn trc giao OFDM cho php truyn
a chng trnh phc tp vi cc iu kin thu khc nhau, truyn dn phn cp, thu
di ng v.v... c th s dng cho cc knh truyn 6, 7 v 8MHz.
Cc tham s c bn ca ISDB-T nh bng 1.1 sau:
Bng 1.1: m t cc thng s truyn dn cho ISDB-T knh cao tn 8MHz
[12].
Kiu
S on d liu Ns

Kiu 1

Kiu 2
13

Kiu 3

 rng bng tn (MHz)

7,433

7,431

7,426

Khong cch sng mang

5,291

2,645

1,322

1405

2809

5617

(Khz)
S sng mang
Kiu iu ch sng mang

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, DQPSK

S biu trng trong mt

204

khung
Khong thi gian tch cc

189

378

765

1/4

47,25

94,5

189

phng v

1/8

23,625

47,25

94,5

(S)

1/16

11,8125

23,625

47,25

1/32

5,90625

11,8125

23,625

trong mt biu trng (S)

Khong

M ho ni
M ho ngoi

M ha cun (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8)

M Reed Solomon (204, 188)

1.1.3 Tiu chun Chu u (DVB T)

DVB dng iu ch ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao c m (COFDM),
tc bit ti a 24 Mbps( di thng 8Mhz).
im ni tri nht ca COFDM l ch dng d liu cn truyn ti c
phn phi cho nhiu sng mang ring bit. Mi sng mang c x l ti mt thi
im thch hp v c gi l mt COFDM Symbol.
Do s lng sng mang ln, mi sng mang li ch truyn ti mt phn ca
dng bt nn chu k ca mt biu trng kh ln so vi chu k ca mt bt thng tin.
Cc sng mang ring bit c iu ch QPSK, 16QAM hoc 64QAM. T l m
ho thch hp ca m sa sai cng gp phn ci thin cht lng h thng.
1.1.4 nh gi 3 tiu chun truyn hnh s mt t
im ging nhau ca ba tiu chun trn l s dng chun nn MPEG -2 cho
tn hiu video. im khc nhau c bn l phng php iu ch.
H thng ATSC s dng k thut iu ch iu bin ct ca nhng nm
1980. iu bin ct 8VSB (Vestigal Side Band) vn b cc khuyt tt vn c ca
n, khng c kh nng cho thu di ng, khng khc phc hin tng phn x v
khng thit lp c mng n tn nh gii php ca h ISDB-T v DVB-T.
ISDB-T c ba im khc bit so vi DVB-T. Mt l, s dng ghp xen thi
gian, trong khi DVB-T khng s dng k thut ny. Hai l, phn on (vng) tn s
cho cc dch v khc nhau. Trong ISDB-T, ngi ta dnh 10 khong tn s cho dch

v hnh nh v 3 khong cho dch v m thanh trong khi DVB T ch s dng

phng php iu ch phn cp. Ba l, ISDB-T khng tng thch vi cc h pht
s qua v tinh DVB-S v pht s qua cp DVB-C
1.2 Thc trng truyn hnh s mt t ti Vit Nam
1.2.1 Truyn hnh tng t mt t
Theo s liu kho st mi y, hin c 63.69% s h gia nh (22 triu h)
ang xem truyn hnh tng t t cc i pht khc nhau:
i Truyn hnh Vit Nam (VTV) hin ang c mng ph sng analog trn
phm vi ton quc vi nhiu knh chng trnh. i truyn hnh ca 63 tnh thnh
trong c nc, i truyn hnh k thut s (VTC), i Ting ni Vit nam (VOV)
hin ang pht sng analog.
Mng pht hnh s mt t
Vi tng s 25% s h gia nh c nc ang xem truyn hnh s mt t t
cc i:
Mng truyn hnh s VTC pht sng ton quc theo chun DVB-T, nn
MPEG2, l mng truyn hnh c din ph sng trn 44 tnh, thnh ph vi trn 80
im pht sng. Ngoi ra, i TH TP.HCM ang pht sng DVB-T trn knh 25.
i PT-TH Bnh Dng cng trin khai pht sng DVB-T trn knh 53, AVG
ang trin khai mng DVB T n tn.
Hin nay VTC pht sng 28 knh truyn hnh v nhiu knh pht thanh
c iu ch trn hai knh sng mang lin k.
Vic truyn dn tn hiu n cc my pht c thc hin qua mng cp quang
v qua v tinh. Tn hiu Video v Audio sau khi c nn v ghp thnh 02 lung
s liu ASI 1 v ASI 2 s c ghp v truyn qua cp quang hoc qua v tinh n
cc a im pht sng, pht 02 knh RF lin k pht sng mt t.
Nh vy, hin nay Vit Nam, vic pht sng k thut s s dng cng ngh
DVB-T c mt s n v v cc i truyn hnh tng bc trin khai. Cc i
v n v ny u s dng cng ngh nn MPEG-2, pht sng theo m hnh mng
a tn (tr An Vin Group) v ghp kh nhiu chng trnh trn mt knh sng.
1.3 Nhu cu v xu hng pht trin
Ngi xem lun c nhu cu thu c nhiu knh t sng truyn hnh mt t.
p ng nhu cu ny vi truyn hnh Analog gp nhiu kh khn v thit b pht v
knh sng cao tn, v mi knh cn mt my pht v mt knh sng.
Cc bng tn VHF v UHF lu nay dng cho truyn hnh mt t n nay
khng cho yu cu pht nhiu knh, trong khi cc mng thng tin chuyn ngnh,
thng tin di ng cng c nhu cu cc di tn ny.
Cht lng ca cc knh truyn hnh i hi ngy cng cao, c bit l nhu
cu thng thc truyn hnh nt cao (HDTV) ngy cng ln.
p ng cc nhu cu trn ch c gii php l chuyn sang truyn hnh s
mt t vi nhng u im vt tri so vi truyn hnh analog. Vi truyn hnh s
DVB-T c th thit lp mng pht hnh gm nhiu my pht trn cng mt knh
sng. iu ny gip cho vic nng cao hiu qu s dng ph tn v tit kim kinh
ph u t, chi ph vn hnh...
pht huy c cc u im trn, Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt quy
hoch pht sng truyn dn, theo s chm dt truyn dn, pht sng truyn hnh

bng cng ngh Analog, chuyn sang pht sng s mt t trc nm 2020. Vic
pht trin nhanh cc h thng pht hnh s mt t vi s knh ln, c kh nng
pht HDTV l mt nhu cu cp thit nc ta.
Mng DVB T c nhiu Quc gia la chn trin khai cng nh
khng nh c u th r rt trn th gii. Tuy nhin, qua cc h thng truyn hnh
s ang khai thc v nhu cu thc t t ra v i hi ngy cng tng v dung
lng, v khng li ng truyn, nng cao tin cy vi cc loi hnh dch v, v
gim t s cng sut nh / cng sut trung bnh, nhu cu v phn chia ph tn ca
cc dch v vin thng khc, cng vi xu th hi t trong lnh vc truyn dn,
truyn hnh di ng, s pht trin mnh m ca truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV
vi dung lng bit ln m DVB T cha p ng c.
Trc nhng nhu cu t ra trn, t thng 6/2007 n thng 3/2008, trn 40 t
chc tp trung nghin cu tiu chun mi ca DVB - T. n cui nm 2008, nhng
ni dung c bn ca tiu chun truyn hnh s mt t th h th hai DVB-T2 c
ban hnh. Cng vi vic ra i cc chun nn mi nh MPEG 4, chun H264 kt hp
vi cc u im vt tri ca DVB T2, nht l khi s dng vi mng n tn v
nhiu knh lin k s l xu hng pht trin cho truyn hnh s mt t trn th gii.
Trc hon cnh , truyn hnh s mt t Vit Nam s la chn cng ngh no? y
l mt bi ton cn c li gii p ng c nhu cu pht trin ca kinh t - x hi
Vit Nam. Lun vn ny s tp trung nghin cu cng ngh truyn hnh mt t ang
v s c Vit Nam, th gii t xut khuyn ngh la chn cng ngh hp l
cho truyn hnh s Vit Nam.
Chng 2
TRUYN HNH S MT T THEO TIU CHUN DVB T
2.1 S khi ca h thng DVB-T
H thng c nh ngha l mt thit b gm nhng khi chc nng, tn hiu
u vo l dng truyn ti MPEG-2 nhn c ti u ra ca b ghp
(Multiplexer), u ra l tn hiu RF i ti anten.
H thng tng thch vi chun nn tn hiu video MPEG-2 ISO/IEC 13818.
Do h thng c thit k cho truyn hnh s mt t hot ng trong bng tn
UHF hin c, nn i hi h thng phi c kh nng chng nhiu tt t cc my
pht tng t hot ng cng knh hoc knh lin k, i hi h thng phi c hiu
sut s dng ph tn cao bng tn UHF, iu ny c th m bo bng vic s dng
mng n tn (SFN).
S khi chc nng ca h thng pht theo tiu chun DVB T c th
hin hnh 2.1 di y.

Hnh 2.1: S khi chc nng h thng pht hnh s mt t DVB-T [6]
y l s khi ca mt h thng pht hnh s mt t y . Cc tn hiu
hnh nh, m thanh s qua mt lot qu trnh x l cui cng, ti u ra anten
cng vn l tn hiu cao tn pht i.
Nhng tnh nng u vit ca truyn hnh s mt t li hon ton c th
hin trong cc qu trnh x l ny.
Cc khi nt t trn hnh 2.1 s c s dng khi h thng dng theo cu
hnh iu ch phn cp. Khi t khi ghp knh m ha ngun d liu MPEG 2
phn chia dng d liu thnh 2 lung vi nhng mc u tin khc nhau, tc bit
v t l m ha khc nhau, c ngha l kh nng chng li ca tng dng bit l khc
nhau. S khi cho ta thy mt h thng my pht ch yu s gm phn iu ch
OFDM v phn m ho sa li.
2.2 Gii php c bn tng khi chc nng ca DVB-T
2.2.1 Ghp knh v m ha ngun d liu MPEG-2
Cc tn hiu u vo gm hnh nh, m thanh v cc d liu ph s c s
ha nh khi ghp knh, m ha v nn MPEG-2. u ra ca khi ny s l dng
truyn truyn ti MPEG-2 vi mt tc bit nht nh a vo my pht. y l
qu trnh s ha tn hiu.
2.2.2 Khi ghp knh truyn ti v ngu nhin ha s liu
hn ch ti a cc li trong truyn dn, dng d liu TS n t khi nn s
c ngu nhin ho. Cc gi d liu ny u tin c nhn dng bi chui gi
ngu nhin PRBS. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l phn tn nng lng trong ph tn
hiu s v xc nh s nh phn thch hp (loi b cc chui di 0 v 1), ng
thi y cng c xem l qu trnh phi hp ghp knh truyn ti.
2.2.3 Khi m ngoi v ghp xen ngoi

Dng d liu sau khi c ngu nhin ha s tip tc c x l ti khi

m ngoi v ghp xen ngoi. S d gi l ngoi v vic x l y l theo byte,
cn m ni v ghp xen ni l x l theo bit. B m ngoi s dng m ReedSolomon RS (204, 188, t=8) m ho d liu c ngu nhin ho nhm to ra
cc gi d liu c bo v li.
Do c m ho theo m RS (204,188, t=8) nn mi gi d liu s c
thm 16 bytes sa li v n c kh nng sa ti 8 li trong mt gi.
Vic ghp ngoi chnh l ghp cc byte vi mt chu k ghp qui nh trc,
thng su ghp l l=12. y cng l vic nhm gim tnh thng k ca li.
2.2.4 Khi m ni (inner coder)
y l qu trnh m ho tip theo nhng vic m s chi tit n tng bit.
Thng s m ha y chnh l t l m ha n/m (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8). Ngha l
c m bt truyn i th ch c n bit mang thng tin, cc bit cn li l sa li.
2.2.5 Khi ghp ni (inner interleaver)
D liu n y s c tro hon ton theo tng bit, thng tin s rt khc so
vi ban u.
B ghp kiu bt
Qu trnh ny gim thiu li n mc ti a.
B ghp xen symbol.
Mc ch ca b ghp xen symbol l t nhng k t c v bit ln 1512 (mode
2k) hoc 6048 (mode 8k) sng mang. B ghp xen symbol uc thc hin trn cc
khi c 1512 (mode 2k) hoc 6048 (mode 8k) k t d liu.
2.2.6 Chm sao tn hiu v qu trnh nh x (mapper)
H thng pht sng truyn hnh s mt t OFDM s dng k thut truyn dn
ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao OFDM. Mi khung OFDM gm cc sng
mang c iu ch theo mt trong cc phng php QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM,
16QAM khng ng nht, 64QAM khng ng nht. COFDM cho php tri d liu
truyn i trn c min thi gian v min tn s.
Do c hin tng fading tn s gia cc di tn cn k, nn COFDM c s
dng xen tn s, ngha l cc bit d liu lin tip nhau s c tri ra trn cc sng
mang cch bit nhau Hnh 2.6

Hnh 2.6 Thc hin nh x (mapping) d liu ln cc symbol

Trong DVB-T vic nh x (mapping) d liu ln cc symbol OFDM thc ra l
iu ch tng sng mang ring r, v c th theo mt trong ba chm sao to

phc 4QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM. Ti mi symbol, mi sng mang s c iu ch

bi mt s phc ly t tp chm sao.
2.2.7 Cu trc khung OFDM
Tn hiu truyn dn c sp xp thnh cc khung. Mi khung c chu k TF
gm c 68 k t OFDM. C 4 khung lp thnh mt siu khung. Mi k t c
thit lp bi k = 6817 sng mang mode 8k hoc k = 1705 trong mode 2k, n c
chu k Ts.
COFDM thc hin vic phn chia knh truyn dn c trong min thi gian
v min tn s, t chc knh RF thnh tp cc "di tn ph" hp v tp cc "on
thi gian" lin tip nhau hnh 2.8.

t im e
C h a nn e l
B a n d w id t h

f re
qu
en
cy

fr e q u e n c y
s u b -b a n d

t im e
s eg m e n t

Hnh 2.8 Phn chia knh

Mi ci c mt dch tn Doppler khc nhau, cng vi ng tn hiu
chnh. Trc z miu t bin p ng knh.
Ngoi d liu truyn i, 1 khung OFDM cn cha:
Cc ti ph TPS (transmission parameter signalling).
Tn hiu dn ng dng cho ng b khung, ng b tn s, thi gian.
Cc sng mang trong 1 k t OFDM c nh s t kmin n kmax.
kmin = 0, kmax =1704 trong mode 2k.
kmin = 0, kmax = 6816 trong mode 8k.
sng mang kmin v kmax l (k-1)/TU.
Khong cch gia cc sng mang lin k nhau l 1/TU. Khong cch gia cc
tham s ca 1 k t OFDM theo tng mode c cho trong bng 2.4.
Bng 2.4: Cc tham s ca 1 k t OFDM [7]
Tham s
Mode 8k
Mode 2k
S cc sng mang k
6817
1705
Ch s ca sng mang kmin
0
0
Ch s ca sng mang kmax
6816
1704
Chu k TU
896s
224s
Khong cch gia cc sng mang
1116 Hz
4464 hz
Khong cch gia sng mang kmin v kmax
7,61 MHz 7,61 MHz.
Chn cc sng mang ph
Trong mi on thi gian, gi l mi symbol OFDM, mi di tn ph c
trang b mt sng mang ph m t trn hnh 2.9. trnh nhiu gia cc sng
mang, chng c b tr vung gc vi nhau, ngha l khong cch gia cc sng
mang c t bng vi nghch o ca mt chu k symbol
.

Hnh 2.9. Chn cc sng mang ph [1]

Chn khong bo v
Do cc "echo" c to ra bi cc bn sao ca tn hiu gc khi b tr, nn ti
phn cui ca mi symbol OFDM s c nhiu lin symbol vi phn u ca symbol
tip theo. trnh iu ny, mt khong bo v c chn vo mi symbol. Nh
trn hnh 2.10.

.
Hnh 2.10: Chn khong bo v [1]
ng b knh
gii iu ch tn hiu mt cch chnh xc, cc my thu phi ly mu chnh
xc tn hiu trong sut khong hu ch ca symbol OFDM (b qua khong bo v).
Do , H thng DVB-T s dng cc sng mang "pilot", tri u n trong knh
truyn dn, ng vai tr lm cc im nh du ng b.
2.2.8 Cc tn hiu chun
Ngoi d liu truyn i trong khung OFDM cn c cc thng tin ph gip
cho thit b thu nhn dng v gii iu ch c lung d liu.
Cc ti ph TPS (transmission parameter signalling) c truyn song song v
mang thng tin v: iu ch, gm gi tr ca gin chm sao QAM; Thng tin m
ho theo lp; Khong bo v; T l m ni; Model truyn (mode 2k hoc 8k); S
khung trong mt siu khung ( khi truyn trong mng SFN); Cc tn hiu dn ng
(pilot) dng cho ng b khung, ng b tn s, ng b thi gian.
2.2.9 Khi D/A

Thc ra y khng phi l khi bin i Digital/Analog thng thng. M

l qu trnh hon chnh hng ngn sng mang m bo vic pht tn hiu ln
Anten.
2.2.10 Khi thit b u cui
L qu trnh cui cng nh khuch i, lc thng di.. pht ra khng gian.
2.3 DVB-T trong mi trng b phn x- Mng n tn (SFN).
H pht s DVB-T s dng ghp a tn trc giao OFDM c nhiu u im.
Trong c mt u im rt ni tri v quan trng (hn hn h ATSC ca M),
l cho kh nng thit lp mng n tn. Khi thit lp mng n tn, tt c cc my
pht thuc mng n tn u pht cng knh sng, rt thun li cho quy hoch
v tit kim ti nguyn tn s. Mng n tn tun th 3 iu kin:
*. Mt l, cc my pht cng mt dng truyn ti TS;
*. Hai l, pht cng tn s;
*. Ba l, pht cng thi im.
V vy, mng n tn hot ng hiu qu cn thc hin tt vic thit lp v
hiu chnh ng b gia cc my pht.
2.3.1. DVB-T trong mi trng b phn x nh l mng n tn t nhin
Phn x l hin tng chung v ph bin ca truyn sng in t.
Trong mi trng thc t, chng ta ang chu hu qu ca hin tng phn x
sng khi thu cc chng trnh truyn hnh hnh 2.14. i vi cng ngh analog,
nhiu sng n anten thu v gy ra nhiu hnh trn ti vi, to nn bng ma lem nhem,
thm ch cc hnh ph nhau lm mt ng b v khng th xem c.

Hnh 2.14 Thu trong mi trng thc t

Sng ca my pht hnh s cng chu quy lut phn x, nhng do k thut
ghp a tn trc giao v nh c thng s khong thi gian bo v ca DVB-T,
nn cc thit b thu s DVB T, khc phc hiu qu hin tng phn x.
2.2.2. iu kin thu tt trong mi trng c phn x
My pht DVB-T c mt thng s lin quan n vic chng hin tng phn
x, l khong thi gian bo v Tbv. Khong thi gian bo v Tbv c cc gi tr
khc nhau theo quy nh ca DVB (xem bng 2.7) v ngi pht sng c th la
chn mt trong cc gi tr . Bng nu khong thi gian bo v cho thy, mt

ch pht 8k hoc 2k, c th chn mt trong 4 gi tr cho khong thi gian bo v.

Ch pht 8k cho khong thi gian bo v ln gp 4 ln ch 2k (nu cng t l
Tbv /Tsymbol).
Bng 2.7 Khong thi gian bo v cc ch pht khc nhau
Tbv/Tsymbol

1/4
1/8
1/16
1/32

Khong thi gian bo v Tbv [s]

v chnh lch v qung ng i tng ng D=c.Tbv
Ch 8K
Ch 2K
T(symbol)= 896s
T(symbol)= 224s
224s; 67,2km
56s; 16,8km
112s; 33,6km
28s; 8,4km
56s; 16,8 km
14s, 4,2km
28s; 8,4km
7s; 2,1km

Khi chnh lch thi gian ca cc tia sng n u thu khng vt qu khong
thi gian bo v Tbv, th my thu hon ton khc phc tt hin tng phn x.
2.2.3. Mng n tn (Single Frequency Network - SFN)
Tr li 3 iu kin cho cc my pht thuc mng n tn: mt l, pht cng
mt dng truyn ti TS; hai l, pht cng tn s; ba l, pht cng thi im. Sau
y xin trnh by chi tit v 3 iu kin ny.
iu kin th nht bt buc cc my pht thuc mng n tn ch pht ng
mt dng truyn ti duy nht (c v ni dung, c v thi gian). V ni dung, c
ngha l ti bt k my pht no cng khng c lm mt tnh thng nht ca dng
TS .
i vi iu kin th hai l cc my pht phi pht cng tn s, nh bit
cc my pht s DVB-T khng c b dao ng hnh SIN to cc sng mang nh cc
h thng truyn hnh tng t. Hng ngn sng mang trong b iu ch s c
to ra l do tn hiu ca dng TS sau khi chia nh ra c bin i Fourier ngc
to nn. chnh xc ca tn s lin quan cht ch ti chnh xc ca dng TS.
Nh vy, vic ng b cc dng TS cng ng ngha vi vic thc hin ng b tn
s khu iu ch ca cc my pht.
i vi iu kin th ba l cc my pht pht cng thi im (at the same
time) mc ch nhn mnh tnh kht khe ca ng b: cng thi im pht gi
u tin ca cng mt Mega-frame ra khng trung tt c cc my pht trong
mt mng n tn, khng c s nhanh chm hn nhau, ni cch khc s chnh lch
thi gian pht gi ny ti tt c cc my pht trong mt mng n tn phi bng
khng. y chnh l vn ct li ca qu trnh ng b.
Trong DVB T cn p ng yu cu v khong phng v, m bo n cn
phi gi khong cch gia cc my pht phi m bo cc iu kin khong bo v,
tc l khng c vt khong cch cc i cho php vi nhau.
Chng 3.
DVB T2 V GII PHP CNG NGH CHO
TRUYN HNH S MT T VIT NAM
3.1 Ni dung c bn ca tiu chun DVB T2
3.1.1. Cu trc DVB-T2

H thng DVB-T2 c chia thnh 3 khi chnh pha pht v 2 khi chnh
pha thu nh trnh by trong hnh 3.1:

Hnh 3.1. M hnh cu trc DVB-T2 [9]

M ho v ghp knh.
Khi m ho v nghp knh c chc nng m ho tn hiu video, audio cng
cc tn hiu ph tr km theo nh thng tin v chng trnh/ thng tin dch v
PSI/SI hoc tn hiu bo hiu lp 2 (L2 Signalling) vi cng c iu khin chung
nhm m bo tc bit khng i i vi tt c cc dng bit. Khi ny c chc
nng hon ton ging nhau i vi tt c cc tiu chun ca DVB. u ra ca khi
l dng truyn ti MPEG-2TS
u vo ca Baisic T2 - Gateway c nh ngha trong [9], u ra l dng
T2 - MI. Mi gi T2-MI bao gm Baseband Frame, IQ Vector hoc thng tin bo
hiu (LI hoc SFN
B iu ch DVB-T2 s dng khung c s (Baseband Frame) v T2- Frame
mang trong dng T2-MI u vo to ra DVB-T2 Frame.
B gii iu ch DVB-T2 nhn tn hiu cao tn (RF Signal) t mt hoc
nhiu my pht (SFN Network) v cho mt dng truyn ti (MPEG-TS) duy nht
ti u ra.
B gii m dng truyn ti nhn dng truyn ti (MPEG-TS) ti u vo v
cho tn hiu video/audio ti u ra.
3.1.2. Lp vt l DVB T2
M hnh lp vt l ca DVB-T2 c trnh by trong hnh 3.2. u vo h
thng c th bao gm mt hoc nhiu dng truyn ti MPEG-TS hoc dng GS
(Generic Stream).
u ra ca lp vt l l tn hiu cao tn RF. Tn hiu u ra cng c th c
chia thnh hai ng cung cp cho anten th 2, thng l mt my pht khc

Hnh 3.2. Lp vt l DVB-T2

Cc thng s COFDM ca DVB-T2 cng c m rng so vi DVB-T, trong
bao gm:
- FFT:
1K, 2K, 4K, 8K, 16K, 32K
- Khong bo v:1/128, 1/32, 1/16, 19/256, 1/8, 19/128, 1/4
- Pilot phn tn:8 bin th khc nhau ph hp vi cc khong bo v khc
nhau.
- Pilot lin tc:Tng t nh DVB-T, tuy nhin ti u hn.
- Tro: Tro bit, tro t bo, tro thi gian v tro tn s.
3.1.3. Nhng gii php k thut c bn
3.1.3.1 ng lp vt l (Physical Layer Pipes - PLPs)
i hi ca th trng i vi tin cy ca cc dch v v s cn thit phi
c cc loi dng d liu khc nhau dn ti khi nim ng lp vt l hon ton
trong sut c kh nng truyn ti d liu c lp vi cu trc v cc thng s PLP
khc nhau.
DVB-T2 cn cho php gn cc gi tr: th chm sao, t l m v tro thi
gian cho tng PLP, ngoi ra cn dng thc ho ni dung theo cng mt cu trc
khung nh c p dng trong DVB-S2.
3.1.3.2 Bng tn ph (1,7 Mhz v 10 Mhz)
p ng cc dch v chuyn dng, v d truyn tn hiu t camera v mt
trng quay (Studio) lu ng, DVB-T2 cn bao gm tu chn bng tn 10Mhz.
Cc my thu dn dng khng h tr bng tn ny. DVB-T2 cn s dng c bng tn
1,712 Mhz cho cc dch v thu di ng (trong bng III v bng L)
3.1.3.3 Mode sng mang m rng (i vi 8K, 16K, 32K)
Do phn nh xung vung trong th ph cng sut suy gim nhanh hn
i vi kch thc FFT ln. im ngoi cng ca ph tn hiu OFDM c th tri
rng hn, iu ny cng ng ngha vi vic nhiu sng mang ph trn mt symbol
c s dng truyn ti d liu. li (gain) t c gia 1,4% (8Kmode)
v 2,1% (32Kmode). Hnh 3.5 so snh ph ca 2K so vi 32K iu kin bnh
thng v 32K trong mode sng mang m rng. Sng mang m rng l mt c
tnh tu chn, bi l vi c tnh ny kh c c th t c mt n ph (spectrum
mask) cng nh t s bo v.

Hnh 3.5. Mt ph cng sut i vi 2K v 32K [9]

3.1.3.4 MISO da trn Alamouti (trn trc tn s)
DVB-T2 c tu chn s dng k thut Alamouti: Vi mt cp my pht (hnh
3.6). Alamouti l mt v d ca MISO, trong mi im ca th chm sao c
truyn bi mt my, my pht th 2 truyn phin bn c chnh sa mt cht ca
tng cp ca chm sao vi th t ngc li trn trc tn s.

Hnh 3.6. M hnh MISO [5]

3.1.3.5 Symbol khi u (P1 v P2)
Nhng symbol u tin ca khung DVB-T2 lp vt l l cc symbol khi
u (preamble symbols). Cc symbol ny truyn mt s lng hn ch cc thng tin
bo hiu bng phng thc truyn c tin cy cao. Khung u tin c bt u
bng symbol P1, iu ch BPSK vi tin cy cao. Vi khong bo v c hai
u, symbol P1 mang 7 bit thng tin (bao gm kch thc FFT ca symbol d liu).
Cc symbol P2, s lng c c nh cho mi kch thc FFT, cung cp thng tin
bo hiu lp 1 k c tnh, ng v kh nng cu trc.
Cc bit u tin ca thng tin bo hiu (L1 - Pre-signalling) c phng thc
iu ch v m ho c nh, cc bit cn li (L1 - Post-signalling) t l m c xc
nh l 1/2 nhng phng thc iu ch c th c la chn gia QPSK, 16QAM
v 64QAM.
3.1.3.6 Mu hnh tn hiu Pilot (Pilot Pattern)

Pilot phn tn (Scattered Pilots) c xc nh t trc c v bin v pha,

v c cy vo tn hiu vi khong cch u nhau trn c hai trc thi gian v
tn s. Pilot phn tn c s dng nh gi s thay i trn ng truyn.
Pilot phn tn cho php gim thiu vt mc (overhead) t 4 8% khi s
dng mu hnh PP3 v khong bo v 1/8. i vi Pilot lin tc
3.1.3.7 Phng thc iu ch 256-QAM
Trong h thng DVB-T, phng thc iu ch cao nht l 64-QAM cho php
truyn ti 6bit/symbol/sng mang (c ngha l 6bit/t bo OFDM). DVB-T2,
phng thc iu ch 256QAM cho php tng ln 8bit/t bo OFDM, tng 33%
hiu xut s dng ph v dung lng d liu i vi mt t l m cho trc.
3.1.3.8 Chm sao xoay (Rotated Constellation)
Mt trong s cc k thut mi c s dng trong DVB-T2 l chm sao xoay
(Rotated Constellation) v tr Q (Q-delay).
Sau khi nh v, chm sao c xoay mt gc trn mt phng I-Q
Cc thnh phn I v Q c tch bi qu trnh tro sao cho chng c truyn
trn min tn s v thi gian khc nhau. Nu c mt thnh phn b hu hoi trn
knh truyn, thnh phn cn li c th c s dng ti to li thng tin.
3.1.3.9 16K, 32K FFT v t l khong bo v 1/128
Tng kch thc FFT ng ngha vi vic lm hp khong cch gia cc sng
mang v lm tng chu k symbol. Vic ny, mt mt lm tng can nhiu gia cc
symbol v lm gim gii hn tn s cho php i vi hiu ng Doppler. Mt khc,
chu k symbol di hn, cng c ngha l t l khong bo v nh hn i vi cng
gi tr tuyt i ca khong bo v trn trc thi gian. T l khong bo v bng
1/128 trong DVB-T2, cho php 32K s dng khong bo v c cng gi tr tuyt
i nh 8K 1/32
3.1.3.10 M sa sai LDPC/BCH
Trong khi DVB-T s dng m sa sai ni v ngoi l m cun v m R-S
(Convolutional and Reed-Solomon Codes), DVB-T2 v DVB-S2 s dng LDPC v
BCH. Cc m ny cho php kh nng bo v tt hn, truyn nhiu d liu hn trn
cng mt knh thng tin.
3.1.3.11 K thut gim thiu t s cng sut nh/cng sut trung bnh (Peak to - Average Power Ratio - PAPR)
PAPR trong h thng OFDM cao c th lm gim hiu sut b khuch i
cng sut RF. C hai k thut lm gim PAPR c s dng trong h thng DVBT2: m rng chm sao tch cc (Active Constellation Extension - ACE) v hn ch
m sc (Tone Reservation - TR).
3.1.3.12 Tro bit, nh x bit ln th chm sao
+ Tro bt trong phng thc iu ch 16 QAM, 64 QAM v 256 QAM
D liu ti u ra ca b m ha LDPC c tro, tro bit bao gm tro chn
l(parity interleaving) v tro ct xon(column twist interleaving). Tro chn l
c k hiu l U, tro ct xon c k hiu l V.
+ nh x bit ln th chm sao

Mi FECFRAME c nh x sang khi FEC m ha v iu ch bng

cch trc tin tch knh dng bit u vo thnh cc t m song song v sau nh
x cc t m ny thnh cc gi tr tng ng trn th chm sao.
3.1.3.13 nh x ln th chm sao I/Q
Mi t m yo,q... yn mod -1,q t b tch knh c iu ch bi phng thc
QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM hay 256 QAM c gn vi mt im Zq trn th
chm sao trc khi chun ha.
3.1.3.14 Tro t bo, tro thi gian
Nhm nng cao tin cy trong qu trnh truyn sng, khng ch s dng tro
bt, tro symbol nh th h u, truyn hnh s mt t th h th 2(DVB-T2) cn
s dng k thut tro t bo (cell interleaving- CI) v tro thi gian (time
interleaving- TI).
3.1.3.15 iu ch v m sa sai d liu lp 1
D liu bo hiu lp 1 (L1 - signalling) cung cp thng tin cho u thu c
th truy nhp vo lp vt l trong khung d liu DVB-T2. D liu bo hiu lp 1
c bo v bi m ngoi BCH v m trong LDPC.
3.1.3.16 Cu trc khung tn hiu DVB-T2
Mt phn quan trng ca h thng DVB-T2 l siu khung (Super Frame).
Trong siu khung cha nhng khung-T2 v phn m rng dnh cho tng lai (FEF:
Future-Extension Frame) v c miu t chi tit Hnh 3.11.
S lng ti a ca khung T2 trong mt siu khung l 255 v di ln nht
ca n l 250ms, cng nh vy, di ln nht ca mt phn m rng (FEF) c
cha trong siu khung l 250ms. Nh vy nhng khung-T2 c cha trong mt
siu khung c th c di khc nhau tu thuc vo phn m rng (FEF) gn sau
n.
Khung-T2 c chia ra thnh cc Symbol OFDM, mi khung-T2 u bt u
vi mt Symbol P1, tng t nh vy i vi phn m rng FEF. Khong thi gian
gia 2 Symbol P1 ny l 250ms.

Hnh 3.11. Cu trc khung DVB-T2[5].

Mc ch cc khung T2 ny l mang tn hiu PLPs v tn hiu L1 km theo

l cc dch v DVB-T2.
Mc ch ca phn m rng FEF l kh nng kt hp linh hot cc dch v
a ra trong chun DVB-T2 hin ti v phin bn dnh cho tng lai, cc phn
m rng ny c th mang d liu hoc khng mang d liu, theo khi thu
nhn tn hiu DVB-T2 cng phi c kh nng d v x l chnh xc cc phn FEF
ny trnh trng hp cc khung T2 b xo trn trong khi nhn c ti bt k
thi gian no.
3.2 Kt qu ng dng DVB T2 trn th gii
Hin nay, Anh v Phn Lan thng bo trin khai cc dch v HDTV trn
ng truyn mt t dng chun DVB-T2. Ngoi ra, mt s th nghim pht sng
DVB-T2 ang c k hoch trin khai hoc trin khai th nghim xong mt s
nc khc nh : c, , Ty Ban Nha, Thy in...
Anh, nhm iu hnh truyn thng OFCOM quyt nh dng mt trong 6
ghp knh DTT (Multiplex B) bng tn UHF cho vic cung cp cc dch v HD
dng chun DVB-T2 kt hp vi k thut nn MPEG-4 AVC.
3.3 So snh, nh gi, la chn gii php cng ngh cho truyn hnh s Vit
Nam
3.3.1 So snh cc tham s c bn
Vi vic ng dng nhiu gii php k thut mi, DVB-T2 cho php pht trin
ti a hiu qu cc ng dng trong mng n tn. So vi chun DVB-T, cc mode
sng mang mi c cng thm ci thin cc ch tiu k thut.
Cc thng s ca DVB T2 ang s dng ti Anh so vi cc thng s ca
tiu chun DVB T th hin trn bng 3.7.
Bng 3.7 DVB-T2 s dng ti UK so vi DVB-T [4]

Phng thc / ch
FFT
Khong bo v
FEC
Pilot phn tn
Pilot lin tc
Mc vt L1
Sng mang
Dung lng

DVB-T
64 - QAM
2K
1/32
2/3CC + RS
8,3%
2,0%
1,0%
Tiu chun
24,1Mbps

DVB-T2
256 - QAM
32K
1/128
3/5 LDPC + BCH
1,0%
0,53%
0,53%
M rng
36,1 Mbps

Vi cc thng s c la chn trn, tiu chun DVB T2 th hin nhiu

u im ni tri so vi DVB T.
Cc u im ca DVB T2
Dung lng cao

 Kh nng khng nhiu

Kh nng chng pha inh
Gim thiu t s cng sut nh/cng sut trung bnh
Tng hiu qu s dng ph tn
Kh nng cung cp dch v
3.3.3 Khuyn ngh la chn cng ngh
T cc so snh trn, lun vn c mt s khuyn ngh:
1.Khng pht trin thm cc h thng truyn hnh mt t theo cng ngh c
analog v DVB T, tng bc trin khai h thng truyn hnh s mt t theo tiu
chun DVB T2 bn cnh cc h thng DVB T ang c.
2.Khi trin khai mng DVB T2 cn phi qui hoch thng nht, khoa hc
trong tng vng v ton quc, thit k hp l gia mng a tn v mng n tn.
3.Vi cc h thng ang trin khai lp t, do u thu DVB T2 cha ph
bin, gi thnh cao, trc mt gc kinh t cha ph hp th iu quan trng l
vic xy dng h thng phi c tnh m vn pht DVB T nhng chn cc thit
b tng thch vi tiu chun DVB T2, khi iu kin cho php d dng chuyn
sang hot ng theo tiu chun DVB T2.
4.Trong tng vng tng dung lng, tit kim di sng mang v phc v
cho kh nng thu truyn hnh di ng nn thit k h thng mng n tn.
5. i vi cc khu vc min ni, a hnh phc tp, sng truyn hnh kh i
xa, ng thi cn a vo h thng cc chng trnh truyn hnh a phng th nn
s dng mng a tn vi cc knh lin k.
6. p ng nhu cu c th xem c nhiu knh chng trnh, tng cc loi
hnh dch v, c bit l cc knh HDTV, ngoi vic buc phi chn cng ngh
DVB T2 cn phi ng dng cc k thut mi v nn tn hiu nh nn MPEG 4
AVC.

KT LUN
Lun vn thc hin c:
- Tnh cp thit ca vic la chn c mt cng ngh tin -trin cho cc h
thng truyn hnh s mt t ti Vit Nam.
- Nu c cc c im chnh ca 3 tiu chun truyn hnh hin c trn th
gii, s khc nhau c bn gia tiu chun DVB T m Vit Nam la chon so
vi hai tiu chun cn li. Nu c thc trng truyn hnh mt t Vit Nam v xu
hng pht trin.
- Trnh by cu trc v nhng gii php k thut c bn ca hai tiu chun
DVB T v DVB T2, qua so snh cc ch tiu k thut c bn ca hai tiu
chun, ch ra nhng u im ni bt ca tiu chun DVB T2. Thng qua kt qu
trin khai tiu chun mi DVB T2 mt s nc trn th gii, lun vn a ra
mt s khuyn ngh v la chn cng ngh cho cc h thng truyn hnh s mt t
ti Vit Nam.
Trong iu kin truyn hnh s cha ph bin ti Vit Nam, tiu chun DVB
T2 cn rt mi m trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam, do trnh v thi gian
nghin cu ti liu lin quan n ti cn hn ch, lun vn khng trnh khi cc
thiu st nht nh, hy vng c s thng cm ca cc thy, c gio v tt c
nhng ai c lun vn ny.
Xin chn thnh cm n Thy gio hng dn, cc Thy trong hi ng bo v
cng, cc thy, c trong Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Khoa
Quc t v o to sau i hc, bn b, ng nghip gip tc gi hon thnh
lun vn ny./.