4806grade 9 Malayalam Keralapadavali

tIcf]mTm-hen
aebmfw
mtUUv
IX
tIc-f-km
hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ipv
Xbm-dm-n-bXv
kwm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2010
tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]m-_-knp KpP-dm admTm
{ZmhnU DXv-e- _w-Km,
hny-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
De Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm.
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!
{]Xn
Cy Fs cmPy-am-Wv. Fm Cy-mcpw Fs ktlm-Z-coktlmZc-m-cm-Wv.
Rm Fs cmPys kvt\ln-pp; kqWhpw
sshhn- [ y- ] qW- h p- a mb AXns ]mc- - c y- n Rm
A`n-am\w sImpp.
Rm Fs amXm-]n-Xm--sfbpw Kpcp--m-scbpw apXnhscbpw _lp-am-\n-pw.
Rm Fs cmPy-n-sbpw Fs \mp-Im-cp-sSbpw ta-n\pw
sFiz-cy-n-\pw- thn {]bXv\npw.
Prepared by :
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala
Website www.scertkerala.gov.in
e-mail scertkerala@asianetindia.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax: 0471 - 2341869
First Edition 2010
Typesetting : SCERT Computer Lab
Government of Kerala Department of Education
{]nb- hn-ZymYn-I-tf,
am\-h-cm-in-bpsS al-mb CuSp-h-bv]mWv `mj.
CW-m\pw ]nW-m\pw Nnn-m\pw Bhn-jvI-cn-m\pw `mj thWw.
\ap-smw `mjbpw hfp-sIm-n-cn-p-p.
kaq-l-ns hf-bnepw Xf-bnepw `mjbvv \nWm-b-I-amb ]pv.
skdn Xe-nse amXr-`m-jm-]T
- \w ka-{K-ambn Ip-sIm-mWv `mjm]mT]p-kvX-I- cq]-s-Sp-n-bn-p--Xv. ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw ASp-dn-bm Ch klm-b-I-am-hpw. kzw inbpw temI-ns \bpw Xncn-dn-bm\pw kaq-l-n\pIqSn D]-Im-c-{]-Z-ambn Ahsb ]cn-hn-n-m\pw
hnZym`ymkw sImp Ign-b-Ww. amXr`mjm-]-T\w kwkvIm-c-ns Bg-fn-tev
\s Iqn-smpt]mIp-p. ]mc--cy-ns thcp-I Is-
m\pw Ncn-{X-n \psS m\w Xn-s-Sp-m\pw AXn-eqsS Ign-bpw.

`mj-bpsS X\nabpw sshhn-[yhpw IrXn-I-fn \np a\-nemmw. hnhn[
Ime-L---fn-eqsS hnI-knph `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-n-sbpw ]cnWmaZi-I AS-bm-f-s-Sp-p cN-\-I ]mT-]p-kvX-I-n ]cn-N-b-sSmw.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-n\v A\p-_--ambn \In-bn-p ]Z-]-cn-Nbw i_vZ-X-enepw AY-X-e-n-epap hymI-cWXz- Adn-bm klm-b-I-amhpw.
At\z- j - W - - f n- e q- s S, N- I - f n- e q- s S, Bhn- j v I - c - W - - f n- e qsS ]T\w
AYhmpI.
kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,
s{]m^. Fw.-F. -Jm-Z

Ub-d-IvS
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B.Sn.
]mT-]p-kvXI kanXn
AssUz-k
sI.]n. i-c, s{]m^k (dn.) doPn-b-W Cnyqv Hm^v FUyq-t-j

(F.-kn.-C.-B.-Sn), ssakq.
sNbam
tUm. Un. _-an, s{]m^-k & slUv Hm^v Zn Unmvsav (dn.) tIcf
kh-I-em-ime.
AwK-
]n. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m
s{]m^-k (dn.) tIc-f-ha tImtf-Pv, Xrq.
tUm. ]n. kXy-t\-i
Aknv s{]m^-k (dn.) Fkv.-kn.-C.-B.Sn.
tUm. sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am
doU, Fw.Pn.-tIm-tf-Pv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw.
km_p tImp-
eIvN-d, Khsav tImtfPv aS-n.
tUm. AP-b-]pcw tPymXnjvIpam
eIvN-d, Fw.Pn.-tI-mtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw.
tUm. ]n.F-kv. {ioIe
eIvN-d, bqWn-th-gvknn tImtfPv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw.
tUm. Fw. _me
eIvN-d, Ub-v, Iq.
]n. t{]a-N-{
Khsav tKkv lbsk--dn- kvIq, ]-q.
D Sn. sI
SmtKm hnZym-\n-tI-X Khsav lbsk-dn
kvIq, Xfn--dv.
F. ss_Pp
Khsav lbsk-dn kvIq, \mhm-bn-pfw.
Am-Z-anIv tImUnt\ :
Pnt\-jvIp-am Fcaw
Khsav lbsk-dn kvIq, sImne.
]n. blnb
Khsav shmt-j-W lbsk-dn kvIq,
]m-\-.
sI.hn. taml-\
Khsav tKkv lb skdn kvIq, atcn.
aS-hq iin
So (dn.) Khsav tamU t_mbvkv
lb skdn kvIq, ssXm-Sv.
kwKoX sI.sI.-]n.
Khsav lb skdn kvIq, sNdp-Xp-cpn.
tUm. tPm_n tPmkv
Khsav shmt-j-W lb skdn kvIq,
aqe-aw.
]n. _-jo
dnkv Hmô-k, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B.Sn.
tUm. kn. `m-an\n
dnkv Hmô-k, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B.Sn.
tUm. ]n.sI. XneIv, dnkv Hmô-k, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B.Sn
Nn{X-Imc-m
$ aZ-\, Bv FUn-, amXr-`qan. $ sI. jco^v, Bn-v, amXr-`qan. $ tZh-{]-Imiv, Bn-v,
kwm\ _me-km-lnXy Cn-yqv. $ ]n. cta-i, Ccn--q lb skdn kvIq.
hnZKv[kanXn
H.F.-hn. Ipdpv, s{]m^-k & slUv Hm^v Zn Unmvsav (dn.), Khsav hnakv tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw.
kp-cw [\p-h--]pcw, {]nkn- (dn.) bqWn-th-gvknn tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw.
hn. a[p-kq-Z\ \mb, s{]m^-k (dn.) skv tkthygvkv tImtf-Pv, Xp, Xncp-h-\-]pcw.
tUm. _n.-hn.- i-in-Ip-am, doU, bqWn-th-gvknn tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw.
tUm. sI.F.- hm-kp-p-, s{]m^-k (dn.) Khsav hnakv tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw
kwm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

hnZym-`h, ]qP-p-c, Xncp-h-\--]pcw 695 012
t]Pv
1. hkpss[h IpSpw-_Iw ...................................................................... 07
ap-h-ffnbpw amIn-Smhpw ................................................................................. 08
kqcy-Imn ............................................................................................................... 15
"`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I' hmbn-p-tm.................................................... 18
2. ImW-msW ............................................................................................ 22
Athon-tev .................................................................................................... 23
Fgp-]-Xp-Im-cpsS tbmKw ..................................................................................... 25
Zi-cYhnem]w ......................................................................................................... 32
Hcp sNdp-]p-ncn .................................................................................................. 35
3. krjvSn-i-n-I R ................................................................... 42
the-m-ct\m bP-am-\t\m? .............................................................................. 43
tamtU ssSwkv B[p-\nIIme-ns DWvT-I .................. 49
Is-dn-bp-h
- ....................................................................................................... 54
4. `b-Iu-Sn-ey-tem-`- hfn-smcp\mSns\ ........................... 59

B[p-\nItIcfns Ncn-{X-n kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS m\w.. 60
]pXnb BImiw ]g-b -`qan............................................................................... 66
5. {]]--an-smcp Xd-hm-Sm-bn, hc-p-I ImWm-Xm-bn... ....... 72

Xp-qhv ................................................................................................................... 73
kl-]m-Tn-I........................................................................................................... 75
Agn-If
- n-m BImiw ..................................................................................... 77
ehpw Imehpw Nn{X-I-e-bn .................................................................... 83
6. A-c- tXSn ...................................................................................... 87

sNdn-b -a\p-jycpw henb tem-Ihpw .............................................................. 88
aSp Ifn ............................................................................................................... 92
tamjvSn-s-Sp Hcp cm{Xn ................................................................................ 98
Imn-tep t]mIt, Ipt....................................................................... 100
`mKw
IV
auenI I-hy-
51 I.
auenI I- h y- Xmsg- - d - b p- h `mc- X - nse Hmtcm

]uc-sbpw Ihyw Bbn-cn-p--XmWv
(I)
`c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw AXns BZi--sfbpw m]-\-sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sbpw BZ-cn-p-Ibpw sNpI;
(J)
kzmX-{y-n-\p-th-n-bp \psS tZiobka-c-n\v {]tNm-Z\w \Inb

al-\o-bm-Zi-sf ]cn-t]m-jn-n-p-Ibpw ]nXp-S-cp-Ibpw sNpI;
(K)
`mc-X-ns ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ--Xbpw \ne-\np-Ibpw

kwc-n-p-Ibpw sNpI;
(L) cmPys Imp-kq-n-p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-p-hm Bhiys-Sp-tm A\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw sNpI;

(M)
aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-XoX-ambn `mc-X-nse Fm P\-p-an-S-bn, kulmZhpw s]mXp-hmb

kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pep-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A-n\v Ipdhp hcpp BNm-c- ]cn-Xy-Pn-pI;
(N)
\psS kn{ikwkvIm-c-ns k--amb ]mc--cys hne-a-Xn-pIbpw \ne-\n-dp-p-Ibpw sNpI;
(O) h\-fpw XSm-I-fpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Ds-Sp {]IrXym D

]cn-nXn kwc-n-p-Ibpw A`n-hr-n-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw
ImWn-p-Ibpw sNpI;
(P)
imkv{Xo- b - a mb ImgvN- mSpw am\- h n- I - X bpw, At\z- j - W - n\pw

]cnjvIcWn\pw D at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-n-pI;
(Q) s]mXp-kzv ]cn-c-n-p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-n-p-Ibpw

sNpI;
(R) cmjv { Sw bXv \ - n- s bpw ey- { ]m- ] v X n- b p- s Sbpw D- X - X - e - - f n- t ev
\nccw Db-c---hw hyn-]-chpw Iqm-b-Xp-amb {]h-\-ns
Fm a-e--fnepw DIr-jvS-X-bvp-thn A[zm-\n-p-I.
(S)
Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbvv {]mb-ap Xs Ipntm cy-_m-e-I-t\m,

AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-tfm c-Imthm hnZym-`ym-k-n\p Ah-k-c- Gs-Sp-p-I.
`qan-Ko-X-
`qanbo- \--fn-te-sm-Xp-p-pthm?
\manp `qan-tbmfw hep-Xm-Itbm?
kqcy-s\-m-Wm-{[p-h- X ssiXy-hpw
kqcy ]pWscln-p "kw'* t]m
\odpw acp-`q-an-X sImSpw-Xm-]-hpw
\ocm-gn-X \ne-bvmtm-c-im-nbpw
ambpw ac-X-I---I Ipt]mw
]mhw \Zn-bpsS ]mn-n-S-bpw
GtXm hnj-\n `n-p -sIm-nse
\mZw hc-pt]mw ]n-X ssZ\yhpw
D-\n-hn D-en-tm-cp-d-h-I
sfmsbpw hnb ans Zmlhpw
\mtap hm-th, \p-sS-bm-m-hn
`qan \nd-bpp; \mw `qan-bm-hpp!
* kqcy-]Xv\n
H.F.-hn. Ipdpv
\apv `qan-tbmfw hep-Xm-Im Ign-bp-Xv Ftm-gmWv?

a\pjys GsXms {]hr-n-I-fmWv AXn-tev \bnpXv?
tIc- f - ] m- T m- h en ae- b mfw
IX
IWzs hfp-a-I-fmb iIp-f icnpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ]p{Xn F \nebvv B{i-an ]pe--p-t]m-p. AhnsS tXmgn-am-cmb A\-kq-bm -{]-nbw-h-Z-amp ]pdsa Xt]mh-\h
- r-
- , h\-tPymv\ F ap, ZoLm-]mw-K F am- F
-
- m-hc
- p-ap-v; _pfpw c-I-cp-ambn HptN efn-X-Po-hn-Xw.
iIp--f-bpsS GtXm Ime-tZmjw ]cn-l-cn-m-\mbn IW-z B{iaw hn k`w. cmPmhmb Zpjvj h\-n-se-n-bXp \mbm-n\v. kwK-Xn-h-im B{i-a-n-se-nb Atl-n\v {]Y-a-Zr-jvSn-bnte iIp--f-bn A\p-cm-K-ap-Zn-p; iIp--fbvp Xncn-pw. iIp-fsb Kmh-hn[n{]Imcw ]cn-Wbn-m, IWzs Akm-n-[y-nepw At-l-n\p
i-bp-m-bn. aqp Znh-k-n-\Iw Ahsf Iqn-sm-p-t]m-Im Gm-Smmw F
hmKvZm-\-tmsS Atlw sImm-c-n-tep aS-n.
hmKvZm\w ]men--s-n; iIp--f-bm-sW-n-tem, K`n-Wn. XmX-I-Wz Fs\ {]XnI-cn-p-sav D-WvT. Fm-n\pw D]-im-n-b-cp-fn-smv IWz hnhcw Ai-cocn
hgn Adn-bm CS-bm-bn. XpSv aIsf KuX-an-bp-sSbpw ap\n-Ip-am-cam-cp-sSbpw AI-Sn-tbmsS sImm-c-n-tev Ab-bvm-\p Hcp-w. A-s\, temI-km-ln-Xy-n
s A]qhw Fp hnNm-cn-m-hp Hcp hnS-hm- cwKw.
ap-h-ffnbpw amIn-Smhpw
A`n-m-\-im-Ip-fw \mem-aw : Imfn-Zm-k
(]cn-`mj : F.B.- cm-P-cm-P-ha)
{]nbw-hZ
: ({]th-in-nv ktm-j-tmSpIqSn) kJo, hcq! hcq! thK-am-I-s, iIp-fsb `r-Kr-l-n-tev bm{X Ab-bvm t]mImw.
A\-kqb
: G! CsX-s\?
{]nbw-hZ
: tIpsImq! Rm Ctm kpJ-i-b\w tNmZn-m iIp--f-bpsS

ASp- t]mbn-cp-p.
A\-kqb
: Fntm?
{]nbw-hZ
: Atm enp Xe-Xm-gvn-\n-n-cp- -A-hsf XmX-Im-iy-] kzbw

Benw-K\w sNbvXv Cs\ A`n-\-np: ""]pI-sImp Ip-a-d-n-cpp-sh-nepw tlmXmhv tlman-Xv `mKy-h-im An-bns
]Xnp. Ipt, \ injy\p sImSp hnZy-sb-n Ft]mse
\ns-n C\n F\np hnNm-c-s-Sm-\n-. Cp-Xs \ns EjnIsfqn `r-Kr-l-n-e-b-tmw'' Fv.
A\-kqb
: h-am\w Fmw A-t\m-Sm-cmWv ]d-Xv?
{]nbw-hZ
: An-tlm-{X-Kr-l-n {]th-intm, tmI-cq-]-amb Hc-i-cocn

hmm-Wv.
A\-kqb
: (B-cy-tm-sS) Fm-WXv! ]d-bq.
hkp- s s[h IpSpw- _ Iw
{]nbw-hZ
: Ap-jvjhocy-s
tbpq \ns ]p{Xn-bm
l! `qanp `qXn-mbv;
sNo-sb--an-sbt]m.
A\-kqb
: ({]nbw-h-Zsb Benw-K\w sNbvXn-v) kJo, hf-sc k-tm-jw. Fm

iIp--fsb Cp-Xs Ab-bvp-tm F IpWvTn-X-hp-ap-v.
{]nbw-hZ
: kJo, \app IpWvTnXw F-s\bpw t]mmw. B ]mh-n\p kpJt-sSm-gn-b-s.
A\-kqb
: Fm, Cu amsm-n Xqn-bn-cn-p Nnc--p-Sp--bn, Rm

CXn-te-pthn-s Iptd-m-et- p \np-X
- m-Wtm Fp
IcpXn kqn-n-p Ce-n-amesbSpv ssIbn hp-sImq.
Rm t]mbn tKmtcm-N-\, XoY-nse av, Idp-I-\mv CsXmw
tNp awK-f-p-dn-q-p-m-mw.
{]nbw-hZ
: As\ BI-s.
(A\-kqb t]mbn. {]nbw-hZ IpSp--bn\nv ame FSp-p-p).
(AWn-b-d-bn)
KuX-ao, iIp--fsb Iqn-sm-p-t]m-Ip--Xn\v imMvK-c-h
apXt]tcmSv Hcp-n-sm-m ]d-bq.
{]nbw-hZ
: (sNhn-tbmn-v) A\-kq-tb, thK-n-em-I-s; lkvXn-\-]p-c-tbvp

t]mIm-\p Ejn-Isf CXm, hnfn-p-p.
A\-kqb
: (Ipdn-q-tmSpIqSn {]th-in-n-v) kJo, hcq, t]mImw.

(Npn \S-p-p)
{]nbw-hZ
: (t\mn-bn-v) CXm, kqtcym-Z-b-ns apn-pfn Ign-n-cnp iIp--fsb Xm]-kn-am Xe-bn Acn-bnv A\p-{K-ln-p-p.
Atm-p-sNmw (ASpp sNp-p).
(A\-cw apsNm an ]oT-n CcppsImv iIp--fbpw A\p-{K-lnpsImv

Xm]-kn-amcpw {]th-in-p-p).
Xm]-kn-am-cn Hcpn : Ipt, \n\v `m-hns _lp-am\w kqNn-n-p ]-a-lnjo-m\w e`n--s!
]ns Hcpn : Ipo, \n\p hoc-\mb ]p{X P\n--s!
thsdm-cpn
: ss]X-te, `mhp \ns BZ-cn--s!
(BiohmZw sNbvXnv KuX-an-sbm-gn-sI-bp Xm]-kn-am t]mbn).

kJn-am
: (ASppsNv) tXmgo, \n\p awKfw `hn-s!
iIp-f
: \np kzmK-Xw. CXm, ChnsS Ccnn.
kJn-am
: (awK-tfm-]-I-c-W- FSp-p-sIm-n-cp-n-v) kJo, R \ns

Ipdn-bn-Sp-hn--s, icn-bm-bn-cnq!
iIp-f
: CXp ]Xn-hp--Xm-sW-nepw Ctm _lp-am-\n-t-Xm-bn-cn-p-p.

kJn-am Fs Na-bn-pI FXv C\n Zp-`-am-Wtm. (Ip\o
XqIpp).
IX
kJn-am
: tXmgo, ip`m-h-k-c-n Ic-bp-Xp icn-b-. (Ip-\ocp XpS-nv

Nabnp-p).
{]nbw-hZ
: B`-c-W- AWn-tb-p ico-c-n\v B{i-a-nse Ae-m-ckm[\- Hcp Ah-am\\bm-Wv.
ap\n-Ip-am-cm : (B`-c-W-sfSp-p-sImv {]th-in-nv) CXm, B`-c-W-, Bcysb

Na-bn-mw.
(Fm-hcpw t\mn hnkva-bn-p-p.)
KuXan
: h \mcZ, CsXmw FhnsS\nm-Wv?
Hm-a
: XmX-Im-iy-]s {]`m-hw-sIm-p-m-b-Xm-Wv.
KuXan
: k-ev]i-n-sImp krjvSn--XmtWm?
cm-a
: A, tImepw! iIp--fbvpthn hr--fn sNv

]q]-dnm XmX-Im-iy-] R-tfm-Sm-m-]n-p. R sN
DSs\,
Npm-\p-p-S-bm-S-sbm-sm-cp -acw
Xq iim-tm-z-ew
asm--sm-gp-Xnsm-cnp Nc-W
smdp Nmo-Sp-hm;
5
injvSw hr-K-W- \fncpt]m
imJm{KZrjvS-fmw
Imn tZh-X-am Ic-h-gn-bm
bnp `qjm-KWw.
{]nbw-hZ
: (iIp--fsb t\mn-bnv) h\-tZ-h-X-am-cpsS Cu A\p-{Klw \n\p

`r-Kr-l-n A\p-`-hn-m-\n-cn-p cmP-e-v-an-bpsS Hcp kqN\-bm-Wv.
(iIp-f en-p-p).
Hm-a
: KuX-am, hcq! hcq! XmX-Im-iy-] Ipfn-I-gnp hm-ep-S hr D]-Imcw sNbvX hnhcw sNp ]d-bmw.
cm-a
: As\ Xs.
(cpt]cpw t]mbn).
kJn-am
: Cubp- - h B`c- W - sImp

ssIImcyw sNbv X n- n- . Nn{X- n
In- p ]cnNbwsImp \ns
AWn-bn-p--XmtW! (kJn-am Na-bnpp)
iIp-f
: \n-fpsS kmaYyw F\n--dn-bmw.

(A\-cw Ipfn-I-gnv Imiy-] {]thin-p-p).
10
Imiy-]
kJn-am
: t]mIp-p-n-Xp-\m iIp--f -]n-cn

stmp lrp-pIw,
XqIm-{ip -K-tfm-Zcw Iep-jnXw;
`mhw PUw Nn-bm;
Imnmp-sa-\n-p-an-{X -I-Tn\w
kvt\tlm-ZnXw IpWvTn-Xw;
\mns Krl--s\-{X-bp-fhmw
]p{Xo-hn-tbm-K-hyY!
(Npn\S-p-p)
: kJn iIp-tf! R AWn-bn-p-Ign-p. C\n Cu sh]p cpw

[cn--Ww.
(iIp-f Fgp-tp amdn-\nv hkv{Xw [cn-p-p).
KuXan
: Ipt, CXm B\w {]h- l n- p Ip- s Im- p- X s \ns

BenwK\w sNbvXp-sImv A hn-cn-p-p. sNp hn-q.
iIp-f
: (e-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn) Am, Rm\nXm hn-p-p.
Imiy-]
: k-X-bmI ]Xn-mbv
ianjvT bbm-Xn-`q-]-s\--hn[w;
]p{X-\p-fhmw \n\pw
]qcp-h-hs--t]mse k{am-mbv.
{]nbw-hZ
: `K-hm-t\, CsXm-cm-in--, hcwXs-bm-Wv.
Imiy-]
: Ipt, CXm Ctm-p-hv Ctms tlmaw -I-gn-n-cn-p

An-Isf {]Z-nWw sNq.
(Fm-hcpw Npn-\-S-p-p).
kan-tpw Z`]qpw Npgo
tlma-m\w ]psgpw ]mh-I-m
lhnw-sImp ]m]- t]mn
hn-{X{io \n-en-nSs.
8
C\n ]pd-sSmw. (Npn-t\m-o-v) imMvK-c-h apXt] FhnsS?
injy-m
: ({]th-in-n-v) `K-h, R CXm, Xbm-dm-bn.
Imiy-]
: imMvK-c-h, \ns A\p-P-np hgn Imq!
imMvK-c-h
: CXm, Cs\ hcmw.

(Fm-hcpw Npn \S-p-p).
Imiy-]
: At, h\-tZ-h-X-am-cpsS A[n-hmkw D Xt]m-h-\-hr--tf!

Xmt\ -sXm \\-bv-bn-s-h \\
oSmsXbo \n-sf-
mhpw IuXp-I-sa-nepw Icp-W-bm
s]mn-nSm ]hw;
]qcn-p-n-sX-hp \n ]pXp-Xmbv
]qp \mfp-hw;
11
IX
]qIp-q -]-Xn-tK-l-am-b-h-fnXm!
\Io-Sp-hn kXw!
(Ipbn\mZw tI-Xmbn `mhn-n-v)

AS-hn-bn-sem-cp-an-p -hmWp kJyw
XS-hn-\ -hr--Ipew iIp--fbvv
kv^pS-a-\p-a-Xn- \-In-Spp t]mIm
]Sp-X-c- tIm-IneIqPn-X--fmse.
10
(BIm-i-n Ai-cocnhmv)
tNo-S-s-bn-S-bv-n-Sbvp kc-ko
Pmew k]-t-cplw,
Nmte tNme-a-c- Xnn ad-hm
oSs kqcym-X]w;
sNmqsm-Sn-t]mse ]qgn- ar-Zp-hmbv
ocs amK--fn;
kn--s-bn-hp bm{X -ip-`-ambv
hmXm-\p-Iq-ey-smtS.
(Fm-hcpw tIp hnkva-bn-p-p).
KuXan
: Ipt, mXn-I-sf-tm-se-s \ntmSp kvt\l-ap h\-tZhXam bm{Xm-h-k-c-n \ns A\p-{K-ln-p-p. `K-h-Xn-amsc hnq!
iIp-f
: (hnp Npn\S-np kzIm-cy-am-bn) kJn {]nbw-h-tZ, F\n-m-cy]p{Xs\ ImWm-\p IuXpIw hf-sc-bp-s-nepw B{iaw hnp-t]mIp--Xn\v HcSn-t]mepw aptm-p-\o-p-n-.
{]nbw-hZ
: hnp-]n-cn-bp--Xn \n\-p- am-{X-a a\-kvXm-]w; \ntmSp ]ncn-bm

t]mIp Xt]m-h-\-n-tbpw Ah t\mq!
tabp ]ppw adn-am adq,
sNp \rw abnepw \ndpo;
]mbp Io-W-sa--t]mse
s]p-ntX shne hn-tXmdpw.
12
11
12
iIp-f
: (Hman-nv) Am, Rm Fs eXm`Kn\nbmb h\-tPym-v\-tbmSv

bm{X tNmZn--s.
Imiy-]
: Cu eX-tbmSv \n\p ktlm-Zckvt\l-ap-sv F\n--dnbmw. CXm

AXp he-Xp-h-i-p- \np-p.
iIp-f
: (sNv ap-h-nsb Benw-K\w sNbvXn-v) h\-tPym-v-t\, \o tXmhpambntn-cn-p-Ib

- m-sW-nepw Benw-K\
- w- sN-p F\nv Ctmph- n- p sNdp- X - e - s s- I sImv {]Xym- e nw- K \w XctW!
CpapX Rm \ns-n-cnv Zqc-tZ-ip hkn-m `mhn-bmWv.
Imiy-]
: {]m]n-p \o kZr-i-\mbn \n\-p- apt

Iev]n-n-cp- -]-Xn-sbz-Kp-W--fmte;
NqX-sm-sSmp \h-am-en-I-bpw- hn-fo;
Nnn-p-\n--sf-sb-\n-n-\n-bm-[n- thm.
CXm, Ctmp t\h-gn-p- hcq!
13
iIp-f
: (kJn-am-tcm-Sv) h\-tPym-v-\sb Rm \n-fpsS ssIbn Gn-ncn-p-p.
kJn-am
: Rsf \o BcpsS ssIbn-emWv Gn-n-cn-p-Xv (Ip-\o

XqIpp).
Imiy-]
: A\-kqtb, Ic-bc
- pXv; \n thW-atm iIp-f
- sb Biz-kn-nm.
(Fm-t]cpw Npn-\-S-p-p).
iIp-f
: (t\mn- b n- v ) Am,
CXm K`n- W n- b mb
amt]S B{i-a-n-\Spp Xs hen-ngp \S-p-p. Ch
kpJ-ambn {]k-hn-m
B ktm- j - h am\w Fs ASp-
]d--b-bvtW!
Imiy-]
: AXp Rm ad- p- I bn.
iIp-f
: (Ftm Imen XS- X m- b n- `m- h n- n- v )

sNSn-I-fn DS-n-b-Xpt]mse Fs ]pSh
XS-bp--sX-m-Wv?
(Xncn-p-t\m-p-p)
Imiy-]
: ]p- \o-- Ip-i-kq-Nn -sIm-sm-cp- ar-Kw -apJn apdn-th--Xm-bv

p \o {hW-hn-tcm-]-W-n-\p-S-t\m-S-se- -X-S-ho-etbm!
tNp- ap-jvSn-bn-se-Spp Nma-bcn \Inbs]mSp hfsm-cm
p-]p-{X-\-h-\m-sWtSm hgn-hn-SmsXIp- Xp-S-cp-Xv.
14
iIp-f
: h, Iqp-hn-p-t]m-Ip Fs \o Fn\p ]np-S-cpp? {]k-hn

DSs\ X acn-p-t]m-bnp \ns Rm hfn-hn-p. Rm t]mbn-gn-m A \ns At\z-jnpsImpw. Ctm \nq.
(Icp-sImp \S-p-p)
ae-bmf-im-Ip-fw
""{]m]n-p \o kZr-i-\mbn \n\-p- apt

Iev]n-n-cp ]Xnsb kzKp-W--fmte;
NqX-sm-sSmp \h-am-en-Ibpw hnfo;
Nnnp \n-sf-sb-\n-n-\n-bm[n th''
iIp--f-tbmSpw \h-am-en-I-tbmSpw IWz ]pep ka-`m-h\ \app \Ip
kt-i-sav? hni-I-e\w sNp-I.
13
IX
kmay-I-ev]-\-sImv k`-n\v Bi-b-]-c-amb Kmwòcyhpw Imhy-`w-Knbpw

\Ip -`m-K- ]mT-nep--tm.
DZm: ""Apjvj-ho-cy-s
tbpq \ns ]p{Xn-bm
l! `qanp `qXn-mbv;
sNo-sb--an-sb--t]m''
kam-\-amb k`- Isn Ah-bpsS khn-ti-jX ]-cntim[n-pI.
""tabp ]ppw adn-am adq,

sNp \rw abnepw \ndpo;
]mbp Io-W-sa--t]mse
s]p-ntX shne hn-tXmdpw.''
iIp-f B{i-a-n\nv bm{X-bm-Ip-tm {]Ir-Xn-p-mb `mh-am---fmWv
Cu hcn-I-fn-ep--Xv.
aZ-\s\ ImWmsX h\m--c-n Aev Zb-\o-b-ambn hne-]n-p eoebvp
Nppap {]Ir-Xnsb Ipam-c\mim Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-Xp t\mq:
""NSp-ee-X-I-fm-Sn-SmsX Nmm
hnS-]n-I tae-\p-aqbmp-\n-p.
AS-hn-b-[nIau-\-amp tafw
QSnXn \ndp-nb cwK-`q-an-t]mse''
cp Imhy-k-`-fpw Xmc-Xayw sNp-I.
""Npm-\p--pSbm-S-sbm-smcp acw
Xq iim-tm-zew
asm--sm-gp-Xnsm-cnp Nc-W
smdp Nmo-Sp-hm;
injvSw hr-K-W- \-fn-cp-t]m
imJm-{K-Zr-jvS-fmw
Imn tZh-X-am Ichgn-bm
bnp `qjm-KWw.''
{]IrXnp a\p-jy-t\mSp kvt\l-n-sbpw HuZm-cy-n-sbpw ZrjvSm-amWtm CXv. F-n, {]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSpw \mw ]pet
at\m`mh-sa-mWv?
""temIta Xd-hmSv X\nosSn-Ifpw
]pIfpw ]pgp-fpw IqSn- IpSpw-_-m''
(h-tm)
""i-c-am-hnt IqSp-Iq-nb Infn;

aptm-Sn-Wn-h-bvpa-e-n-dm-hp-I;
ImSp-sI-nb hgntbmcp \nm-sctbm
Imp \np-ao-m-inp-I app-n-I
acn-mp-e-bp Nm-m-cn-h; ...''
(]n. Ipn-cm-a\m-b)
Cu ]Zy-`m-K-fnse Bi-bw "`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I,' "ap-h-nbpw amIn-Smhpw'

Fo ]mT-`m-K-fn Ah-X-cn-n-p Zi-\-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-I.
14
kqcy-Imn
Pn. i-c-p-dpv
hXpw ]d-bp-hm
\m{K-ln-p-p-m-hm
antbm? sXm-Wql
san, Rm tNmZn-oe!''
Hp-ap-cw tXmo,
ses\ tXmpw? kh
kp-X khn-Xm-sh
sp \nKw ]pjv]w!
Bcy-am-hns\ kvt\ln
p [nm-c-np
kqcy-Im-n-sb-s-s
pn--XmWo temIw!
]c-\n hoip
hmfn-\m Nqfn-tm-Im,
]c-tIm-Sn-bn sN
]mh-\-Zn-hy-kvt\-lw.
[ocam apJwXs
t\mn-\np Rm KptWm
Zmc-\m-a-hn-S-t
sp tXmntbm lrn!
aa-sa Xmgpw
apKv[amw apJw s]mn
p-c-Zn-hm-I-c
tNmZnq a[p-c-ambv:
""Bcp \ob-\p-Po?
\nn-ta-j-am-sbs-
tXcp t]mIth t\tc
t\mn\npq Zqtc?
kuay-ambv ]ns-ns
hnScpw kv\nKv[--m
cay-ambv hon-pq
Xncnp Xncn-ss;
`mh-]m-c-h-iys
ad-bvm Nncn--Xn
\mhXpw {ian-mepw
Nncn-bm-bvoo-e-tm.
ap-Xp-n-bm-sWp
`mhn-t-\m-\m{ip;
ampt]mw Ihnp-Sp
nf-sh-bven-se-tmt;
th]-ap-m-bw-K-n
pfnIm-n-\m, em
Nm]-e-m-e-sp
\Sn-t-\-[oc Rm.
p{Z-am-an-p-jv]-n
t{]a-s--Wn-mtem
15
IX
`{Z-\m-t-h \n
\ob-ambKWy-ambv!
ama-I-t{]aw \nXy
aqI-am-bn-cn-s,
tIma-f-\-hn-S-
Xqln-m-eq-ln--s.
kvt\l-n \nn-tm
asmpw e`n-o-Sm;
kvt\l-n êw kvt\lw
m\-n êw m\w.
kvt\lta ]cw kuJyw,
kvt\l-`w-Kta ZpxJw,
kvt\lw ta Znm-em-Xn
hn-bmbv Pzen-mhq!
tZl-an--Xn NqSn
ln-m Zln--s,
taml-\-{]-Im-i-sa
mmhp Npw_n--tm.
ama-Ia-t\m-K-X
ahn-S--dn-stm!
t]ma-f-h-t-l-n
apJhpw hnhW-am-bv.
hf-sc--Wn-s-m
sWs-ta\npw tZh
Xfcpw kpc-amw
ssIsb-Sp-Xp \q\w.
Acw ]pd-s-n
t\ym\yw t\mo R;
XWw Idncmsh-n-\tmtsn!
\n ImWn-m-s\s
incp Ip\n-Xp
an-tXm-m-l t]msI
n-cn-nm tZh!
16
\n{Z-bn-m-m-c-
t\{X-\mbv ]pebvp
lr{Z-a-s\-pw, \msf,
t\mpao ap-ss;
hnfdpw apJw thKw,
sXIm-Sn--S
nf-tan-S-p-sa
m\-am-awKw ImsI
Wam \nns
\np-t]m-tb-mw, ]ns
{]W-bm-Ip-e \mY
\ns\ hnjm-Znmw:
""B hnip-amw apKv[
]pjv]-s--n-s-n!
Bhn[w ]c-kv]cw
kvt\ln-m-Xn-cp-s-n!''
HmS-p-g
kqcy-Im-npw kqcy\pw Ihn \Inb hnti-j-W- Fsm-s-bmWv? Ah

Xn {]I-S-amb sshcp[yw ImWp-nt? Cu sshcp[yw \ne-\np-tmgpw
Ahsb Hn-n-p--sX-mWv? IhnX ]cn-tim-[nv \n-fpsS \nco--W-
Ah-X-cn-n-p-I.
""kvt\l-n \nn-tm
asmpw e`n-o-Sm;
kvt\l-n êw kvt\lw
m\-n êw m\w.
kvt\lta ]cw kuJyw,
kvt\l-`w-Kta ZpxJw,
kvt\lw ta Znm-emXn
hn-bmbv Pzen-mhq!''
kvt\l-s-p-dn-p Ihn-bpsS Zi\amWtm CXv. kvt\l-s-p-dnv Fgp-Xs-n-p ap Ihn-Xm-`m-K- Isn mkn Ah-X-cn-n-q.
""Acw ]pd-s-n
t\ym\yw t\mo R;
XWw Id-n-cm
shn-\-tm-t-sn''
"Id-n-cmhv' F {]tbmKw Fsms Bi-b--fmWv D-Wp-Xv?
""tZl-an--Xn NqSn
ln-m Zln-s,
taml-\-{]-Im-i-sa
mmhp Npw_n-tm''
kvt\l-n-\p-apn kzi-co-cw-t]mepw A{]-[m-\-ambn I ]qhn-s\-bm-Wtm
ChnsS ImWp--Xv. Cu ImgvN-m-Sn \np-sImv "kqcy-Imn' F Ihn-Xbvv
B-kzm-Z\w Xbm-dm-p-I.
17
IX
""`qtKm-f-n ncn-n-Sn-tbmfw `mK-ns BPo-h-\mmh-Im-in-bm-bn-otXmsS `mhn-Po-hnXw kpc-n-X-ambn Fp ZrV-ambns hniz-kn-p.

kw`hw ct- sXpw-]-d-m-Wv. \mn ssem-m Ign-bp Hcp
]g-b- ho-Sp-ap-v. tX hnv Fm Pohn-Xm-h-iy-fpw t\Smw. Iptd amhp-Ifpw
cv hcn--m-hp-ap-v. hom-h-iy-n\v hndIv ]d-n\np Inpw. ]pcm-X-\amb Hcp InW-dp-ap-v. \ shw kpe-`w.
BsI-qSn PohnXw ]c-a-kpJw Fp ]d-bm hnNm-cn-n-cn-p-tm-gm-Wv.....
Fp ]d-bm!''
"`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I' hmbn-p-tm

]n.sI. cmP-ti-J-c
sN dp- I - Y - b psS
AwKo- I r- X - e - - W -
p ]pdp\np, As-n
Ah-sb shp-hn-fn-p "`qan-bpsS AhIm-in-I' _jo-dns Zi-\
- ns BI-Ym-cq-]-n-ep {]Im-i-\-am-Wv. AtXmsSmw {]Ir-Xnv BJym-\-n Bhnjv I - c Ww \I- e pw. {]Ir- X n- s bbpw
BJym-\
- n krjvS- n-sSp {]Ir-Xnsbbpw IY-bpsS {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw Ipdn-p
hyXy-kvX--fmb t\m- {]Im-in-np-sImv "`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I' HXncnp \np-p. Hcp InWdpw ]g-bhoSpw Ds- S p ct- ]pc- b nSw
hmn-b-tXmsS `mhn-Po-hnXw kpc-n-Xambn Fp Zr- V - a mbn hniz- k n-
_jodns Pohn-Xs `qan-bpsS av AhIm-in-I shp-hn-fn-p-p. Ah-Im-inIfn Hmb a\p-jys ImgvN-m-Sn
am{X- a mWv AXv shp- h n- f n- b mbn
ocpXv.
Fm \n-Ip-Xn-Ifpw HSpn kz-am-n-b
`qan- b n av Ah- I m- i n- I ]n- I ,
{]mWn-I, Nn{X-i-e-`-, ]mv, Iocn,
Fen, Ipdp-, hmh, ]gp-Xm-c, tX
XpS-n-bh ]ucm-Wn-Ia
- mb Ah-Im-it- _m[- t msS hnl- c n- p- p. B ]pc- b n- S n av Ah-Im-i hI-h-p-sIm-Spm `mcy Xbm-d-. ]pc-bnSw F hmv
18
a\p-jys ]pc-bvp CSw am{X-a,

ssZh-kr-jvSn-IXs-bmb ap PohnIpw ]pc-bvp CS-amWv F Zi\-m _jo kz\pw \nw-K-\pamWv. hoSn-\Iw apgp-h\pw {]mWn-I-fpsS
B{I-aWw ]Scp-p. `m-hn-s\--Sn
]gp-Xm-csb `mcy \nZbw sImp. FpIm-en, ]m, tX, Noho-Sv, Fdp-v, NnX
XpS-n-b-h-sbbpw sImp. Fenv hnjwh--tm Fen-tbm-sSmw tImgn, ]q,
Am XpS-n-b-hbpw Np. Icnv
\in-n-p hmh-ep-Isf shSn-h-bvm
{ian-s-nepw \S-n-.- hm-h-ep-I ]qhnI-cpsS Bm--fm-sWp]dv lnp _l- f - a p- m- n- b - X m- b n- c pp
ImcWw. Cu ]cm-{I-a--sfmw DmIptmgpw _jo Xs \nw-K-X-bnepw
Xpeym-hI
- mihmZ-nepw Dd-p-\n-pp.
Pohn-If
- mb khPohn-Ifpw `qan-bpsS AhIm-in-If
- mWv FmWv _jo-dns Dcw.
""Hcp Xmp-an-msX tImSm-\p-tImSn tKmfsf Xmn\nn-bn-cn-p ssZhw
Xp- c m `qan- b n Pohn- I mbn
Fsmw krjvSn-n-cn-pp! ]g-,
Ing-p-I, [m\y-, ]pjv]-, ]pv,
shw, hmbp, ]ns NqSpw shfn--hpw.
`qan-bnse D]---fp-sS-sbmw Ah-Imin-I-fmWv Pp-fpw arK-fpw Iran-Io-Sfpw hr-fpw sNSn-Ifpw apw. Cu
]c-amYw Ftmgpw Hmp-Xv \-XmsWp tXmp-nt?'' FmWv _jo
`mcy-tbmSp tNmZn-p--Xv. `m-hns
bpnsb tNmZyw sNbvXp-sImv `mcy
]d-bp-Xv Cu hnizm-k-ap--h h Kplbnepw \-ambn X]psNp-X
- mWv \sX-m-Wv. B \nan-j-n Xam-i-shSnv _jo ]d-bpp: ""\ns A`n-{]mb-tmSp tbmPn-p--h-cpsS {]h-\ Rm ImWp-p-v. Hc-q-dp-sImn-\-Iv Cu `qan-bn-ep kh-P-psfbpw ]n-I-sfbpw arK--sfbpw
a\pjy sImsm-Sp-pw. ac--sfbpw
sNSnI-sfbpw \in-n-pw. a\p-jy am{Xw

`qan-bn Ah-ti-jn-pw. Fnv H-Sw
NmIpw!'' KmlnI-n-tep hgnam-dp "`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I' Cu \nanj-n _jo-dns {]Ir-Xn-t_m-[
- ns
{]Jym- ] - \ - a mbnocp- p; X- a m- i - b psS
AScn-\p-n Hcp kh-\m-i-Zi-\w.
a\p-jy-{]-IrXn ssPh-{]-Ir-Xnp t\tc \Sp Zbm-iq-\y-amb A{I-a-n-te-mWv
_jo \op--Xv. ap Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw
kky--fpsSbpw \Zn-I-fp-sSbpw ImSp-I-fpsSbpw Ah- I m- i - s - - n- b p \oXnt_m[-ns cq]oI-c-W-am-W-Xv. ssPh\o- X n- s b- p- d n- p Cu kev]w
{]IrXnsb- p- d np \ne\np
kev]
- sf Xnc-kvIc
- n-p-sIm-p-am-{Xta
cq]-s-Sp-m-hq Fv _jo-dn-\-dn-bm-am-bncpp. dnb-en-k-n-sbpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsSbpw {]Ir- X n- k ev ] s _jo
As\ Xnc- k v I - c n- p. D]m- Z - t \m]m[nI Fp -hn-e-sIm-Sppw hnI-knn--W-sapw kmt-XnI]ptcm-K-Xn-pdw asm-p-an-s-pap ]ptcm-K-a-\hmZambn-cpp AXv. {]IrXnsb A\-amb ]ptcm-KXn F hyh-km-b-hcWkev]-ns FXn{[p-h-ambm-Wv
_jo kzoI-cn--Xv. kky-P-p-{]-Ir-XnI a\p-jys apt-
- n-\p klm-bI am{X-amWv Fpw {]IrXn F
kev]w Hcp `mjm-\nan-Xn-bm-sW-papff kmwkv I m- c n- I - h mZ ( Culturalism)sbpw AtXm-sSmw _jo Xnc-kvIcn-p-p. ssPh-\o-Xn-sb-p-dn-p Cu
t_m[w _jo-dn Bib-p-gw krjvSnp-p-v. lnwkIqSmsX Pohn-m-\mhptam F tNmZy-amWv AXns ImX.
"]pXp- ] p- - \ mb Hcp Xz- i mkv { Xw,'
"hy-amb Hcp hnizm-k-{]-amWw' thWsav {]]- - - f mb {]]fpsS
sbmw {kjvSm-hmb ssZh-tmSv {]mYnp _jo Hcp ssPh-[a-im-kv{Xns A\n- h m- c y- X - s b- - n- b mWv
19
IX
kwkmcn-p--sXp ImWm hnj-a-an.

`qan-bnse PohnXw B]nXn-bn-emsW t_m[-amWv ssPh-k-Zm-Nm-c-ntep sIms-n-p--Xv.
""ssZh- k r- j v S n- b nse sXp- I - f nse
Icnp-I-fn hmh-ep-Iv Ah-Im-iapv; ssZhw-X-p-cm krjvSn-bpsS Znhyap- l q- n Iev]n- p- s Im- S p
]pcmX\ ]pcm- X - \ - a mb Ah- I miw.
HmpI: ""Pohn-I-fmb kh-Po-hn-Ifpw
`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I'' Fs-gpXn IYb-hk
- m-\n-n-p _jo-dns ssPh-\o-Xnt_m-[-n aX-]-c-amb Awiw {]Xy-am-Wv. Jp-B-\n {]hm-N-I ]d-bp
Am-lp-hns HI-ns ZrjvSmw
_jo-dns\ kzm[o-\n-n-cn-m kzm`m-hnI-ambpw km[y-Xb
- pv. Am-lp-hns `qanbn tap-Xn-m AXns\ hnt-pI.
AXn\v bmsXmcp D]-{Z-hhpw sN-cp-Xv.
sNbv X m thZ- \ m- P - \ - I - a mb in
\nsf ]nSn-IqSpw FmWv {]hm-N-I
]d-bp--Xv. {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp at\m-`m-hn aXm--I-X-bpsS Awiw ISphcpXv Imev]\n-I-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-bmbn-cp-p. _jo-dnepw AXpv.
ka-kvX -P-p-Pm-e-fpw `qan-bpsS AhIm-in-Ifmb-Xn-\m Hcp-an-p-]mWw
F AXn- h mZw _jo- d n- \ n- . ""klhn-Xz-amWv Bh-iyw. ]t, Iqmbn
Pohn- m- s \m- ptam? hnjw! ISn- m
acnpw! tl, kta! \n\-n-hnsS AhIm-i-an-. Fs kz-amb Cu ct-
20
]d-n \npw \o -Wn ]pd-pt]m-IpI!'' FmWv _jo ]d-bp--Xv.

{]Ir- X n- s b- p- d n- p BZi- h m- Z hpw
bmYmYyhpw Xn-ep Gp-ap- "`qanbpsS Ah-Im-in-Ifn'se [akwLjw
h[n- n- p- p. A]- I - S - I m- c n- I - f mb
PohnIsf sIm-W-sap hmZn-p `mcytbmSv , ""F\no {]]- - - s f- s bmw
kv t \l- t msS Benw- K \w sNm
tXmpp'' shmWv _jo ]d-bp-Xv.
""Rm\pw a-fp-amWv {]]--sap hnNmcn-m aXn'' sbp `mcy Xncn--Sn-p-p.
Xam-i-Ie Cu KmlnIIe-ls
_jo B[p-\n-I-tem-I-nse Hcp [akw-Lj-n-te-mWv \on-sb-Sp-p-X
- v.
kzm`m-hn-I-]-cn-n-Xn-bp-ambn
tNp\np {Kmao- W - a mb ]c
cmKX ssP-h-k-aq-lhpw B[p-\n-I-amb
\mKcnI bm{n-I-k-aq-lhpw Xn-ep
kwLjw AXn {]- - a mbn
\npp. Acw {]iv\--sf-p-dnsmpw {]Xy--ambn kwkm-cn-msX
hop-I-e-l-ns am[p-cy-ap ên-Xns a-e-n \np-sImv B[p\n-I-Xzs hnain-m-\mWv bYmYn _jo {ian-X
- v. a\p-jy-\n am{Xw
tI{o- I - c n- p- s Im- p B[p- \ n- I Xzns ]ptcm-KXnk-s ênXns teme-amb ]pd-m-fn-p- a-d-hn
_jo tNmZyw sNbvXp.
s]mcn bp-fpw ]m]-ns km\- a mb tXmp- a p B[p- \ n- I - X zs
_jo FXnp-p. hmh-ep-Isf shSnh-bvm ]Tnmw Fp ]d-bp `mcybpsS B[p-\n-I-Xzs ên-Xw-sImp
t\cn-SpXn _jo ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-p.
AXn-Po-h-\-n-\p-th-n-bm-sW-ntmep- a p B[p- \ n- I - X z- ns ùXnI
emt`sb AwKo- I - c n- m hm
_jo AXns\ FXnm\pw hm
kml- N - c y- a mWv hon t\cn- S p- - X v .
ênXw- s Imp ad- p- h Cu BkwLj-amWv _jo-dns\ B[p-\n-I-Xzns hnai\-n-tep \bn-p--Xv.

ùXn-tI--sImv XI-cp `qan-sb-p-dnp Hma-bpsS cq]-nemWv "`qan-bpsS
Ah-Im-in-I-fn' B hnaiw {]Xy-sSp--Xv. `qan-bn-ep kh-P-p--sfbpw
sImsm-Sp-nb tijw a\p-jy am{Xw
Ah-ti-jnv HSp-hn Ah\pw H-Sw
Nmhp Ime-s-p-dnp Hma Hcp
ap-dn-bn-p-t]mse IY-bn {]Xy--sSp-p. kqcy AWv Ncm-N-c--sf-mw
\in-v ]c-p A\--amb Ccp-n-s\-pdnpw ]n-ar-Km-Zn-I-fn-msX ]mgv-eambn, \n-_vZX \nd alm-iq-\y-Xbmbn InS-p Nt{m-]-cn-X-e-s-p-dnp-ap Nn-Ifn A`-hn-n-p-Xpw
AXp-X-s. B Hma-bpsS adp-]p-d-amWv
hoSn- \ p- ] p- d - p ssPh- { ]- I r- X nbpw
AhnsS \np ]pkvX-I-m-fn ]d-phn-cn- p \oe-n-d-Ip Cubpw.
ISpIp-a-Wn-tbmfw am{Xw hep--ap B

jUv]Zw _jo-dns\ Cuiz-ck
- r-jSv- n-sb-pdn-p Nn-bn-tep sImp-t]m-Ip-p.
]cn-]qW--fmb Iem-krjvSn-I \nanp Iem-Im-c-\mWv _jo-dns ssZhw.
B[p-\n-I-Xz-ns kuI-cy--sfmw
AwKo- I - c n- p- s Im- p- X s, lnwkmhmk\ kzm`m-hn-I{- ]-Ir-Xn-bmb, B[p-\nIXz-ns {]Xn-cq-]-amb `mcy -\-S-p
lnwk-Ismw _jo ssZh-tmSv
amp-tNm-Zn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. bYmYn, {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn BNm-cm-\p-k-c-Wap Pohn-X-amWv aX- hnh-n-p-sXv ss{Ikv X - h - a mb AY- n
]d Sn.F- k v . Fen- b - n- s \- t m- s e
-_-jodpw aX-ns {]]--Zi-\-ntep \op-p. B amp-]-d-n B[p\n-I-Xz-nse a\p-jys \n-lm-b-Xbpw
AXn-t\m-Sp hnai-hpw Dsm-p-p.
AXn-eqsS {]Ir-Xn-sb-p-dn-p am{Xa-,
{]Ir-Xn-p-thnbpw Atlw kwkm-cnp-p.
"`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I' F IY-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fmbn teJ-I Nqn-mp- Imcy- Fsm-s-bmWv? DNn-X-amb IYm-k-`- DZm-l-cnv eLpIpdn-p-I Xbm-dm-p-I.
DZm: {]Ir-Xn-sb-p-dnv am{X-a, {]Ir-Xn-p-th-n-bpw kwkm-cn-p IY-bmWv
"`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I.'
""F\no {]]---sf-sbmw kvt\l-tmsS Benw-K\w sNm tXmp-p.''

""Rm\pw a-fp-amWv {]]--sav hnNm-cn-m aXn.''
_jodpw `mcybpw Xn-ep Cu kw`m-jWw cp ImgvN-m-Sp-I-sf-bm-Wtm {]Xn^-en-n-p--Xv.
Cu ImgvN-m-Sp-Isf hnai-\m--I-ambn ]cn-tim-[nv \nK-a-\-fh-X-cn-n-p-I.
h Kpl-bnepw X]p sNp-I-bmWv \Xv Fp `mcy ]d--tm Xam-i-hnv

Nnm-[o-\-\m-Im _jo-dns\ t{]cn-n-Xv Fsms Imcy--fmhmw?
21
IX
]pjv]-Imew
DZym-\-]m-e-Itc!
`hm-m-cp-W
pZy-an-n ]pjv]-Im-e-am-bn.
Dm-h-N--fm-tam-akp-a--fm
sa-ta-do-Sp-ao-bm-cm-a-n
tZh h\-am-en-m-\--ta-Im
]qshm-pan-s--tXmp-sImhn.
Fm kpa-hp-a-hsbn--bvsmp
sas- h-fp X ]qW-X-bn
sNm-\p-g-dp-I-bm-W--Xn-bmcpw
Xn-\nmsX kqn-p-sImhn.
`hyamw sXepw `m\p-a-co-Nnbpw
Znhyamw Xqa-g-\ocpw \nXyw
\hy-c-k-amp \Ip--tm-bn-hbv
hy-Xybw tZh-s\m-p-t]mse.
Zpc-h Ipam-c-\m-im
72
]qhp-I-sf-p-dnv Ihn-p ImgvN-m-Sp Xs-bmtWm \ap-papXv?
{]]- - a n- s mcp Xd- h m- S mbn hc- p- I ImWm- X mbn
Dq
ky-bvp am\p ae Xmc

mc-{Xbpw Ip sNSn It!
Ip\nn-Sm-sam-n\n; \ns t\mw
Ip-p-gn-p-n-ep-sa-n-S-s.
]d-n-e-np ]I-sm-Xp-n
mh-fmw Xp-I-sfm--t\Iw
Xptem-a-h-n ]pI-fnp hnmw
Xqsha-es-p-a-W-p-\n-q.
PmXn-p-h-n-e-tk-I-taIpw
P\--fn-q-sSn ssIb-\n
hfn-Sp-n--Xp-t]ms; Zqsc
hen-p-am-p--Xp-app! IjvSw!
{LmtW-{n-bm-cm-a a\p-jy \ns

kXz--k---dn-bmsX ]qth!
lm, \o shdpw {]mIr-X-`q-an-bmX
]-Xy-sa-tm-[-co-I-cn-q.
Dtm KpWw? sImhn-\-sXm-p-am-{X
ap]-nbpw hwi-hp-am-cp-Ip?
BVy apX--y-P-t\m-f-ampw
s] `qtZhn; ]nXmhp ssZhw.
tNdnp-cp-pp knXmw-_p-P-;
Imdnn-d-pp ]bx-I-W-;
an-n-S-p-smcp ]rjvT-`qan
alml-Nn{Xw hc-hm at\m-w.
*
Dbn sh-smSn Imp-thms\

bpq-e\w sNp-ap-Z-{K-]mWn
]cm-{Iaw hmbvp-a-cn-sm-Xp-n
mh--sf-p Xcn-p -Xoq!
Bcp-? B \oN? A\m-cy-am-ao

bkvaKr-l-n-{Z-a-Zr-jvS-]qhw
Ati-j-tem-I-n-\p-am-\-\-s
b]-{X-]m-\-{an-X-am-n-Sp-p.
*
Xcw-KnWn
73
IX
""kybvp am\p ae Xmc

mc-{Xbpw Ip sNSn It!
Ip\n-n-Sm-sam-n\n \ns t\mw
Ip-p-gn-p-n-ep-sa-n-Ss''
am\w, Ip Fo ]Z- kqNn-Xm-Y-nemWtm Ihn {]tbm-Kn-n-cn-pXv.
Ihn-X-bn \nv C-c-n-ep IqSp-X ]Z- Isn Ah-bpsS Bi-bXew NsNq.
""PmXn-p-h-nPvPe-tk-I-taIpw
P\--fnq-sSn ssIb-\n
hfn-Sp-n-Xp t]ms; Zqsc
hen-p-am-p--Xp-app! IjvSw!''
"PmXn-p-h-n Pe-tk-I-ta-IpI' F {]tbm-K-n Fsmw AY--fmWv
Is-m Ign-bpXv?
74
"Xp-qhv' F I-hn-X-bn kmaq-lnI{]m[m-\y-ap hen-sbm-cm-i-b-amWv Ihn

aptm-p-hbv
- p-X
- v. Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p kqN-\I
- IqSn ]cn-KW
- nv Ihn-Xbvv
Hcm-kzm-Z\w Xbm-dm-p-I.
PmXn-p-h-n Pe-tk-I-ta-IpI
Zqsc henpampI
{LmtW-{n-bm-cm-a a\p-jy
]mhw-Xp-sb hmcn-sb-Sp-Y
tZh tNp aq[m-hn
]pfIw sImpI Xpqth
]q-fn \otb `mKy-hXn
sshtem-nn
Xp-q-v alzw e`n--W-sa-n HmWw hc-Ww. A-s\sbmcp
HmWw hpthm?
_me-ma-Wn-b
HmW-\m-fq-Wn-\n-s-m-sa-t-n-p
tama-\-tm-g hcm--sXt?
s]mp-Sp-q-cn-bn-m-Zn-Xy-\o- ho-n
]nnsetmn-tebvtm-Sn-b-tm.
]mWI-fn-bpsS ]mpw XpSn-sImpw
]mS-n--sc tIm-b-tm.
sNnm hbvnepw Imet thhn-tm
cn-fn-q-h-S-bm-dn-btm!
tXp- Xp-S-n tImem-bnn-sbpw
Im-fn-m-Sp-I hp s]p;
hmSn-p-gq Rmt\mW-s-cp-am-sf
qSn Xma-c-qw-In-co-Sw.
Nqtg-b-Wn-tm-c-cn-m-n aew
tImgn-I Xmdp-am-dm-n-hn-p.
F-hn-f-p- ]pI-bpp Rm
bpm-\n-e-bn apX-f-n.
A-sb-n\n--en Rm shn-tm
cm-dp-Iqw Idn--cn-In,
H-bvn-cp-pm; a--bm-m-h-s
p-s-Sp-p-sa-mWp tJZw.
Iqp-Im-c-stm ]n-sbmw; A
hop-Im hn-b-o-e-sb-mw
75
IX
]mc-a-dn-hp-tm, \ hmtm-Xp-tm
{Iqc-X -Imptam Ipn-I-fn?
sNp hnfn-s -Rm, Fnt\m tXmgs
tNnp sNpp sNp -tImSn?
Fp-sIm--p s\n-Np-fn-p-t]m
sbnt\ sas-n-cn--X?
tap-ta hmSpw apJ-hp-ambv Zqtcbvp
t\mn-bp-tamtmp-gpw \ns,
]p{Xs I-Xp-S- \na-{n-m,
f{X-\m-f]m ad kXyw:
""]mTm-e-b-nte {]mamWy-ap--h
]mh--tfm-sSm-n-W--ep-q,
]m-ar-X-qpw Rmh-g-fpw
]n-s-Sp-p Ign--epq''
\mtfbvp ]q\p-p-ap-n-I tLmjnp:
"amtem-I-sc-m-cp-sam-p-t]mse'
\nthZyw
$
Xm hnizkn-Xn \np hyXy-kvX-amb Fp kXy-amWv Ipn a\-n-em-nbXv? Ihn-X-bn \np kqN-\-I Is-p-I.
s]mp-Sp-q-cn-bn-m-Zn-Xy\o hon
]nn-se-tm-n-te-tm-Sn-b-tm.
Cu hcn-I-fn \np a\-n ]Xn-bp Nn{X-sa-mWv? s]mp-Spv F hmv
Fsmw kqN-\-I-fmWp \Ip-Xv?
"amtem- I - s c- m- c p- s am- p- t ]mse' Fp tLmjn- p Dn- I sf "\mtfbv p

]q\pph' Fp hnti-jn-n--Xnse s]mcp Fmhmw?
Cu Ihn-X-bn ka-bs ImWn-p kqN-\-I Is-p-I. IhnX IqSp-X

lrZy-am-m B kqN-\-I klm-bn-p-ptm? NsNp-I.
"Xpqhv' F Ihn-X-bnse Bi-b-Xew Hcp PohnXk`-n-tep ]dnp\XmWv "kl-]m-Tn-I' Xmc-XaywsNq.
""]mTm-e-b-nte {]mamWy-ap--h
]mh--tfm-sSm-n-W--ep-q,
]m-ar-X-qpw Rmh-g-fpw
]n-s-Sp-p Ign--epq''
Cu Bi-bs hnai-\m--I-ambn hne-bn-cp-q.
76
am\p-j-sc-mcpw Hpt]m-se-bm-Ip BZi-temIw alm-m- hn`m-h\w

sNp-p. AXv kmm-XvI-cn-m {ian-p--h F{X?
F.-]n. apl-Zv
\mep `mK-p-\npw Bfp-I Hgp-Inh-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-p. tbmKew \ndp

Ihn-p. A_vZp-d-lvams hmp-I
tIm-s\-n-b-h-cmWv Ah. Ahsc
I- t m At- l - n\pw Bthiw
Ccp Ib-dn. \o {]kw-Kw. cmjv{So-bn-\-]-cn-Nn-X-amb hmp-I, Nn-I.
Akm-[m-c-W-amb A-cow AhnsS
XpSn-p. hmp-I ]pg-t]mse Hgp-In.
tIhn-m B hmp-I-fpsS BmYXbpsS {]hm-l-n he-p-t]m-bn.
""\n-tfmSp ]ecpw ]eXpw ]dv sXn-cn-n-m-\p-m-Ipw. AsXmpw \n
tI-cp-Xv. Rm ]d-bp-Xpw \n
tI-W-sa-n-. Am-lp-hns hmpI-fmb Jp-B\pw \_n-N-cy-Ifpw am{Xw
t\mn \S-p-I. Abhm-kn-If
- mb lnp-tfmSp \n Hcnepw i{Xp-X-bn
hn--cp-Xv.''
{]kwKw Ah-km-\n--tm cm{Xn H]X-ca
- W
- n. kym-\a
- k
- vImcw Ign-t- m
XpS-n-b-Xm-Wv. aWn-q-dp-I IS-p-t]mbXv tIn-cp--h-cmcpw Adn-n-. hgn-hnfp- I AW- p- I n- S - p. Ccp- n
a\pjycpw ac-fpw hoSp-Ifpw Ippw
sNcnhpw Hm-bn.
tN-aw-K-q-cn-se--Ww. AhnsS ]gb
NmXn Amgw Xbm-dmn Imn-cnp-I-bm-hpw. hmkvX-h-n hni-n-.
Fnepw A[n-Im-cn-bpsS \n_--am-Wv.
Fs-nepw Ign--Ww.
A_vZp-d-lvams a\-n astm IppIq-Sn-bn-cp-p. thK-n Atlw \S-pp. kmln-_ns\m-sa-m A\p-bm-bnIm-bn-. Ftm DS sNbvXpXom\p-s an-emWv \S-p--Xv. Atm
A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS cbvv Hcm Fn.
sh- mSn Imn- ]d- p- p. Hcp
hr. Abm- f psS Xte- s v Imn
Ncnp. Abm kmln-_n\p apn
hgn apSn\np.
""A-emap Assepw.''
""h Assepapemw.''
""kmbv_v\v s a\-n-emtbm?''
""C.''
""Fs\ a\-n-em-hm-\m-Wv. fv Inv
]n-cp-]-v sIm-am-bnt?''
77
IX
""\n-fm-cmWv?''
""tamt\, \o Idp--tm. As Ihn-sfm-ntm-b-tm, tamt\.''
Abm A_vZp-d-lvams Ccp ssIIfpw
]nSnp Xpcp-Xpcm Npw_n-p. Iocp Xn
kmbvhns ssII \\-p. kvt\lns Dp-\ocv ico-c-kp-jn-c--fn-eqsS
Dn- t ep In\n- - t m A_v Z p- d lvam B{Z-\m-bn.
""an-Ww, F\np a\-n-em-bn-.''
""tamt\, s_m-cn-bnse Btm-p-Im-c
Ipm-p-hns\ Hma-bptm?''
Hma- b n- s emcp {]Imiw s]mSp- s\
hncnp.
Ipmp apkveym! A_vZp-dl
- vams\ B
hr sIn-n-Sn-p.
""Fs\ c-s-p?''
""\dvv Inn, bpw Ign---fv.''
elf \S- n- b - X n\p Xqm hn[n
XShp- ] p- n- b m- b n- c pp Ipmp
apkv e ym. A_v Z p- d - l v a ms\ s_mcn
Pbnen sImph-tm Ah Iptd
Znhkw Htc skn-em-bn-cp-p. Hn-ncpp NIncn Xn \mcp-I ths]-Sp-ptm Ah Ah-cpsS N-e-I-f-gn-bpXv kz]v\w Ip.
Xqn-sm-m hn[n-Xn apkveymv
ktm-j-am-bn-cp-p.
ktm-j-am-bn-cpp Pbn-en apkveymcpsS apJ-ap-{Z. Fnepw \n-_vZ-\m-bn-cpp. thKw Xqn-te-m--Xn Abm
]ndp-]n-dp-p. Fm cm{Xn-I-fnepw kzKw
In\mhp Ip. ]qtm-e-I Hgp-Ip-p,
i_vZ-an-m-sX. ]p-In-Sn-bn NmpIn-S-p XpSp apn-cn-p-e-I. BSnmSn hcp Nnd-Ip-If
- p ae-p-I. \oe- p- I fpw Nph Npp- I - f p- a p-
lqdnI. kzK- n- t e- p bm{Xt]mepw sh- m apS- p- p. AXpt]ms, Ap t\cw \nkv I - c n- m
78
A\phm- Z - a n- . Am- l p- h ns\ hW- ptm app-a-d-bm {Suk-dm-Wv. AXv

F{X \on-bmepw aptm-f-sa-n-. a\v
Ie- nb apkv e ym \nkv I - c n- t
t\cv Ip Nnn. kh- i - \pw
]caIm-cp-Wn-I\pw Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bp-amb
ssZhs Hmp.
kmbvhns\ Pbn-ep Imcy-am-bn-cp-p.
Ah-cpsS `mj At-l-n\v Adn-bmw. B
Xe-sb-Sppw \S-hpw kwkm-chpw Iqkte-im apJhpw apkveymsc A_vZpdlvam-\n-te--Sp-n-p. Hn-n-cpv NIncn
Xp-tm-gmWv apkveym \nkvIm-c-{]iv\w
FSp-n--Xv. kmln_v AXp {]iv\-am-n.
Iev]\ Inn-bXv sshIp-t-c-am-Wv. \o
\ncm-lmc\mfp-Ism-Sp-hn \a-kvIm-cn-\p A\p-hm-Z-am-bn.
aKvcn_v \nkvIm-c-n-\p kabw. apn-tbgv apkvenw XS-hp-Im-cmWv s_mcn- b n. Ah AwK- k v \ m\w sNbv X p.
Camapw Pam-A-p-ambn \nkvI-cn-m
Xbm-sd-Sp-p. kmbvhv Camw \n-Wsa-m-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS Bh-iyw. ]t,
kmln_v D-c-hn-p \ Pbn hnp
t]mIp- - X p- h sc Fm t\cpw
Camambn \npI Ipmp apkveymcmbn-cn-pw. apkveymv Xm Xqm hn[n-s XS-hp-]p-n-bm-sW--Xp-t]mepw
adp- t ]m- b n. BZy- a mbn Camw ssI
sInbtm ]nn\nv ap-n-bm-dpt]-cpsS i_vZw Hn-p-bp: ""Amlp
AIv_.''
A- s \- b p kmbv h ns\bm- W np
ImWp-X
- v. A_vZp-dl
- vam Im^-dp-If
- psS
Iqen-m-c-\m-sWp aI AIpn
]d-tm Abm sXm hnd-n-psImp ]dp: ""FSm, Ff- a m
XpmsX. Rv kph-n-te-p
hgn ImWnpX Cam- a mWv kmbv h v .
t]mSm. kmbvhns\ DSp-p-t]mse R- d n- b mw. kmbv h v Ckv e m- a - s - n
BcmSm Cu temIv Ckvemw?''
""apkveymtc hcq, \apv In-Ip-Sn-mw.''

""Cs\ Hnp ImWm Ip- Xv
Pbnenv hnNm-cn--X-.''
HS-b-n tIp-p-m-bn-cp-p. AIw

]nSp. tIp- n- s `mh- n
Abm In hnf-nb Imk-I Hcp
s_n hcn-h-cn-bmbn Hcp-n-h-p.
""hnNm- c n- - X - - t m, \S- - e v . Fmw

Ahs ssIbn.''
""aqcv h apXev AS--tf-em.''
Ah Hnp \S-p. A[n-Im-cn-bpsS

hon Fmw Xbm-dmbncpp. shp-]p-cbn\nv tp- I fpw ]nm- W - fpw
sImp-h
- p. ]n-cnbpw Cd-n-bpw. kp{]
hncn-p. Fm-hcpw kp{]bvp Npp-an-cpp.
kmln- _ ns sXm- S pv Ipmp
apkveym. t\cw sshIn-bn-cp-p. Fmhpw XnSp--am-bn.
XnSp--n
XnSpw* HS-b-n-en-\m-bncp-p. Iqn-en ]pen-sb-tmse Abm

shp-]p-cb
- n Idn\S-p. ASp-f
- b
- n
Bpw Abmsf a\-n-em-bn-. Im
\smcp tbmKy.
""Bcm-Wn-bm?''
""Adn-bn.''
""kmbvhns
tXmvtW.''
IqsS
h- X mm
lmhq. Amlp c-s-Sp-n.

hon-\-Iv s]mn-n-cnbpw In ]d-bepw
apdp- I n. Ipmp apkv e ymcpsS IY
kmbvhv Fm-hpw ]d-p-sIm-Sp-p.
Amgw Ah-km-\n-p. Hmtcm-cp--cmbn
ssI Igp- I m ]pd- t - n- d - n. hensbmcp h-s-n shw \nd-p-h-ncpp. AXn XI-c-ns ssIm--I.
Hmtcm-cp--cpw Dugw Imp-\n-p.
Atm HS- b - n Ipin- \ n- m- c s
sNhn-bn a{n-p:
""kmbvhn\v Hcp Icn-mb thWw. AXn
\mep Xpn sNdp-\m-c Cn-tm-fq.
Cs-nepw hntcm-[-an-.''
*apl-Zv A_vZp-dlvams A\p-bm-bn-I-fn Hcm-fm-bn-cpp HS-b-n. A_vZp-dlvam kzoI-cn atX-Xc

\ne-]m-Sn-t\mSv Abmv hntbm-Pn-m-bn-cp-p. t\mh-en-ns krjvSn-bmWv Cu IYm-]m-{Xw.
79
IX
A_vZp-dl
- vam-\mWv ssII IgpIn BZyw
Xota-i-p-dp Xncn-s-n-b-Xv. taipdv tkmksImp aqSn- h
Nmbv.
HS-b-n-en\v
Ccn--sm-dpXn Inn-bn-.
ASp--f-bpsS A-p-h sNp-]m-{Xn \nv Hcp mkv shw apn

Abm Bn- t bmsS IpSn- p. ssI
hnd-tm shw Xpfp-n. Pp-bpsS
aphiw BsI \\-p. s\n-tev
XWp ioX- mv Bp- h o- i p- p.
s\n-\-Iv sImSpwNqSm-Wv. izmkw
Inm sRcp-w. ssI Igp-Im-s\-Sp-ph shw ]m-bn apn HS-b-n
apJw Igp-In. Imp hoin.
A\- m- \ m- I m- s X, Hbpw _l- f hpw
tIn- msX HS- b - n s\p
ssIhv Ccp-n Ccp-p. s\n-tm
s]mn-n-X-dpw. In-tev Ccp--SnptIdn.
Hma h-tm hon-\I
- v Bf-\
- a
- n.
AIw iq\yw. kmbvhpw kwLhpw \S-mX- b n A{]- X y- cm- I p- p. s]t{SmamIvkns shfnw Ccp-n Xobn-X-fm-bn.
HS-b-n t\sc t\mn-bXv tai-p-dt-m-Wv. tkmksImp aqSnb Iv
AtX-]S- n-bp-v. IpSnp Ign-t- ijw hXm-bn-cn-pw. s\n-\-Iv \Kmc ASnp.
Iqn-bn Itk-c-I ssIm-mn ]Xps--Xps tai-p-d-s-n. tkmk
\on.
Nmb _mn-bp-v.
C, Icn-mb IpSn-n-n-.
s]mSp- - s \, ann- W t]mse
ss[cyw HS-b-n-en\p ssIh-p. Abm
Ipw tkmk-dp-sa-Spv ]pd-t-n-d-n.
]pd-p-h hnfv Btcm FSp-p-sImp
t]mbn. h-s-n C\nbpw sh-ap-v.
ssIm--bp-ap-v.
HS-b-n In-tev Hp-IqSn t\mn.
ac-W-amWv AXn-\-I-v. Ipw tkmkdpw
80
Zqtc- s - d n- p. Fn- s tbm lrZbw

s]mn--I-cpw-t]mse AXp-S-p.
Ccpnte-mWv
kmln_pw kJm-fpw
Imse- S p- p- h - - X v . In- I q- S nb Ccpv
ImWm ]h- X - \ n- c - I - s f- t mse
tXmnp. apn-sem-cm s]t{Sm-amIvkv
Xe-bn hp \S-p. Abm-fpsS \ng-en\p
\ofw IqSpw-tXmdpw Ccp-n\v Bgw IqSn.
Ccp- n- e n- c pv Am- X - \ mb arKw
AXns \of\m-p-I ]pd-t-n-p.
AXv apc-fp-p-m-bn-cp-p. Idp cm{Xnbn Nnn-s-dn shfp app-I-sftmse BIm-i-n \-{X- ann.
cp \mgnI Ap-dv aWm-t-cn-bn-emWv
Bfp- I . sImSnb aW- c - n- e qsS
Xnbpw XSpw Ah aptm-mp
\S-p. A_vZp-d-lvam\v ]Xn-hn-e-[nIw
Dm-l-am-bn-cp-p. apkven-wI-fpsS Zpc-h-sb-p-dnv Atlw \nmsX ]dp. Ah- c psS t]mcm- b va- I fpw
t]mhnfnIfpw inbpw Zu_eyhpw
FSpp]dp. kmln-_mWv apn \S-Xv. Atlw XnSpw Iqn. C\nbpw Hcp
\mgn-I-IqSn Ccpp Xm-Ww. ]ns aWmt-cn-bm-bn. aWm-t-cn-bnse sNp-]m-Xbn-emWv Im \nn-bn-cn-p--Xv. s]mSps\ kmln-_n\p \S--n\v ]nXp-Scm- \ m- h m thKw IqSn. Iqcn- c p- n
oWnp. a-sh-fnw ZpxJns IXncp-If
- mWv {]Im-in-n-X
- v. kmln-_n-s\mw
\S- s - m Ahmp- a m- b n.
ssIbpw Imepw hoin B BPm-\p-_mlp
Bp- ] n- S np \S- p- t m Hcm
]dp: ""kmbvth, Hp ]Xps \SWw. Rv kmbvhns\m--sa-m
Ign-bp-n-.'' kmln_v s]mn-n-cn-p.
""\ns-s\ F\n-sm--sa-m
Ignbpw? \n \n-fpsS hgnp t]mIq.
Rm Fs hgnp t]mI-s.''
shn- s h- f nw An- mbn hnX- d p
\- { X- am\w- a pnnS- p- p.
hensbmcp tKm]p-c-n\p Iosg Xqn-bn

\-{X-hn-fpt]mse BImiw IS-en
app-Ipn InS-p-tmgpw IcImWmsX
Iqcncpv. Ah Ipdp Zqcw IqSn ]nn-p.
aW-c-n Im hgp-Xp-p. Fnepw
Ah Bbm-k-sp \S-p. DuXn-s-Sppw-t]mse s]t{Sm-am-Ivknse shfnw
AW-p. kmln-_n\nv Am-lpth

F a[p-c-\mZw tIp. Fm-hcpw ]mSp-p. B henb icocw \ne-bn-msX
hogp- p. Agn- I - f n- m BImiw
Fspw ImWm A_v Z p- d - l v a m
aWp-gn-bn-tev ASn-sX-n, \ne-sXn
DuphoWp.
apl-Zv Ap-dlvam- - Hcp t\mh
""\n-tfmSv ]ecpw ]eXpw ]dv sXn--cn-n-m-\p-m-Ipw. AsXmpw \n

tI-cp-Xv. Abhm-kn-If
- mb lnp-t- fmSv \n Hcn-epw i{Xp-Xb
- n hn-cpXv.'' hmp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw {]hr-n-bn-eq-sSbpw apl-Zv A_vZpdlva-m \Inb
kt-i- Fsm-s-bm-Wv? t\mh ]qW-ambpw hmbn-p-I. IqSp-X hnhc tiJ-cn-p-I.
aX-ku-lmZ-s-p-dn-p apl-Zv A_vZpdlva-ms ImgvN-m-Sp-Iv Cpw

{]k-n-bp--tm. Cu hnj-b-s-p-dnv Hcp {]`m-jWw Xbm-dm-mw.
""\ns-s\ F\n-sm--sa-m Ignbpw? \n \n-fpsS hgnv t]mIq.

Rm Fs hgnv t]mIs'' Cu hmp-I IYm-k-`-n \Ip kqN\-I-sf-sm-s-bmWv? NsNp-I.
""A\-m-\m-Im-sX, Hbpw _l-fhpw tIn-msX HS-b

- n s\p ssIhv
Ccp-n Ccp-p. s\n-tm s]mn-n-X-dpw. In-tev Ccp--SnptIdn. Hma
h-tm hon-\-Iv Bf-\--an-. AIw iq\yw. kmbvhpw kwLhpw \S-m-Xbn A{]-Xy--cm-Ip-p. s]t{Sm-am-Ivkns shfnw Ccp-n Xobn-X-fm-bn. HS-bn t\sc t\mn-bXv tai-p-d-t-m-Wv. tkmksImp aqSnb Iv AtX]Sn-bp-v. IpSnpIgn--tijw h-Xm-bn-cn-pw. s\n-\-Iv \Kmc ASn-p.
Iqnbn Itk-c-I ssIm-mn ]Xp-s--Xps tai-p-d-s-n.''
hnIm-cX
- o-{h-amb aplq- Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-tm Fgp-p-Im-cs `mj IqSpX
Be-m-cn-I-am-hp--Xn\v DZm-l-c-WamWtm Cu t\mh`mKw. t\mh-en \nv
IqSp-X k`- Isn hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.
t\mh-ense \mbIIYm-]m-{X-amb apl-Zv A_vZp-dlvams\-p-dnv Hcp Poh-N-cn{Xp-dnv Xbm-dm-p-I.
81
IX
Pohn-Xm-h--I Bhn-jvI-cn-p--Xn-\p am[yaw kmlnXyw am{X-amtWm?
cmPm -c-hn-ha
Cu Nn{X-s-p-dnv Hcp Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.
82
Nn{X-hmb\ F-s\-sbm-s-bm-hmw?
hnP-b-Ip-am tat\m
Nn {Xinev ] - I - e - I - f n
\n- e - a mb
Hch- b - msX Ime- n- e q- s S- b p

hfI bmsXmpw ]Im-\m-hn
an- h mdpw Fm kmln- X y- N n- - I cpsSbpw A`n-{]mbw CXm-Wv. kmln-Xyw,
kn\n-a, \mSIw Fn-h-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ays-Sp-p-tm CXv Htsd icn-bm-WpXm-\pw. Nn{Xhpw inev]-hp-sams eIe-I-fm-W-tme-n HXp-p
IeI, As- n e- ns
inbpw kzm[o-\hpw D]-tbm-Kn-p
Ie-I.
e-n Imew ImWm ]ptam? Nn{Xn ew \n-e-am-W-tm. Ne-\-anm Imcy- n Fs\ Ne\w
ImWm Ignbpw? Hn-\p-tijw asmv
F- X mWv Ne- \ w, Imew Fnh
ASnb BJym-\-n-ep--Xv. IYm-I-Y\-n-emWv CXv {][m-\-am-Ip--Xv. Nne
{]mNo\ Nn{X- - f n CXp- t ]mse
BJym\w ImWmw. Hcp {]mNo\Nn{Xn Ghpw Xmsg-bmbn sh-ns

cq]-ap-v. AXn-\p-ap-I-fn ]n. Ghpw
Db-c-n Xpn-I-fmbn shw hogp-p.
Xmsg \np-bv shw taL-am-hpp
Fpw B shw Xncnv ag-bmbn `qanbn-se-pp Fp-ap Nm{InINe-\amWv Cu Nn{X-n-ep--Xv. Hn-\p-tijw
asmv F Ime-{]-hmlw e-X-e-fpsS (levels of space) {Iao-I-c-W-n-eqsS
BJym\w sNp- I - b m- W n- X n. `mc- X n hnhn[ `mK--fnse BJym-\-Nn-{X-fn Imew F LSIw Bhn-jvI-cnn-p-Xv IY-bn-e-S-n-bn-p Ime-sqSn kqNn-n-p-sIm-m-Wv. BJym\Nn{X-sf (narrative painting) am{XamWv ChnsS ]cn- t im- [ n- p- Xv.
AaqNn{X- - f psS ]T\- n\v Cu
coXn aXn-bm-In. AXn\v B[p-\n-I-amb
coXn-imkv{Xw thn-h-cpw.
Nn{Xw 1
83
IX
am-tcn sImm-c-nse tKmh[-t\mm-cWw F ]Xn-s\mw \qmnse

Nphn{Xw
t\mp- I (Nn{Xw1).
{ioIrjvW Dbn\np ]h-Xn-\-Sn-bn kpc-n-X-cmbn \np-IbmWv P\- . BZys _l- f hpw
tImem- l - e hpw Hsm- S p- n- b - t m
IrjvWs ssIbn-en-cn-p ]hX-n\p-ap-If
- n kzm`m-hnI imX ssIh-cnp.
]e Znhkw IrjvW ]hXw
Dbn\np- s h- mWv sFXn- l yw.
]hXw Dbp \nan-j-n-setbm
BZy-L--n-setbm Imcy--f Fp
kqNn- n- p- - h - b mWv Cu Zriy- .
agbpw C{s _l-fhpw òXn-P-\-I-am-bncpp Fm-Wtm IY. `b-N-In-X-cmbn
a\p-jycpw arK-fpw A`bw {]m]n--tmgm-Wtm ]hXw IpS-bm-tnh-Xv.
Atm-gp-mb {]p-_v[X hnp-am-d--hw kabw Iptd Ignn-cn-p-psh-Yw.
Nn{X-n\v \mS-Io-bX IqSp-X-em-Wv. Nn{Xn CS-Xp-h-i-p -Xmsg Hcp hr
]Xps Fgp- t m {ian- p- p.
t\ct Imcy-a-dn--hcpw thK-n-sem Ign--hcpw kao-]-hm-kn-Ifpw
t\c- t - s bn kpc- n- X - X z- t _m[w
{]I-Sn-n-p--h-cmbn Nn{X-ns he-Xph-ip m\w ]nSn-n-p-v. {]mbtadnb
kv { Xosb \S- n- s m- p- h - c m- \ p
kabhpw Zqchpw Imc-W-am-Imw, hr
Nn{X-ns CS-Xp-`m-Kv Ghpw A-mWv . ap- - h - t c- m Ipdp sshIn
sbnepw hr-tb-m apt] Fnt-cm km[n Hcp kv{Xobpw Ippw
hrbpsS sXmp- h-eXp`mK-p-v. B
A Xmsg \np Ipnsb FSp-m\p {ia-n-em-Wv. Cu kv{Xobm-IWw
hrbv pw hrsb sImp- h - - h
Fp Icp-Xm-hp bph-Xnpw sXmp
ap]v kpc-nX m\-s-n-tbm. Nn{X-Im-c B kv{Xop \In-bn-
84
p ew hrbpsSbpw bph-Xn-bpsSbpw sXm-Spv he-Xp-h-i-m-Wv. Nn{Xns CS-Xp-hi

-
- p-\np P\- hv,
h- h h- h he- X p- h - i - t - s mXpn\npp Fp t_m[y- s - S pp e--Im-e -Nn-{X-L-S\bmWn-Xv.
arK- ]hX-n\p apI-fn-em-b-Xn-\m
AhnsS kzm`m-hn-Im--cow kwPm-X-amb- t XmsS
Ah- - I
X- f psS
ss\kKnI{Inb-Ism-cp-n-g
- n-p.
Iptd- t \cw Ccp- - X ns imco- c n- I mkzmyw Imc-W-amImw, CS-Xp-h-is
hr FWo-m {ian-b
- m-Wv. hr-bpsS
apJv Xs IqsS-bp bphXn \Ip
]cn- N - c - W - ns ku`mKyw A\p- ` - h np ktm-j-ap-v. bph-Xn-bpsS apJm-Is
- , hr Fgp-tp-Ib
- mWv F
]cn-{`-ahpw ImWmw.
Cu tKmh[-t\m-m-cWNn{Xw IY-bnse
Ah-km-\-Zn-hk kw`-h-a-. ]hXw IpSbm-nb BZy-Zn-hkw Xs Ipd-p-k-abw
Ign Hcp L-nse Nn{X-am-hmw. Nn{X{]-X-e-n P\- Xnn-hnn \nbm- W v . C\n Nn{X- - e v P\- sf
\nm-\n-S-an-. Nn{X-Im-cs\ kw_-nn-S-tmfw {Kma-hm-kn-I-sfmw Fn-gn-p. \S-m {]bm-k-ap--Xn-\m
kabw IqSp-X-em-h-iy-ap hr-sb-qSn
kpc-n-X-ambn Fn--tm-tgpw Nn{Xew ]qW- a mbn. hr hv Ccpncpp Imep-I-g--Xn-\m Hs-Wo-pI-bm-hmw, Ctm. AtX-t]mse Ipnsb
FSp-m Xp\n-bp Abpw GXmv
CtX- k - a bw ImWn- p- p. Iptd- t \cw
Xmsg-\n Ipnv A-bpsS H-p-Ib-dm ka-b-am-bn. ]e-X-hW Ccppw
\npw Ign-bp-tmtg IY-bn ]d-bp
At\-I-Zn-h-k- Xocq. AXn-\m CmWp-Xv BZys Ccnpw Fgp-tpamWv Fp ]d-bm\pw \nhr-n-bn-. IYb- d n- b m- h p ImWn- - d nbmw, Ahkm\\nanjw hsc kpc- n- X - a mbn
Ah-c-hnsS Ccppw FWo-p-\npw Ignp-sIm-p-sa `mhn-bpw.

e-Im-e--fpsS Bhn-jvImcw IYm-I-Y\-Nn-{X-n {]hr-n-bpsS thKw ImWnm-\p-X-Ipw. \n-e-I-e-bn thKw F
Ime-LS- I
- hpw `mhhpw B am[y-ak
- m-[yXI-fn-eqsS tZymXn-n-p-Xv ]e-hn-[-nem-Imw. {ioIr-jvW\pw Iqp-Imcpw sh
tamjvSn- p ]lmUn Nn{X- n
(Nn{Xw2) CXp Zriy-am-Wv. ssXcp IS-bpXv A]-t\cw \nn tKm]kv{Xo
ASp apdn-bn-se-n-bn-n-. hfsc thKn-em-b-Xp-sImp aptm-mv io{Lw
]mbp Ah-fpsS icocw Hcp apdn-bpsS
hmXnSnbn \nv ASp--Xn-tep
IS-p hn[-amWv Nn{X-Im-c hc-n-p-Xv. B sRmSn-bn-S-bn Ipkr-Xn-I
sh tamjv S n- m Ib- d n- - g n- p.
tamjWw \ ]cn-Nb
- a
- p-X
- n-\mepw \nXysm-gn-em-b-Xn-\m-ep-am-hmw, thKw AXp
sN- m Ign- b p- p- - h v . Dc- e nv
AXns apI- f n Hcp- h \pw Ahs
tXmfn IrjvW\pw Hcp\nanjw sImv
NmSn--b-dn--gn-p. t]mcm! Ddn-bn

ssIbnv sh-sb-Spv Xmsg \np
asmcp Ipkr-Xnv sImSp-p. Ah-\mIs, Xs ]pd-In \np IpkrXnv AXp ssIam-dn-g
- n-p. kv{Xo Hp
amdnb B sNdnb ka-b-n-\p-n Ddnbn ssIbn- S p- I - b p- a m- W v. sh
ssI\onhmnb Ipc- \pw Ahs
apn-ep Ipnbpw sh Inn-b-tijw
ssI ]nh-en-pI IqSn sNmsX AtXt]m- s e- s ]nSn- n- c n- p- p. A{XIpdp ka-bta Bbn-pq. C\n cp-cpf-Iq-Sntb FSp-t-q. Hv IrjvW\pw
asmv IrjvWs\ tXmf- t n
\np Ipn-pw. CtX- th-K-n
AXpw FSpv Cu Ipn-n-c-anUv Xmsg-bnd-pw. Cu {]hr-n-bnse Ipkr-Xnbpw
AXns thKhpw ckn-I-hpw icn-bmbn
Bkz-Zn-p-Xv Ipc--\m-Wv. Ipn-I
Fm-hcpw Kuc-h-tmsS Imcyw sNptm Ipc- AXv Bkz-Znv Xmsg
Ccn-p-I-bm-Wv. Nn{Xw Iv Npn almkw hncn-bp ImWnv an-hmdpw
Nn{X-n Ccpv Nncn-p Cu Ipcs m\-am-Wp-X
- v. tKm]kv{Xo Xncns-p--Xn-\p-apv tamj-Whpw Ignv
ewhnSp Intim-c-tI-fn-I-sf-p-dnv
`mc-X
- nse an-hmdpw Fm `mj-If
- nse
Ihn-Ifpw hnh-cn-n-p-v. Ah-bn-semw
Xs IrjvWs tamj-WN
- m-Xp-cnbpw B
{]hr-nbn Intim-c-\p ktm-jhpw
hm-ey-tmsS [mcmfw hnh-cn-n-p-v.
Nn{X-nepw tKm]kv{Xo Hv Xncn-tX-bp-q. Atm-tgpw Ipn-n-c-an-Up-mn, Dcp-f-I csw FSpv aqm-at- X n\p thn Ddnbn ssIbnp
Ign Ipkr-Xn-bpsS thK-amWv Zriy-IY-\
- ns kuIp-am-cy-n-eqsS ImWnp
e`n-p ]pn-cn-bp-sSbpw hm-ey-`m-hn-sbpw tlXp. Ihn-I IrjvW-eo-ebpsS Bhn-jvImcw Imhy-am-[y-a-n-eqsS
sNbvX-tm B `mhhpw ckn-I-hpw
Nn{Xw 2
85
IX
Zriy-am-[y-a-n-eqsS sNbvXn-cn-bm-Wn-Xn.
Ccw a\p-jy-`m-h--sfbpw
Ime-sbpw i-ambn BhnjvI-cn-m temI-sa-p-ap
Nn{XIm-cmv km[n-n-p-v.
temI-{]-ikvX Uv Nn{X-Im-c\mb hnk v hmtKm-Kns
(18531890) Hcp krjvSn- anI
DZm-l-cWamWv.
hmtKmKv 1885 cNn "Dcp-fn- g p Xnp- - h ' F
Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw3) Zcn-{Z-cmb J\nsm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-am-Wv. ]I
ITn-\m-[zm\w Ignv cm{Xn Blmcw Ignm-\n-cn-p Hcp IpSpw-_w. Ahp Ignm-\p-Xv Dcp-f-n-g-p-am-{Xw. Nn{Xw
ImWp \psS CS- X p- ` m- K - p
]pcpj GtXm Btem-N-\-bn apgp-Inbn-cn-p-p. XfpsS Zmcn-{Zy-s-p-dnm-IWw Nn. CXm-Wtm Fpw XfpsS nXn F `qX--h-am\ Imefpw CXp-t]mepw \msf Inptam F
`mhnbpw `mhn-sb-p-dn-p BImw-bpw
B apJ-p-v. AXp {in-p kv{Xov
B a\-nse Nn Adn-bm Ign-bp-pv
F t]mse-bmWv hmtKmKv hc-n-pXv. AtX-t]mse Nn-bn apgp-Inb
apJ-amWv Nn{Xw ImWp \psS he-Xp`m-K-p kv{Xobp-tSXpw. Xn-te-p-
86
Nn{Xw 3
Xs t\mp ZpxJnX-bmWv Cu IYm]m-{X-hpw. Cu kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j\pw B

IpSpw- _ - nse {]mbwsN AwK- fmWv. hr-cmb Ccp-h-scbpw Ah-cpsS
Nn-bn \np h-am-\-Im-e-tp
sImp- h v Dcp- f - n- g - s - n AXv
Ignq Fv t{]cn- n- p- I - b mWv
Ahncp-hpw ASp-p--h sNp-Xv. Ahsc t{]cn-n-p Cu cp-t]
am{X- a mWv h- a m- \ - I me bmYmYyn Pohn-p-X
- v. ImgvN
- m-cmb \apv
]pdwXncnv CXn-s\mw kmn-bmbn
\np Ipn-bmWv Cu Zcn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_nse ASp Xe-ap-d-bns `mhnsXmgn-em-fn. Nn{X-nse asmcp kmn
CsXmw ImWp Xqp-hn-f-pw.
"Dcp-f-n-gp Xnp--h' F Nn{X-ns kqvam-wi- Isn hymJym\n-Xv {in--tm. CXp-t]mse Pn]vkn-I F Nn{Xw hmbn-q.
temI-{]-kn-- mknIvNn{X- Ds-Spn Hcp Nn{X{]Zi\w \S-p-I.

Nn{X Bkz-Zn-m klm-bn-p Ipdnpw Xbm-dm--Ww.
`b- I u- S n- e y- t em- ` - hfn- s m- c p \m- S ns\
a[y-h-b-kvI-\mb Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X\pw `mcybpw aqp afpw Hgn-hp-Imew

BtLm-jn-m-\mbn ae--cnhnse ]nIv\nv kt-X-n-se-n. IpSpw_mw-K- Xmm-enI sSn\papn BSn-mSn BtLm-j--fn
apgpIn. CSbvv A IqSm-c-n-\-Iv t\mn-b-tm, sXmn-en InSnb aqp-amkw {]mb-amb Ipns\ ImWm-\n-. t\ Ccp-fn-eqsS
Hcp Imp-\mb Ipn-m-n-tev HmSnad-bp-Xv Nne I-ncpp. Nqpw
]-hp-ambn Bfp-I cm{Xn -ap-gp-h Xnc-s-nepw Ipns\ Ism-\m-bn-. B IpSpw-_-ns ZpxJ-n kaqlw apgp-h ]p-sImp.
CXn-\n-S-bn Ipns\ ImWm-Xm-bXp kw_-nv Dulm-t]m-l-
]c-p. ]p dm Xqwhcp Hcp Ipnsb ISn-s-Sp-p-sImp
t]mIm Imp-\m-bp Ign-bn-sv Hcp Pp-im-kv{X- {]kvXm-h\
Cd-n. ]{X--fpw sSen-hn-j Nm\-ep-I-fpw kw`hw Gs-Sp-p. Pp-imkv{X--\p-ambp A`n-ap-J-; Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-_w inYn-e-amsW Nne dntmp-I...
am[y-a- hn[n-sb-gp-XnA Ipns\ sIm-Xp-X-s. Ah Adkvv
sN-s
- -p. ZpxJnX-bmb A-bpsS samgn-If
- n ]c-kv]csshcp-[y-ap-sv
hnNm-c-W-th-f-bn tImSXn Is-n. Ah sIme-p--n\v inn-sp.
Fphj-n-\p-tijw B Xmgvhc-bn ImWm-Xmb Hcp Cwojv Sqdnns\ At\z- j nsnb kwL- n\v tNmc- m- S p- I fp Hcp
Ipphkv{Xw Inn. AXn-s\-p-dn-p At\z-jWw hj-p apv
ImWm-Xmb Ipn-tep \op. hkv{X-n Imp-\m-b-bpsS tImpI ]Xn-n-cp-Xmbn Xncn--dn-p. ]p\-c-t\z-j-W-n Ipns\
Imp-\mb sImp-t]m-b-Xm-sWv kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn sXfn-bn--s-p.
am[y-a-fmepw tImS-Xnbmepw Ip-hm-fn-sbp hn[ns enU
tNw_sse F B A Fphj-n-\p-tijw PbntamNn-Xb
- mbn.
(1985 Bkvt{X-en-b-bn \S Cu kw`hw "Cuhn Gkv' F
]pkvX-I-n\pw \nc-h[n AhmUp-I t\Snb "ss{I C Z Umv'
F kn\n-abvpw CXn-hr--am-hp-I-bp-m-bn.)
Cu kw`-h-s-p-dnv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p ]pkvX-I-n\v "Cuhn Gkv' F

t]cv F{X-am{Xw tbmPn-pp?
59
IX
B[p-\nItIcfns Ncn-{X-n
kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS m\w
]n. tKm-hn--n
tIc-f--c-bpsS
Ncn{X- n kztZ- i m- ` nam\n

]{Xm- [ n- ]
sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]n-bpsS
(18781916)
m\w AXp-ey-am-Wv.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse
cmPm-[n-Im-c-nsbpw
tkh-I-hr--n-sbpw
Agn-a-Xn-sbbpw Zpc-[nImc{]a- - X - s bbpw
FXn-Xn\v 1910-
\mSp-I-S--s kw`-hamWv At- l s
AJn-teym {]i-kvX\m- n- b - X v . Fnepw
At-l-ns Bi-bfpw BZi- fpw tIc- f - a msI
kzm[o\w sNep-p-Ibpw \mSp-IS-
- e
- n\p
tijw sImn- b nepw ae- _ m- d n- e p- a mbn
]nme PohnXw \bnv Xs Pohn-XZuXyw A`w-Kpcw XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn\m At-ls Hcp Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dpImc am{X-ambn Npcp-p-Xv Ncn-{XZrjvSym {]am-Z-am-bn-o-cpw. AXp-sImmWv B[p\nI tIc- f - N - c n- { X- nse
At-l-ns m\-sa-sv ]cn-tim[n-m ChnsS apXn-cp--Xv.
sX tIc- f - ns sXt Av
s\m-nIc Xmeq-n Hcp CS-cw
\mbIqp-Ip-Spw-_-nemWv cma-Ir-jvW]n P\n- - X v . A s\m- nIc
t{X-nse ]qPmcn \c-knw-lt]m-n.
A ap-n hon Nn-b-. Xd-hmSphonse Imc-W-h-cmb tIi-h-]n--bpsS
60
kwc--W-bn-emWv
cma- I r- j v W - ] n
hf-Xv.
hnZym- e - b - nepw
tImtf-Pn-ep-w anX-`mjn-bmbn HXp-nb
ap-Im-c-\m-bn-cpp
cma- I r- j v W - ] n- .
Dd-w-Xq-nbpw
a- \ p- a mbn IqpImcpw A[ym-]I
- cpw
At-ls hne-bncp-n. ]t, ]co-Isms
{]iw- k ml- a mb
Pbw. cma-Ir-jvW]n sa{Sn-p-te-j Pbn--tm "B
Dd-w-Xqn Pbn-p-shtm' Fv Hcp
A[ym-]I
- Ap-Xs
- p tNmZn-p-t]mbn
Fpw ]d- b - s - S p- p. AtX- p- S v
A\- c - h s\ Xs sXmgn klmbnbmbn- Iq-Ww Fpw Xs aI-fpsS
apd-s-dp--\mb Abmsf acp-a-I-\m--Wsapw Bin-n-cp Am-h ho
tIi-h-]n Abmsf D]-cn-]-T-\-n-\mbn
Xncph- \ - - ] p- c v cmP- I ob Iem- e - b n tNp.
A[-au-\n-bmbn "Dd-w-Xqn'sbtmse
mkvap-dn-bpsS aqe-I-fn HXpn Nnetm A[ym-]-Is {]`m-jWw {inpw
Nne-tm Pme-I-n-eqsS ]pd-tp
ZrjvSn- \pw Ccp-n-cp B Ipam-cs
Dw hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c--fm {]p-_v[-ambn-cpp Fv BZy-amcpw Icp-Xn-bn-.
Av e`y-am-bn-cp ]pkvX-I-fpw ]{X-
am-kn-I-Ifpw AZ-ay-amb XrjvW-tbmsS

hmbnp Inp Adnhpw Npp-]m-Spw Ipw
tIpw Inp hnh-c--fp-amWv B bphhn-ZymYn-bpsS a\-\n\pw aY-\-n\pw
hnj-b-am-bXv FXpw A[n-I-amcpw Adnn-cp-n-. Fm, AsXms Dn
HXpn Xs a\-\-n\pw [ym\-n-\pambn tiJ-cnphbvp {]Ir-X-am-bn-cpn cma-Ir-jvW]
- n-b
- p-tS-Xv. Iuam-cm-cw`nte Ihn-X-bnepw teJ-\-hn-Zy-bnepw
hncp-Xp-Im-m XpS-n-bn-cp cma-Ir-jvW]n Xm Ipw tIpw Adn-Xpw
hmbnv {Kln-Xpw Nnnv sNs-nb-Xp-samw hnhn[ ]{X-am-kn-IIv
FgpXn AbpXpS-n. ]eXpw A-Snv
hp. Ah-bvsmw Innb A-{]-Xn^-e- timjn Xs Ioisb Asa- nepw hon- m DX- I p- I bpw
sNbvXp.
A\- - c - h s Cu hI A`ym- k -
Am-h\v Xosc cpNn-n-sv ]d-tb-Xn- - t m. Am- e v s\m- nIc
tImSXn-bnse apkn-^v, ho-e-m-cn
\npw In-I-fn\npw tImgn, ap,
t\{- mb, apdpv , {]Y- a XpSn
]eXpw ]Xn-hmbn ssIn AX-n\-\pkcnv Pmay-a\
- p-hZ- n-p-Ibpw hn[n {- ]-kvXmhn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-Xv Am-n Hcp
cl-ky-a-m-bn-cp-p. "ae-bmf at\mca'
bnse "s\m-nIc Im'bn AXv ASnph-tm hnhW-\mb apkn^v
ho tIi-h]
- n-sb tNw_dn hnfnv
A\- - c - h s tXmym- k s ap
\nn iIm-cn-p. tIi-h-]n AtX
iImcw hon-sen A\--c-h\pw sImSpp. am{X-a-, mkv Ignv IrXy-ambn
hon- s e- n- b n- s - n êw Atm
ImWm-sa XmoXpw \In; teJ-\hnZy DS Ah-km-\n-npsIm-W-sa
D{K- i m- k - \ - h pw. D{K- i m- k \w ewLnp
Fp hcp-msX IrXy-k-a-bp honsen "acym-Z-cm-a-' \mbn \S-p-sImv
A\- - c - h Xs CjvS- h ym- ] mcw

\nhnLv \ w A\p- j v T n- p- s Im- n- c pp
FXv asmcp Imcyw.
1894 cmP- I ob Iem- e - b - nse
hnZymYn-bmbn Cu ]Xn-\mdpImc Fptmtgpw hmb-\-m-c\pw Fgp-p-Imc\pw ]{X-{]-h-I\pw F -\n-e-bn
{]mb-n Ihn ]Iz-X-bp Hcm-fmbn-o-ncpp kvacy-]p-cp-j. kw`-h-fp-sSbpw hm-I-fp-sSbpw {]`-h-m\-am-bn-cp cmP-[m-\n-bnse kz-X-{m-cow s\m-nI-c-bnse izmkw-ap-np hne- p- I - f n \np hnap- nt\Sm Abmv klm-b-I-am-bn. ]e
kplr-p-, ]e FXn-cm-fn-I, ]e
A]-cn-Nn-X, {]nkn- an kmbnv,
alm-\mb F.B.-cm-P-cm-P-ha, ]n-X\mb cma-p-dppapjn XpS-nb A[ym]-It{i-jvT
- m, ]nm-ev Xncp-hn-XmwIqNcn{X-n ssltm-SXn PUvPnamcpw alm- I - h n- I - f pw kmln- X ycknImcpw s]mXp-P-\-t\-Xm-fpw ap-ambn
Db N-\m-tcn ]c-ta-iz-c]n-,
Dq F-kv. ]-c-ta-iz-c-, ]n.sI.-\m-cmb- W - ] n HSp- h n Ipn- I r- j v W tat\m XpS-nb kXoYy; tImtf-Pn\v
]pd- s - nepw kmln- X y- t em- I - nepw
hnZym-`ym-k-cw-Kpw alm-km-n-[y-am-bncp kmln-Xy-kmh-ù-a tIc-f-ha
hen- b - t Im- b n- - p- c m, s]mXp- P - \ t\Xmhpw BJym-bn-Im-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp
kn.hn.cma]nFn-t\sd ]d-bpp,
B alkwK-a-n-te-mWv D\m-pImc ] Fn- s - - X v. CXn\IwXs A]-I-S-I-chpw hcp-am\w Ipd-Xp-amb Xs Pohn-XZ- uXyw an-hmdpw
Xocp- a m- \ npIgn- n- c p B sNdp- mc\v Xe- m- \ - \ - K - c n- b psS {]Xm- ] ntem kl-]m-Tn-I-fpsS al-zm-Imw-bntem {àw tXmn-bn-. Ahn-sSbpw [a\n-jvT-amb Xs ]{X-{]-h\w DuPkz- e - a mbn XpS- c p- I - b mWv sNbv X - X v .
61
IX
AXn\nSbvv cma-Ir-jvW-]n tamln-ncp Hcp ]Zhn hoWp-In-n; "tIc-fZ- Ww'

F Hcp hmm]{Xn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n]-Xyw. C{X-Iq-Sn-bm-b-tm Am-h
tIi- h - ] n ho- e ns a- s I- p.
A\c-h cma-Ir-jvW]
- n-sb Atlw
Xd-hm-n \np ]pd-mn. km-nI-ambpw apw AsXmcp {]l-c-am-bn-cpp
Fnepw cma-Ir-jvW-]n AXpw, cmP-[m\n-bn-se-n-b-Xn\p tijw A\p-`-h-sSm XpS- n- b n- c p kzmX- { y- ns
asmcp ]S-hmbn ]cn-K-Wn--p.
21mw hb-n cma-Ir-jvW-]n "tIc-fZW'ns ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw Gs-Sp-ptm 20mw \qmv Bcw-`n-m Hcp
hjw _mn. kzmX- { y- k - a - c - nse
]pXn-b-L-w. Igvk {]`p-hns _wKm
hn`-P-\w, Cy \mj-W tIm{Knse D]-Xn-jvWp-fpw anX-hm-Zn-Ifpw
Xn-ep ]nfv, _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-eIns \mSp-I-S-epw emem- e-Pv]-Xvdm-bns- X n- c mb cmP- t {Zmltkpw Cu
]d an Imcy--sf-p-dnpw Ames asmcp ]{Xhpw {]kn- o- I - c nm, asmcp ]{X-{]-h-I\pw FgpXm- F{Xtbm Imcy- cma-Ir-jvW]n Atlw {]hn-n-cp HXp
]{X-am-kn-II
- f
- n Fgp-Xn-bn-p-v. IqSmsX
tZiob{]m- \ - n Am- e v
{]kn-\m- bn-on-n-m
tamlZmkv IcwNv (]nm- e v
almm) Kmn- b psS Poh- N - c n- { Xw,
tkmjy-en-k-s-p-dn-p ]e teJ-\p ]pdsa Cy `mj-I-fn BZyambn cNn--s Im amIvkns PohN-cn{Xw apX-em-b-hbpw cma-Ir-jvW-]n-bpsS hniz- h ym- ] - I - a mb ho- W - nsbpw Adn-hn-sbpw \nZi-\--fm-Wv.
H- X p ]{X- - f n cma- I r- j v W - ] n
{]hn-n-cp-p. Hcp kzX-{-te-J-I
F \ne-bn kvIqhnZym-`ym-k-Imew
62
apXte {]hn- p- h Atlw,

21mas hb-n "tIc-f-ZW'ns
]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn. tIcfZWw hn-tijw
"tIcf]-nI', "ae-bmfn', tIc-f' Fo
]{X--fpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-m\w amdn-amdn
cma-Ir-jvW-]n hln-p. Fp-sImv
Ch-bn NneXv \np-t]m-bn, Fp-sImv
cma-Ir-jvW-]n Nne-Xp-ambn sXn-ncnp Fsmpw ChnsS hnh- c n- pn. Hcp {][m-\ -Im-cWw cma-Ir-jvW]n--bpsS cmjv{So-b-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fn DS-ap-mb `nm-`n-{]mbw Xs. cmPm[n- ] - X y- s bpw cmP- t k- h - I - m- s cbpw
hnain-p--Xn Ahv `bw Dm-bncp-p. HSp-hn ]mn-Xy-hpw ]cn-jvI-cWm-`n-ap-Jy-hpw ss[cyhpw Hp-tN
Hcp alm-]p-cp-js\ cma-Ir-jvW-]n-bvv
klm-bn-bmbn e`n-p. tIcf \thm-m-\ns Ncn-{X-nse A{K-K-Wy-cpsS \ncbns hw A_vZpJm-Z aue-hnbm-bn-cpp (18731932) AXv. {io\m-cm-bW-Kp-cp-hns kplrpw kv{Xohn-Zym-`ymk-ns t{]mmlI\pw a{ZkmhnZym`ym-ks B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-hp-ambn
tImn-W-nb ]cn-jvImhpw _lp`mjm ]n-X-\p-am-bn-cp hw auehn
\Snh ]{X-amWv "kztZ-im-`n-am\n.'
Xms\m-cn-epw ]{Xm-[n-]-cpsS kzmX-{yntem ]{X-ntem ]{X-ns \S-nntem CS-s]-Sp-I-bn Fv cma-Ir-jvW]n-bvv Ddp \Ip-Ibpw cmP-tIm-]s-tmepw hI-h-bvmsX B hmKvZm\w
]men-p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp [ocm-m-hmbn-cpp auehn. HSp-hn i-cXn XpSnb Agn-a-Xn-m-cmb cmP-tk-h-I-m-cpsSbpw Znhm cmP- t Km- ] m- e m- N m- c nsb
t]mep DtZym-K Zpjv{]-`p-f
- psSbpw
D]-Pm-]s XpSv 1910 sk]vXw-_
26 \v "kztZ-im-`n-am\n' ]{Xhpw {]pw
Ip-sI-p-Ibpw ]{Xm-[n-]sc \mSp-IS-
- pIbpw sNbv X- t mgpw auehn Ne
Nn\m-bn.
cma-Ir--jvW-]n "tIc-f-ZW'ns
]{Xm- [ n- ] - c mbn Npa- X - e - t b- - t ijw
FgpXnb BZys apJ-{]-kwKw Xs
"]{X- - f psS Npa- X e' F- X m- I p- p.
]noSv ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw hln ]{X--fnsemw ]e-X-hW Cu hnj-b--fn-tev
Atlw Xncn-s-n-bn-pv - "s]mXp-P\-Zm-k-mcpw h-am-\-]-{X-fpw,' "Hcp
]{Xm- [ n- ] - t bm- K - ns Bh- i y- I X,'
"aebmf ]{X- - f psS teJ- I - m'
XpSnbh "tIc-f-]-nI'bnse apJ-{]kw-K--fm-Wv. ]noSpw Cu hnj-b-ntev Atlw Xncn-p-h-p-sIm-n-cp-p.
\mSp-I-S--s-Sp--Xn\v Fpamkw apv
1910 P\p-hcn 5mw Xob-Xn-bnse "kztZ-im`nam\n'bn Fgp-Xnb "Fs \mSp-I-S-'
F teJ- \ - n ]d- b p- Xv ]{X{]h- \ - s - p- d n- p Fme
sbpw \oXn-hm-Iy--fmWv.
""[aw, kXyw apX-emb k{]-am-W
- sf
PohnXamXr-I-I-fmbn {Klnv A[aw,
AkXyw apX-em-bh
- sb hPn-p-h
- v,
GXp Imcm-Kr-lhpw Imcm-Kr-l-am-I-bn-,
]m]w sNbvX a\-nt\ Npp-ap Nph-cp-
I-fpsS at[y Imcm-Kr-ls in-p-hm

kwK-Xn-bp-q. A{X-bp-a-, Cu `qtemIs GXp Kh-sn\pw Hcp-hs icoc-s-b-m-sX, a\-ns\ XS-hn-en-Sp-hm
A[n-Im-c-an-, in-bp-an-. Cuizcs\
Ipw ac-hp-a-msX [aw, kXyw apX-emb- h - b psS kt- X - a mb ]c- { _- - a mbn
[ym\n- p- - h v icocw \nm- c - h pw,
Bm-hns\ A[a-f
- psS tIfo-cwK-amb
`qan-bn \nv \mSp-I-S-pXv F{Xtbm
B\--{]-Zhpw BIp-p. AXn-\m Xncphn-Xmw-Iq kwm-\-ns Ionsb
l\n-n-cn-p cmP-tk-h-I-m-cpsS Agna-Xn-I-fpsS t\p {]Xn-tcm-[-n,
Ah- c psS B{in- X - m- c mb DtZym- K - mcn \ntm atm t\cn- S m- h p
hn]p-I F\np òj-W--f-m.''
"kztZ-im-`n-am\n'bpsS \mSp-I-S--ens
100mw hmjnIw BN-cn-p-tmtmepw
Cu ]cm-ai- Cs `qcn-]w
]{X-pw ]pXp-Xmbn cwK-{]-thiw
sNbvXn-cn-p Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-apw _m[-I-at Fp \mw kzbw
tNmZn-p-t]m-hp-p.
""ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h\Ncn-{X-nse Hcp [oc-amb A[ym-b-amWv kztZ-im-`n-am\nbptS-Xv. hm-I hmb-\-m-cn FnpI F {]mY-anI I-hy-n-\-pdw
ae-bm-f-n-em-Zy-ambn ]{X-sf cmjv{Sobkmaqlyhnai-\-ns thZn-bm-nbXv
kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bmWv.''
tUm.sI.-F. ]Wn-
""ZpxJfpw Cm-`w-K
- fpw sImmWv \psS Pohn-Xs Af-t-s
- X-d
- nbpI.
\psS Pohn-X-bm-{X-bnse \mgn-I--p-I ta-d--h-bm-Wv. F\np `h-Xn-tbm aqp- \mep sIms temI-]-cn-NbwIqSn Dv. Cu Npcp-nb Bbp-jvIme-n-\p-n Fsms ti-fpw Cm-`w-K-fpw ]cm-P-b--fp-amWv t\cn-n-p-sXp Rm Adn-bn-n-p--tm. ]t, AXp-sIm-smpw a\p shdpp
au\n-bm-bn-cn-m Rm hnNm-cn-p-n-. Hscm Cm-`w-Ks ASn-m-\-sSpn hne-tb-dnb Bbp-ns\ A[-\y-ambn Ign-p-Iq-m Dt-in-p-s-n
AsXmcp henb ]m]Ia-am-sWp ]d-bm Rm aSn-p-n-... h\-]p-jv]s
tmse Pohn-Xs \ncp-]-tbm-K-am-n-om-Xn-cn-p-I. Cu auVy-n \np
`hXnsb DWp-hm F\np km[n-p-sap \n-b-ap-v. `h-Xnv Ctm-gp- X n IqSp- X ]Z- h ntbm [\tam kpJtam \Im Rm Ctm
63
IX
AiXs. ti-]qW-amb Hcp Pohn-X-n ]p-sIm-p-hm-\mWv Rm

Wn-p-Xv. Fm, Imta-L-]-S-e-n-S-bn-eqsS ImWp cP-X-tc-JIt]mse, ti-tim-Im-Zn-In-S-bn \mw A\p-`-hn-m-\n-S-bp kpJ-kw-Xr]vXn-I F{Xtbm sa-ta-dn-b-h-bm-bn-cn-p-sav A\p-`hw sImp a\-n-em-Ipw.''
hymg-h--kva-c-W-I cma-Ir-jvW-]nbpsS Iv _n. IeymWn A
""Atlw DtZym-K-amsc hnain-p. Ah-cpsS Agn-a-Xn-I XpdpImn.

sImmcwtkh-Isc A[n-t-]n-p. Ah-cpsS ZpcmPn-X-hn--ns IY-I shfn-p-sImphp. Ahp sNhn-sIm-Sp-p--Xp-hgn cmPmhp Xs A]-Y-n
k-cn-p-Ib
- m-sWp ]d-p. Znhms \S-]SnZqjy-sf Nqn-m-Wn-p. Ccw
Znhm-m cmPy-n-\m-]
- m-sWp ]d-p. kap-Zm-b
- ns D]-cn-Xe-n hnp--h-cp-sS Bcm-[-\m]m{X--fmb I]Skymknamsc Ah-cpsS Znhyin
{]Zin-n-p-hm shphnfn-p. Npcp--n, P\--fpsS Ah-Im-i-p-thn
A[n-Im-cn-I-tfmSp s]mcp-Xp-hm XqenI ]S-hm-fm-n, cma-Ir-jvW-]n-. Cu \qmns XpS--n, cmP-hmgvN \S-p Hcp \mp-cm-Py-n Atlw ImWn
[ocX A\p-I-c-Wo-bhpw amXr-Im-]-chp-am-bn-cp-p.''
sI. cm-a-Ir-jvW-]n: Nn-I\pw ]{X-{]-h-I\pw ]h\
]n. tKmhn--n--bpsS teJ-\hpw kztZ-im-`n-am\n cmaIrjvW-]n--sb-p-dn-p

Cu \nco--W-fpw Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p kqN-\-Ifpw {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn
At-l-ns kw`m-h-\-Isfbpw Pohn-X-Zi-\-sbpw kw_n D]-\ymkw
Xbmdm-p-I.
hyn-_---sf-m kmaq-lnI]ptcm-K-Xnp \Inb Du
]pXn-b- tem-I-s-p-dn-p ImgvN-mSv
]{X-{]-h-\s kw_-n \ne-]m-Sp-I
""Am-ev s\m-nIc tImS-Xn-bnse apkn-^v, ho-e-m-cn \npw InI-fn\npw tImgn, ap, t\{-mb, apdpv, {]Y-a XpSn ]eXpw ]Xn-hmbn
ssIn AX-n\-\p-k-cnv Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-p-Ibpw hn[n -{]-kvXm-hn-p-Ibpw sNbvXph-Xv Am-n Hcp cl-ky-a-m-bn-cp-p. "ae-bmf at\m-ca'bnse "s\m-nIc
Im'bn AXv A-Snph-tm hnhW-\mb apkn^v ho tIi-h-]nsb tNw_-dn hnfnv A\--c-hs tXmym-ks ap\nn iIm-cn-p.''
]Xn-\mdp hb-n\p app Xs Xs Npp-]mSpw \S-p A\o-Xn-Isf Xpdp
Imm cma-Ir-jvW-]n {ian-n-cpp Fv Cu kw`hw sXfn-bn-p-p-v. kmaqlnI{]iv\-sf s]mXp-P-\-{i--bn sImp-h-cp Ccw Ip-I Cpw
\psS h-am\]{X--fn hcm-dp-tm. \nv {]k--sap tXmp
Ip-I Isn mkn Ah-X-cn-n-p-I. \n-fpsS Npp-]m-Sp-I-fn ImWp
Aln-X-sap tXmp GsX-nepw Hcp {]iv\s ap\nn ]{Xm-[n-]v
Ip Xbm-dm-p-I.
64
""A`n-{]mbkzmX{yw Hcp ]{X-ns Pm-h-Im-i-am-sW Xzw cma-Ir-jvW]n apdpsInSn-n-cp-p. kzIm-cy-Po-hn-X-ntmepw kzmX-t{y-sb \ntcm-[np in-Isf FXnp-hm Atlw aSn-Im-Wn-n.''
kztZ-im-`n-am\n Poh-N-cn{Xw sI. `m-kvI-c-]n-
]{X-{]-h-\-s-p-dn-p cma-Ir-jvW-]n--bpsS ImgvN-m-Sn\v Cpw {]knbptm? enU tN-w_sses\tm-ep--hp-mb A\p-`-h- IqSn ]cnKWnp-sImv \n-fpsS \nK-a-\- DNn-X-amb DZm-l-c-W--fpsS ]n_-e-tm-sS
Ah-X-cn-n-p-I.
$
""ae-bmf]{X--fpsS Ctm-gs Ah bmsXmcp hn[-nepw mL-\o-b-am-bncn-p--Xn-sv ]e k-\-fpw {]kw-Kn-p-p-v. CXns tlXp F{X-Xs
km[p-hm-bn-cn--s, CXn Gd-ptd hmkvXhw A`-hn-n-p-sv \na-cmb
Ghpw k-Xn-m-Xn-cn-m ]mSn-. h-am-\-]-{X--fpsS IrXy-an--sXpw
AIr-Xy-an--sXpw {Kln-p--Xn\v \psS CS-bn ]e Bfp-Ifpw CtX-hsc
{]m]vX-cm-bn-n-sv ImWp-XpXs-bmWv CXn-tev apJy-am-bn-p kmyw.
As\ Ah A{]m-]vX-cm-hm-\p tlXp tIhew Ah-cn \np am{Xw Dmb-Xs
- v ss[cy-kt- aXw {]kvXm-hn-m-hp-XmWv. `mjm-]{- X-f
- psS {]Nmcw F{XImew A[a-k-c-Wn-bn-eqsS Bbn-cp-pthm, A{X-bpw- Imew Cuhn[-samcp
hmkvXh-{K-l-W-an-mbva Ah-cpsS Dn \nv \on-tm-Ip-sav Icp-Xp-hm
amK-an.''
21mw hb-n tIc-f-Z-W-ns ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw Gs-Sp-p-sImv cma-Ir-jvW]n BZys apJ-{]-kwKw XpS-n-bXv C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-p. \qdntesd hjw
apv Fgp-X-s Cu apJ-{]-kw-K-ns `mj ihpw sXfn-hp--Xp-ambn Av
IW-m--s-n-cp-p. Cs ]{X--fn hcp apJ-{]-kw-K--fnse `mj-bpambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv ]gb `mjm-co-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I Is-p-I.
cmaIrjvW-]n--bpsS apJ-{]-kw-K-nse Bi-b- Cs `mj-bn-tep amnsb-gp-Xp-I.
65
IX
P\--fpsS Ah-Im-i-p-thn A[n-Im-cn-I-tfmSp s]mcp-Xm XqenI

]S-hm-fmn sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]n. Ccp]Xmw \qm-ns XpS--n
cmPhmgvN \S-p Hcp \mp-cm-Py-n Atlw ImWn [ocX A\pIcWobhpw amXr-Im-]-c-hp-am-bn-cp-p.
kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS Ime-p-\nv B[p-\nI Ime-s-p-tm am[ya
{]h-\-n\v Fsmw am--fmWp hn-p-Xv?
]pXnb BImiw ]g-b- `qan

sk_m-y t]m
Ncn{Xs
krjvSn-p-Xpw \bn-p-
Xpw \nb-{n-p-Xpw Bi-b--fm-Wv.

Bi-b-sf kwh-ln-p-Xv A-c-fm-Wv. A-c-ns A-b-amb in
Adn- - h - c mWv hmfn- t \- m in
Xqen- I - b vp- s p Is- n- b Xv.
_bW-p-I-sf-m ]{X-sf `b-s-SpIbpw Amcyw Xpdp]d- b p- I bpw
sNbvX BfmWv s\tm-fn-b. F_bn XS-hp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp s\tm-fn-bs\
sNIp-m Fp hnti-jn-n ]{X-
A[n- I mcw hos- S p- m {]Xntcm[anmsX Atlw ]mco-kn-tep
{]th- i n- - t m _m\ioj- I - n
N{I- h n F hnti- j - W - t msS
kzmKXw sNbvXp. C{]-Imcw cmbvp-cmam\w XIn-Sw-ad
- n-bp-h
- sc Bcm-bmepw `bs-Spw. s\tm-fn-b\v aqp ]{X-sf
am{Xw `b-m aXn-bm-bn-cp-p. Imc-Ww,
Av tdUn-tbmbpw sSen-hn-j\pw Dmbn-cp-n-.
hnh-ck
- m-t-XnIhnZy FXv a\pjym- h - I m- i - F ]Zwt]mse B[p-\n-I-am-Wv. sFIy-cmjv{S-k` a\p-jym-hI
- m-i
- F
]Zw Is-p-X
- n-\pw-apt a\pjys Ah-Im-i- m]n-Xam-bn--gn-n-cp-p. a\p-jym-h-Imi--fpsS Ncn{Xw hyXy-kvX-amb
t]cn am-Im-bn\np XpSp--Xp-t]mse hnh-c-km-t-Xn-I-
66
hnZy Kp_Kns hn\o-X-amb ap{Z-Wb-{-n \nm-cw-`n-p-p. a\p-jys

{]Jym- X - a mb Ah- I m- i - AY- h mbn {]Jym-]n-X-am-Ip-Xpw am\-hn-Iamb kwkvImcw m]n-Xa
- m-Ip-Xpw ap{ZW-n-eqsS Bibkwth-Z\w hym]-I-amb-tXm-sS-bm-Wv.
km-c-X-bpsS \nizm-k-amWv ktN-X\w
am{X-am-bn-cp atIm-es a\p-jy\mn amn-b-Xv. Ah GI\pw \n-_vZ\p-am-bn-cn-p-Xv \-sp I kmtXnIhnZy Bi-b-kwth-Z\-n-\p kJnbmbn am[y-a-sf krjvSn-p. ssZhh-N\-tm-sSmw sNIp-ms {]tem-`-\fpw B am[y-a-n-eqsS kwh-Zn--spsh- Xv am[y- a - ns Ip- a - .
BZstmse \appw thW-sa-n
am[y-a-sf ]gn-mw. ]t, \jvS-s
]dp-Zo-k-I tXSp Ah-km-\n-m

{]bm-W-n, BZ-tmsSmw l-sb-t]mse am[y-a- Fpw \tm-sSm- a p- m- I pw. A\n- h m- c y- a mb kJyhpw
kmn-[y-hp-am-W-Xv.
kwkv I m- c hpw AXn- \ m- [ m- c - a mb aqeyfpw cq]-s-Sp-p--Xn Zriy--{ihy
am[y-a- hln-p ]v Kuc-h-ambn
NsN-s-Sp-ptm Fp kwi-bamWv. Nm\-ep-I aqey-Nyp-Xnp Imc-Wam-Ipp F s]mXp-hmb Bt-]-n\-pdw am[y-a-sf F{]-Imcw kwkvImcns {kjvSm-fpw kwc-I
- c
- p-am-m
Ign- b p- s a Btem- N \ \S- p- n.
\nm-s\m-cnSw Inn-bm `qtKm-fs
Nen- n- m- s a A{]m- t bm- K n- I - a mb
Dtm-e-I-Xzw ]v {]tLm-jn-X-am-bn.
oc]Y-n sXn-f
- n-p a\p-jy
Hcp-]-t, A-s\-sbm-cnSw Is-ntbmw. Fm Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv hn-hns hym]-\hpw B[n-]-Xyhpw ka-{Kam-b-Xn-\m am[y-a-n\np ]pdp
ISv am[y- a s hkv X p- \ n- j v T - a mbn
]cntim-[n-m \ap-m-hn-.
kmt- X n- I - h n- Z y- b psS hnkv a - b - I - c - a mb
km[y-X-I a\-n-em-nb am[y-a-Kpcp
amj aIveq-l am[yaw Xs-bmWv
ktiw Fp {]Jym-]n-p. am[y-a-
\Ip kt-is
- -m am[y-aw-Xs
- bmWv A]-ISw Fp {]kvXm-hn--bmfmWv Ata- c n- - b nse am[y- a - X m- znI\mb sPdn amU. sSen-hn-j\
- nse ]cn]m-Sn-If
-
- , sSen-hn-j F am[y-aw-Xs
- bmWv \ncm- I - c n- - s - t S- - X v sSenhnjs\ Bkp-c-b-{-ambn I amU
Xs hmZw Ah-X-cn-n-m t]mepw B
am[y-as
- - k-ao-]n-m Xbm-dm-bn. Kuch-am-b-sXm-n\pw sSen-hn-j ]cym-]vXasp hniz- k n amU am[y- a - h nai\n\p am[y- a - _ m- l y- a mb thZn
Isn.
sSen-hn-js {]Nmcw A\p-Zn\w h[n-pI-bm-Wv. AtX tXmXns B am[ya- ns kzm[o- \ hpw Zpxkzm[o- \ hpw
h[n-p-p. hnm-\-n-sbpw hnt\mZ-n-sbpw AXn-cn-m km[y-X-I
B[p-\n-I-a-\p-jy\p Xpd-p-X kmtXnI hn-kvabw bYmY-n `bhpw Bibpw Df-hm-t--Xptm? t\cwsImnbmb hnUvVn-s-n-sbv BZy-Im-ep
hnfn- - s - n- c p sSen- h n- j Cp
sskm-n-Ia
- mb FXnn-s\-bmWv t\cnSp- - X v. BtKm- f - h - c - W - ns
t{SmPIp-Xn-c-bmbpw km-nI km{amPy-Xz-ns A[n-\n-th-i-n\p {]mcw-àmbn aqmw-tem-I P\-X-I-fn D]-t`m-K]-c-amb A`n-\n-thiw hfp {]tem`-\-b-{-ambpw sSen-hn-j hnti-jn-n-s-Sp-p.
hnh- c - { ]- h m- l - n AXnh- c - p- I
A{]-Xy--am-hp-Ibpw aIveq-ls {]hN\w kmm- X v I - c n- p- s Imv temIw
BtKm-f-{Km-a-ambn Npcp-p-Ibpw sNbvXncn-p-p. sImfw-_kv \h-`qan Is-nb
hm B kap-{Z-]-cy-th--W-ns
kvt]mk-dmb bqtdm-]y cmPm-hn\p
e`n-m Bdpamkw thn-h
- p. Fm
Bwkvt{SmMv N{-\n-en-d-n-bXv X-abw
\mw Adn-p. Ncn-{X-n BZy-ambn Hcp
kw`hw1963 sI-Un-bpsS kwkvImc
S-vtemIw apgp-h Htckabw sSenhn-j-\n Ip. \yqtbmn thUv
t{SUv sk \new- ] - X n- Xv \psS
Iap-n-em-bncpp.
cmw -tem-I-bpw Ah-km-\n-p-tm
temI-msI Fm-bncw hoSp-I-fnte
sSen- h n- j Dm- b n- c p- p- p- s h- n
Cp `qap-Js aqn cp hoSp-I-fn
sSen-hn-j-s\-n. Zqc-Zis `qX-e-kwt{]-jW
-
- n\p ]pdta hn]p-ea
- mb tI_n
irwJ-e-hgn Cy-bnse _lp-`q-cn-]w
hoSp- I - f n sSen- h nj ]cn- ] m- S n- I
67
IX
t{]-I-cpsS kzw `mj-bn Fn-tcp-p. sSen-hn-j kmh-{Xn-Ihpw P\-Iob-hp-am-bn-cn-p-p.

BIm-i-ns AXn-cp-Isf t`Zn-p
i_vZ-sbpw Zriy-sbpw {]Xn-tcm-[nm Bp-am-hn-. sSen-hn-j-\n-eqsS
thZw tIp--hs sNhn-bn Cubsam-gn-mt\m AXv Dcp-hn-Sp--hs \mhcn-bmt\m AXv lrZn--am-p--hs inc-dp-mt\m Bpw Ign-bn-. skkdn-Mn-sbpw Cw{]n-am-q-dn-sbpw \nb-{W-an-msX s]cp-Ip Nm\-ep-I-fn-eqsS
hncp-p-sImp ]cXn \S-p-tm
Adn-hnsbpw Bm-Z-n-sbpw Adnbm temI- \ap-mbn Xpd-p-p.
Cu UnPn- ku`m-Kys \mw kzmKXw
sNp-pthm? AtXm, A]-IS- I
- c
- a
- mb \pgp-I-b--ambmtWm sSen-hn-js\ \mw
ImWp--Xv, ImtW-Xv?
Iuam-c-a-\-p-Isf N-e-s-Sp-p-Ibpw
Ah-cpsS ]T-\s XS--s-Sp-p-Ibpw
IpSpw-_m--co-s ac-hn-n-p-Ibpw
aeo-a-k-am-p-Ibpw sNp A]-I-S-ambn
sSen-hn-js\ ImWp--h-cp-v. GZtXm-n \pg-s-nb kmms\tmse
IpSpw-_-ku-`m-Ky--fpsS A-I-\mbn
sSen-hn-j Nn{Xo-I-cn--s-Sp-p.
IpSpw-_m--co-s hnI-e-ampIbpw
IpSpw- _ - _ - - sf XIp- I bpw
sNp Bkp-c-b-{-ambn sSen-hn-j
IW-m--s-Sp-Xv Fp-sIm-v? sSenhn-js _-\-n _- hnkva-
68
cn--s-Spp F-Xmhmw Cu Bt-]n\p Imc-Ww. IpSpw-_mw-K- Hcp-anp-Ibpw kwkm-cn-p-Ibpw {]mYn-pIbpw Blmcw Ign-p-Ibpw k-]n-pIbpw sNt ka-bv Ah A]-cnNnX-sc-tmse sSen-hn-j-\p -ap-n _n-Ifmbn Ign-bp-p. A{]-Xo-n-X-ambn ISp-hc
- p ki-I Ah-KW
- n-s
- -Sp
AXn-Yn-I-fm-hp-p. sSen-hn-j-\n \nv
DXn-cp shfn--nepw Db-cp i_vZnepw Akzm-y-ap-f-hm-p au\w
Bh-cWw sNp-p.
\mw Adn-bmsX Hcp-Xcw A]-cn-Nn-X-Xznepw AI-bnepw \s AI-s-Spp-p F-Xp-Xs
- -bmImw sSen-hn-js
Ghpw henb hn\. ap Imc-W--fmepw
CXp kw`-hn-m-sa hkvXp-Xbpw ad-ph-bvt--Xn-. Xt-Xpw sImtXpw Fs- - d n- b msX Aan- X - a mb
Bkn GXnepmbmepw AXv
A]ISw - X - s . CXn\v sSen- h n- j s\
am{Xw Ip-s-Sp-p-X
- n AY-an-. \qdpIqw Imcy- sNm- \ p- - t m
cmhnse ]{X-]m-cm-b-W-n apgp-In-bn-cnp `m-hns\ iIm-cn-p kv{Xo
]{Xs i{Xp-hmbn ImtW--Xptm?
"Hcp ]{Xhpw t\mp-I-bn FXv Fs
{hX-amWv' Fv sjdn-U ]d-Xv Cp
sSen- h n- j - t \m- s S- - t ]mse Av ]{XtmSpw kaq-l-n\v Htckabw Bknbpw hnc-nbpw Dm-bn-cp-p FXns kqN-\-bm-Iptam?
sSen-hn-js {]tbm-P-\-s-p-dnp IqSpX hnkvX-cn-t Imcy-an-. \mw AdnbmsX \mw hniz-]u-c-mcpw hnm-\n-Ifp-am-bn-on-cn-p-p. B`n-ap-Jyhpw
at\m-`m-hhpw kao-]-\hpw Nn-s-Sp-p
am[y-a-amWv sSen-hn-j. AXns km[yX-I Adnv {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p-I-sb- X mWv _pn. kn\n- a , sSen- h n- j ,
Cs\v Fn-s\ ]e cq]--fn
]e Imev cq]-s Zriy-am-[y-ac
- w-Ks
kmt-Xn-I-hn-Im-k-sf ê-{]-Z-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-m \app Ign-b-Ww. Ccp]Xmw \qm-ns al-mb Ie Fv
kn\n-asb hnti-jn-n se\n HIvtSm_ hn-h-ns A--bpw {]m[m\yhpw djy-bnepw ]pd-p-ap P\-Xsb
t_m[y- s - S p- pXn\v DX- I p Hcp
kn\na \nan-m-\mWv sFko-\n-t\mSv
Bh- i y- s - - X v. AXns ê- a mWv
"_mnjn]v s]msw-In' F hn{ip-XN- e - n- { Xw. amdn- \ nv Ipw- ] - d - b msX
AIp - I - b dn {]tbm- P - \ - s - S p- pI
F {]mtbm-KnI kao-]-\-am-bn-cn-Ww
sSen-hn-js\ kw_-npw \ap-p-m-tI- X v . sla Kpv F Pa
anjWdn CmWv Cn-p-n-se-p-sX-n cmPy-k-am-Nmcw F ]{X-n\p
]Icw Hcp sSen-hn-jNm\ Bcw-`n-pam-bn-cp-p.
h- a m- \ - I m- e s Fm ]m]- - f psSbpw D- c - h m- Z nXzw sSen- h n- j - \ n
Btcm-]n-p-Xv AY-c-ln-X-amb hymbma-am-Ip-p. l-bpsS A\p-k-c-W-bn-mbvabpw Imtbs {`mXr-l-Xybpw A_vktem-ans ]nXr-\n-bpw apX Ncn-{Xn sXfn-p-\n-p AkwJyw
Acp-Xm-bva-Ip ImcWw sSen-hn-js
kzm[o-\-am-bn-cp-n-. Hmtcm bpK-nepw
\h-ambn kwm-]n--s-S---hn[w
[aw A{]-Xy--am-Ippshn AXpw
sSen-hn-js Ip-a-. Zphn-tijw am{Xa, kphn-ti-jhpw temI-sapw Fnm sSen-hn-j\p Ign-bpw.
kv{Xo]--am-[y-a-]-T-\-
am[y-a-v A\p-Iq-e-ambpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambpw teJ-I \nc-p hmZ-K-Xn-I

Fsm-s-bmWv? Fsms Iqn-tm-\pv? Is-n Ah-X-cn-n-pI.
""Zphn-tijw am{X-a, kphn-ti-jhpw temI-sapw Fn-m sSen-hn-j-\p

-I-gnbpw.'' sSen-hnj \n-tev Fs-m-amWv Fn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv?
GsXms ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fmWv kphn-ti-j-n-sbpw Zphn-ti-j-n-sbpw ]n-Ibn Ds-Sp-pI? NsNp-I.
""B`n-ap-Jyhpw at\m-`m-hhpw kao-]-\hpw Nn-s-Sp-p am[y-a-amWv sSen-hn-j.

AXns km[y-X-I Adnp {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p--XmWv _pn.''
sSen-hn-js\ F-s\-sbm-s-bmWv \app {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m\m-hpI?
XqenI ]S-hm-fmp-I, XInSwadn-bp-I, cmbvp-cm-am-\w, Xncp-hm-bvs-Xnhmb XpSnb {]tbm-K-hn-ti-j- Bi-bm-hn-jvIm-c-n\v F{X-am{Xw Icpp ]I-cp-p?
teJ-\- ]cn-tim-[nv Is--ep-I Ah-X-cn-n-p-I.
69
IX
am[yaw {]ta-b-ambnhcp sNdp-I-Y-I aebmf-n Gsd-bp--tm.

tamw
Aw_n-Im-kp-X ammSv
hmm-i-cocw
ktmjv Gn-m\w
]c-ky-i-cocw
C.]n.- {io-Ip-am
kzoI-cWapdn
kn.F-kv.- N-{nI
Xncpv
F.-F-kv. am[-h
XpS-nb cN-\-I Isn hmbn-q.

$
70
hm-Iv B[m-c-amb F{Xtbm kw`-h- kvIqfn \npXs \app

Is-mw. Is-nb hm-I {Iao-I-cnv Hcp Nph]-{XnI Xbm-dm-p-I.
Ah-\-h {]km-[-I-\m-hp-tm...
hnhckmt-XnIhnZy
kmh-{Xn-I-am-b-
tXmsS ]{X-n\pw sSen-hn-j-\p-samw

]pXnb Bibhn\n-ab D]m-[n-Ifpw hnIknphp. sh_vsskp-I, tmKp-I
Fnh Ah-bn Nne-Xm-Wv. sh_vtemKv
(Weblog) F- X ns Npcp- t - c mWv
tmKv (blog). ]{Xamkn-I-I-fn Fgp-pImc\pw hmb-\-m-c-\p-an-S-bn FUn--dpsSbpw {]km-[I
- sbpw CjvSm-\n-jvS
- fpw
Xm-cy-fpw Dm-Ip-a-tm. Fm
tmKp-If
- n-emhs, \psS cN-\I
- BcpsSbpw CS-s]-S-ep-IfnmsX t\cnv hmb\-mp apn-se-p-I-bmWv. IY-Ifpw
Ihn-X-Ifpw teJ-\-fpw am{X-a, A\p-`h-p-dn-p-I, bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-, HmaI, hm-I, {]Xn-I-c-W- Fnh-sbmw \app \psS tmKn-eqsS
hmb-\-mp apn-se-n-m-\m-hpw.
kmln-Xy-c-N-\-I IqSmsX Nn{X-,
Imq-Wp-I, t^mtm-I, hoUn-tbm-I,
]mp- I Fn- s\ Fm kKm-
IkrjvSn-Ifpw \apv temI-sa-p-ap

Bfp-Ip-ap-n {]Zin-n-mw. Nppap kmaqlnIXn-I-tfmSv, A\o-Xn-ItfmSv {Inbm--I-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-m\pw
Ah kaql{i-bn sImp-h-cm\pw
tmKp-I Ah-kcsamcp-pp.
\psS amXr-`m-j-bns CsXms
\nh- l n- p- - X n- \ p kuIcyhpw
Cpv. CXn-\m-bn \mw BZyw sNtXv \p-tS-Xmb Hcp tmKv krjvSn-pI-bmWv. tmK, thUv {]kv XpS-nb
m]- \ - CXn- \ p kuIcyw
XnIpw kuP-\y-ambn \Ip-p-v. kzambn Hcp Csa- b n hnem- k - a p
Bpw hfsc Ffp--n Hcp tmKv
krjv S n- m- h p- - t X- b p- q. tmKn
{]kn- o- I - c n- p (t]mv sNp- )
krjvSn-Isf kw_-nv tmKv ImWp
(kin-p) Bpw {]Xn-I-c-W-
tcJ- s - S p- m\p kuI- c yhpw CXnepv.
kvIqfp-ambn _-s Hcp A\p-`-h-p-dnp Xbm-dmn, \n krjvSn tmKn

t]mv sNq. Iqp-Im-cpsS tmKv cN-\-I hmbnv Ah-bn {]Xn-I-c-W-
tcJ-s-Sp-q.
71
IX
sh-m
\mS hWn-pI-fpsS klm-b-tm-Sp-IqSn
Hmtcm ]-W-nepw sNv Ahn-sS-sbmcp Itcn hnfn-p-Iqp-Ibpw B {]tZ-i-p Hmtcm D]m-Z-I\pw Xv

hnt D]--fpw Ah-bpsS hnebpw \n-bn-psImv Hcp Icm Dm-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp--Xmbn hneyw
t_mSvkv ]-d-bp-p. Hcp D]m-Z-I\pw k-Xn-p-hm Ignbm hn[w XmW-Xm-bn-cnpw hne. \mp-Imm-Is, GI]-o-b-amb Cu Icm-dp-I-fn Hp-h-bvm-Xn-cn-m\pw hgn-bnm-bn-cp-p. hnk--Xn-p--hsc apm-en-bn sIn-bn-p
Nm-hm{]lcw t]mep aZ-\-v hnt[-b-cm-pI am{Xa-, Ah-cpsS k-s-s-n-ep-ap-s-n AXp Ip-sIn
teewhnfn-p-Ibpw sNp-am-bn-cpp sh-m. C-cw Icmdp-I-fn \nv c-s-Sp-hm-\mbn ]p-\q \qn-cp ]e- sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw Xhnc apdn-p-I-fv \q\qp sXmgn-ent\mSv hnS-]-d--Xmbn X\n--dn-bm-sav hneyw t_mSvkv
t_m[n-np.
hymk\pw hnLvt\-iz-c\pw B\v
42
X-hn-c apdn-v, sXmgn-en-t\m-Sp-Xs hnS-]-d-bp-I-bmWv sXmgnem-fn-I sNbvXXv. Cs\ {]hn-m Ahsc t{]cnnsXmhmw?
krjv S n- i - n- I R
the-m-ct\m bP-am-\t\m?
kpIp-am AgotmSv
emmw. Ipcnin- t enbXnptijw

Dbnsgp-t-phcmWtm
{]hmNIm.
b {ns
bpKn KmnPn
b{\nb{Wns {]hmNI\mbn
\np. Atlns knm-
- f
- n-hv
Ghpw ISp FXnp t\cnXv Cu
b{eLqIcW knm-ambncpp. ckw
tXmpw, Atlns knm-fn
shv temI-n\v Ghpw Bh-iy-am-bnp-Xpw AXm-bn-cpp! b{eLq-I-cW
knm- ns Cebpw Nnbpw
am{XamWv Nbpw JmZn- b p- s ams.
Cp KmnPn-bpsS i_vZnp In
IqSnb- X mbpw temIns FXnv
t\p-h-cp--Xm-bpw, {in-m, a\-n-
cmjv{Sobhpw kmnIhpamb ASn-a

- CmXmphm\p ]co--W-fn GstmfmWv KmnPn
b{ns òIcamb B[n]Xyw
F{Xtmfsan- b npsv IXv .
cmjv{Sobhpw km-nIhp-amb ASn-a
- am{X-a
- , Bobamb ASnawIqSn
b{w krjvSn-p-p-svv Atln\v
Atm shfnhmbn. KmnPnbpsS
kzmX{yw PohnXtmfw Xs hep-XmI-bm shdpw cmjv{Sobtam km-nItam Bb ASnaw CmXmnbm
t]mscvv Atlnp tXmpIbpw
Ccp]Xmw \qmns Bm- h n- s \
tmepw _m[n b{_v{àw CmXm
m Atlw \t ]WnsSpIbpw
sNbv X p. GXSnahpw NobmWv ;
]t,
themc\n
\np
ASnaw Ghpw NobmWv . the
mc bP- a m- \ - \ m- s Wv kmm
bPam\p sXn-m-c-W-bp-m-Ip-tmgmWv, Ghpw \nyamb Cu ASnaw
DbnscSppXv. b{w a\pjys ta
Ddn Cu Zp`camb "In-c-tkz-m-[n]Xyw' Ah-km-\n-n--emWv b{eLqI-c-W-ns eyw.
b{sn FgpXs Ghpw \njvIrjvSa
- mb A`n-{]m-b
- hmbn-W
- s
- a-n
KmnPnbpsS {]_ t\mnbm
aXn. Ahbn hv Ghpw \ninXamb
A`n{]mb hmbnm "lnvkzcmPpw'
AXnse Ghpw \nZbamb A`n{]mbw
ImWm 19mw A[ymbhpw t\mpI-
43
IX
Xs thWw. b{nv Hscm

KpWhpansv AXnetlw FgpXn.
b{tmSp FXnnv KmnPn
Bt]n- s npsn AXp
anhmdpw "lnvkzcmPn'se 19mw
A[ymbnse
A`n{]mbfpsS
t]cnembncnpw. Fm, Atlw
b{snsbgpXnb
apgph
A`n{]mbfpw AhbpsS apgph
kmchpw {Kln Hcmv shdpw Hcp
]pkv X Iw hmbn ]h{Kmlnbmb
Hcmsftmse Atls FXnm-\mhp-I-bn-. ImcWw, B A`n{]mb
]eXpw ]pXnb imkv{XobkXyfpsS
shfn-n BtcmKytmsS hne-kp-h- b m- W v. Ahsb FXnp- - h v
Cs imkv{XobNnIp apn
kzw Ip\np \ntnhcpw.
"lnv kzcmPv' KmnPnbpsS knmfpsSbpw
A`n{]mbfpsSbpw
BZys ssIImWv. Imew
sNptmdpw Ah XncpsSpIbpw
]cnjvIcnsSpIbpw
sNbvXp.
Dcpn- t ]mse
A\mXpw
hfcm-Xp-amb Hcp km[-\a
- Kmn-kw.
kml-N-cy--fpsS hyXym-k-n-smp
Xm A`n- { ]m- b - ]cn- j v I - c n- m- d pspw AXn-\m ]p Xm ]d
Imcy- ]noSp thsd an ]d-tb-nh-n-cn-m-sapw Fnepw auen-I-ambn
Xs A`n-{]m-b
- ]qhm-]c
- _
-
- a
- p-h-bm-sWpw KmnPn Xpd-s-gp-Xn-bnpv (lcn-P 2811939, 3091939). Cu
\nebvv "lnv kzcmPn's\ ap\nn
KmnPn b{-hn-tcm-[n-bm-sWpw "Imfh- n- b psS {]hm- N - I ' BsWpw
Bt- ] n- p- - h kXy- k - - c - .
Xm-c Xpm thn apdn-n
XpWn--j-W-v Xpey-am-Wv, "lnv
kzcmPn' b{-s-n KmnPn ]pd-sSp-hn A`n-{]m-b-. b{w ]m]-amsWpw Xosc \in-t--Xm-sW-pap
44
AXnse Bi-b-, apdn XpWn-bm-bnm-sX, Xpn-o DSp-mbn \msa-Sp-cp-Xv. 1908 AsX-gp-Xn-b-Xn-p-ti-jw,

Xs Btem-N-\-bn-eq-sSbpw ap--h-cpsS
hnai-\w-sIm-pw KmnPn hf-cp-I-bm-bncp- p. Av KmnPn b{- s - n
{]kvXm-hn A`n-{]m-b-- Pn.Un.-Fv.
tIm, anUn adn, s{]m^. sUsse
t_kv Fo Nn-I-m-cpsS hnai-\n\p ]m{X- a m- b n- c p- p. N- t ]mepw
b{-am-sWv Ah Nqn-m-n. AXv
1938 BWv. AXnv F{Xtbm appXs KmnPn Xs ]gb A`n-{]m-b tXp- a n- \ pn \m- n- s b- S pncpp.
b{-s-n Kmn-Pn-p ]cn-]I
- z-amb
A`n-{]m-bw, Ftm AXp a\p-jy-t{Zm-lI-c-am-Ip-pthm, B AXn-cn hv AXp
\nb- { n- - s - S - W - s a- m- W v. "bMv
Cy'bn (5 11 1925) Cs\ ImWpp: ""b{-np m\-ap-v. AXp \ne\n-p--X-t{X. ]t, Bh-iy-amb a\pjy- { ]- b - X v \ - np m\- { `wiw hcpm AXns\ A\p-h-Zn-p-Iq-Sm.'' Fm
b{- pw KmnPn FXn- c mtWm
Fsmcp tNmZy- nv Atlw
sImSp adp-]Sn "A' Fm-bn-cp-p.
""]t,'' Atlw XpSp: ""AXp hnNmc-iq-\y-ambn s]cp-n-p--Xnp Rms\Xncm-Wv.'' (bMv Cy, 17.6.1926)
Cu hI A`n-{]m-b
- "lnv kzcmPn'se
A`n-{]m-b-nv Ipd-sms FXn-cm-sWn, ]qhm- ] - c - s sh- c p- [ y- ns B
nXn Kmn-Pnv Hcn-epw `qj-W-amhn--tm. b{ta th F \ne-]m-Smbn- c pp BZys ]pkvX- I - n
Atlw {]I-Sn-n--Xv. ]t, ]qhm-]-chn-cp--sap tXmn-m-\n-S-bp Xs
]g-bXpw ]pXn-b-Xp-amb A`n-{]m-b-sf
At\ym\yw Atlw CW- n- \ nppv. AXv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv: ""]c-amZiw
hv ]d- m, Rm Fm b{- sfbpw _ln- j vI- c n- pw. B- k mmXv I m- c - nv klm- b n- m Cu
icocw Dt]-n-p-hm\pw Bm-hns
tIh-ea
- mb tam-nv bXv\n-p-hm\pw
Rm Fs\ Hcp-am-tWm, AXp-t]mse-bm-Wn-Xv. B t\m-n, Rm Fm
b{- - s fbpw
_ln- j vI- c n- pw.
Fmepw b{- p m\- a p- v .
ImcWw, ico-c-s-tmse Ah Hgn-p-IqSm\mhmXmWv'' (bMv Cy, 20111924).
temI- h y- h - l m- c - n b{- p
m\- a p- s pXs- b mWv b{s
Xosc \ntj-[n-p-tm-gpw, KmnPn Dtin-p-Xv. b{-bp-K-n\p Xm FXncm-sWp ]d-bp-Xv Xs A`n-{]m-bsf hnIr-Xa
- m-e
- m-sWp KmnPn Hcp
tNmZy-Im-hn-t\mSv Hc-h-k-c-n adp]-Sn-bmbn ]d-p. ""b{-am-sWp shpam{Xw Hcp b{-npw Rms\-Xn-c-.
Fm AXp \s ASn- a - s - S p- ptm Rm\-Xn\v F-Xn-cmWv'' (lcn-P,

13.11.1924). b{w \s ASn-as
- -Sp-p-Xv
\app b{_v-{`mv ]nSn-s]-Sp-tm-fmWv.
B {`mn-s\-n Iptd ISp-hm-p-I ]dbm-\pv alm-m-hn-v. ""Rms\-XnpXv shdpw b{-s-b-; b{-{`m-n-s\bmWv. {]bXv\w eLq-Ic
- n-p b{-ssm- n- b mWv Cu {`mv. a\p- j y
{]bXv\w eLq-I-cnv Ah-km\w Bbnc-W-n-m-fp-I tPmen-bn-msX sXcphp-sX-n ]n-Wn-In-Sp Nmhp-p. Fmhpw ka-bhpw {]b-Xv\hpw eLq-Ic
- np
sImSp- p- h m Rm\m- { K- l n- p- p,
Ipdmfp-Ip am{X-a-, At\-I-ew
BfpI-fpsS Npa-en Ib-dp-hm Ipd-pt]sc klm-bn-p-I-bmWv Cv b{w
sNp--Xv. {]bXv\w eLq-I-cn--W-sa
tkh-\-a-t\m-`m-h-a-, Zpcm-i-bmWv CXn-ssbmw ASn-bnse t{]c-W. kh-i-nbp-ap-]-tbm-Knp Rms\-Xnp-Xv Cu
hkv X pnXn- s b- b mWv . '' (bMv Cy,
13111924)
Iq b{-fpw anp-Ifpw m]nv
hkvXp- \nanpXpS- n- b m,
Npcpw Nne [\n-Icpw A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw
BIp-p-sh tZmj-np ]pdta cp
tZmj- IqSn- b p- v . KmnPn Ah
cpw In-cn-p-p. Hv D]--
[mcm-f-ambn cmPy- Xn hn]-WnIp-th-n-bp acw XpSpw FXm-Wv. bp-ns ASp Nm-m-c\mWp hn]-Wn-a-cw. Xs \ncp-]-aamb
ssien-bn KmnPn Cu B]-n-s\-pdnp ]d--Xv, Ata-cn--bpsS an h
\mSmb Cy hyh-km-b-hIr-X-am-bm
Hcp \mZnjmtbm sPn-kvJmt\m thn
hcpw hn]-Wn-I t\Sp--Xnp ]S-sbmcpw sNm FmWv (lcn- P ,
29081936). \mZnjm- I Dm- h p
]cnXnXn A, IpSn hyhkm-b-
Fm {Kma--fnepw kwL-Sn-n-p-Ibpw
45
IX
{]hn- m Ign- h p- - h apgp- h

{]hn-p-Ibpw \mSv kzbw kqWam-hp-Ibpw sNp ]cn-X-n-Xn-bm-Wv
KmnPn hn`m-h\w sNp--Xv. km-nI-amb kzbw-]-cym]vXn Hcp tZis ap
tZi- - f n \nv AI- n- - f - b p- s ap
Nne t]Snp-p. tUm. sU t_mh Cu
t]Sn- s b- n Kmn- P n- t bmSv kwibw
tNmZn--tm KmnPn adp-]Sn ]d-Xv,
hyh-km-b-n-t-X-m ap amK-
tZi--fpsS At\ym\y k-n-ptm FmWv (lcn-P, 12021938).
]ckv]cw NqjWw sNm-\p-t-in-p-sImp hyh-kmbhmWn-Py-a
- c
- a
- cmPy-fpsS tNbvpw thgvNbvpw ]nb
cwKw. kmln-Xyw, aXw, imkv{Xw Fnh-bpsS kc-Wn-Ifn-eqsS cmPy-p
Xn D-a-amb kwkK-ap-m-hp-XmWv. lypbmkmMv Cy-bn hXp
I-h-S--c-p-I hn-gn-p-hm-\m-bn-cp-n-tm. cmPy--fpsS kl-I-c-W-n\p
lypbmkm-Mns hgn-bm-Wv, sImfw-_kns hgn-b ssIsm-t--Xv.
cm-as tZmjw IqSp-X Kuc-h-ap-Xm-Wv. Hcp hwi-sa \ne-bn a\p-jys
`mhn- s b- t mepw AXp _m[n- t - mw.
46
{]hn-m-\mWv ssIIm-ep-I krjvSn-s-s

- Xpw Ah th-t]mse D]-tbmKnmsX b{-sf B{i-bnp Pohnm a\p-jys Ia-in Ime-{I-taW
bn-p-t]m-Im-\n-Sb
- p-spw Kmn-Pn-`n- { ]m- b - a p- v . Iaw sNbv X n- s - n
{]IrXn tLmc-amb {]Xn-Imcw sNp-samWv Kmn-Pn-bpsS Xmo-Xv. ""kzw
ssIIsf ssII- s f- t mse A[n- I amfpIfpw D]- t bm- K n- m- X n- c n- p- Xv
sImSn-sbmcp Zpc-I
- Y
- b
- t- {X. {]IrXn a\pjy-Po-hn-I-fmb \app \Inb B A\p{K-ls \mw ]mgm-n--f-bp Ipn\v, \psS ta `b-c
- a
- mb {]Xn-Imcw
sNp-pv'' (bMv Cy, 17.02.1927). kPoh-amb ico-c-b-{-amWv Poh-iq-\y-amb
Bb-k-b-{--tf-m \-sXv 1925
P\p-hcn 8mw Xob-Xn-bnse "bMv Cy'
bnepw alm-Pn kv]jvSa
- m-n-
- n-p-v.
KoXm- I m- c , tSmtmbn apX- e mb
Npcpw Bobt\Xm- sf Hgnp
\nn-bm, Ias ssZh-am-bn-
cmjv{Sobt\Xm--fn ap Kmn-PnbmWv . sXmgn- e ns alzw At- l ns {]mW-hn-izm-k--fn Hm-bn-cpp. ]W-mcpw ]Tn--hcpw ]Wn-sb-Sp-phm aSn-bp-h
- c
- m-bn-cn-p-X
- ns\ "hrnsI Cu \qm-ns tXmn'bmb almm-Kmn At-bw A]e-]n-p. ""Cv
Cy-bn [\n-Icpw Db hK-m-sc- d n- b - s - S p- - h cpw imco- c nI{]hrn
shdp-p-XpsImv the-bpsS DrjvSX
- s
- b-n Dun-d
- b
- p-Xv AXym-hi
- yam- b n- on- c n- p- p. bYmY- a mb
_pn-hn-Im-k-np thnbpw a\p-jy
{]tbm-P\-{]-Z-ambn Fs-nepw imcocnI
{]hr-n-bn hym]-cn-t--Xm-Wv.
Iaw krjvSn-Im-hn-\m \ntbm-Kn-s Hcp b-am-sW-mWv Kmn-PnbpsS -aXw (lcn-P, 29061935). the-sbn `qan-bn a\p-jy-\p--cn hmp-I-fn
hv Ghpw al-\o-ba
- m-bh Kmn-Pn-bmWp
]d-Xv: ""]n-Wn-In-S-p-Ibpw sXmgn-enm-sX-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp Hcp P\-XbpsS apn, {]hr-n-bp-sSbpw Iqenbmbn-p `-Wh
- m-KvZm-\
- n-sbpw cq]n-e
- msX {]Xy-s
- -Sp-hm Cuiz-c
- pt]mepw ss[cy- a p- m- h p- I - b n'' (bMv
Cy, 13101921). AtX D]-\ym-k-n
`Ww Ihn- X - b m- s Wpw KmnPn
{]Jym-]n-p. ""hni-p P\-e
-
- Hcp
Ihn-Xbvp thn tNmZn-pp in-
bp- m- p `- W - np thn.
Ahv AXv sImSp-p-I-b thXv;
AX-h km-Zn-p-Ib
- mWp th-Xv. s\nbnse hnbp- s Imp am{Xta AXp
km-Zn-m-\m-hp-I-bpp.'' cho-{-\m-Y SmtKm-dn-s\-tm-ep Ihn-bm-hs
- , kn.hn.cmas\-tm-ep imkv{X-\
- m-hs
- , ImbnIIaw A\p-jvTn-m-Xn-cn-p-Xp sXmsWv KmnPn Ddp ]dp (lcn-P,
2321947).
alm-m-hns amKw
""Icn-\n-e-ap-gp-am-j-I-t\mSpw
hjw apgp-h hgn- \-m-m
s]cn-b -I-cn-md \pdp-n\p-dp-nsbmcppw ]Wn-bm-f-scmSpw
tN-a-cpq ssZhw''
KoXm-RvP-en cho-{-\m-Y -Sm-tKm
Cu hcn-I-fnse Bi-b-hp-ambn tbmPn-p Nn-I teJ-\-n \np Isn

Xmc-Xayw sNp-I.
$
""GX-Sn-a-hpw No-bm-Wv. the-m-c bP-am-\-\m-sWv kmm bP-am-\\p

sXn-m-c-W-bp-m-Ip-tm-gmWv G-hpw \ny-amb Cu ASn-aw Dbn-sc-Sp-p-Xv.''
teJ-I \S-p Cu ]cm-aiw Xe-s-ns hymJym\w Xs-bt? "the-mct\m bP-am-\-t\m?' F Xe-sv Cu teJ-\-n\v F{X-am{Xw A\p-tbm-PyamWv?
""Ipcn-in-te-n-b-Xn-\p-tijw Dbns-gp-tp--h-cm-Wtm {]hm-N-Iam''

k`-nse Bibw shfn-hm-m Ccw hmIy ]cym]vX-amtWm? teJ\-nse kam-\-amb hmIy- Isn ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
""]c-am-Ziw hv ]d-m, Rm Fm -b-{--sfbpw _ln-jvI-cn-pw. Bkm-m-XvIm-c-n\v klm-bn-m Cu icocw Dt]-n-p-hm\pw Bm-hns

tIh-e-amb tam-n\v bXv\n-p-hm\pw Rm Fs\ Hcp--amtWm, AXp-t]mse-bm-Wn-Xv. B t\m--n Rm Fm b{--sfbpw _ln-jvI-cn-pw. Fmepw
b{-p- m-\-ap-v. ImcWw, ico-c-s-tmse Ah Hgn-p-Iq-Sm-\mhmXm-Wv.'' Kmn-Pn-bpsS Cu A`n-{]m-b-nse Bi-b- hnI-kn-n-p-I.
47
IX
b{-hp-ambn _-sv ]mT-`m-Kp {]tbm-Kn-n-p ]Z-kw-Lm-X- {in-pI.

b{_v-{`mv
b{-tm-Sp {`mv
b{_v-{àw
b{-tm-Sp {àw
b{hntcm[w
b{-tm-Sp hntcm[w
b{bpKw
b{ns bpKw
b{eLq-I-cWw
b{s eLq-I-cn-
Ch-bvsmw Htc AY-amtWm D-Xv? NsNp-I.

$
48
""Rms\-Xnp-Xv shdpw -b{sb; b{_v{`m-n-s\-bm-Wv. {]bXv\w eLqIcn-p b{s sNmn-bmWv Cu {`mv. a\p-jy {]bXv\w eLq-I-cnv Ahkm\w Bbn-c--W-n-\m-fp-I tPmen-bn-msX sXcp-hp- sXn ]n-Wn-In-Sp
Nmhp-p. {]bXv\w eLq-I-cn--W-sa tkh\at\m-`m-h-a-, Zpcm-i-bmWv CXn--ssbmw ASn-bnse t{]c-W. khi-n-bp-ap-]-tbm-Knv Rm FXnp-Xv Cu
hkvXp-n-Xn-sb-bmWv'' Kmn-Pn-bpsS Cu \ne-]m-Sp-I "tamtU ssSwkv' F
Ne-n-{X-n F{X-tmfw Bhn-jvI-cn--s-Sp-pv? NsNp-I.
"tamtU ssSwkv' B[p-\nI Ime-ns

DWvT-I
hn. sI. tPmk^v
Io-cn\pw Nncn-p-an-S-bn-eqsS k-cnv

temI-sa-p-ap a\p-jy-cpsS lrZ-b-ntep ]mew ]WnX Ne-n-{X-Im-c-\mWv
Nmen Nmn. sNdnb aoibpw Ab
]m v k pw Cdp- I nb tImpw sNdnb
sXmnbpw ssIbn hSn- b p- a mbn
temIs IogSnb Nmn- IYm]m{X \psS Xs hn-`n cq]-fm- W v . Zcn- { Zs Bmhv sXmdn
Nmn Zmcn-{Zy-ns am\m]-am-\
temIa\m-np-a-p-n Xpd-p-Im-n.
A[zm\w Bm-Z-I-c-amb A\p-`h-am-Ip-Xn\nv a\p-jysc XS-bp-, a\p-jysc
kzw A[zm-\-^-e-n \nv A\ycmp b{-hIrX kaq-l-n-s\-Xn-scbmWv Nmns "B[p-\n-I-Imew' (Modern times) F kn\na kwkm-cn-p-Xv. B[p-\n-I-bp-K-n a\pjy b-{ambn amdp-Xv F\nv temI-tmSp ]dtb- - X p- v , AXp- s Im- mWv Rm
"tamtU ssSwkv ' \nanXv Fv

Nmn ]dn-p-v. Ne-n-{X-Im-c-mcpw
Ne-n-{X-\n-cq-]-Icpw Am-Z-an-Ifpw Hs
tem-Is Ghpw \ kn\n-a-I-fpsS ]nI-If
- n \n_-a
- mbpw m\w \Ip
HmWv "tamtU ssSwkv.' Cu kn\na
hopw ImWp-tm AXns\ Ncn-{X-]-cambpw ku-cy-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw F-s\bmWv AS- b m- f - s - S p- pI Fp- Xv
Hmtcm t{]-I-sbpw At\z-j-W-amWv.
As-n Cm-epw Fp-sIm-mWv
hfsc {][m-\sXpw {]nb-s--Xp-ambn
Cu kn\na \ne-\np--sX At\zj-Wm-I ]T-\-fn-tev Hmtcm t{]I\pw k-cn-t--Xp-v.
1936- \nan- Cu kn\nabpsS {]ta-b]-cn-kcw 1930Ifn Ata-cn-sb {Kkn
òI-c-amb km-nIamyhpw XIbpam-Wv. At-XmsS eWn\p a\pjy-cmWv s]sv \nkz-cmbn sXcp-hn-em-s-X
- v. \qdp-IW
-
- n-\v ^mIvSd
- n-I ]qn.
49
IX
sXcp-hn sXn-Ifpw Zcn{Zcpw \nd-p. Cu A\p-`h--fmWv B[p-\nIImens kmy-ambn kn\na- b n {]Xy- - s - - X v.

em`s am{Xw ap\nn
{]hn- p
b{hIr- X - a mb Hcp kmaqlnI--km--nIhyhbpw kaqlhpw F-s\bmWv a\p-jy-Xz-c-ln-X-ambno-cp--sXpw F-s\bm- W v AXv XI- S nbpsXpw Cu kn\na
Imncpp.
kn\nabn Nmn Hcp ^mIvS-dn-smgnem- f n- b m- W v. ITn\- h pw hn{i- a anmXpamb sXmgnepw AXns bm{nI-Xbpw apX-emfn krjvSn-p kZfpw ^mIvSdnbnse A-co-hpw Hssmv Nmns at\m-\ne sXp-p. Hcn tPmen-n-Sb
- n Nmn b{-Iv s]pt]mbn. henb N{I-p-neqsSbp kmcw Abm-fpsS a\-ns
ka-\ne ]msS XIpIf-p. ^mIvSdn-bn\nv -Abmsf Hcmw-_p-ekn
at\m-tcm-Km-ip-]-{Xn-bn-em-p-p. Iptd
\mfp-Ip-tijw Nmn Bip-]{Xn
hnSp-tm-tgpw ^mIvSdn ]qn--gn-ncpp. sXcp-hn sXmgnem-fn-I {]I-S\w
\S-p--Xn-\n-S-bn-te-mWv CsXmpw
Adn- b msX Nmn- s \- p- Xv . Ftm
km[-\ Ib-n-tmb temdn-bn A]I- S kq- N - \ - b mbn \mn- b n- c p Nph
sImSn Xmsg-ho-WXp Iv AsX-Spv
hoinsmv temdn-m-cpsS {i Wnm {ian-p-tmtgpw Nmns ]ndIn sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ka-c-PmY Fn- g n- p. Nmn\mWv
PmY- b psS
t\Xmshp IcpXn t]meokv Abmsf
Adv sNbvXv Pbnenem-p-p. ]pdp
hcp- t m Zcn- { Zbpw A\m- Y - b p- a mb
50
Kmans\ Ip-ap-p-p. ]c-kv]cw CjvS-sSp Ah-cpsS k-S

- fpw t]meokv ]oU\- fpw sXm- g n- e n\pthn- b p Aenepw Hs-bmbn IY ]ptcm-K-an-pp.
Fm {]Xn-_---sfbpw _pn-ap-p-Isfbpw AXn- P o- h n- m- \ p \n- b ZmVytmsS Nmn\pw Imap-Inbpw Hcpanv \op- t m kn\na Ah- k m- \ npp. ]mizhcn- - s - - h cpw
A[xn- X - c p- a mb a\p- j yv Pohn- X ns ssZ\w-Zn-\m-h-iy- \nd-th-m
Ign-bm kmaq-lym-hsbp-dn-p
Bi--I Cu kn\na aptmp hbvpp. Cn- [ - n- e p ASn- m\
kwLj-sfbpw sshcp-[y--sfbpw
AS- b m- f - s - S p- p kn\na Zcn- { Z- s
]wtNcp-pv.
kn\na Bcw- ` n- p- - X v , henb Hcp
tmns tmkv Zriy- n- e mWv .
AXns kqNn-I 6 aWn-bn-tev Fnsm-n-cn-p-p. kv{Io\n Xmsg--dbp hmIrw Fgp-Xn-m-Wn-p-p. ""A
story of industry, of individual
enterprise-humanity crusading in the
pursuit of happiness'' (hyh- k m- b ns IY, Hcp sshb-nI kwcw`ns IY am\-h-cmin B\w tXSn
\S- p Ipcn- i p- b p- - ns IY.)AXn\p tijw {]Xy--s-Sp cp

tjmp-I kn\n-a-bpsS {]ta-b-sbpw
AXns kmchgn-sbbpw kqNn-n-p-Xm-Wv. {]ikvX djy kwhn-[m-bI
- \pw
sskm- n- I - \ p- a mb sFkns
ss[j- W nI sammjv (Intelectual
montage) BWv Cu Zriy-{I-ao-I-c-Wn\v D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p--Xv. hyXykvX
AY--fp cv tjmp-I Iqn-tbmPn-n-p-tm aqm-a-sXmcp AYw P\npp F knm--am-W-Xv. Iyma-dbvv
A`n-ap-J-ambn k-cn-p sN-cn-bm-SpI-fpsS Iq-ns Db- tImWnepff
hnZqcZriyw (ssl BwKn- temMv tjmv)
BWv BZy- t - X v. AXn\nv
Untkmhv sNpXv t- d mUn- e qsS
^mIvS-dn-bn-tep hcp sXmgn-em-fn-IfpsS k-am\amb Zriyn--temW.v sXmgnem-fn-Isf arK--sf-tmse Icp-Xp Hch--sb-bmWv AXp kqNn-n-p--Xv.
hyn-]-c-amb CjvSm-\n-jvS--tfm kzX{-amb {]h-\-tam km[y-a-m Hcp
Bn]--ns Ah--t]mse Zb-\ob-amWv sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ah. \nch[n hymJym-\
- v hg-p Cu Zriy-fn C\nbpw kqN-\-I-fp-v. shfp
Bn]- - n- \ n- S - b n Hcp Idp
BSns\ ImWmw. AXv s]mXp- I m- g v N bn\npw H-s-p-\np Hn-s\bmWv AS-bm-f-s-Sp-p--Xv. sXmgn-em-fnI-fpsS Zb-\o-bm-h--sb-p-dnv A\p-Xm]-]qW-amb Hcp s]mXp-\n-e-]mSv kzoIcn- p- t ms - N m- nIYm- ] m- { Xns sshb-n-Im-\p-`-h--fn-tepw
t]mcm-fn-tepamWv kn\na tI{o-Icn-p-Xv Fp thW-sa-n hmbn-sSp-mw.
Sp-p--XmWv. Hp izmkw hnSm-t\m,

apJv hn-cn-p Hco-sb Bn--fbmt\m- t ]mepw Bhm hn[- n
tPmen`mcambncp-p -Am-ev. A[zm\-n\nv B-mZ-
- n-\p ]
- I
- cw aSppw
bm{n-I-XbpamWv e`n-p--Xv. Nmn
sNbvXp-sImn-cn-p tPmen {in-m
Cmcyw a\-n-emhpw. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS
apn-eqsS AXn-thKw \op Akwn
sse\n-ep \v kv]m\sImv apdpp tPmen-bmWv Abmv. Hn\p-]ndsI Hmbn Abm- f psS apn- e qsS
\op \p-I Abm AXn-th-K
- n,
bm{n-I-ambn apdp-n-sm-n-cn-p-p.
tPmenk-abn\ptijhpw Iptd-k-abw
Nmns ssII CtX-co-Xn-bn Nen-psIm-n-cn-p--Xp ImWmw. \ns BIrXn-bn ImWp Fpw, ap a\p-jy-cpsS
hkv { X- - f n- e p _- \ p- I t]mepw
kv]m\sImv apdp-m Nmn {ianp-tm \ Bp-Nn-cn-p-sa-nepw
AXn-s-b-Sn-bn \Sp-p Zpc--ns
Nqfw-hn-fn-I-fp-v. `-W-k-abw em`n-p-Xn\p thn Ip-]n-Sn- Hcp ]pXnb
b{w
]co- n- p- - X v Nncn- b pWptXmsSm- w apX- e m- f n- nsbpw b{-kw-kvIr-Xn-bp-sSbpw a\pjy-Xz-c-ln-X-amb hnIm-k-s-p-dn-p
ap-dn-bn-p-I-f-pw \Ipp. b{-
`bm-\-Iamw hn[w a\p-jysc hebw sNbvXn- c n- pp F- X ns kqN- \ - I
^mIvS-dn-bnse Zriy- B[p-\nI hymhkm- b n- I - I m- e - ns kwLj- fpw

kZ-fpw sXmgn-em-fn-Isf F-s\bmWv b{-fm-p-Xv Fp shfn-s-
51
IX
\Ip \nc-h[n Zr-iy- kn\n-ab

- n-epS\ofapv.
kn\n-a-bn i_vZw D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xp-S-nGsd \mp-tijamWv Nm-n hfsc
kqnv aSnpaSnv i_vZap]-tbm-Kn-Xv.
sXnbpw Zcn-{Z\pw tImam-fnbpw a\p-jykvt\-lnbpw Bb Nmn IYm-]m{Xw
kwkm-cn-p tIm temI-sa-p-ap
t{]-I sImXn-tbmsS Imn-cp-p.
]t, i_vZ- ns D]- t bm- K s
th{X kzoI-cn-m sskmnI-\ne-]m-SmWv Nmn kzoI-cn--Xv. "tamtU
ssSwkn' Nne-bn-Sv dnmUv sNbvX
kwKo-Xtam ap i_vZ-tfm D]-tbm-Knp-p-v. Hm-kv{S-bpsS kar--amb
kwKo-Xhpw hnkn i_vZw, sskd-\p-I,
aWn-b-Sn-sbm--I Fn--s\-bp ]cnk-c-i-_vZ-fpw CXn-s i_vZ]Yn--
D]- t bm- K n- n- p- v. kw`m- j W`mj
\menSv am{XamWv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-pXv. Cu kw`m-j-W-samw b{--fpambn _-sXmsW-Xv AY-KàmWv. ^mIvS-dn- apX-emfn A-bm-fpsS apdnbn-en-cp-p- tmkvUv kIyqv sSen-hn-j\n- e qsS ^mIvS- d n- p- nse Hmtcm
skIvj\n-sebpw tPmen-I \nco-n-pIbpw CS-bvnsS tPmen-bpsS thKw Iqm\p \ntZ-i- \-Ip-Ibpw sNppv. ChnsS `mj A[n-Im-c-n-sbpw
\nb-{-W-n-sbpw `mK-am-bmWv {]tbmKn--s-Sp--Xv. CXv hfsc {][m-\-s
Hcp kao-]-\-am-Wv. B[p\nIkaq-l-n
`mj hne- p- I - f mbpw Im]- S y- { ]- t bmKfmbpw A-an-Xm-[n-Im-c-{]-tbm-K-ambpw
D]- t bm- K n- - s - S p- I - b m- s Wv Nmn
D-WvT-s-Spp-.
52
b{-n-S-bnse apjn--\mb bm{nI-tPm-en-I a\p-jysc A[zm-\

- n\nv
A\y-h-cn-p-sapw Ah-km\w b{h-cW-fn-eqsS a\p-jym-[zm\w Xs
]pd-
- s
- -Sp-sa-pw a\p-jysc sXmgncln-X-cm-p-sa-p-ap Nmns òXn Gdptd bmYmYy-am-bn-sm-n-cn-p-I-bmW- t m. b{ a\p- j yptaepw
am\hnI-X-bvp-taepw AXns a-Imep-IsImv Nhn-p-Ibpw a\p-jy-sc-bmsI
b{- k - a m- \ - c m- p- I bpw sNp- s av
Nmn `b-s-Sp-p-v. B òXnbpw AXnt\mSp _-s kmaq-lnIk-a-ky-I-fpamWv Nmn Xs "tamtU ssSwkv'
F Nn{X-n-eh
- X
- c
- n-n-p-X
- v. a\p-jy
hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c--fn-m b{--fm-hpIbpw b{--fns IpSp-n-tm-hpIbpw sNp b{- h IrX kaq- l ns B]kq- N - \ - I sImv Cu
kn\na Hcp Ne- n{X {]_- - ns
Zmi-\n-I-Ku-chw ssIh-cn-p-p. Zriyv _mlymY- n\np hyXykvX-ambn cmjv{Sobkm-n-ImY-
kar--ambn \I-s-n-cn-p-p. Npcp-n, "tamtU ssSwkv' AS--ap
Nmnkn\n-a-I Imem-Xn-hn-bm-hpXv, Htc-k-abw Imen-Ihpw Imem-Xo-Xhp-amb {]iv\--f-h-X-cn-n-p--Xp-sImm-Wv. ]oUn-X-cp-sS, Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp-h-cp-sS, Hp-an-m km[m-cW a\p-jycpsS [man-I-X-bn\npw bpn-hn-Nmc--fn\npw cq]w-sIm-p temI-hgn-I-fmWv "tamtU ssSw-kn'epw sXfnbp-Xv.
Nmnkn\n-a-I-fnse Nncn-bpsS ]nn Io-cns \\hpw Zpc--ns Nqfwhnfn-I-fp-ap-sv \nco-n--s-n-p-v. "tamtU ssSwkn'epw Cu khn-ti-jX
Is-m-\m-hp-tam? Zriy- hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \n-fpsS \nco--W- AhX-cn-n-p-I.
Ne-n-{X-ns XpS--n ISphcp Bn]--fpsSbpw sXmgn-em-fnIfpsSbpw Db tImWn-ep hnZqcZriys teJ-I hymJym-\n-n-p-tm.

km[y-X-bp ap Zriy- kn\n-a-bn\np Isn hymJym-\n-p-I.
""Xe-bn NIn-cn-tmdpw XncpIn

sXn-\-Spw Igp-X-Itf
sImSnbpw tbmK-hp-sampw \n
pS-b-h-cm-In-smcp \mfpw
Fp-\pdp-s-b-S-n-sbm-Xpn
h-Xp-an-hn-sS--Wn-sN-bvXm
]n-Wn-sb-n-ep-an-m-X-c-h-b
IjvSn-n-s\ \nd-bn-mw.-''
kwkvIm-c-ns \mf- hb-em cma-ha
Cu at\m-`mhw Xs-bmtWm "tamtU ssSwkn' se ^mIvSdn DS-a-bnepw ImWpXv? ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.

$
Ne-n{X\ncq-]-W- Isn hmbn-p-I. \nn-jvS-sh Iqp-Im-cp-ambn

]p-h-bvp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I NsNp-Ibpw thWw.
""acn-n-n-m -R-
fntm-f--sam-cp-\mfpw
acnn; smSp-m
krjvSn-i-n-I R''
Cu hcn-Ifnse Bibneqn Kmn-P-bnZn\-n \S-m-\p Hcp {]kwKw
Xbm-dm-p-I.
53
IX
Is-dn-bp--h
kn. hn. {iocm-a
Cu apm-hcn _wm-hns hmXn

Imn-cnv Bcw-`n-nv A[nIw \mfp-I-fmbn-n-. ]t, a-bpsS bpK--fm-bncpp.
]no-sSm-s, BImw--tbm-sS-b-, Bi-tbm-sS-bp-a-, Hcp hgn-]mSv Fn-p
\njvT-tbmsS am{Xw ChnsS hcp-p.
Imn-cn-p-p.
shbn h[n-p-h-cp-tm Dd-p-p.
DWcp- t m shbn an- m- W pw.
Atm ]Xps Fgp-tp sNv tNmZnpw....
""Cv FIz-bdn Dm-hn-s-ptm?''
tIm--Xp-sIm--. hmvta adp-]Sn
]d-bn-.
tNmZyw Bhn-m C-s\-sbmcp adp]Sn Inpw:
""Hmô-k hcp-tm apdn Xpd-p-sIm-Spp-hm F\nv BU Dv....''
Hmô-k hcptam?
oWn kzc-n-ep Cu tNmZy-v
Hcn-epw adp-]Sn Inm-dn-.
Ign Fm Xh-Wbpw C-s\-sbms-s kw`-hnp.
GXmv ky- t bm- S - S p- p- t m
hmvta hp ]dbpw;
""t^m hn-cn-p-p. Cv Hmô-k
hcn....''
""FIz-bdn Ft-mWv \on-bXv Fv
hXpw ]d-n-ptm?''
hmvta\v tZjyw hcpw.
""Ds-n Rm\Xv ]d-bnsey sl....''
54
]ns hmvta A[n-Imcw ImWn-pw.
FIz-bdn as--tbpw t]mse-b-.
""Fm-hcpw ]pd-p-t]m-Ww. Rm ]Sn

AS-bvm t]mIp-p.''
Cv AsXmcp anYy- b - m- X m- h m
t]mIpp. tNmZy- {]h-ln-pw.
ASp FIz-b-dn-bpsS XobXn Fpw

Ccp-ns. Abmfpw kmn-Ifpw
Xncn-p-t]m-Ipw.
tNmZy-sf Iogvs-Sp-p D-c-

Abm kw`-cn-p-h-n-cp-p. kmn-Isfbpw ]Tn-n-n-cp-p.
Znh-k-p-ti-jw, Nne-tm amkp-tijw FIz-bdn XobXn \nbn-p-sIm-p Iev]\ Inpw.
s]sv a\-n Bcp-sStbm hmp-I

apg-p-p.
Apw Xncn-p-t]m-cp-tm ky-a-bpw. a\- n- t em, A\n- n- X - X z- ns

Ccpv ]cs ]Sn-cn-pw.
As\ Xh- W - I - f mbn FIz- b dn
\ofpp.
Cpw Abm t\ct Fn-bn-cp-p.
Hcp t]md t]mepw Gn- m- s X,
SmIvkn-bn \nv kmn-I-sfbpw Cd-n.
Hmtcm XhW hcp-tmgpw kmn-I-fpsS
apJw IqSp-X hon-cn-pw. Ah-cpsS
kzc-n apdp-ap-dpv h[n-p-h-cp-p.
Cs\ Ccp--Xp-sIm-smpw ê-an-.

Xe- m- \ - p- t ]mbn Hmô- k sd Hv
t\cn ImW-cp-tXm. ]cn-N-b-ap Bft....
Abm ktm-N-s-p. Hmô-k-dp-ambn
hj-p-apv GXm\pw \mfs ]cnN-b-ap-v. ]t, kap-{Zw-t]mse ]cp
InS-p hIpv. AXnse Hcp IogvPo-h-\m-cs\ Hmô-k Hmn-s-p-Xs
hcpw.
Hcp-]-t, êw adn-m-In-sv Bcp
Ip.
ChnsS Fn-bm Abmpw kmnIpw Ht sNbvXp-Xom-\p-q.
Hcp FIz-bdn Hmô-ksd kzm[o-\n-m

hn-cn-p-p, At?
Imn-cn-v.... Nmb-Ip-Sn... ]nsbpw Nmb.....

D-`--Ww.... ]ns apm-hcn _wmhns D-dv D-bp-d-w....
Fmepw Cv In- b Nn- I - f n

AXpw ew ]nSn-p-p.
Cv hmvta hmXn am{X-a, P\-epIfpw aes Xpd-n-n-cn-p-p. Itk-cbpsS apI-fn ] D-n Xncn-bp-p.
kmm]- \ - - f n Bfp- I
] Xncn-bp-Xv, Itk-c-bvm-W-tm....
t\cn Im Xncn--dn-bp-sa-p-h-cn-.
Xm Cv Fpam{Xw amdn- t m- b n- c npp....
hmvta hnfw-_cw \In. Hmô-k

e-s-n-bn-p-v. k{X-n-ep-v....
Ctm A-e-n sXmgm t]mbn-cnp-p....
Hp t\cn ImWm-am-bn-cp-p.
AIm-eh
- m[-Iyhpw AImeNc-ahpw Xm
tPmensNp hIp-ns I\nhpw ]mcntXm-jn-I--fp-am-Wv. Cu hIp-nse tPmenmv Zmcn{Zyw IqSmsX e`n- p
Hpv aZyw.
FIz-bdn Dm-hpw. Bfp-I Chn-sSs Dm-h-Ww.
Aan-X-am-bn, Ime--fmbn ioen-p-t]m-Xns ]mSp- I ico- c - n- \ - I pw

]pdpw ImWmw.
Abm s_n- e n- c pp. s]mSn- X p- S v

kmn- I - s fbpw Ccp- n. Abm
Hmp....
IpSpw-_-tiw sImv a\pw ih--d-mbn-cn-p-p.
55
IX
Ccp- ] - v hj- Xp\n- npw

HutZym-KnIPohn-X-n Ib-dm IgnXv Hcp -]Sn am{X-am-Wv. H-ap-m-bn-cp-h GWn--Sn-I Ib-dn--bdn t]mIptm s_msbpw amebpw ]pn-cnbpw
km-\n-n-p-v. ]pn-cn-p- am{Xw AanX-amb hne- sIm-Sp-n-p-v.
Abm A[n- I - k - a - b hpw ]pd- t p

t\mn- b n- c n- pw. Nppw, ]Sn- ] - S n- b mbn
Dbp-t]m-Ip s\m-S-. s\mS- AIse ae-bn-Sp-p-I-fn sN-hkm-\n-p-p. Ahn-Ss agbvv Fp`w-Kn-bm-bn-cp-p! {]tXy-Inpw Icn--\-mSp-I-fn DXn-cp ag-bvv.
Cv ]Sn- I - b - d m- \ p tamlw t]mepw

Am-\-m-Wv. kkvs]j ]nhenv F-s\-sb-nepw tPmen-bn Ibdn--n-bm aXn-bm-bn-cp-p....
As kl-{]-h-Isc apgp-h\pw
Hmp- p. taep- t Zym- K - s\ Cpw
Hmp-p. Atlw Fp-am{Xw Dbpt]m-bn.
Cv FIz-b-dn-bpsS kabw ASp-tm Abm Hmp: FmWv Xs

t]cn-ep Btcm-]-Ww?
Asm- c p- Z n- h kw Hcp tIm{Sm- I v S

ssekkv ]pXp- p- h m hn- c p- p.
XnIpw Aln-p Imcyw. Ignbpw thKn sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-p. Imcyw km[np-sIm-Sp--tm B a\p-jy Ioi-bn
\nsmcp Ih FSp-p.
hmn-p-Xv tImg-bm-sWv hmp-h Nnn-m-dptm.....

sImSp-p-Xv ssIq-en-bm-sWv sImSpp--h Nnn-n-ptm.....
""Dw?''
Hcp k{-Zm-bw.
Abm apJ-ap-bn.
Bh- i y- m AwKo- I - c n Hcp k{Zmbw....
""CXv ]Xn-hp--Xm-Wv.''
]t, Xs t]cn Cv AsXmcp

NmPmbn D-bn--s-n-cn-p-p.
AXns kzc- n\v ZmVyw aqOnpp....
Hcp ]uc- t \mSv ssIqen tNmZn- n- c npp.
DSs\ \S-]-Sn-I-fm-bn....
At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-amb kkvs]j.
IqSp- X ]d- b - W - s a- p- m- b n- c p- p.
]t, Abmv InX-p-tXm-n. \mn\v
hcbpw.
tIm{Sm-IvS AsXm-cn-epw {]Xo-n-X-. Abm `b-p-\n-p. ]ns Cdn-tm-bn.
hIpptae- [ n- I m- c n- s b- s mv At\zjWw.
Ipd-p-ka
- b
-
- n-\p-tijw taep-tZym-K
-
Abmsf hnfnv B tIm{Sm- I v S
t]mtbm-sbv Bcm-p.
]Xn-hp-t]mse Cpw Abm Hmp:
""t]mbn km.''
BZy-ambn Innb ssIq-en.... km

DtZym-K
s DSp-p a
- m{Xw [cn-m XpSnb Imew... km DtZym-K-s
apJtam a\tm FSp--Wn-bm ssIhncpXv t\Sn-bn-p-m-bn-cp-n-.
""Xm Fm Fs Inv t]mIm ]dbm-Xn-cp--Xv.... C{Xbvv hnhcw Cty?''
Hcp sNdnb sIn-S-ns Ghpw HSp-hnes apdn-bm-bn-cp-p As Hmôkv.
56
""sImp- t ]m- I q.... an, \n- f psS

]Xnhv.''
Abm Ip-t_m-[-tmsS angn-p-\n-p.

""FtsSm angn-p-\np-t, t]mbn B
a\p-jys\ hnfn-p-sImv hcq. hn-sn Ahs ssekkv Rm sXdnnpw Fv ]d-bq...''
Abm B a\p-jys\ tXSn ]pd-s-p.

hnhcw ]d--tm B a\p-jy BsI
hnj-an-p. Hcp IS-m-cs
- \-tmse ]Xp-n.
IqsS-tm-cm `b-p. ]Icw Iptd t\mpI Hcp Ih-dn-env Xp. ]ngbpw {]mbn-hpw tNv.
B Ih Abm taep- t Zym- K - s\
Gn-p-tm hnh-i-\mbn C-s\sbms Hmn-cp-p. taep-tZym-K-
]cn-{`-an-v Ip-I Nnn thK-n Ih
Ioi-bn-tep XncpIpw. ]t, taep-tZymK- Ih Xpdv kqva-X-tbmsS
t\mp-I cp {]mhiyw Fn. ifw
hmp-tmgpw taep-tZym-K- Cs\
cp {]mhiyw Fnn-s-Sp-m-dp-mbn-cp-p.
""X\n-p-Xv Xm tNmZnv taSn-pthm?''
""C km...''
""X\nv lcn--{-\m-hm-\m-sW-n Cu
hIp-n tNtc-n-bn-cp-n-.''
taep-tZym-K-s apJv A\p-I \ngen-p. Atlw Ih-dn-\-Ip\nv cv
]p-cq] t\mp-I FSpv Abmp
sImSp-p. Fnv D]-tZ-in-p:
bn- p- v . XS- p- \ nn- b npw hmnbnpv.

Asmpw ssIq-en-m-c-\m-bn-cp-n-.
HSp-hn.....
cp-hj-p-apv Hcp ]cmXn htm Xm ssIq-en-m-c-\m-bn......
AXv At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-am-bn-cn-pp.
Xm ]m]w sNbvXn-cn-p-p. Is-dn-bphm hn[n--s-n-cn-p-p.
apm-hcn _wm-hns ap-tv Hcp Imdv
Ib-dn-h-p. XW tXSn Imdv ssXamhns Nph-n-tep \on. Imdns tIcnb-dn Xn In-am--I DXnp.
At\z-jW DtZym-K- Imdn \npw
Cdn. apm- h cn _wm- h ns D- d tv kqva-X-tbmsS t\mn.
]v t\mp-I Fp-tm ImWn
AtX kqva-X.
]ns Imdn \nv ^bev FSpv
Aan--hn-n-smv \S--Sp-p-p....
Abm-fpsS a\-n òXn-bpsS av ASnp-Iq-Sp-p. Ip-I-fn \n-lm-b-XbpsS Iqcn-cp-pw.
""]pXnb Bfm-b-Xp-sImv ]d-p-X-cp-Xm-Wv. taem X\n-p-Xv Xm tNmZnp-ta-Sn-tm-Ww...''
Ccp-n ImgvN \jvS-s-Sp--Xn-\p-apv

Abm Hp-IqsS t\mn. ssIbnse
^b-en\v cq]m--c-ap-m-Ip-p....
hj- F{X Ign- p. Abm

Hmpt\mp-p. F{Xtbm tNmZn-p-taSn-p. òj-Wn-s-Sp-n-bnv F{X hmn-
AXv Imcn-cp-ns \nd-ap-, L\-ap

Iq Hcp ]md--mbn amdp-p.
ZpxJnX-cpsS ZpxJw
57
IX
""apm-hcn _wm-hns ap-tv Hcp Imdv Ib-dn-h-p. XW tXSn Imdv ssXamhns Nph-n-tep \on. Imdns tIcn-b-dn Xn In-am--I DXnp.
At\z-jW DtZym-K- Imdn \npw Cdn apm-hcn _wm-hns D-d-tv
kqv-a-X-tbmsS t\mn.
"]v t\mp-I Fp-tm ImWn AtX kqva-X' Cu hnh-cWw IYbpsS
AY-hym-]vXnv Bw Iqp-Xv Fs\?
IY Ah-km-\n-p-Xv C-s\-bmWv:
""Ccp-n ImgvN \jvS-s-Sp--Xn-\p-apv Abm Hp-IqsS t\mn, ssIbnse
^b-en\v cq]m--c-ap-m-Ip-p...
AXv Imcn-cp-ns \nd-ap, L\-ap Iq Hcp ]md--mbn amdp-p.''
"Iv' AXns km[m-cW AY-n\npw `n-amb Nne AY- ChnsS
Dm-p-nt? ]cn-tim-[n-q.
58
B\v kqNn-n-p ]p-\qsmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw Cu IY-bnse IYm-]m-{X-fp-sSbpw sXmgn-en-t\m-Sp \ne-]m-Sp-I Xmc-Xayw sNp-I.
IX
""\mw hfn hep-Xm-nb Cu ]pXnb Xe-apd

\s Hpw Ku\n-p-n-. ]g-b-sXms tamimm
Ah-cpsS ]w. Ahcv ]gb hoSp-I s]mfnv
]pXn-bXv ]Wn-bp-p. ]pXnb Xcw hop-]-I-c-W hmn-p-p. AXn-s\-Sb
- n \ am{X-amWv
]g-sbmcp hkvXp. AXn-Yn-I ImWm Hcp apntev \sfpw. HtmWw: \fv Fgp]Xp-sImw ChsS Pohn--h-cm. Fsms Ip!
tIp! A\p-`-hn-p! kzmX-{y-k-a-c-n\v kmyw
hln-p. Ncn{Xw Poh-t\m-sS-bp--Xv \sS Xetm- d n- e m- W v . Bs- nepw AXm- h - i ytm?
\tmSv kwkm-cn-m Xs Ahcvv Ad-t?''
22
Cu A`n-{]m-b-tmSv \n tbmPn-p-ptm? FpsImv?
ImW- msW
"At-ho-n-tev' F Ihn-X-bpsS Bap-J-ambn CS-tcn Cs\ ]d-bpp:

""Hcp aI kvt\ln-XmtcmSvv A thj-n \n A-s\-p-dnv
"ChnsS Xmakn- p B' Fv ]d- - X mbn Hcp IY tIn- p- v .
Acsamcs\ kev]n-s-gp-Xn-b-Xv.''
Athon-tev
CS-tcn tKmhn-\mb
hnhm-l-tijw "tbmK-an-ncn' hptN aI-fpsS hnh-c--fdn-bmsX amXrlr-Zbw s\mp. `mcy-bpsS \n_w Imc-Ww, hr-]n-Xm-hn\v k--\mb
acp-a-Is hon-tep sNn-s hmp-sX-n-t-n-h-p.
""]qapJw hnZyp-o-]
tim-`-bm-temfw shp
amaWnlay-ns
app \nq hr.
am\y-am-bp-Sp-n
cp-t], kplr-p-
fmbnSmw, PmamXmhp-
-h-scm-n-cn-p-p.
Atlw Iq, Xs,--hm-d-I-fn
{]tZym-Xn-Xp lmZ-
kzm-K-X-s-fn-h-,
\oc-k--d-bp-a,--
smp kw{àw am{Xw;
t\cn-Sp-sa--s-m
-an-cw _p-Xzs!
aI-fp--d-s-n
-b--s\--q, `r
apJ-a-ew t\mn
\n-lm-b-bmbv \nq.
Im\n-g \oo-Sp
II-fm-e-h ]ns
m\-S-m-c \npw
]qgn-bn ]qq-In-\m
]n-tI-sStm tXmn
an{X--f-t\z-jn-m
""scpp hnti-j-an-
n-g-h-\mcm''sWmbv
23
IX
hnfnq ]qPn-m-n,m-n-tbm-Sn-m-npw
hnNn-{X-sam-tc-Imew
Pmam-Xm-hn\p Zw!
`m-hp--c-hmbo
`mcy-tbm, ""Sobm-sf- \o
bp-d-s-m Iqn
hXpw sImSp-tq.''
Im hogvItbm thq,
t]msbmcp apn-o
hmtbm? ho -\np
\np-hm ]p{Xn-s-mbv
""Imcy-an--s\-sbm-s
-bm, W- s]mdp-p-sI
t]cn''seo sIo
Im\n-g \opw II.
Fs\ t]mIpw? \npw?

Ipgo, Ipg-bp
XpsS Imen Zw
hnkva-cn-smcp hr.
]mSp-s]-p-m-nb
]pn-cn-tbm-Sm- hr-
tNm-Sp-am-n-sm-t-sd-
_v`w-Kn-bn-tehw sNmo:
]n-tI-Sp-I Ip
an{X- hopw tNmZyw:
""Fpp hnti-j, an
-n-g-h \nmtcm?''
""hgn-sX-pq hb
-m-hp-tm, At hon
b-td-Xm''Wbmfn-do Iq\n-q-\n.
Xz-im--kv{X--fp-d-p-tm
Bkzm-Z-Is\ sshIm-cn-I-ambn kv]in-p Nne khn-ti-j-ap-lq- Cu

Ihn-X-bnepv. Isn NsNp-I.
""tNd-Sn--n XmWp-In-S-t aXn-bmhq

kmc-k-]p-jv]-np kqcys\ kwtk-hn-m
sN-XnaWn-I-tfmsSm-ta ]m-b-n
sNpIqSp-hm sshtmn-s--h-Imiw''
Ihn-X-bpsS Bib]m--e-n Cu hcn-I-fpsS AYXe Is-pI.
""Im\ng \oo-Sp II-fm-e-h ]ns

m\-S-m-c \npw ]qgn-bn ]qq-In-\m.''
"Im\ng \opw II,' "]qgn-bn ]qq-In-\m' Fo {]tbm-K- aI
A\p-`-hn-p am\-knIkwLjw shfn-hm-m F{X-am{Xw klm-b-I-am-hp-p?
\n-fpsS \nco-W Ah-X-cn-n-p-I.
""{]tZym-Xn--Xp- lmZkzmK-X-s-fn-h,
\oc-k--d-bp-a, smp kw{àw am{Xw''
"\oc-k-d' F {]tbm-Ks "kqcy-Imn-'bnse "Id-n-cmhv' F {]tbm-K-hpambn Xmc-XaywsNq. \nco--W- s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-n-q.
24
""hgnsXpq hb-m-hp-tm...'' F {]tbmKw {in-n-t. kmam-\ymY-n

\np]cn-bmbn hgn F ]Z-n\v Cu k`-n as-smw AY-
Is-mw? NsNq.
""IpSpw__--fnse kwLj- hni-I-e\w sNm-\p ]mS-h-amWv CStcn-hn-X-I-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X.'' Cu A`n-{]m-b-ns ASn-m-\-n "Athontev' F Ihn-Xbvv Hcp Bkzm-Z-\-p-dnv Xbm-dm-p-I.
ImW- msW
H- s Sensbpw Ah- K - W - \ - b p- s Sbpw hgn- b n thphotg- - X mtWm

hm[Iyw?
Fgp-]-Xp-Im-cpsS tbmKw
Atim-I Ncp-hn
""Fgp]Xp hbv Ign--h-cpsS tbmKw, Ah-cpsS

Hcp kwL- S \ Fsm- s - - d - b p- t m kaqlw
AsXmcp Xam-i-bm-bn-mWv IW-m-p-I. ]v \mS-I-fnse tImam-fn-I hop-th-e
- m-cm-bn-cp-p. Cv kaql-nse tImam-fn-I hb--m-cmWv.''
tbmK-n\v Hcp XpS--sa \ne-bn cmaIp-n-\mb
kwkm-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. Ccp-p-sIm-mWv kwkm-cn-pXv. Cu tbmK-n Fm-hcpw Ccpp kwkm-cnm aXn FmWv Xocp-am-\w.
cmaIpn\mb Hcp-n--s-bmWv hn-cn-p--Xv.
Ae-n-t shfp hkv{X- [cn-n-cn-p-p.
ucw sNbvX apJv \c--sX-nepw cq]-`w-Kn-bp
Hcp aoi m]n-n-p-v. BI-msS Atlw \ Djmdnem-Wv.
cmaIp-n-\m-b-cmWv Cu tbmK-ns kq{X-[m-c.
tbmKw kwL- S n- n- m thn \S- nb
{iaspdnv Atlw hnh-cn-p. Fgp-]Xphbp
Ign Hmtcm Bsfbpw Atlw hon sNp Incp-p. Nne-scms aSpp {]I-Sn-n-p. kv{XoIv
henb \mW-am-bn-cp-p.
""\psS \mn Ctm Fgp-]Xv hbv Ign-bp-tmgmWv kv{XoIv \mW-ap-m-Ip--Xv.''
Atlw XpSp:
""]-Xp sIm-p-apv Fgp-]-Xn-\-p-dap
PohnXw henb {]iv\-am-bn-cp-n. Imc-Ww, A-s\sbmcp hn[nv hnpsImSp-msX Cuiz-c Ahsc hnfnp-am-bn-cp-p. C-s\b. \psS Cu sNdnb ]W-ns hb-p-sN--h [mcm-f-ap-v. hfsc
Ipd-p-t]tc ChnsS IqSn-bn-p-q. ]ecpw hn-.''
""X-ampw X-ampw IvSmsf t\mem Ctm
]Wn; shfn-m-hptm sXmv Aym-hW hsc.''
25
IX
sNdp-]pjv]w Hmbn anns m]-I

]n.sI. AtmWn ]d-p.
""C{Xtb Rm hnNm-cn-p-p-q. BgvNbn-sem-cn- \ap-smv IqS-Ww. hnNmc ]c-kv]cw ]p-h-bv-Ww. \-fmem-hp hXpw Ifn-mw. ]pkvXI
-
- tfm
amkn-I-Itfm hcpn hmbn-mw.''
cmaIpn\mb Xs BapJw Ah-km\n-n-p.
""Bsc- nepw acn- m \- - h sS
t]mWw. dov sh- W w. dops
ioesIn AXvs kwL- S - t \sS
t]scgvXWw.''
]n.sI. AtmWn Xs A`n-{]mbw Iqntp.
sNdp-hmsc i-cIpn kwkm-cn-m-\mbn
Fgp-t-p. Atm ap tbmKmw-K-
At-l-tmSv Fgp-tt--Xn-sv
Hma-s-Sp-n. Atlw Ccp-p.
""\apv kaq-l-tmSv Hcp tNmZy-ap--bn-Ww. Fgp-]Xp hbv Ign R
FpsN-Ww? R-fpsS PohnXw Ahkm-\ntm? Ah-km-\n-q-m-sW-n Hcp
adp-]-Sn-IqSn thWw. PohnXw IrXym-bnv
F-gmWv Ah-km-\n-p-Xv? F-gmWv
AXv sXmS-p-Xv?''
CsXmcp Zmi-\nI{]iv\a
- m-Ib
- m ctm
aqtm t]scm-gnsI amcpw Imcy-amb {i
ImWn-n-. ]n.sI. AtmWn cmaIpn
\mb-cpsS sNhn-bn-setm ]d-bp-I-bm-bncp-p.
""CSbvv Hcp Imcyw''- cmaIp-n-\m-b
tbmK-ns {i Wn-p:
""Nmb hcp-m-\m-Wv. a[pcw thm-Xv
Bsm- s - b m- s Wv Adn- m
sImmw.''
a[pcw thm-h
- Bcp-ap-m-bn-cp-n.
cmaIp-n-\m-bv B-cy-am-bn:
""Atm jpK
Bcqtey?''
26
Iw- b np- - h cv
cma-hm-cy-cmWv AXn\v adp-]Sn ]d--Xv:

""F\nv jpK-dp-v, {]j-dp-v. Hs-v.
AXp hb-p-ap-X Fgp-]X
- p-hb
-
- p-hsc
ssSwtS- _ n shm Rm Pohn- Xv .
A\n- b m afv Ip- ] n- S n- pw.
Fgp]Xv Ign-tm \nb-{-W-sams
amn. Hs kpJm-bnv Ign-pw. afv XSb-Wq-ey.''
sNdp-hmsc i-cIpn hop-sa-gp-t-p.
A_w kzbw a\-n-emn Atlw Ccpp. At-l-ns A`n-{]m-b- Ignn-cp-n-:
""\mw hfn hep-Xm-nb Cu ]pXnb
Xe-apd \s Hpw Ku\n-p-n-. ]g-bsXms tamimm Ah- c psS ]w.
Ahcv ]gb hoSp-I s]mfnv ]pXn-bXv
]Wn-bp-p. ]pXnb Xcw hop-]I
- c
- W
-
-
hmn-p-p. AXn-s\-S-bn \ am{XamWv ]g- s bmcp hkv X p. AXn- Y n- I
ImWm Hcp apn-tev \sfpw.
HtmWw: \fv Fgp- ] - X p- s Imw
ChsS Pohn--h-cm. Fsms Ip!
tIp! A\p-`-hn-p! kzmX-{y-k-a-c-n\v
kmyw hln-p. Ncn{Xw Poh-t\m-sS-bp-Xv \sS Xe-tm-dn-em-Wv. Bsnepw AXm-h-iytm? \tmSv kwkmcnm Xs Ahcvv Ad-t?''
sNdp-hmsc i-cIpn ]dp\ndp-n.
""ANyp-Xamjv CXp-hsc Hpw ]d-n-tm. FmZv? amjt Imcym-bnv ]dtb-Xv. R-sfms tIzm--ms.
tM?''
cma-hm-cy tNmZn-p.
Fm- h cpw ANyp- X amsj Xm]- c y]qhw t\mn. Fmw {inptIpsImv Atlw s_ns Hc-v Ccnp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p. kztX Nnm-a
- a
- mb B
apJv Ctm Hpw Dt-ja
- n-. Atlw
I-S-bqcn tai-p-d-p -h-p. s\n-bn
hnc-ep-sImv Xtem-Sn.
ImW- msW
""Fm ]d- t b- - s Xv \n- b - e y.

\psS Hma- I - s fms \psS
buh\s Npn- - n- b m- W v . C- g s
sNdp--mv {][m\w Ah-cpsS buh\am-Wv. CXp-cpw cp Ime-am-Wv; cp
temI-am-Wv. CXp Xn kmam-\y-ambn
IqSn- - g n- n Dm- h pI h. Ahcv
AhcpsS hgn-p-t]m-s. \mw i]n--cp-Xv.''
sNdp-hmsc i-cIpn Cu A`n-{]m-btmSv tbmPn-n-.
""ANyp-X amtj, Htm-Ww. bphXzw
am{X- a mtWm Pohn- X w? Fgp- ] Xpw
F]Xpw Ign F{X-sb{X {]Xn-`mim-en-Ifv \apv Npp-ap-v. Ah-cmcpw
hn{ian--Wn--tm.''
ANyp-Xamjv ]d-p:
""bphXzw am{X-amWv Pohn-Xwv Rm ]dn- . ]t, km[m- c W a\p- j ys
hk- I m- e - w AXm- W v . Fm- b mepw
\psS \-Imew Ign-n-cn--Wp. C\n
Imcy-am-bnv {]Xo-n-m-hp-Xv Hp
am{X- a m- W v . AXv \njv { ]- b m- k w, Hcne
s]mgn-bpw-t]m-se-bm-hpI F-Xn-emWv
\p-sS-sbms C\n-bp B\-w. a\v
ip-amn AXn\p Xbm-dm-hmw.''
cmaIpn\mb ]dp:
""AsX. AXm Rm ]dt. \mw Bscbpw
hnain- mt\m i]nmt\m C. \apv
hnNm-c-fpw A`n-{]m-b
- f
- p-ap-.v AXv ]c-k]
v cw
tIm
\apt
Xm]cy- m- h q. AXpsImv \apv IqsS-qsS
IqS- W w.
AXn- s \mcp
kwLw thWw, ew
thWw.''
]ns Bcpw
A`n{]mb
]d-n-. tbmKw ASp \S-]-Sn-I-fntep IS-p. kwL-S-\bvv `mc-hm-lnIsf \n-bn--Ww. Hcp {]kn-U v, Hcp
sk{I--dn, Xmew A{X-a-Xn. ]noSv
Bhiyw t]mse Iqn-tm-a-tm.
ANyp-X amjv {]kn-Um-hWw F
A`n-{]mbw cma-hm-cy-cmWv D-bn--Xv.
Xs tX ]p-I Imn Nncn-p-sImv
hmcy AXp ]dp Xocpw- a pt]
ANypXamjv hnfnptNmZn-p:
""Atm, Rmt\m?''
ANyp-Xamjvv B \ntZiw Hpw CjvSam-bn-. At-l-ns apJw I\-p.
]t, tbmKmw- K - - s f- m- h cpw henb
Dm- l - n Atlw aXn- s bv
\n_w]nSn-p.
""ANyp-Xamjv Cs\ \tm-sSmw
Ccn-ptm asm-cm {]kn-Um-hn-ey.
AXn- \ mpw Nqw hcn- . amjv
HgnhpIgnhv ]d-b-cp-Xv.''
""{]kn-U vv shm-t{X-q. \-fntm
ae-a-dn-m-s\mpw t]mWn--tm.''
ANyp-XamjvsS hnk--Xs tbmKw
Ku\n- n- . Atlw {]kn- U mbpw
cmaIp-n-\m-b sk{I--dn-bmbpw \n-bn-s-p. tbmKw Ah-km-\n-p-I-bm-Wv.
Ah-km-\s \S-]S- n-bmbn {]kn-Uns
Hcp D]-kw-lm-c{- ]-kwKw thW-sav AwKv B{K-l-ap-m-bn.
ANypX amjvsS apJ-p-\nv \ockw
hnp-am-dn-bn-cp-n-. Atlw ]dp:
""A- s \bm B{K- l wv shm
Bbv t m- s . Fm {]kw- K n- ms\mpw F\nv h. Hcp Imcyw am{Xw
]d-bmw. BgvN-tXm-dp-ap IqS-em-Wtm
\psS apJy-]-cn-]m-Sn. Bcpw tbmK-n\p
hcm-Xn-cn--cp-Xv. hcm-\m-hn-s-n hnhcw
apIqn Adn-bn--Ww. Fm-sz-m,
\psS {]mb- m- c m- h ptm Adn- b nneymv apS-n-bm ]e i-Ipw
CS-bp-m-hpw.''
27
IX
tbmKw Ignv hon-tep \S-p-tm

ANyp-Xamjvv hm Pmfyw tXmn.
Fsmcp Ducm-p-Sp-n-emWv Xm AdnbmsX sNps]- X v . t\c- a m- s W- n
Gsd sshIn.
hop-hm-Xn hnS-cp-Ibpw hmNm-e-amhp-Ibpw sNp Ip-I. XnSp--n

]pSh De-bp kzcw.
""tam\nv Fm ]d-t--dntbm?''
""Fm ]d-Xv?''
Ctm aI\pw acp- a - I fpw kop

Ignv Xncn- s - n- b n- p- m- b n- c n- pw.
Xncp-I-sfm-gnv Ahp e`n Hcp
Rmb- d m- g v N - b m- W n- v . Atcw hoSv
A\mY- a mn Xm ]pd- s - Xp icnbmbn.
ANyp-Xamjvv aI-s\bpw acp-aI
- s
- fbpw
t]Snbm-sW-m-Wv Bfp-I ]d-bp--Xv.
aI ]d-Xp- hnv Atlw \S-n-mt{X. icn-bm-Wv, ANyp-Xamjv ]d-bpw:
""Iptdmew Ahcv \s t]Sn--X-t.
C\n \apv Ahsc t]Sn-mw.''
Hcp aI-\mWv ANyp-Xamjvv D-Xv.
Ah hfsc kv a mmWv ; ]Tn- p
Imev ]Tn-n-epw Ctm _nkn-\-nepw. ]gb \mep-sIv s]mfnv Ah at\ml-c-amb Hcp hoSv ]Wn-Xp. ANyp-X
amjvv am{X-ambn Hcp apdn-bpv. apdn-bn
Sohnbpw sdmUv sb-dp-sam-s-bp-v.
]t, ANyp-Xamjvv Ctmgpw ]pkvXI- hmbn-m-\mWv Xm]-cyw.
Cubn-sS-bmbn Hcp Ipn- t bm- s S
t]mse-bmWv aI ANyp-Xam-tjmSv
s]cp- a m- d p- - X v . Fpw Xam- i - b m- b nt
]dbq.
kwkm-cn-p-tm AXn-\-\p-k-cnv hnScpIbpw hmNm-ea
- m-hp-Ibpw sNp Ahs
Ip-I ANyp-Xamsj ]eXpw Hmann-pw.
]gb Hcp ss{]adn kvIq A[ym-]-Is
hon- t e- p aS- - a m- W v . JZ Pp
hnbsm-n-bn-cn-pw. Xqn-n-Sn-p
ASpptNmp- ] m- { Xhpw I- n
As "lnp'-]-{Xhpw. \o IpSbpw
apJs `K-XvknMv aoi-bpw.
28
ANyp-Xamjv kmh-[m\w tNmZn-p-p.

Atlw apdn-bn-sen hkv{Xw amdp-IbmWv. Atlw Imepw apJhpw Igp-In.
Nmcp-I-tkc \nhn-bnv ]{Xw hmbn-m\p Xbm-sd-Sp-n-em-Wv. bpw apdp-Ip-p.
hm[-bn F.sF.-kn.-kn. tNcp-I-bm-Wv.
""hcqt.''
]{Xw hmbn- m- \ p
{iaw XS- - s - S p- p.
]nSnphen--sv
Atlw AIs Adbn- s e- p- p. Ad- b nemsI Ccp-m-Wv. Fmepw
sXfnp ImWmw, sXmnen Ah InS-p-I-bm-Wv.
Hcp Im sas-bmn Dm-k`m- h - n Ah ssIbpbp-p. IpSp-IpsS Nncnp-p.
ANyp- X amjv Hmp:
Ctm- f - a p Pohn- X n Ghpw ktm-jnXv Am- W v . Ah
apJ-p-t\mn Xncn-dnv Nncn--tm.
""{Xt\cw Ah Am
Amv ]d-bzm-bn-cp-p.''
\mfn-tIcw sh shfns ]pc apSn-bpsS
aWw. ape- m- e ns
aWw. hc- nb DnbpsS Ipp aWw.
Dn BmZw Xncb-Sn-ptmgpw
ImW- msW
AXp ]pdpImWnp Bfm-bn-cp-n

ANyp-Xam-jv. Atlw Hpw ann-bn.
]{Xw hmbn-m-\mbn ]qap-J-tv Xncnp-t]mp.
]no-sSm-cn-, ]\n-p Ah-s-bcnIn cp-t]cpw Dd--sam-gnv Ccn-pI-bm-bn-cp-p. Atm \mephbv {]mbap-v. cm{Xn-bpsS Hmtcm Zo\-kw-Ko-Xhpw
Ah tIp. Dd-m hmsX Ah
Rcn. ]p-I Incp-In-cp-p. ""\oe-p
thWw'' Ah ]d-p.
Ah- c psS XWp ssIhn- c - e p- I
ANypXamjvsS Npa-en Aap. B
Ip-I hmsX Xfn-cp-p. Ah-bn
Ip-\o s]mSn-p. kmz-\n-n-m-\p
hmN-I- ssIbn-ep Bfm-bn-cp-n
ANyp- X am- j v. Atlw astm
t\mnbncp-p.
Xpf-kn-\o-cn Nmen tKm]o-N--\mZn
KpfnI Ah\p sImSp-psImn-cp-p.
]pe-bm-b-tm Ah kz-\mbn
Ddn. ]\n hn-I-n-cp-p.
t\cw shfp--tm Ah ]Xn-hn-msX
InS-p-I-bm-Wv. ANyp-Xamjv ASpp
sNp.
m-bn-cn-pw. Ipp-v sImSp-t

acp-n-s\-p-dnpw `-W-s-p-dn-pambn ANyp-XamjvsS kw`m-j-W-.
aI hep- X m- b - t m ANyp- X amjv
kzIm-cy-amb temI-n-tep aS-n. aI
an-tmgpw Sqdn-em-bn-cn-pw. acp-a-I Hbv m- h p- - X psImv Atlw ]pdsmpw CubnsS t]mIm-dn-.
cma- h m- c y- c psS \n_w sImmWv
Atlw Cv tbmK-n\p sN-Xv. sNdphmsc i-cIp-n-bpsS hmN-I
- amsj
\ncm-i-\m-n. asf kvt\ln-p-Xv
Hcm-fpsS am\-kn-I-amb Hcm-h-iy-am-Wv.
AXn\p {]Xn-êw tNmZn--cp-Xv.
ANyp-Xamjv hon-se-n-b-tm t\cw
Ccp-n-bn-cp-p. aIs kvIq ap-p-v.
Atlw tImfnMvs_n hnc-e-an.
acp-a-I-fmWv hmXn Xpd--Xv. I-]msS
Ah s]m-n-n-cn-p.
""A\p shey Kaym-W-tm. {]kn-Umbo--dn-p. Rfv t]mcpwhgnv Hcp
s_ms hm- W wv Icp- X o- X m.
skdnev H ]qtSw sXmd-n-n-.''
adp-]Sn ]d-bmsX ANyp-Xamjv AI-pI-bdn tkm^-bn Ccp-p.
""F\nv hmv tXm-Wp.''

Xs s\n-bn Atlw XtemSpw Fv
Ah hnNm-cn-n-cn-pw. ]t, ANyp-X
amjv A-s\-bp {]W-b-eo-e-I-fn
Ap hniz-kn-n-cp-n-. Atlw Ahsc
Ap Xtem-Sn-bn-. sXm-Xp-t]m-ep-an-.
]noSv Atlw Xo{h-ambn AXm-{K-lnp,
Hp sXmSm. ]t, Ah-cS- pp hn.
""Zm Fs sXmtmfq'' Fp ]d-p
Ah-cpsS s]mn-n-cnbpw Ic-nepw B
]gb hoSns Ccp-n-se-hn-sS-sbm-stbm
tIp Fp -am-{Xw.
ANyp-Xamjv ]noSv hfsc tkm^vmbn
FmWv Bfp-I ]d-bp--Xv. At-lns hncp-n Ftmgpw aI-\p-
""Xmew Rm \smcp Iv Imn

Xcmw. s_mtw amtew ]nm-hmw, t?''
Ah AI-p -t]m-bn.
_mv S h- e p- a mbn aI hp. Ah
t\mp- n- . Npv Hcp I- n- c nbpv. Hp-a-dn-bm `mh-n Ah
apSn NoIp-I-bm-Wv. ANypX amtjmSv
thtWm CXv?
A-ka
- b
-
- p-tijw Ah i_vZw
Xmgvn tNmZn-p-p:
""Fm Am, h ]n-ntm [tWym
atm \nn-bn-vv-tm?''
ANyp-Xamjv Imn Ign-p. aI-sbpw
acp-aI
- fpsSbpw Ipkr-Xn-Is
- fms Xop
29
IX
Fp t_m[y-am-b-tm Atlw sas

Fgp-tv Xs apdn-bn-tep t]mbn.
kwL-ns cm-as tbmKw cmahmcy-cpsS hon-emWv IqSn-b-Xv. an AwKfpw Djm-tdmsS lmP-cm-bn-p-m-bn-cpp. ]t, Hcp hnja{]iv\-ap-m-bn.
{]kn-Umb ANyp-Xamjv Fn-bncpn. Fm- - X ns Adn- b npw
Atlw Adn-bn-n-cp-n-.
""Ado- n- e ymv samS- cv X v v ANypXamjv shey Imcy-nev ]d-X-t.
vvtm....''
]n.sI. Atm-Wnp ipWvTn -h-p.
""Fs-nepw Imcy-ap-mhpw.''
ANyp- X amjv s S Akmn[yw Av
Ahc{X Imcy-am-n-bn-.
]t, aqm-whw tbmK-nepw ANypXamjv \Inb Zpq-N-\-bmWv Ahsc
t]Sn-n--Xv.
{]mb- a m- b - X n- \ p- t ijw Cubn- s S- b mbn
Bkv X v a amsj ]nSn- I q- S n- b n- p- s v
]ep-a-dn-bmw. dn-b sNbvX-tijw Hcn sNdnb an lmv Unkokv DmbXv cma-hm-cy Hmp. Av Bip-]{Xn-bn sNp I-tm amjv Nncn-psImp ]d-p:
""hn apn-bn hmcy-tc.''
tbmK-\-S-]-Sn-I Bcw-`n-msX Ah
Imn-cp-p. ANyp-XamjvsS hoSp-hsc
Hp-t]m-bmtem Fv cma-hm-cy A`n-{]mb-s-p. Fm-hcpw AXv icn-h--Xm-Wv.
Atm- g mWv ANyp- X amjv s S `rXy
app {]Xy-s
- -X
- v. Fm-hcpw BImw-tbmsS Fgp-t-p. cmaIp-n-\m-b
thKw ]pd-tv Cd-n-s-p.
`rXys apJp k-S-am-bn-cp-p. t]mn\npw Hcp IS-em-sk-Spv Abm
cmaIpn\mbsc Gn-p.
AXv ANyp-XamjvsS Im-bn-cp-p.
AXn Cs\ Fgp-Xn-bn-cnp-p:
""am\y tbmKmw-K--tf, Ign XhW
Adn-bn-n-msX tbmK-n ]s-Sp-mXn-cp--Xn\v Rm \nhymPw amptNmZnp-p. Ign-mgvN tImb--q-cn hv
Fs aI\v Hcp kvIq BIvkn-U v ]n.
Ahs\ saUn- tImtfPv Bip-]-{Xnbn {]th- i n- n- n- c n- p- I - b m- b n- c p- p.
Cp ]pes Ah ac-W-a-S-p.
C-hW
- bpw tbmK-n ]s-Sp-p-hm
F\nv \nhm- l - a n- . Fs am\y
kvt\ln-X-m an--Ww.
asmcp ImcyhpwIqSn, Fs {]kn-U v
m\-p-\nv Hgn-hm--W-sa At]-bm-Wv. F\nv Npa-X-e-I IqSp-IbmWv. Ccw s]mXp-Im-cy-v C\n
kabw Inp-sap tXmp-n-.''
]cn-NnXK-
30
ImW- msW
""]noSv Atlw Xo{h-ambn AXm-{K-ln-p, Hp sXmSm. ]t, Ah-c-Spp

hn-. ""Zm Fs sXmtmfq'' Fp ]d-p Ah-cpsS s]mn-ncnbpw Icnepw B ]gb hoSns Ccp-n-se-hn-sS-sbm-stbm tIp Fp -am{Xw.''
kqN-\-I-fn-eqsS IY ]d-bp coXnv Cu IY-bn \nv IqSp-X DZm-l-cW- Is-q. Ah IYbvp \Ip at\m-lm-cn-X-sb-p-dnv N
sNq.
Hc-km-[m-cW hyn-Xz-n-\p-S-a-bmWv ANyp-Xamjv. At-l-ns kz`m-hkhnti-j-X-I Isn IYm-]m-{X-\n-cq-]Ww Xbm-dm-p-I.
IY-]-d-bp--Xn\v IYm-Irv kzoI-cn Nne X{- {in-pI:
ANyp-XamjpsS D]-kw-lm-c-{]-kw-K-nse kqN-\-I
At-l-ns Akp-J--sf-p-dn-p ]cm-ai-
ANyp-Xam-jpsS IpSpw-_-s-p-dn-p lrZy-amb hnh-cWw
Atlw sImSp--b Inse hcn-I
aIs acWw Ah-X-cn-n coXn
Cm-cy--sfms ]cn-K-Wnv IYbvv Hcp \ncq-]Ww Xbm-dm-p-I.

$
buh\-s-p-dn-p cp ImgvN-m-Sp-I-fmWv sNdp-hmsc i-cIp-n-bp-sSbpw

ANyp-Xamjp-sSbpw hmp-I-fn sXfn-bp--Xv. GXn-t\m-SmWv \n tbmPnpXv? Fp-sImv? \n-fpsS \nco--W- Ah-X-cn-n-q.
31
IX
hr-P\
-
- sf ]cn-Nc
- n-p-Xv Pohn-X{- h-Xa
- mnb F{X-sb{X IYm-]m-{X-sf
]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k--fn Is-m-\m-hpw!
Zi-cYhnem]w
Fgp--
""kzman, Zi-c-Y-\mb cmPmhp Rm
Zm-tl\ Rm Pew-sIm-p sNp-hm

Zmlw sISp \o Xo sImSp-n\n.
ama-]-cm-[n\w cn--th-Wta!
Rm\-dn-bmsX arK-bm-hn-h-i-\m
bm\ Xo IpSnpw \mZ-sa-tmp
_mW-sa-bvtX-\-Xn-]m-]n-bm-tbmcp Rm;
{]mW If-bp--Xp-n\n sshIm-sX.''
]mZ--fn hoWp tIWo-Sp-sa-tmSp
tJZw- I-ep sNmm ap\n-_m-e-I:
""Ia-at{X XSp-m-h-X-mpta
{_-l-Xym-]m-]-ap-m-I-bn tX.
sshiy\t{X Rm aa ]nXm--msc
bmiz-kn-n \otb-Xpta sshIm-sX.
hm[-Iy-tadn Pcm-\-c-bpw -]qp
t\{Xhpw ImWmsX ]mn-cp-o-Sp-p-
32
hrm--sa-m-a-h-tcm-S-dn-bn
kXy-sa-m-e-h \n-sbpw cn-pw.
FpsS XmX\p tIm]-ap-m-Intem
\nsbpw `kva-am-o-Sp-a-dnI \o.
{]mW- t]mImp ]oU-bp-thpw
_mWw ]dn \o sshI-cp-tX-Xp-ta.''
FXp tIp iteym--cWw sNbvXp
]ns--Pew Ie-ihpw ssIsmp
Z-Xn-am-cn-cn-p--hn-tS--Xn
kw{`-a-tmSp Rm sNpw Zim--tc,
""hr-X-tbmSp t\{X-fpw thdp-s]
[-cm-{Xnp hnip Zmln-tlm
ImW- msW
hn-p-sa-p Xop t]msbmcp

]p{X-\p-anp ad-p-I-f-ntXm?
an-sm-cm-{ibw Rsm-cp-\mfpw
appw `hm-s\m-gn-sp sshIo-Sp-hm?
`n-am-t\-hpw ap-sa-m-a-Xn
kz-\mbv hntXm \o Ipamcm! _em?''
C{]-Imcw \ncq-]n-n-cnpw hn[u
a]m-Z-hn-\ym-k-P-[z\n tImbn
Ims-cp-amw aZobw XZm tIp
Xm]-cy-tamSp ]dp P\-I\pw:
""sshIp-hm-s\-p-aqew aa \\!
thtK\ Xo XcnI \o kmZ-cw.''
C-am-IWy Rm Z-Xn-am]Zw
`ym \a-kvI-cn-s-{Xbpw òX-\mbv
hrm--sa-m-a-dn-bn-n-X-tcw:
""]p{X-\---tbm-[ym-[n-]-\m-Inb
_me-s\-p \a-kvI-cn-t-\-Xp
aqe-a-h-\p-sa-tmSp sNmo-Sn-\m:
]rYz-o-h-c Rm Zi-c-Y-s\p t].

cm{Xu h\mt arK-bm-hn-h-i-\mbv
""Ia-at{X aa h-XnXp Xh
{_lXym-]m-]-ap-m-I-bn tX.
imZq-e-ap-Jy-ar-K--sfbpw sImp
]mn-cp-t \Zo-Xotc arKm-i-bm.
Ipw-s]m-Snp hb-p-ta-sd-pp
]W-im-emt hnip Zml-smSpw
Ipw`-n \oc-Iw-]p i_vZw tIp

Ipwò-h-c \nP Xpn--cw-X-n
Fs-bpw- ]mn-cnpw ]nXm--mp

Xo sIm-Sp'' sbs-tmSp sNmn-\m.
Aw`-p-sIm-p i_vZ-sa-tm-bm
ebt-\-dn-bm-sX, bXpw _em
Rm\Xp tIp-g-tmSp ht-\n\n

m\n-Ifmw \n-sfms an--Ww.''
]p{X\p sIm-t\-cp Ic-n tI

s{Xbpw òX-\mbv X{X sNo-Sn-t\.
A[ym--cm-am-bWw (Atbm-[ymIm-w)
""Ipw`n \oc-Iw-]p i_vZw tIp

Ipwò-hc \nP Xpn-cw Xn
Aw`-p-sIm-p i_vZ-sa-tm-bm
e-b-t-\-dn-bmsX''
i_vZ-hn-\ymkwsImv Ihn Cu hcn-Ip \Inb at\m-lm-cn-X-sb-mWv?
cm{Xu, h\m-t, ]W-im-emt XpS-nb ]Z- {in--tm. Ccw ]Z-fpsS {]tXy-IX Isn Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-I.
33
IX
{]mb-am-b-hsc ip{iq-jn-t--Xns Bhiyw Fgp-- \s t_m[y-s-Spp-Xv Hcp IY hgn-bm-Wv. t\cn-p D]-tZ-ineqsS Xz-{]-t_m-[\w \Sp `mK-fpw Fgp-- IrXn-I-fn-ep-v.
Cu hcn-I {in-q:
""t`mK--sfmw W-{]`m-N-ew
thtK\ \jvS-am-am-bp-p-tam \o
hlv\nk]vXteml-mw_p_np-\m
kn`w ay-Pw W-`w-Kpcw
Np-x{i-h-W-K-f-amw ZZpcw
`-W-n--t]-n-p--Xp-t]mse
Imem-ln-\m- ]-cn-{K-kvXamw temI-hp
amtem-e-tN-Xkm t`mK- tXSpp.
]p{X-an-{XmY-I-f-{XmZnkwKa
sa{X-bp-a--ImenX-tam \o''
A[ymcmam-bWw Infn-mv Atbm-[ym-Im-w
IqSp- X `mK- Isn mkn ]mcm- b Ww sNbv X v Bi- b N

\Spatm.
34
ImW- msW
""Ime-an-\n-bp-ap-cpfpw, hnjp- hcpw,

hjw hcpw, Xncp-thmWw hcpw, ]ns
-tbmtcm Xfn-cn\pw ]qhcpw, Imbvhcpw, Asm
gmscp-sa-spam-dnbmw? \ap-
n-sm-go-bm{Zsbm-cmbv,
kuaycm-sb-Xn-tcmw;
hcn-I- k-Jo, bcn-I-p-tNp-\nq,
]g-sbmcp a{w kvacn- \mat\ym-\y
aqp-h-Sn-I-fmbv \nmw:
lm! k^-e-ao-bm-{X.''
k^-e-ao-bm{X F.-F. -I-mSv
]c-kv]cw Dup-h-Sn-I-fmbn \np Z-Xn-am-cpsS Nn{Xw Cu Xnc--Ym`m-Kv F{X lrZy-ambn Bhn-jvIcn-ncnpp.
Hcp sNdp-]p-ncn
Fw.Sn.- hm-kp-tZ-h\mb
ko 50 F
]I
{Kma- ] mX
Am- f p, Ipdpv
Ah X\nsb \S- p- p.
Amfp : (ssI \on) _mKv Cv Xt-q, I\w v.

Ipdpv
: Hmdpw apn-cntw BWv. \ntev Fm?
Amfp : Hcp skvap-v. AXv Rm ]nSn-mw. Is\m--X-t.

Ipdpv
: (hmin-bn) CsX-\nv XXm Ah! A{X Zpc th.

Rm ]nSn-tm-fmw.
Ah \S- p- t m
Ipdpv
: \obv ame-Xn-stm sImSp-vWXv I-tm.
Amfp : AsXms Rm sImSp-p.

Ipdpv
: IW--dn-b-Wtm F\nv? Fm sImSp-Xv?
Amfp : (kwi-bn-v) Hcp IpXn-c--h.

Ipdpv
: (Btem-Nn-v) Atm C\n \msew _mn v, At?
Amfp : Dw
Ipdpv
: _ot\w `mhpw IqSn hcp-tm H-hv. ]ntw aqvmhpw. Dw.

\mXv \m- n- c pdpnI ]h\p she Imev hmoXm
AsXms!
Amfp : Ieym-W-s-e-hn\v Pm\q\v Hpw sImSp-nt?
35
Ipdpv
IX
: (Kuc-h-n) Dw. Fs \mp-a-cymZ ]Tn-n-!
Amfp : F{X?
Ipdpv
: (Kuc-h-n) AXv \ob-dn-b-. ChnsS hc-hvsN-ehv IWv hbv-WXv

Rm\m!
\S-p-p. ky-bpsS ]m--e-n Ah ]Xp-s--Xps {Kma-{]-Ir-Xn-bn-eqsS \S-p-p. Atm

Ieym-W-ho-n \nv ssav sSn-Mv... ]ns kwKo-Xw.
Ipdpv
: Hm, ssasms shv tIam-vW-tm Pm\p!
Amfp : Hmatm? Ieym- W - n\v RsS honepw dnmUv shn- c p- p.

Aqdmm-bn-cpp kZy. \nc-pvv sXmv Ggp Znnev Cun]sS
Iam-\w. Fw.F-kv.-kp--e-vaosS dnmUm-bn-cpp A[n-tImw. Atemav.
]m--e-n Ieym-W-ho-n \nv kwKo-Xw. `qX-Im-e-kva-c-W-I-fn \na--cmbn Ah \S-p-p.
Amfp : ipWvTn-m-c-\mm Fmcpw ]d--Xv. F\npw AtXmv t]Sn-bm-bn-cpp.

ameSvtm Hp t\mn. Agpw henb Kuc-hw.
Ipdpv
: (Nncn-v) ]cn-{`-aw. BsI ]cn-{`-am-bn-cp-p. ]ns-gm t]Sn-am-doXv?
Amfp : _nev t]mbnt? hon-ebvv Iqn-sm-tzmhptm. ASp--Sp-n-cp-tm

IqSn Hv t\mvWn-. apJv ipWvTn-X-s.
Ipdpv Nncnbpw Kuchhpw Ie `mh- n tIp- p.
Amfp : _ns aWw Xn-b-tm hmsX OZn-m hp. Atm AXn-tesd

t]Sn. Atm Bcpw ImWms Hcp sNdp-\m-c ssIbn Xv ]d-nt!
aW-n-tm-fq. OZn hcn-. t\mp-tm Hcp Nncn! sNtdy Hcp ]pn-cn.
Ipdpv
: (Ipdv ]Xps Nncn-p-p) hm-sm-tcma!
Amfp : (A]w Kuc-h-n) B Nncn Fpw Rm ad-n-. t]Sn- Hcm-f-.

Hcp Nm-Xn-X-s-bmWvv tXmn-bXv, B sNtdy Nncn Nncn t\cw
sXmmWv.
Ipdpv Xpdp Nncn- p- p. Ah hopw \S- p- p.
36
ImW- msW
ko 51
ASp ]I
hoSv
Am-fp, Ipdpv
tai-p-dv ]I h hn`-h-. DuWv Ign-bm-dm-bn-cn-p-p. ]mbkw Ign-p Ipdp-nt\mSv
Amfp : aXn. C\n ]cnp]mbtkmw v.

Ipdpv
: ]meS \m-bn. Pm\p Hs tIam-bn-p-X-s-bm-Wv. F{m-n-cnsS tZlw

Hpw tami-ey.
Amfp : (]cnp]mbkw hnf-p-tm) Ipdp aXn. Dw, aXn.

Atm t^mtIm.
Amfp : Rm t\mmw.
Imc-W-h hnkvX-cnv ]mbkw Ign-p-p. Amfp t^mWn ]d-bp i_vZw tImw: F\nvkpJeymv
tIv shdpsX h-Xm-Wv... B _o\-tamfpw mbn-cp-p... A DuWp Ign-m... B, Rm ]d-bmw... Hm,
Atm IjvSmbn.
DuWp Ignv Fgp-tv ssI Igp-Ip-tm Amfp hv:
cm[-bm-Wv. tIip h-X-dn-n-p-v. _o\sS Imcyw Ftm Adn-n-pvv

tXmvWp. Rms\mpw ]d-n-.
Ipdpv ssI IgpIn tXmn XpSv :
DuWv Ipdv PmkvXym-bn.

Amfp : B Nn-a-Wn-b--tey. AXv Ipfnap-dn-bn hoWp. Ac-s-sm-Sn-p. Bip]{Xn-em-W-t{X.
Ipdpv
: Ah-sc-sbms Cuiz-c thKw Av hnfn-Iym. AsXm-c-\p-{K-lm-hpw.

Fs\ Ign--XmWv! a\p-jym-h--sb-n \ap-smpw ]d-bm ]n-.
Ipdpv InS-p-ap-dn-bn-te-v.
ko 52
]I
hoSv
InS-p-ap-dn-bn hn{i-an-m-\mbn InS-p Ipdp-v. Amfp hv ]pXv
Im-tev Ib-n-bnv Hcp hip InS-p-p.
Amfp : Rmt\-bv, Ipd-o-kmbn ]tdWw v hnNm-cn-n-v,

Beqcvv h Btem-N-\sS Imcyw.
Ipdpv
: (Kuc-h-n) C\n AXv hnkvX-cn-n-sm Imcyw?

Fs IqsS Ign- b m- \ m- b n- c pp Xte- s e- g pv !
Xont?
Amfp : (Nncn-v) Beq-cvtbv Rm shdpsX ]d--Xm.

Hcm-tem-Nt\w hn-. BZym-bnv F\nv h
BtemN\ CX-m-bn-cp-p. AXv \Sqw sNbvXp.
37
Ipdpv
IX
: (Nncn-v) AXv GI-tZiw Rm\q-ln-n-cp-p. Cm Hcm-tem-N-\sS tIaw

]td-tWev Hcp ckw tm. AXv If-b-m-nv Rm Xn-m-n-cp-Xt CXp-hsc. \obv sIn--av Hmtcmv ]d-bptm apJw t\mym F\n-dn-bnt.
cmfpw s]mn-n-cn-p-p. Abm Kymkv{S-_nsImv H-kz--\m-hp-p. ]ns Dds izmkw hnSpp. Abm Hcp ZoL-izm-k-tmsS a-l-knv InS-p-p.
Amfp : DuWv Ipd--[n-Im-bn. cm{Xn s]mSn-b-cnsS In am{Xw Cncn Ign-m

aXn.
Abm anp- n- . ab- m XpS- p- p.
Btem- N - \ bv p- t ijw
_o\-tamsS Imcyw sImg-smpw IqSmsX Ign-p-Iq-Sn-bm aXn-bm-bn-cpp. \apv Atm-smv hnfn-mw. Cv cm{Xoev
i_v Z - s ampw tIm- - t m:
Hd-n, At?
Ah t\mp-tm Hcp ]n-tI-Sv. a-lm-k-tmsS Imc-W-h InS-p-p. ]t, \n-ew. s\v
ssIh--tm Hcp \Sp-w. Ah-km-\np F \n-_vZ-amb BLmXw apJp ]S-cp-p.
ko 53
]I
Ipdp-ns hoSv
]qap-Jv Ipd-m-fp-I IqSn\np-p. sNdn-sbmcp a\p-jys ac-W-am-Wv.
acn-p-In-S-nb Ipdp-ns Im-tev hv I \a-kvI-cn-p-p. appw hcm--bnep-sams
Bm. Xe-bv a, t]c-p-n-I, tIip-hns `mcy. ]cn-k-c-n tIip.
(cmaIpn t^mWn At\z-j-W-p adp-]Sn ]d-bp-p)
I \a-kvI-cnv XncnsI hcp-tm ]m--e-n hp-Iq-Snb Npcpw t]sc ImWmw.
ko 53 F
cm{Xn
hoSv
hop-]-cn-k-c-n GIm-In-bmbn \np I. AIse
]d- ns AXnn- b n Zln- n- t - S - p- \ np ]pI Dbcp- p. t\ Ccpv . Ccp- ns Hcp Iodp- t ]mse I- \ pw.
ko 54
ky
hoSv
ih-kw-kvIm-chpw apw Ign--tijw Hcp ky. hoSns
]qap-Jv cm[, chn, tIip, Pb, tIip-hns `mcy Fn-h ]teS-mbn Ccn-p-p.
Amfp Nph Nmcn-bn-cn-p-p. Ah-cpsS apJv Io-cn.
hnjmZw AIta Ds-nepw im-amWv `mhw.
38
ImW- msW
chn
: AhnsS Ipdp Znhkw \nIzm. ]ns Hcp amw thW-sap tXmn-bm

tItiz-s ASp-tp t]mImw.
Pb
: Abvv Ipssh-n-tepw hcmw. ]pXnb ew. \mvv Ipdp hnp-\nms a\-n\v kpJw tXmpw. Ctm sImov t\cnv ^vssfp-tm. bm{Xbvv Hcp _pn-ap-q-ey.
tIip
: ]dpw hoSpw Hs B cmaIpn t\mn-tm-fpw. \ she Inn-bm

]ns sImSpqw sNmw. ChnsS Cncn Irjn sNbvXnv Fm Imcyw?
cm[
: FhnsS \nm\m CjvSv A-bmWv \n-bn---Xv.
kp`{Z
: Rm ]d-bzm-m, amdnamdn aqp epw \nmw. CS-bvn-Sbvv Hcp

sNbvv hm Abvv Hcp aSppw tXmn At, At?
A apJ- a p- b n Ahsc t\mp- p.
Amfp : Rms\-h-Sbvpw Ipn-Itf!

(Ah- p- X w)
Pb
: A ChnsS Hbvv Fs\?
Amfp : (Xe-Ip-\nv B-KXw t]mse) Rms\m--bv-. A Cu Npp-h-v

Fgpw Dm-hpw. F\n-smcp _pn-appw hcn Ipn-I-tf.
IqSp- X Bcpw hmZn- F- d n- b npw t]mse A AI- t - v .
ko 55
]I
Ipdp- ns hoSv
a aS- n- t m- b n- c n- p- p. hon A X\n- s b.
ame- X nbpw `mkv I - c \pw IqSn hcp- p.
Amfp tImem- b n XqWn- \ Spmbn \np- p.
bm{X- b v p thj- n- e mWv ame- X nbpw `mkv I - c - \ pw.
`mkvI-c: Rfv t]mhzm. cmgvN Ign-m Hp hcpw. _p-ho-Sp-I-fn-sems

tIdn--gn-n-.
Amfp a-l-knv icn-h-bvp-p. `mkvI-c ]pd-t-v. ameXn ]nsbpw hen-b--bpsS kao]w
\npp. Ahpw hm-smcp hnjm-Z-ap-v. tNmp-]m-{Xw-sImv I AItv.
Amfp : (im-`m-h-n) _pn-ap-msX t]mbn hen-b-. Fs B{K-lw-t]m-seXs.

ameXn
: A-tbmSv Rm {]tXyIw ]d-n-p-v, Chn-Ss Imcyw t\mm.
Amfp : (AXv {in-m-sX) Fm kv{XoIpw B{Klw `mhn-cn-p-tm

acn-p-t]m-tW-m-Wv. awK-ey-tmsS acn-z. F--sbms ]td-WXv tInp-v. AX-dntbzm ame-Xnv?
I hv Am- f p- h ns kao]w \np- p.
Fs {]mY\ adn-m-bn-cp-p. Rm\p-t- m IjvSs

- -SmsX hey- t]mtW
Fv. AXo-iz-c tIp!
ame-Xnv a\-n-em-hp-n-.
39
IX
(ame-Xn-tbm-Sm-bn) Ipnv AXv a\-n-em-hn-. cm{Xn ]mXn-c-bvmhpw

hbnm-f-ev. Atm tamcv thWw. cmkv\m-Zn-sm-Sn-bn-n-s-n Ipfn-m
\ocn-f-w. XWp-p-hn sh-nte Ipfn-m-hq. Blmcw Nne-sXms
hbddn\v Xosc ]nSn-n-. Rm\n-m--tm CsXms Bcm Adnp
sNzm?
ameXn t\mp- p.
ioe--sfms F\n--dn-bvW- am-Xncn thdms-nepw \n-b-mthzm?

Hpw IjvS-s-SmsX t]mbXv `mKyw!
Ah Fgp-tv XqWn-\-Spp hv ]d-n-tep t\mn\np-p.
Ipd--Sn-I \Sv ameXn Xncn-p-t\m-p-p. Atm hen-b XqWp-]n-Sn-p-\nv tXn- -c-bp-I-bm-Wv.
]pd-t-n-d-p ame-Xn-tbmSv
: t\ct acn-Xv `mKym-bo-t hey ]d-Xv?
ameXn
: Dw
: ]ns-n\m hey ItcWv?
ameXn
: AXv... AXv \n\v a\-n-em-hn Im...
ameXn hon-te-v. I AIse \np hen-b-sb t\mp-p.

Amfp XqWn-\-Spp\nv ap-n-dn. ]Xp-s--Xps tXm-n-te-v. Ah tXm-n. Atm
hoinb Imn tXm-nse Ce-Ifpw hn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS kmao]yw a\-n-emhpw t]mse Nen-p-p.
]-en ]Snb Nne hn-I Ahsc Bt-jn-p-p. Rm X\n- F Bizm-k-m ZpxJmb
amv B apJw im-am-hp-p. sNSn-I-fpsS BmZw.
Hcp sNdp]pncn
"Hcp sNdp-]p-ncn' F Xnc--Y-bn\np Pohn-X-s-p-dn-p Nne ImgvN-mSp-I sXfnpInp-p--tm.
IpSpw-_-_---fnse B{Z-Xbpw ZmVyhpw

{]Ir-Xn-a-\p-jy-_w
Pohn-X-nse emfnXyw
apX-em-bh Ah-bn Nne-Xm-Wv. as-sms Is-m-\mhpw? Ccw ImgvNm-Sp-I-sf ka-Im-enIPohn-X-hp-ambn Xmc-XaywsNq.

$
""Amfp XqWn-\-Spp\nv ap-n-dn. ]Xp-s--Xps tXm-n-te-v. Ah

tXm-n. Atm hoinb Imn tXm-nse Ce-Ifpw hn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS
kmao]yw a\-n-emhpw t]mse Nen-p-p. ]-en ]Snb Nne hn-I
Ahsc Bt-jn-p-p. Rm X\n- F Bizm-k-m ZpxJmb amv B
apJw im-am-hp-p. sNSn-I-fpsS Bm-Zw.''
kn\na C-c-samcp Zriy-n Ah-km-\n-n-p-Xns HuNn-Xy-sa-mhmw?
\nK-a-\- s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-n-q.
40
ImW- msW
"Hcp sNdp-]p-ncn' F Xnc-Y ]qW-ambn hmbnv Ipdp-v, Am-fp, I

Fo IYm-]m-{X--fpsS -k-hn-ti-j-X-I Is-q.
"Hcp sNdp-]p-n-cn-'bnse Ipdpv ]d-bp-Xv {in-q. ""a\p-jym-h-sbn \apsmpw ]d-bm ]n'' Cu Bi-bs bqWn-nse ]mT-`m-K--fp-ambn tNphv ]cn-tim-[n-q.
Cm-ev hr-k-Z-\- A\n-hm-cy-am-sWv A`n-{]m-b-ap--h-cpv. AXn-t\mSv

tbmPn-p--hcpw hntbmPn-p--h-cp-ap-m-hpw. Hcp kwhmZw kwLSn-n-q.
41
A- c - - - t XSn
Cu t^mtm-{Km^v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.
sNdn-b -a\p-jycpw henb tem-Ihpw

a\p-j-ym-h
Nn-{Xo-I-cn-m kmln-Xyw am{X-a, Nn{X-fpw kaY-am-
Wtm. Pn. Ac-hn- Chsb Iqn-bn-W-nb In-bm-Wv. At-l-ns

"sNdn-b -a\p-jycpw henb tem-Ihpw' Cu AY-n Hcp Nn-{X-Imhy-amIpp. kvv{Snv Imq-Wn-eqsS kmln-X-y-sbpw ImqIe-sbbpw Zmi\n-I-amb Dcp-ns ]n_-e-n Atlw ka-\z-bn-np-p. ImqWp-I-fn s]mXpth hy--amb Hcp IYtbm IYm-]m-{X-v A\p-{I-aamb hftbm hnIm-ktam ImWm-dn-. Ac-hn--\m-Is, cmap-hns\ tI{IYm]m{Xamn Hcp IY hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p-Ibpw AXn\v BZn-a-[-ym--smcpw Dm-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-p-p.
87
IX
sNdn-b-a\p-jycpw henbtem-Ihpw
88
A- c - - - t XSn
89
90
IX
A- c - - - t XSn
Imq-Wp-Ifnse apJ-y-I-Ym-]m-{X-amb cmap t\cn-Sp {]Xn-k-n-I Fsm-sbmWv?
aqp Imq-Wnepw IS-p-h-cp IYm-]m-{X-am-Wtm KpcpPn. Kpcp-Pn-bpsS kw`m-jW- {in-q. Cu IYm-]m-{X-ns kz`m-h-s-p-dnv Fsmw \nK-a-\-fn-se-n-tcmw?
ta sImSp-n-cn-p Imq-Wnse Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-nsbpw kw`m-j-W-n

sXfn-bp Pohn-Xm-h Xncn--dnv eLp-Ip-dnv Xbm-dm-p-I.
91
IX
\K-cm-gvN-I ]c-k-y--fpsS ImgvN-I IqSn-bm-W-tm. ]c-k-y--fn

a\pjy kzbw \jvS-s-Sp-ptm?
aSp Ifn
Cu
Ifn F\nv aSp- n- c n- p- p.
I\nhm ]e Imcy- fpw a\- n

sImp \S-t Ah-k-c--fn Ahbn-sem-n\p t\scbpw apJw Xncn-m
Ign-bmsX Rm Znh-khpw sIn-sm-ncn-p thjw Fn Ad-pfhmn-pS-n-bn-cn-p-p.
Rm AWn-n-cn-p thj-v
`mcw IqSn-h-cn-I-bmWv. BZyw hcp-tm
CXv C{X-sbmpw Cm-bn-cp-p. hmbn
sImm-hp-{X Imcy-tf hnfnp]dbm Dm-bn-cp-p-q. Fm Ctm
km[-\--fpsS t]cp-I s]cp-In-bn-cn-pp. Hcm-hrn ]dpXocp-tm-tgpw
\mhp Ipg-bpw. hmbnse shw hpw.
icoc-n t]dn-bn-cn-p km[-\-fpsS Fw IqSn-bXp ImcWw t\sc\np hnfn-p-]-d-bm-\p-am-hp-n-. `mc--
92
fp-ambn sXp t\cw kwkm-cnpXpS-ptm-tgpw Xe Ip\n-bm XpS-pw. \sn-\p-n \nv Btcm Nmhm sImSn-p Ah-.
As\ hc Npp-ambn Ip\np
\np-tm-gmWv apX-emfn Imdn hnd-n-b-Xv. hfsc Xam-i-I-e Ftm
Hv Pohn-X-n BZy-ambn ImWp
`mh-n, Fs I-bp-Ss\ apX-emfn
]d-p:
""Cu \nmWv \-Xv. \nhp \nptm shdpw km[m- c W \nmtb
ImWp-h
- Icp-Xq. Bfp-If
- psS {i-bn
s]Sp-Ib
- p-an-. aptm-w Ip\nv \netp hogp- I - b m- s Wtm BIm- i tp ]d- m- t \m- p- I - b m- s Wtm
tXm-ep-m-Ip Hch. \ns apn
Bfp-I Cs\ IqSn-\np--Xns
A- c - - - t XSn
clkyw Cm-sW-\np ]nSn-In-n-b-Xv.''
""tImm, \o Cp Ien.''
kzw Ignp tjmdq-ans AI-tp

Ib-dn-tm-Ip--Xn\p apt Hcp \nKq-V
-c-lkyw shfn-s-Sp-p-tmse apX-emfn
]d-p: ""\nhp \np-Xv Bpw
CjvS-a-spw Adn-bm-atm? Ip\n-bp-XmWv \Xv Fpw. AXp ad-t.''
I- h Sw Ipd- m AXn\pw Ipw

tIt-n-h-cpp: ""FmSm tImm,
\ns sXm Cp hc-n-cptm?''
Abm Hmtcm {]mhiyw tjmdq-an-tev

hcp-tmgpw F\n-p-d-mWv. Hcp ]pXnb
km[-\-ns t]cp-IqSn Rm ]d-tb-nbn-cn-p-p; asmpIqSn Rm Npa-tn-bn-cn-p-p. apX-em-fn-bpsS tjmdq-an
Inm- - X mbn Hp- a n- . \K- c - n
hmm Inp Fm km[-\-fpw HcnSp\np am{Xw hmm Ign- b p
ew FmWv Abm tjmdq- a n- s \
hnti-jn-n-n-cp--Xv. AXp icn-bm-bn-cppXm\pw. apX-emfn tjmdq-an-tep hcptm-sgms ]pXnb Fs-nepw km[\w
IqSn AhnsS Fn-bn-cn-pw.
]ns Fs hnfnv AXns KpWKW ]Tn-n-pIbmbn. AXp ]d-tb-
Dm-c-W-co-Xn. sImXpIpXncn-sb-p-dnp
]d- b p AtX coXn- b n- e m- b n- c n- - c p- X v
om{X-s
- f-pdnp ]d-bp-Xv. ]uUdn-s\-p-dnpw tkmn-s\-p-dnpw kwkmcn-p-tm hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb ioeamWv kzoI-cn-t--Xv. Fmw Ignv
kmnsn-If
- n-semv Fs apXp-Ip
Ib-n-h-bvp--tXmsS apX-emfn IrXmY\m- h pp. FXn- t c- b p Im- S n- b n
sXfn Na- b - - t fm- s S- b p Fs
hnIrXcq]- ns {]Xn- m- b - b n- t ep
t\mn Abm-sfmp \on-n-cn-p-p.
""aXn aXn. \ns Cu thjw [mcm-fw. Cu
sXcp-hn-eqsS t]mIp--h \ns-sbmp
t\mntb t]mhq.''
I-hSw [mcmfw Inp Znh-k--fn Nab--f-gnp hon-tep t]mIp-tm A`n\--\-am-sW \nebvv apX-emfn ]dbmdpv:
Fs t]sc \ne-bvmWv tIm-

Fpw tIm-s\pw apX-emfn Fs
hnfn-p--Xv. I-hSw IqSp-tm tIm\pw Ipd-bp-tm tIms\-p-am-hp-p.
CsXm-p-a Fs t]scpw Iptd-qSn
a[p- c - a mb Hcp t]cv kz- a mbn
F\npspw Abm-tfmSv ]d-bW
- s
- av
]e- h w hnNm- c n- - X m- W v . thjwsIn
\np-tm Hmpw, ChnsS F\nv
t]sc-n\v? tjmdqans apn \K-c-hoYn-bn-tev Cd-n-\np hnNn-{X-Pohn,
tjmdq-an-tev Ign-bp-{X t]sc BIjnm GXp thjhp-sa-Sp-mw.
t]cv Hc- \ m- h - i y- a m- s Wv tXmn- b Xp
sImv apX-emfn hnfn-p t]cv Rmt\s-Sp-p.
Znh-khpw Fp-aW
- np apmbn tjmdq-an
F- W - s a- - X mWv \nb- a w. AXn- \ pthn Ime-p-Xs hon \np ]pds-Sp-p. kvIqfn ]Tn-p aI Fpw
tNmZnpw: ""A Ftmp t]mIpp?''
F\nv Hcp ncw adp-]-Sn-bp-v:
""I-\n-bn-tev.''
\K- c - nse hen- s bmcp I- \ n- b nse
tPmen-m-c-\mb A aI-fpsS kz]v\-fn Fs cq]w \nd-bp-Xp Rm
ImWp-p. sXmgn-en-msX hon-en-cn-p
aI\p am{Xta Adn- b m- a m- b n- c p- p- q,
A Ftm- mWv t]mIp- - s X- v .
shbnepw agbpw sImv Imep apX
A- \ - s\ \np- p. hnNn{Xcq]nbmb As apn ImgvN-m IqSn-bncn-p-p.
""t]mIq t]mIq; tjmdq- a n- \ - I - t v
t]mIq. AhnsS B Ap-X-tem-Iv
\nv Inm--Xmbn Hp-an-.''
93
IX
\ndp-msX A kwkm-cnpsImn-cnp-p. ImgvN-m-cpsS CS-bn Hcp-\m

aIs apJhpw ItXman-p-p. A
Xs Xncn--dn-bpp Fp tXmn-btXmsS Xnc-n Ah Ftm A{]Xy--\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ApapX aIs apJs Xnfw
sISp-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
Ah-\p-IqSn Hcp tPmen Inn-bm IpSpw_w
c- s Spw. tImtf- P n \np Pbn
Znhkw Amcyw apX-em-fn-tbmSp kqNnn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""sIan-kv{Sn-bn Hma-\m-bnm aI ]mkm-bXv. Fp Imcynepw Ah anSp-\m. ChnsS Fhn-sSsb-nepw Hcp tPmen.''
BZy-sampw apX-emfn {in-p-n-sp
tXmn. As hcp-am\w Fn-n-s-Sp-p--Xn-em-bn-cpp {i apgp-h.
t\mpsIp-I tk^n ASphp aSn-h--tm hopw ]d-bm XpSn.
Atmgpw Ftm {in-p-I-bm-sW
\mSy- n- e m- b n- c pp Abm. CSbv v
t^mhnfn IS-p-h-p. t^m Xmsg
h-tm hopw Iptd t\cw Xs apJtp t\mn. AXn-\p-tijw Ahn-izk\o-b-amb Ftm Hv tI-Xp-t]mse
apX- e mfn tNmZn- p: ""thjw sIm
Fn\m tImm ChnsS cm-fv?''
Ap Ifn Ah- k m- \ n- n- - W - s av
tXmn- b - X m- W v . tZl- n hen- p- I bnb Fm km[-\-fpw Abm-fpsS apJtp hen-s-dnv Hscm \S-w.
F\nv \nhp\S-m Ign-bp-sav apXem- f nsb ImWn- - W - s apw Rm
tamlnp. ]t, AXp \S-n-m-bn-cp-p.
AhnsS \np t]mnv Rms\p sNm\mWv? BsI Adn--bm-hp tPmen Cu
thjwsI am{Xw. Ime--I-bn-msX
AXp sNm-\p Icppw F\n-p-mbn-cp-p. F{X km[-\--fpsS `mchpw
94
Rm hln-pw. Ah-bpsS t]cp-Ifpw

Fs Hma-bn In-\npw. hmbnse
\\hv hn- b m t]mepw t]cp- I - f psS
Ne Bhn-p--Xn F\n-smv
hnap-J-X-bp-an-m-bn-cp-p. ]t, asm-cnSpw Fs Bh- i y- a n- . ImcWw,
Ccw tjmdq-ap-Itfm AXn\p apn
tImam-fn-thjw [cn hnNn{XPohntbm
Ahn-sS-sbpw Dm-bn-cp-n-.
\K-c-ho-Yn-bnse Xnc-n hopw H-sv
Rm hnfnp]d-bm XpS-n: ""sa-s
KpWw Xp-hn-e, Bh-iy-msc tamln-np- Ap- X - t em- I w. CXm \nsf
Imn-cn-p-p.''
Bc-h-p aosX Fs i_vZw HgpIn
\S-t--Xm-bn-cp-p. ]t, Av FpsImtm Fs i_vZ-n\v th{X apg-ap-m-bn-. \\ Hcp XpWn Btcm
Fs i_vZ-p apI-fn hnSn-bnn-cn-p-p. F{X {ian-npw i_vZs
F\nv s]mn-sb-Sp-m Ign-n-.
hopw Hp I\-np ]d-bm {ian-snepw AXn\p km[n-n-. AXp NnX-dntmbn. Hcp ]mc-h-iy-ns \Sp-hn-em-bncp-p Rm.
Atm-gmWv apX-em-fn-bpsS {Iucyw ]pfbvp Ip-I Fs-s {in-p-Xmbn Rm I-Xv. Rm IqSp-X
hnh-i-\m-bn. i_vZw Xosc s]mm
Ah-. \K-c-ho-Yn-bn H-bn-m Hcp
t\mp-Ip-n-bmbn Rm amdn.
""FsSm tImm, \n\p anm--ant?''
Zo\- a mbn Rms\mp t\mn. Fs
ssZ\yX apgp-h B t\m-n Dmbn-cp-p. ]t, AsXmpw Abm-fn
Aw t]mepw Cd- n- s - n- s v
F\nv a\-n-em-bn. Ip-I-fnse cu{Zw
Atmgpw Bfn--p-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
""{]mbw Iptd-bm-bnt. Hbpw \Spw
C\n ]-s-tmse Btm?''
A- c - - - t XSn
Ifn Ah-km-\n-n-m ka-b-am-sb-mWv

apX-emfn kqNn-n-p--Xv. CsXmw Agnp-h-bv-W-sav Rm Ft B{K-ln-Xm-Wv. ]t, tPmen-bn-m aI,
kvIqfn ]Tn-p aI, Hcp IpSpw-_w.
Hmp- t m hopw sXcp- h n- t e- pXs Rm aSn Fp-p.
]t, Ign Znh-ks kw`-ht- msS
Rm Xocp-am-\np CX-h-km-\n-n-pI
Xs. Hcp--t\-cv \K-c-ns Be-kyn-tev Ipw \v Rm \np-I-bmbn-cp-p. B ka-bv sXcp-hn Xncv
Ipd- h m- b n- c npw. Atm A{X- a m{Xw
kwkm-cn-t Bh-iy-an-. Nppw ImgvNm Dm-hp-I-bp-an-. Fs kzImcy
Nn-bn-tep aS-p ka-b-am-bn-cpp
AXv . F\nv Innb Pohn- X - ns
ssZ\y- X - s b- p- d np Rm Nnn- pw.
s]mcp- f n- m Ftm Hm- W tm
F\np hn[n--s--Xv. Fpw Hcp \ndta
AXn-tev IS-m-dp-m-bn-cp-p-q; \ndan-m Hcp \ndw. At\Iw s]mdp-Xn-tISp-If
- pw \n-lm-bX
- I
- f
- p-am-Wv Cu \nd-
Fn- t e- s - n- p- - X v. ssZhta,
Cs\ Hcp \m \nq-\y-\mbn Cu sXcphn InSp acn- p- a - t m. AsXmcp
IWn \ acWwXs; `mcw
klnhmsX ]Xps Xmtgm- ap Ayw.

Ftm i_vZw tI-tm hopw Rm
D-bn-tep aSnhp.
sXcp-hns At Av kvIqpn-IfpsS Hcp \nc {]Xy- - s - n- c n- p- p.
hfsc A-S--tmsS Ah \S-p-h-cnI-bmWv. Hma-\--ap sImv BIp-nIfpw s]Ip-n-Ifpw. ]Xn-hn-m Hcp
ImgvN-bm-bn-cpp AXv. GtXm {Kma-n
\nv \Kcw ImWm-s\-nb Ipn-I-fm-bncn- p- a n- h . Ah- c n am{Xta Ccw
HXpw ImWp-Ib
- p-q. Ap-X
- m-gN
v I
-
Ip-Iv Ah-cpsS apJp ]cn-{`-ahpw
\nd-n-cn-p-p.
Fs Acn-I-s-n-bm Fs hf-bmXn-cn-n-. Ahsc IpSp-IpSm Nncn-n-W
- w.
]pXnb i_vZ- ]pd-s-Sp-hn-m\pw
tImn-cm-n-I ImWn-m\pw Rm Xocpam-\n-p. Ah-cpsS a\-p-I-fn \ndp
\np \K-c-m-gvN-Ip apn
sXcp-hn I hnNn-{X-Pohn Fp-ap-mbn-cn--Ww. Ahv Nncn-m\pw ]dp
ckn-m\pw ]ns `qX-Im-e-ns hWkz-]v\
- f
- p-ambn Hma-bn kqn-m-\pw.
95
IX
Fs I-tXmsS Ipn-I ssIsIm-nn-cn-m\pw Bp _lfwhbvm\pw

XpS-n. Ah-cpsS he-b-n-\-I-m-btm Fm Ah-i-X-Ifpw adp Rm\pw
{]I-S\w ImgvNh
- b
- vm XpS-n. Atm
Fn \nv Ap- h sc Dm- I m
i_vZ- ]pd-p-h-p, F\nv A]-cnNn-X-am-b-h. Fs Ap-X-s-Sp-p-
-Xm-f-am-bn-cpp AXn-\v. hfsc sabvhg-tm- s S- b mWv Rm tImn- c m- n- I
ImWn-m XpS-n-b-Xv. ssZhta, F\nn- - s \- s bms ImWn- m- \ m- h ptam
Fv Rm Awhnp. Rm tcmamw
sImp.
sXcp-hn Ipn-IfpsS Nncn \nd-bp-I-bm-bncp-p. AXn-\n-S-bn Rm Ip, Iqn Hcp Ipn -am{Xw Nncn-msX amdn\np-p. Fhn-sStbm Hfn-m {ianp-I-bm-bn-cp-p, AXv.
Fs Cu \ne-bn Inv Nncn-m
Ign-bm Ipntbm?
B Ipn-sb-qSn Nncn-n-pIXs. Rm
hen-sbmcp tImam-fn-bmbn amdn. Fm
CsXmw Inpw B Ipn-bn Hcp amhp-ap-m-bn-. AXp Ic-bm {ian-p-p.
apJ-tp ]mdn-hoW sIp-]m-Sp-I amn
Rm B Ipnsb Xd-n-p-t\mn. ]ns
F\nv i_vZ-ta-bn-m-Xm-bn.
]ntp hnIrXthj- Agnphbvptm F\np ZpxJta tXmn-bn-. apXem-fnbpw Fs Ap-X-tmsS t\mpI-bm-bn-cp-p. Xe \nhn bm{X]d-bptm Rm Hman-n-p:
""Fs Ifn Ignp apX-em-fo, tIm\pw acn-p.''
Fs hmp-I Abmv ]nSn-n-sp
tXmp-p. tjmdq-ans ]Sn-I Cd-ptm ]d-bp-Xp tIp: ""Ch-\n-s-n
thsdmcp tIm.''
""Mpw, Inpw Inpw. Cs\ thjw sIn\nm GXp Zcn-{Z-hm-kn-bmWv temIn-ep-Xv?''
ASp cp \mfp-I-fn \K-c-n-eqsS
tPmen At\z-jnp \S-p Xnc-m-bncpp F\n-v. Hcn-Spw tPmen Inn-bns-nepw a\v kz-am-bn-cp-p. hnIrXth- j - n
\np
c- s - S m
Igntm.
aqmw \m shdpsX ]gb sXcp-hn-eqsS
Rm \S-m XpS-n. hj--fmbn
thjwsIn \n sXcp-hn AsXm-p-anmsX \S-m-\p sImXn. \S-p-sIm-ncns tjmdq-an\v ASp-s-n-b-tm
ApXw sImp Rm \Sp-n-tm-bn.
tjmdqans apn AtX hnIrXthjw;
AtX i_vZw.
"tamtf'
hnfn- tI-np tI-`mhw \Sn-msX, Xncnsmp t\mpI t]mepw sNmsX
Ah Iqp- I m- c n- I - f psS CS- b n Xe]qgvn. \mWw sImv Ah-fpsS apJw
I\- n- c p- p. Fn \nv AI- psImn- c ns Ah hmhnpIc- b m
XpSn.
96
ap- s - t mse Imgv N - m AXns\

hebwsNbvXn-cn-p-p. BcmWo thjw
sIn-bXv?
Iptd- qSn ASp- t p sNp. AXp
Rm Xs-bm-bn-cp-pFs aI.
A- c - - - t XSn
tIm--, tIm Fo t]cp-I apX-emfn D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm apJy-I-Ym-]m{Xn\pm-Ip `mh-h-y-X-ym-k- Fsm-sbm-bn-cnpw?
""Fs I-tXmsS Ipn-I ssIsIm-n-n-cn-m-\pw Bp _lfwhbvm\pw

XpS-n. Ah-cpsS he-b-n-\-I-m-b-tm- Fm Ah-i-X-Ifpw ad-v Rm\pw
{]I-S\w ImgvN-h-bvm XpS-n. Atm Fn \npw At-hsc DmIm
i_vZ- ]pdphp.'' A-bm-fn Cu `mh-am--p Imc-W-ambsXv? N sNp-I.
IYm-y-n CXn-hr-
- n\p kw`-hn-p KXn-amw bp.sI. Ipam-cs IYIfpsS
kmam-\y-kz-`m-h-am-Wv. aSp Ifn-bn A-c-sam-cp- amw kw`-hn-psXs\?
""D]---fp-sSbpw hn]-W-\-n-sbpw ]c-ky--fp-sSbpw a[y-n \n-lm-b\m-bn-tm-Ip a\p-jys B-kw-Lj--fmWv "aSp- -I-fn'-bnep--Xv'' Cu

{]kvXm-h\ F{X-am{Xw icn-bm-Wv? IY hni-I-e\w sNp-I.
97
IX
ImqWnse Hcp IYm-]m{Xw "\nss\--sXmw \Sp-hn-m ssZhw GXpanss' Fp ]mSpp. sa-s kuI-c-y- tXSn \K-c--fn-se-p
a\pjys Ah FmWv?
tamjvSn-s-Sp Hcp cm{Xn

Ccpw ]IqSpw s]mSnbpw
Zml--fp-an-c-th-bpw {Iucy--fp-sam-gnpw
Hfnpw ]Xp-nbpw \Kcw IS-t Rm.
Xm-\mbv
\nn--\mbv
\K-c-{]m--nse sN]m-X-bn-en-do Rm.
(`mKyam-cpta ]np-S-cp-o-en-tm-sfs!)
]mXn-h-nb Poh-\m-Un-I tXmdpw
BXnc-aWw tN
sh
Ipfn
sX
\ndpw
Npn-n-Wpw
Xfnpw Xg-bv-sh,
imhpapZm-c-hp-am-sbm-sc hon
A`bw {]m]nq Rm!
(lmhq, ]nn-en-mcpw!)
kz-am-sbmcp cm{Xnbpw IqSn
tamjvSnp ]mXm-f-n\nv
kq{X-n sImn-p-t]m-t,
hnbpw s]mSn-bp-ambv
Nfn-sI-nb ^bs-p-I
C-Sn-p-c-X Npasm-n
Cdn kqn-s.
CXn-ep-tsd I{Zp-]p-{X-m-cp-d-p-p.
t\mp-I
Xmo-Xp-I
hni-Zo-I-c-W-...
(im-hp-ap-Zm-c-hp-amb hoS-ip--s-S-cp-Xtm!)
Np -I-S-hp-I- tXmdpw
ap-ho-Wp-b-cp Khpw
98
A- c - - - t XSn
Imp-s]m--I-fpsS iyma-m-bbpw
Ipf-nse
kzamw Pe-ns Ipfn-cpw
Rm\o-ip-n-bn apgp-I-s.
Ipao \ne-hn-f-ns
timW-m-b-bn
Xnf-p-tam-p-In--nse
NpSp-I-n-X-m-hnbpw
Np\-\o-en In-am--X- kzmZpw
Cud\mw Npcpap-Sn-mnse
ssIX-q-hn Khpw
ssI--I-fnse hW-cm-Pnbpw
\n-amw inip-hns
hfbpw Npn ]qpw kvanXhpw
Ddpw Ipn
It]m-f-I-fn
hncnbpw kwip-n-bpw
CX-s-n kzK-sa-n\n thsd?
(tamjvSn apX-ens hne-bn--dn-bpq Rm).
]mXm-f-ns apgw
$
(`mKyam-cpta ]np-S-cp-o-en-tm-sfs!)
(lmhq, ]nn-en-mcpw!)
(im-hp-ap-Zm-c-hp-amb hoS-ip--s-S-cp-Xtm!)
(tamjvSn apX-ens hne-bn--dn-bpq Rm!)
Cu hcn-I he-b-n \In-b-Xns HuNn-y-sa-mhmw? Ah Ihn-bpsS am\kn-Im-h hyRvPn-n-p-ptm?
\K-c-s hnti-jn-n-m Ihn D]-tbm-Kn ]Z- {in-p-I.
Ccpw ]IqSpw s]mSnbpw
Zml-fpw Cc-th-bpw {Iucy-fpw
{Kmas Nn{Xo-I-cn-m Ihn D]-tbm-Kn-p ]Z- Fsms? Ihn-X-bpsS

`mh-Xew cq]-s-Sp-p--Xn-\v Ccw Xnc-s-Spv F{Xam{Xw A\p--tbm-Py-amWv?
$
]ucm-WnI IY-I-fp-ambn _-s Nne kqN-\-I Ihn-X-bn-ep--tm. Ah Imhy

k`-p \Ip khn-ti-j-amb AY- Isn NsNp-I.
"tamjvSn-s-Sp Hcp cm{Xn' F ioj-I-ns HuNnXyw NsNpI.
IS-t, sImnpt]mt XpS-nb {]tbm-K- {in--tm. Fgp--sbpw sNdp-t-cn-bp-sSbpw Ihn-XI

- f
- nepw Ccw {]tbm-K
- ImWmw. Cu {]tbmK--fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I FmWv? NsNp-I.
99
IX
{Kma-Kr-l-sf kzK-am-p-Xv Ipp--fpsS It]m-f-I-fn hncnbp

kwip-n -am-{X-a, Ahsc kzw Nnd-Ins Iogn-sem-Xpn kvt\l-hm-ey- \In hfp A-am-cpsS hnipnbpw hnizm-khpw IqSn-bm-Wv;
Ah-cpsS Icp-X-em-Wv. Fnepw ...
Imn-tep t]mIt, Ipt
"B\na m\-n' Hcp Imp-t]m-ns\

cp knwl- Hnv B{I-an-p
cwKw h-tm s]s-tmXv ]np-n-s\-bm-Wv. Asp Intemao \ofn- e n- c n- p Icp- - \ mb Hcp Imp
t]mv IS-c-bn Aw ]pdw-Xn-cnn-cn-p-tm-se-bmWv R-fpsS ]np-v. Ipns\ ap-am-n-b{w hv
100
B{I-an-m-{I-anp Xocm-dm-bn. AXns

hSt IpnsN-cp-hn Fs hoSv. ASp-f-bn \np t\mp-tm CS-bvnsS
Fn- t \m- p Ipdp- - m- c psS ImSv .
Ipn-\-pdw kpIp-am-d-go-tm-Sns \mSv.
Xrq hon \nv C-hW Xd-hm-nse-n-b-tm ]Xn-hn\p hn]-co-X-ambn
Ipn\v A`n-ap-J-ambn ASp--f-hm-Xn-en
Ftm Hmv ZpxJnncn-p D-sbbmWv I-Xv.
A- c - - - t XSn
Rm tNmZnp:
Fp-]n?
ao Igp-In-b- shw sXnNp-h- n Hgpn--f-nv aq C ]dp:
Dmv s\mm-Wv.
Ah CujytbmsS A- I - t p
t]mbv-f-p.
Rm D-bpsS ASppsNn-cpp:
FmWp {]iv\w?]d-bv.
Ipnse CS- X qp hf- c p Imn
s\n-tev, AXns Ccpntev D
Zo\-ambn t\mn.
D ]dp:
Fp ]d- b m, Fmw t]mbn. C\n
tImgos IqSv am{Xw _mo-v.
Atm, tImgnsb Ipdp- ]nSn-qv ]d!
Hcp IW-n-\Xp \m-bn--Rm Nncn-p.
... GXp t\chpw tImgn AIp Xqdn-bnSpw.
\ne-n-cp-smv tNmdp-m k-Xntzm, AXv? C\n Cu hoSn- s \mcp
hrnbpw shSn-p-ap-m-hpw.
tIm]-tmsS D Fs t\mn.
Cw hey ]h-dnev \S-p \o Xqdo-nt,
]v? InS-tepw ASp--tf-epw... hncnv
apgp- h F{X XhW aq{X- s am- g nv
apopv.
F\nv Nncn hp.
AXp-t]m-se-bm-tWm, Dm, Hcp tImgn?
D hopw Ipns ]-bnse Ccp
ImSp-I-fn-tep \n-lm-b-bmbn t\mn.
Fmepw Fs Ban-\sb B Ipdp-\nw Fp-sN-p-I-bmhpw?
Dsb {]tIm-]n-n-m Rm ]dp:
Dms Ban\ F tImgnsb Cw t]cnm B Ipdp- IeymWw Ignp
ImWpw.
D tZjy-s-p.
ap- Xn- p- a m- { Xw ioe- a p \n\- Xp
]dm a\-n-em-hq-em, lwt.
Rm kam-[m\nnp:
Dm, cp cq] sImSpm ]oSn-tIv apIn-pw.
D ]dp: Hcp ap Fp ]dm cpcq-]-b!

]ns-sb-mWv?
hmp-I-fn-msX Ah-scs t\mn.
Av Pe-]m\w Ign-m Iqm-msX D
InS-p. Hmtcm DW-bnepw Ban\ F
tImgn hoSns ]nm- p- d p\np
sIm-cn-v Xs hnfn-p--Xmbn D
tIp. ]ns B- K - X - s a- t mWw,
Fm D-n ]dp:
\ A\p-k-c-W-bp-ff tImgn-bm-bn-cp-p.
ImSns `mK-tp t]mIt t]mI-tv
\qdp-hw ]d--Xm. Atepw AXn-s\d- np Imcy- . Ab]- s
]qhtImgn ]cm-{Iaw aqp htm
t]Snp ]dv ]mpIb-dn-bXm Hmfv. Hfnp-t\mn\np Ipdp-s apntev. Hcp-]mSv Ae-dn-hn-fnp s]v. Cu
hb-m Imev F\n-ptm Ipp-ev
HmSn-t-dm Igov? Fs hn[n!
Dms Cu tImgn- { ]n- b - t amv
NncnbSn Rm InS-p. Hma-sh \m
apXte D C-s\-bm. Apw Bdpw
tImgn- I - s f- nepw aq- n- p Npp- a pmhpw. AXn-msX D-bn-.
Dms sk{I--dn-am-cv--Rm Ifn-bm-pw.
Hs Ipdp- \p- sIm- p- t ]mbn
sImSpmX- d - h m- n- t ev hcp- t msgms Rm Ip-s-Sp-pw.
tUm Sp tUm sUen-hd
- n, an-\m-jW
-
t{]mU- I vSv, I- \ n- b psS ôUv
AUzssS-kvsa v Fsms ]dp
hcp Hcmfpw D-bpsS apn hnP-bnp
t]mbn-n-. ssS sIn-h-mepw Hfn-an-p
Ih Imepw aq-ymv Hcp Iqkep-an-. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]fp-ambn
Hcp I-hS-
- m-c hp. Ahs\ IXpw
D aa-ens X-sa-Spv Xe-bn-en-p. Dtbm-sSm--ap tImgn-p-p- Cfw
shbn sImp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. \nev hn- e n- p- s Im- S p \pdp- - c n- Xn- m
Xnnn- c - p tImgn- p- p- sf
101
IX
A\pkcnn-m Hcp ssIbn Hme-mep-apv. I-h-S-m-c hp-I-b-dnb DS

henb kn Xmsg-hv ssS t\sc-bmn
Hscm ImmWv: KpUvtam-WnMv taUw!
emIv k v an- \ m- j - W Ce- I v t {SmWnIvkv I-\n-bpsS t{]mU-IvSns ]cky-{]-Nm-c-WmYw I\n Ab sd{]sk-tohv BWp Rm.
Ah-km-\s ]nSn Acn-a-Wnbpw tImgnn-p-sIm-Spv apn\v ssIXmn D
Fgptp.
A Ipty, Id- ns Ckv X n- c n- s ntm?
Abm bqtdm- ] y ssen Npa
Dbn ssIsImp {]tXyI tNjvS
ImW-np:
Hm jph! eqWm Atb t_mIv k v
{]noPv sFw!
Dmv Nne ]Z--fpsS AYw Hcp hn[w
]nSn-In-p-s-t-bp-q. h In aphcn--n nn--Xp-sImv Nncnv BsI
]pgp--ns {]Xo-Xn-bm-Wv.
D tNmZn-p:
A tamt\, Cs\ Itm- S - n\p
t]mIpw ]v tXm ]mSn-m-ptm?
Nqfn-\np Ah-\p-ap-n D cmas tNmZy-sa-dn-p.
Bs, CkvXn-cn-s-n-sm she?
q l{UUv B v ^n^vn dpo-kv.
F\nv \ns Cwo-simpw Xnco-em.
Rms\mcp ap-Xp-dp-n-I- X-cpw. \o AXpsImv I_q-em--Ww.
Dm, Rm ]d-Xv Ccp-\q---Xm-Wv,
I-\n-sh-e.
Hcp km[-\-n\p hmp-tm-cm -she
CtSXv. AmsX I\nb-.
Dms Cm-i-IvXnp apn I-h-Sm-cs an-\m-j-W I\n HpamXm-bn.
I-hS-
- m-cs kI-e- a-kn-en-sbpw \pw
t_mpw H-b-Snp Xmsg hoWp. Ah
Nncnp ap-I-n.
102
D Ahs\ t\mn Hcp adp-Nn-cn- Nn-cnp:

HSp-hn-e-h ]dp: Rm tXmp Fs
Dm. \n-f-dp-]Xv Xm- a-Xn.
Adp-]Xp cq] sImSp-nv D tNmZn-p:
tam\v hon-em-scm-s-bp-v?
A\pw Abpw sNdp--nte acn-p.
Imew Ipd-mbn Cu ]Wn-bm. henb KpWsam-p-ap-m-bn--. Pohn-t?
Aw \o aew Ign-nt?
euam-tcy-Pm. Hmfv {InkvXym-\n. Rm
lnp. Hcp tamfv.
Aw tamtf \o apkveo-amn hfnbmaXn.
AsX-n\m Dm?
\mnev s\dpw Pl-f-b-t. sImg-w-mm s]mdvv {]tXy-Inv Bsf Fd-tm.
Ah Nncn-tbmSp Nncn.
A- c - - - t XSn
Bs, tamv F{X {]mbmbn?

hotSma- b n Ah AKm- [ - a mbn
]pncnp:
Cu hcp sNm tamv Hcp hbp
sXI-bpw.
km[- \ - \nd B henb kn
tXmfn-enSpw apv D ]dp:
\o Nmb IpSnnv t]mbm aXn, tamt\...
D-bpsS hm-ey-n\p apn Ah
Iog-S-n.
]ncn-bp-tm D Ah\v \qdns cp
t\mp- I Npcp- n- a - S n \In: \ns
tamsS s]d-m-fn\v Fs hI Hcp DSpv
hmn-p-sIm-Sv.
AXp hmn Ah \n \nn
Icp.
s]sv D Hma- I - f psS Io

bfn appw.
Ft ka- b - a m- b n- pw Fm
a... tam-dn-bn \np h-tm
D Icn-\mv \_o-ksb {]mIp-I-bm-bncp-p. Ap-t]cv Hnv Hmsf apn
t]mbn s]S-cp-sXv F{X-hw ]d--Xm,
Rm... Hmsf In ]cp-m-Wv... s
dt, \osbs sImp-Xm.
B Ime-hj-nse t_m-]-I-S-n
cp-a--fpsS arX-i-cocw am{Xsa Icbne- S p- p- q. aqm- a Hcp Ic- b nepw
hn.
Fnpw Icn-\mv \_ok h-tm
D Nmb sImSp-p. hm\w ]d-p.
Fm D-bpsS tImgn-pp--sfam{Xw Ahp ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-n.
D Nncnp:
\ns-tm-es BfvIfm Cu \mSv shSm-p-X
- v. thm-X
- n\pw th-Xn\pw
Ic-nv. \o t]m. Hmtfw tamtfw Iqn
Hcp-Zn-hkw hm.
Ab]-s Icn-\mv \_ok htm D ]d-p;
Rmm-nb CkvXn-cy-ns hm\w
Adntbzm? Ccp-\q--bvXv Ddp-nI ]dv
Hms\s ]n-m t\mn.
Icn-\mv \_ok hon hp aS-nb

Znhkw ky- b m- b m D a- s fsbms ]nSn-n-cpn Dv, DWapf-Iv,
ISpIv Fnh Hcp IS-em-kn Ingn-t]mse
sIn R-fpsS Xebvp apI-fn-eqsS hn Dgnv ASp-n-en-Spw. ASp-n
\np ]S--] Sm s]mp i_v Z w tIv
]dbpw: In-t, Hmsf It-dns ISpw.
Rm Adp-]-Xp-dp-n-I -sIm-Spv Hms\

tXmn-p. F-Sm Ifn?
Hcp Znhkw Icow F Imsv I-h-Sm-c hp. Hcp Nph Nhn-n-sb-Spp

hne tNmZn-p D.
FhnsS s]n? ImW-s.
\qdq-dp-nI.
AXp Rm \n\p ImWn-q-em
Hpw Ipd-bnt?
\_okm. Fs-nepw ]dv \obXp

tISm-pw.
D F{X Xcpw?
Icn-\mv \_ok hcp-p-sh--dn-m,

Ah-cpsS \ng-e-\w Im, D HmSntmbn tImgn-p-p-sf apgp-h Iqn\-I-m-pw.
Rms\mcp ap-Xp-dp-nI Xcpw. \o AXpsImp I_q-em--Ww.

Dsb A-cnv Icow AXp hnp. Imiv
sImSp-p-tm D CSw-I-nv tNmZnp:
\osbs ]n-n-tm?
CsXms Dm- s Hmtcm

hnizmkam. Rm ]d-bpw.
\n\--dn-bm-n-m. Icn-\mpw Itdpw

sImv Hcp ]mS-\p-`-hn-tm-fm, Cu Rm.
]e In-Ifpw ]d-bp Iq-n IY-Isfm-s-sb-gp-Xp Fs hosS--hn-sS-bmsWp Icow At\z-jn-p.
103
IX
D ]dp:
Dmv s\mm-Wv.
CsXym hoSv. s tam\m. ]t, Hm\nw

Xrq-cm.
D Hpw ]d-bmsX, Pe-]m\w Ign-m

Iq-mmsX B cm{Xn-bn-ep-d-n. cm{Xnbn Btcm- s Sm- s tbm kwkm- c n- p.
tImgn-I-tfm-Sp Cu {àw ImWp-tm
CSbvp kwibw tXmpw. C ]d-bp- X nepw Imcy- a p- t m- s bv . Dbv v
Cncn s]mSnv hptm? t\cnb
s\mv?
Ico-an\v hniz-kn-m-\m-bn-.
Ios IY-I-sfms F\np hey
CjvSm-Wv. Rm aq-cpsS Hcm-cm-[I
- \
- mWv.
Am-lp-h-msX Bcm-[-\-l-\mbn
Bcp-an-, tamt\.
tams IY hmbn-m-dnt?
As-n Fn-\mWo kmlkw?

hmbn-pw..-Hpw a\-n-em-hq-e. \mep-hcn
hmbn-pw F\nsm-dw hcpw.
Hpw a\-n-em-hnt?
t^mtm Hgnv Hpw a\-n-em-hqe.
t]- d nev aq- c psS t^mtm- s hms
ImWpw Dmp ktmjw tXmqte?
C. am{X-a-, Hms Imcyw C-s\-bmbn-tm-btm Ftmv kSwhcpw.
AsX-m, As\?
\mSvtI-fnbpw _oSv]-n-Wn-bpwv tInnt? t^mtm ImWnm Acn Intzm
tamt\.
aq-cpsS IYm-]p-kvXIw tImtf-Pn-sems
Hcp-]mSv t]cv ]Tn-n-p-p-v.
Hcp sXnev tIdm IqSn Adn-bm Hm
C Iptym-sf-sbms Fp ]Tn-nm-\m, tamt\.. Am-lp--Be Fm
B]-n \npw \-sf-sbmw Impc-n-p-am-dm-Is!
Icow hon \nXyk-i-I-\m-bn.
Xd-hm-n sN-tm D hnjm-Zn-ncnm-Wv.
aq C hni-Zo-I-cn-p:
]p]{v tImgn-p-p--fp-m-bncpp. \msew Im - s Im- n- s mtmbn, cns\ ]cppw dmn. aqs-ns\ Iocn ]nSn-p. Cse CXm
Ahkm- \ s tImgntbw Ipdp-
]nSnp. F{X tImgnbm Cs\ t]mb-Xv.
104
A[zm\w?
hncn DS-s\-bp tImgn-p-p--fpambn ]mn- I ae- b n--d - n.- h opapsn Hcp hnfn- b m- W v . _mep- a pp
sNn- b m \S- p ^man hncn
tImgn Hn\p aqp-cq]. hnp-tm
]v _lp-hn[ \nd ]pc-nb `wKnbp tImgn-p-p-sf D Bn]n-Snp hmn-q-pw. ]ns a-sf-tmepw
th. Ccp-]-n-\mev aWn-qdqw AXnt\mSv h-am\w ]dv AXns\ ]cnN- c nv , AXns\ In- c n- v , AXns\
t]cnphnfnv Znhkw Ign-pw. D-bpsS
kI-ea
- m-\ {- i-s
- b-bpw tXmn-p-sImv
BZyw ImIfpsS, ]ns Iocn-bpsS, HSphn Ipdp-s hmbn-tev tImgn-I
Hsm-mbn HSp-pw.
Hcp Znhkw Ico-an-t\mSv D Ftm clky-ambn tNmZn-p.
Rm t\m-s D, Fp ]d Icow
ASp BgvN aqs-nb \mep tImgnp-p--fp-ambn hp.
tImgnsb Ims]-n-bn \nn-d-nb
DS D ]d-p: tm, CXpw sajo
tImgn-bm-Wv.
AsX-s\ Dmp a\-n-embn?
F\np Xncnbpw. Cu Zp\n-bm-hn-t\mSp
apgp-h Hcp ]p-ap-m-hpw apJv. X\n- d n- b mXmbn Hp- a n- s p hnNmcnpw. ]mhw. A{i- - a mb Igpp
A- c - - - t XSn
shnepw \Sepw IpXn-epw, FtmmWp t]mtI--sX--dn-bn-m!

cm-gvNs bm{X Ignp hon-se-nb-tm tImgn-p-p--fpsS bmsXm-c\--hp-an-.
\o FSp-t. Rm ]nSn-tm-fmw.
amk-n cp-X-hW izmkw-app hv
Bip-]{Xo ]qhp In-bm-Wv.
Rm ]d-p:
dm-tW, Rm\o tImgn-sn sXmSq-em..
Rm ]d-n-t, AXp sajo tImgnbm-sWv, Fm-n-t\w Ipdp-\pw Iocnbpw

sImtm-bn. \ns Xrq-cnev \ \mS
tImgnsb Inqv sXp-tI-dp tXmakns IqsS Hfntm-Sn-h tdmk ]dp. Hmfv Xrq-cn-em-W-tm.
_v Inm Ht- I m Intemao-

\SWw.
Imcyw ]nSn-In-n.
aSn- p- \ n- D- b psS ssIbn \np

tZjy- t msS _e- ] qhw Xn- - d n- ptmse s]n- hm-n.AXns BLm-Xn s]n De- Xpw AI- n- c p
tImgn-I cpw Ie-]ne Iqm XpS-n.
Fp- s N- - W - s a- - d n- b msX s]n DebmsX, kqnv Rm\-Xp-ambn _tmn \np-tm D B \mn]p-damsI ]pXp-Xmbn ImWp--t]mse Npp]mSpw t\mp--Xmbn `mhn-p.
Rm tNmZnp:
Ign XhW Xrq-cnev honev h-tm,
Ab]-s hoSp-Ifv apgp-h temlyw
]dv Ib- d n- b n- d - n- b - X ns Dtiyw
CXmWv At?
If-hp-ap-X Ip-]n-Sn--s Ipn-sbtmse D DS Ipw k-Xn-p.
\ns asf ImWm sImXn-bm-hpp
Fp D CS- b v nsS ]d- - X ns
]nnepw thsd Dt-iy-ap-m-bn-cp-p.
Xriqcv hon \nv Cd-pw-apv D
]dp:
s Inev Hcp ImUvt_m-Uns s]ov.
]t-nev AXp \o FSp-m?
Rms\-Sp-tm-fm-
mWXv?
hmXnep ]nd-In \n `mcy B clkyw
Hfn-npw t]mse Nncn-b-an.
\o tZjyw ]nSn-cpXv. Hcp ]qh\pw Hcp
s]Sbpw. Idpv e-W-sam \
hmey-m-cmb \mStImgn-bm.
Xe-bn ssIsh-p-wt]mse Rm \np.
]n- c q- q- n- n- zm\w Intem- a o- - d m.
_n t]mI-Ww. t]mcm--Xn\v Bhiy-n\p etK-Ppw.
Fs apJw Nph-p-h-cp-Xp Itm
D Bhn-p:
D B sIp-ambn \S-p-X
- pI
-
- t- m
Dn-se-hn-sStbm Ip-t_m-[w.
Rm ]dp: B s]n-bn-p-Xm.
\K- c - nse _tm- n Rsf- nbXpw Fp-\n-s-n-msX Hcp Su

Sp Su _kv CSn-s-n.
_n Ghpw ]nd-In cp kop-I
am{Xw. AXn sRcp-n-bn-cn-p-tm
kon-\-Sn-bn sh tImgnsb ASw
sNbvX s]n-bn-em-bn-cp-p. Nn apgp-h.
hn N-cw-Ip-f
- n\p sXmp-ap-p Hcp
henb lw_n Ib-dn-bXpw _ns
]nko-n R Xpn-sb-gp-t-pt]mbn. s]n-p-nse tImgnv kI-e\n-b-{-W-fpw sXn. Ah `b-sv Hbn-p. sIm-sm--sm--tm..........
i_v Z w tIv _n- e phscms HbSnv ]nn-cnpt\mn. Rm ]cp-n.
Su Sp SuWns IpXn- p- ] m- b - e n
Hmtcm lw_nepw Ipgn-bnepw _ns
]nkov Xpn-m-Sn. tImgn sIm-c-bnp.
Atm-sfms Dd--nepw temI-Im-cy-fnepw apgp-Inb bm{X-m s]mSp-t\
105
IX
AXp \nn i_vZ-ns Dd-hn-S-a-t\zjnv Hnp Xe-Xn-cn-p. CS-bvsm-cm

]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
GtXm Am- n- a m- c mWv Ah- s c- s mp ieyw kln--h-m-Xm-bn-cn-p-p.
tZjyw ISn--an. GXp \nan-jhpw ]nSn- s - S m- h p Hcp {]Xn- b mWp Rm.
kon t\cmw-hn[w Aan-cn-m IqSn
Ign-bp-n-. Cu \nebvp t]mbm Fs
{]i-kvXnbpw A`n-am-\hpw Fmhpw?
tZjy- ` mhw Iv D CSbv v Fs
FXnZn-i-bn-tev Xe-Xn-cnv Hfn-I-np
Nncn-b-S-n.
N-cw-Ip-f-s-n-b-tXmsS apn Hcp
kov Imen-bm-bn. Rm D-tbmSv BwKyw
Imn: AhnsS t]mbn Ccp-tm. \Sp-hn\p
kpJ-an-m--Xt?
106
D B kon-tep ]mp-t]m-bn-cn-pIbpw Hcp KqV-a--lmkw F\np t\sc

Fdn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\n`mKyw Fs IqS-n-d
- v, N-cw-Ip-fp
\np Ib-dn-b-h-cn Hcm Fs sXmSp kon hn-cp-p. Hcp Bf-temsS
Rm Xncn--dn-p--]-cn-N-b-m-c-\m-Wv.
bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bn Kth-jW hnZymYnbm- W n- t m. hnjbw: {]mIrXm\- c
kzXzw ae-bmf `qan-I-bn.
tUmIvS- t dv hnZymYn Bb- t XmsS
Atlw Xs CsskUv sNbvX Ipmbhpw ]m vkp-sams Ab]-s
]mh- s Hcp IpSpw- _ - n\p Zm\w
sNbvXp. Ctm ]cp- Pp-bnepw
apn-ep-am-Wv.
Fs Xncn- - d n- b m- X n- c n- - t --s bp
{]mYnv apJw shn-n-cp-p. As\
kw`-hn-m Fs {]i-kvXn, A`n-am\w
Ch- s bms Iptd- qSn
Kpcp-X-cm-h--bn-em-hpw.
kXy- n F\npw
At-l-n\panS-bn Cu
\in tImgn- b n- m- b n- c ps-n F{X \m-tbs\... ae- b mf kmln- X ys- p- d nv Fsmw
kwkm- c n- m- \ n- c n- p- p.
_kv tImgn-tm-s-p-X-dn-bn-.
\n`mKyw Fs IqS-n-dv
Fv ]d--tm. AXpXs hopw kw`- h npp:
Atlw Fs Xncn- dnpIgnp!
Abm hnkva-b-tmsS
hnfnp:
ltem!...
Rm hnjm-Zm--I-ambn
Nncn-p.
A- c - - - t XSn
kpJ-at?
kpJw Xs-bm-Wv. (Cu tImgn Cm-bncp-s-n!)
Cubn-sS-bmbn Fgp-smp Ipdtm?
Rm ]dp:
Hcp t\mh sNp-I-bm-Wv.
shcn-KpUv! t\mhen\msW-n Ctm
henb ma-hp-am-W-tm. AXm-hpw Hcp
Znhkw ]p-ap-Xp t]Pv shv Fgp-Xmatm. \ BtcmKyw thWw, At?
Rm aqfn.
kZm {]k- - h - Z - \ - \ mbn \nm- d p
Fs `mh-amw Iv Atlw kwi-btmsS hopw tNmZn-pp:
Fp-]n? kpJw Xs-bt?
Rm Xe- b m- n. ]ns kzIm- c y- a mbn
IrjvW-aWn Xmtgp \on--tImgn! ]Stm- t \, Fs kmlnXy{]h- \ v Fs- mw- h n[ XS- - !
Nbpw Hcp {]h-\-am-W-tm.
kwi-bn--Xp-Xs kw`-hn-p. FS-m-fn-sep--Xn\p app lw_p-I-fn hv
tImgn Ae-ap-d-bnp sIm-cn-p.
ssZh-ta, Hmtcm lw_pw Cs\ Fs
A`n-am-\-ns s\n-em-Wtm hn-Snp-Xv.
Atm-sgms Kth-jWhnZymYn-bmb
B NmXn sRn--cnv kon-\-Sn-bntep Hcp ]nSp-hpw Inm an
Ip\n-p-t\m-n. tlm, Cu Am-n-Isf-sm-p ieyw Nn-d-b-. Ip-sXn-bm tamj-Ww, ]nSn-p-]-dn, CXm CXntm tImgn-bpw. apko-n-se-hn-sS-sbnepw kpJn-n-cn-p-p-m-hpw. s]sv
At-l-n\p ae-bmfkmln-Xy-ns
Cs ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb Ah--sb-
n Hma- h - c n- I bpw kw`m- j Ww B

hgnp Xncn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]n-cp-qdv Intem-ao--dnse bm{Xbvp
tijw oW-tmsS hon-se-n. Rm
Bizm-k-]qhw D-tbmSp tNmZn-p:
Fns s\mmWp \nv ? Cu
\mn tImgn-bn-m-n-mtWm?
Hcp-]mSv shj-anp At? \o tZjy-stS. ChnsS Fhn- s Sbpw sajo
tImgnbm tamt\, \mStImgnt i{Xphns\ Im a\-n-em-hq.
Fnv Im s]n- b psS sI- g nv
tImgnsb cn- s \bpw ]pd- s - S p- p.
hm-ey-]qhw AXns\ Xte-mSn. ]nmW- nse sh- n- t ev AXns
sImn-s\-b-Sp-n-p. Bn-tbmsS AXp
tImcn-p-Sn-p.
D A`n-am-\-tmsS B henb kz]v\w
]dp:
Rm\o cp tImgn-Ifn \np ]n-cp]--s--ns\ hncn-bn-p-m-pw.
Imn \np Ipdp-s A\w tIptm sIm- c nv sIm- c nv Cu
\mSns\ HmsI DWpw. sajo
tImgnv ImWm- \ p `wKntb Dq.
\mStImgn A-s\-b-. AXv AS-bn-cnptm AXns Ipp- v
Fsmw ]d-p-sIm-Sp-p-p-s-mWv
\ns hnNmcw?
s]sv D GtXm Hma- b n
kvXw`np\np. k`-n\v Hpw tbmPnm--hn-[w, Ftm adp \jvS-s--Xpt]m-se, Ah Hscm s]mn--c-n.
"dp Be-ao-\mb Xp-cm-t\, s asf
Rm \oev ]Tn-n-n--tm.'
107
IX
"\mSvtIfnbpw _oSv]n-Wnbpw' Cu sNmv \Ip Bi-b-sa-mWv? CXp-t]mep sNmp-I Is-p-I.
"sNdn-b -a\p-jycpw henb tem-Ihpw' F Imq]c--c- I--tm. AXp-t]mse

Cu IY-bn Imq-Wp-I-fmn Ah-X-cn-n-m-hp k`- Is-pI. Ahbn Hv Imq-Wmbn cNn-p-I.
""F\n-p- Xn-cn-bpw. Cu Zp\n-bm-hn-t\mSp apgph Hcp ]p-ap-mhpw apJ-v. X\n-dn-bm--Xmbn Hp-an-sp hnNm-cn-pw. ]mhw A{i--amb Igpp shn-epw
\S-epw IpXn-epw. Ftm-mWv t]mtI--sX--dn-bnm!''
""Rm\o cp tImgn-I-fn \nv ]n-cp-]--s--ns\ hncn-bn-p-m-pw.
Imn \nv Ipdp-s A\w tIp-tm sIm-cnv sIm-cnv Cu \mSns\
HmsI DWpw. sajotImgnv ImWm\p `wKntb Dq. \mStImgn As\-b-. AXv AS-bn-cn-p-tm AXns Ipp-v Fsmw ]dpsImSpp-p-s-mWv \ns hnNmcw?''
anjytImgn-sbbpw \mStImgn-sbbpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-sImv D \S-p
A`n-{]mb{]I-S-\--fn Fsms AY-kq-N-\-I Is-m-\mhpw?
108
]Z-]-cn-Nbw
Abw
Acw
An-tlm-{X-Krlw
AShn
ASp-q
Amn
AXn-hmZw
A[n-hmkw
AXn-kz-
AZayw
AZr-jvS]
- qhw
A[co-I-cn-pI
A[nX
A\-c
- h
-
A\-]
- Y
-
-
A\m-cyw
A\n-hm-cy- X
A\p-aXn
Ay-P
A]-Xyw
A]{X]
A]-Yk
-
- mcw
A`w-Kpcw
An-fn-q-hS
Acn
A[-au\n
Am-lp-B
- e
Ah-am-\\
Ahy-Xybw
Akm-n[yw
AwK-kv\m\w
BIWy
B-KXw
B\-\w
B\-m{ip
Bb-kb
- {w
Bc-t- \-{X
Bc-W
Bc-y-]p-{X
Bcy-amhv
B{Z
bn-m
c-am-, \mi-an-m
An-tlm{Xw F bmKw sNp ew
ImSv
s]j
A, tP-yj
- vT
AXn-cp-IS-
- h
- mZw
]mv, Xmakw
Ne-\a
- - h
- (acW-ns kqN-\)
Zaw sNm-\m-hm-, AS-m-\m-hm
apv In-n-m-Xv
Xmsg-bm-p-I, Iogvs-Sp-pI
Iogm-f, Xmtg-n-Sb
- n-ep-h
- (A[x+nX)
A\-c + A. Imc-Wh
- c
- psS ]ndsI htc-h
- F AYn {]tbm-Kw. acp-a--m-b-n B Ah-Imiw acpa-I\m-bXp sImv i_vZ
- n\v acp-aI
- FY-am-bn.
Ah-km-\-an-m hgn-I (A + Aw), ]Yw hgn
Bcy-a
- m-X
- v, t{ijvTa
-
- m-Xv
\nhm-cWw sNm-\m-hm-, Hgn-hm-m-\m-hm Ah
kXw
PmXn-t{i-Wn-bpsS Ay-n (Xmtg-S- n-bn) P\n-h
-
kXn
\mWw sI, {X] e
Acp-Xm hgn-bnse bm{X
\mi-an-m-Xv
AS- b psS Acp- a - hpw cpNnbpw Fmw kqNn- n- p
{]tbmKw (]q + AS = ]qhS)
i{Xp (s\-cn, [m\y-a-Wn)
Aev]w am{Xw kwkm-cn-p-h
-
D-X\
- mb ssZhw
Ah-am-\n-
hyXybw IqSmsX, t`Zw IqSmsX
ASpv Cm-Xn-cn- (x kmn[yw)
\akvIm-c
- n\p apv AwK- hrn-bm-
tInv
Ah-\-h-t\mSp Xsbp ]d-b, Ah-\-h-\n-tep
Xs Kan-p-Xv
apJw
B\--w sImp A{ip (A{ipIo)
Ab-p-sIm-p b{w (Abv Ccpv)
Nphp XpSp Itm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h
{_m-W
BZ-ck
- q-NI
- a
- mb kwt_m-[\
- , `mhv, t{ijvT
kqcy
Aen-hp-h
-
Binv
Bkn
Blhw
Cw{]n-am-q
IX
Biwk
B-{Klw
bpw
A[n-Im-c-m-\-p\n-p HutZym-KnI-amb AwKo-Imcw,
]utcm-ln-Xy-ns AwKo-Imcw
Cw
C{]-Imcw
Cl-temIw
Cu temIw (x ]c-tem-Iw)
Cf
`qan, av
Cujy
tIm]w, A\ys Db-bn Dm-Ip Ak-lyX
D{K-im-k\w
ISp Iev]\
Dm-hN
-
-
DbXpw XmgvXpw (D + AhN. D Db, AhN
Xm-gv)
DS-bmS
DSp-hkv{Xw
D-at- m-I
]pW-yt- m-I, ]pWy-Nc
- n-X (ChnsS {io-Ir-jvW) tmIw
biv
DZ-{K-]mWn
B{I-aW
- I
- m-cn, ssI Dbn \np-h
- (DZ{Kw Db
A{K-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b (DXv + A{Kw)
DtZ-ym-Kt{iWn
DtZ-ym-Khrw (t{iWn Iqw, t{iWn > GWn)
Dq-e\w sNpI
thtcmsS ]ngp-Xp-I-f-bpI
D]-Pm]w
GjWn, KqVm-tem-N\
D]-XnjvWp
tatem-p-Nm-Sm tamln-p-h
- , ]ptcm-Ka
- \
- h
- mZn
(x bmYm-n-Xn-I)
D_p-X
DWhv
Dgv
Dg-d, XnSpw
FXn{[phw
FXnns At-bw, hn]-coX {[phw
Fn-s-SpI
kwK-Xn-h-im Fnt-cpI. "s]SpI' F A\p-{]-tbmKw
sImp-m-hp Cu AY-t`Zw {inpI.
Hm
Ah ({]mtZ-inI {]tbmKw) (AImcs XpSv hImcw
hm IqSn-tv Hm Fv ]d-bp-p)
IWw
Xpn
I_q-em-pI
kzoI-cn-pI
I-hmdv
I-tm ({]mNo-\-{]-tbm-Kw; Imtd Fv {]mtZinI
{]tbmKhpapv).
Imem-Xn-hn
Imes AXn-hn-p-Xv, AXn-hn-pI ISp
\npI
Iep-jnXw
Ie-n-bXv
Idn
Idp--h (x shfpn) (Fep-n, sImepn, Ipdpn Fn-s\-bp {]tbm-K
- fpw {in-p-I)
In
IY, \mp-h-am\w
IpXn-c--h
IpXn-c-bpsS Nn-ap Hcp ]h, kzW\mWbw
IpWvTnXw
Zp:Jw, hnjaw
Ipi-kqNn
Z`-p-ns ap\
Ipd-okw
Ipdp Znhkw (\mS {]tbm-Kw)
sImSpw-Xm]w
sImSn-b -Xm-]w, hen-b -NqSv, henb ZpxJw
tImn-cmn
tImam-fnw
tt{Xm]Pohn-I t{Xs B{i-bnp Pohn-p--h
{Iucyw
{IqcX
KWw
Iqw
Kfw
Igp-v, sXm
110
]Z- ] - c n- N bw
KmlnIw
KptWm-Zm-c
Kpcp-Xcw
Krl-n{Zw
LrW
tLmjn-pI
{LmtW-{n-bm-cm-a
N-eN
- n-
Na-bn-pI
Nc-Ws
- -mdv
Ncm-Ncw
Nm{In-IN
- e
- \w
NmSpI
Npp-hw
NqXw
Nqsg
sNSn-pI
tNX\
tNme-acw
QSnXn
Pe-tkIw
PmXn
Pmam-Xmhv
Pmew
PmkvXn
mXn-I
tPym-v\
Xo
X ]qp
Xp-
XmX-I-mi-y-]
XmX
Xm
Xnc-kvIc
- n-pI
Xncnbpw
Zp-]p-{X
Zim-tc
Znm-em-Xn-hn
Znhm-Ic
-
Zo\w
Zp\n-bmhv
Zpc-[n-Imc{]aX
ZpcmPn-Xh
- nw
ZrjvSmw
IpSpw_hgv
KpWw sImv DZm-c\
- m-bh
-
IqSp-X Kuc-ha
- p-Xv
(Kpcp>Kpcp-Xc
- w>Kpcp-Xa
- w AXn-im-b\
- c
- q-]
- )
hop-hg
- v
Imcp-Wy- w, Zb
Dd-s-d- b
- pI
kpKw am{Xw ]cn-KW
- n-p-h
- (aq-ns\ ktm-jn-n-p-h)
Cf-Inb a\-tmSp IqSn-b-h
Ae-c
- n-pI
Imen AWn-bp Nph \nd-qv; NcW + sNmdv
Nc-fpw AN-c
- fpw (Ne-\a
- p-Xpw Cm-X
- pw)
N{I-cq-]
- n-ep Ne\w
hen-s-dn-bpI ({]m-tZ-inI {]tbm-Kw)
]cn-kcw
tXmhv
Nppw
aSp-pI
Bm-hv, Poh
XWhrw
s]sv (QSv + CXn)
shw \\-bv
]nIw
aI-fpsS `mhv
Iqw
IqSp-X
_-p- (A hgn-bp-)
N{n-I, \nemhv
XWp shw (X + \o)
ac-hnp (X-Wp Ah--bn-se-n)
Xs apn (ap- {]mNo\{]tbm-Kw)
]nXr-Xp-e-y-\mb Imiy-] (Imiy-] IWz)
]nXmhv
oWn-X
Xn-f
- b
- pI
a\-n-em-hpw ({]mtZ-inI {]tbm-Kw)
Zs-Sp aI, ]qh-_---fp-t]-nv ]pXp-Xmbn AhIm-it- a-b
- m
Ah-kc
-
- n, ka-bv
Znn-s\bpw Ime-sbpw AXn-hn-p-Xv -(AXnhnp-IISp\np-I)
kqc-y, Zn\-I-c, BZn-X-y, Bc-y-amhv, khn-Xmhv
tcmKw
temIw
A[n-Im-c
- p-fv, Zpx+A[n-Imcw Zpc[nImcw
No hgn-bn-eqsS t\Snb [\w (Zpx+BPnX+ hnw)
DZm-lc
- Ww
111
ssZ\yw
IX
Zo\-X, hm-ba
v , (Zo\-X, ssZ\yw Fnh \ma-cq-]
- . ssZ\yX
FXv sXmb {]tbmK-amWv PmfyX, {]m[m-\yX apX-em-bh-sb-tmse)
tZym-Xn-n-pI
{]Im-in-n-p-I, ImWn-pI
ss[j-WnIw
[nj-Wb
- p-ambn _-s-Xv, [njW _pn
\Kmc
apIm- e - - f n apkv e nw ]n- I - f n \a- k v I mckabw
Adnbnm D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp hmZyw
\{anXw
\{a-am-s
- -X
- v, Ip\n-Xv
\h-am-enI
]pXp-Xmbn ]q ap
\n-\obw
\nn-s
- -tS-Xv, \nn--Xv (x h-\o-bw)
\na-
apgp-In-b-h
\na-{n-pI
]Xp-s-d- b
- pI
\nZi\w
sXfn-hv, DZm-lc
- Ww
\nLr-W
LrW Cm-h
- (Zb Cm-h
- )
\nw
Z-an-m-, ]n-m
\nn-ta-ja
- mbv
Ca-sh-msX
\ninXw
aq-tb-dn-bXv
\nn-
bmsXmcp Nn-bp-an-m-h
-
\njvIrjvSw
\njvIj-tbmSp IqSn-bXv, IrX-ya
- mbn
\nk-z
Hp-an-m-h
- , (kzwkzv, DZm: tZh-kzwtZhs kzv)
\nw-K
Hnepw {]tX-yI Xm]-cy- a
- n-m-h
-
\oc-k
- d
\oc-kw-sImp apJ-p-m-Ip `mhhy-X-ymkw
s\mv
sNdnb tXmXn-ep {`mv
]Sp-Xc
- t- Im-In-eI
- qPn-X
-
anSp-p-Iq-Snb Ipbn-ep-I-fpsS Iqh-ep-I. ]Sp kaYw.
]Sp>]Sp-Xc
- w>]Sp-Xaw-AXn-imb\cq]-
]-al
- n-jo-m\w
cmPm-hns {][m\ ]Xv\n F m\w
]W-im-emt
]W-im-eb
- psS AIv
]W-ime
aljn-am-cpsS ]pc, DS-Pw, XrW-]Wm-Zn-I-fm \nan-X-amb
ime
]Xn-pI
hogpI
]Xn-tKlw
]Xn-bpsS tKlw, `rKrlw
]bxIW-
\op-n-I, Pe-I-Wn-I-I (]bv Pew)
]c-tImSn
]ca-Im-jvT, Ghpw Db m\w
]-cy- t- h-Ww
Is-m-\p kmcw
]hw
Xfncv
]-h{- Kmln
]- h w - { K- l n- p- - h , Xfncv FSp- p- - h FYw
(ssien) Ffp--ap--Xp- am{Xw kzoI-cn-p--h, Bg-ntep t]mIm-h
-
]hn{Xw
]cn-ipw
]
hb-dv, Ipns ]mizw
]Z-hn-\ym-kP
- [
- z\n ]Z-hn-\ym-k-n \nv P\n-p [z\n, Imsh-n \nv
Dm-hp i_vZw
]mn
]mn-\m-n \np-h
- , Xan-gv\m-p-Im-c
]mcw
Gsd
]mh-I
An
]n_-tc-cm-ac
- kw
Atbm kplrt cma-ckw IpSnq (IWm-SIkwKo-Xnse Hcp Io\w)
]obqjw
AarXw
112
]Z- ] - c n- N bw
]pSh
]pd-mfn
hkv{Xw
]pd+]mfn = ]pd-mfn (AI-mfn t]mse) CSbvv A\p-kzmcw
hv ]pd-mfnbmbn, aepg t]mse, ]pfn-pcp t]mse
]p{Xo-hn-tbm-Kh
- yY aIsf th]n-cn-bp-tm-gp Zp:Jw
]qIpI
{]th-in-pI
]qcn-pI
h[n-pI, \nd-bvpI
]qhm-]-c-ssh-cp-[yw ]qhhpw A]-chpw Xn-ep s]mcp--tSv
]qhn-I
]p--h "]qhw' F i_vZ
- n \nv Dm-hp-Xv
]rjvT`- qan
]nm-p-dw, ]n\new. ImbvI\nrjnpw ap-ambn sXfn-sSp `qanp ]ndsI Ah-K-WnspInS-p `q`m-Kw.
(Nn{X-n\p angnhp tNm \nd-t`-Za
- p ]m-ew Bhiy-am-Wt- m).
]rzo-hc
-
cmPmhv
]rzn
`qan, ]rYzn
s]p-ntX
s]p-I-Xs sNpp (s]pp+CXv+G). s]pp F
AY-n s]p-nXp F {]tbmKw Ihn-X-bn km[m-cW-amWv. "G' {]tXyIw Du \Ip-p. DZm: Aht\ AXp
sNq.
s]mgpXv
kabw
t]ma-fhv
t]mIp ka-bv (t]mw+Af-hv)
{]tLm-jWw
Dn ]d-b
{]p_v[w
Cf-In-ad- n-bp-Xv, {]Itj-W t- m-`n-p-Xv
{]w
kzcq]w ad-p-h-
{]tZ-ymXnp
\ t]mse {]Im-inp
{]a-X
av, Al-mcw
{]W-bm-Ip-e
{]Wb]c-hi
-
{]`-h
- m\w
D-hm\w
{]`mhw
in, X]-n
{]amZw
sXv
{]h-ln-pI
Hgp-IpI
{]hmlw
Hgpv
{]mIrX`qan-bm
{]mIr-X-bmb `qan ("B' F kv{XoenwK{]Xybw tNv
`qan-bpsS kv{XoXzw Dd-n-p-p. `qansb A-bmbn Inp-Ib
- m-Wt- m).
{]mIrXw
shn-sh-Sp-m-m--Xv (A-s\-bp-n-S-m-hp-atm ]mhw
Xp apfp\np-I)
{]mw
AXnn
_em
_e-tmsS (hn[n_ew)
_mWw
Av
`r-Krlw
`m-hns hoSv
`mh-]m-ch
- i
- yw
`mhw-sIm-p hmbva (`mhw hnImcw)
òIcw
`bw Dm-p-Xv
`b-NI
- n-X
`bw sImp hnd-h
-
òXnP\Iw
t]Sn-s-Sp-p-Xv, `bw P\n-n-p-Xv
ùXnIw
`qX-tmSv/hkvXp-hn-t\mSv _-s--Xv. sFln-Iw, euInIw
F AY-nepw D]-tbm-Kn-pp (ChnsS "C' ZoLn-t-Xn-.) (x Bobw ChnsS "Cu' Fp ZoLw thWw)
`qXn
sFi-zc
- yw
`qj
B`-cW
- w, Ae-mcw
113
aKvcn_vv
aXm-I
- X
a
aY\w
aew
a\-kvXm]w
aZobw
a\\w
at\mw
a
antXm-m-l
acym-Zc
- m-a
ae-p-I
ae
al-p-
al-zm-Imwn
alkw-Kaw
almlw
amsmv
am\kw
amaIw
anX-`mjn
apKv[w
apm-hcn _wmhv
apm-hcn
apjvSn
aqe-yN
- y- pXn
sabv
taZn\n
ta\n
tahn-\m
tahpI
m\w
b{-eL
- q-Ic
- Ww
bm\w
cmP-Iobw
em-Nm-]ew
eX
emt`
temIm-c
114
IX
AkvXab ka-bs \a-kvIm-cw- , AkvXa

- bw, ]Sn-mdv
aXw Ie `mhw (`mhm--I-X, Km\m--IX apX-em-bh
t]mse)
ap]nSn-h
- , el-cn-]n-Sn-h
-
aYn-, Cf-n-ad- n-
awK-ew, hnhmlw ({]mtZ-inI ]Zw)
at\mZpxJw (a\x + Xm]w. Xm]w ZpxJw)
FtXv
Nnn-
at\m-lcw
]Xp-s-bm-bh
- Imcy- a\-n-em-p-X
- n Ignhp Ipd-h. a Fp XZv`hw
an-Xa
- mb Dm-lt- mSp IqSn-bh
- , Dmlw Ipd-h
-
Bpw Ip-sampw ]d-bm-\n-m an \-h\
- mbn \S-p-h (ssien)
amem-Ja
- m
hncn
alm-m-
al-zw B{K-ln-p-h
-
alm-m-cpsS kwKaw henb Bfp-If
- psS tN. (CXp-Xs
almkw-Kaw Fm-bm AYw A]w amdpwal-mb
kwKaw Fv. (al-{Kw alms -{Kw, alm-{Kw
al-mb {Kw)
hne-]n-Sn (Alw hne)
amhnsImv (am + sImv)
a\v
FtXv (aa Fs)
anX-ambn kwkm-cn-p-h
-
at\m-lc
- w, tamln-n-p-Xv
bm{X-mp hgn-]mn-\p Xmhfw
"apkm-^n' F ]Z-ns XZv`hw
(apkm-^n bm{X-mc)
Npcp-n-n-Sn ssI
aqe-y
- ns hogvN, \miw (hne-bn-Snhv)
icocw
`qan
ico-cw, s]m-w, hnf-hns Afhv
Ah nXnsNbvXp (tahn + A)
nXn-sN-p-I
an-bXv
b{s Ffn-bX
- m-, Ffn-as
- -Sp-
hml\w, bm{X
cmPm-hp-ambn _sXv (cmjv{Shpambn _-s-Xv
cmjv{Sobw)
e sImp N]-e-X, \mWw sImv hnh-i-bm-hpI
hn
em`-sm-Xn, em` + C
ap temI- temI+Acw, Acwav , asm- c p(cq-]m-cw, KXy-cw)
]Z- ] - c n- N bw
hAfv
hn-`q-]m-e
hmXm-\p-Iq-eyw
CkvemanI aX-{]-`m-jWw
hn-cm-Py-ns `q]m-e, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq cmPmhv
hmX-ns B\p-Iq-e-yw, hmXw Imv,
B\p-Iq-eyw A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-p Ah-,
A\p-Iqew A\p-k-cn-p-Xv (x {]Xn-Iq-ew)
h\yw
h\- h p- a mbn _- s - Xv shn- s bm- X p- m- - X v.
Ir{Xn-aa
- m-m-Xv, {]mIrXw
hm\-h
tZh-m
hmbn-s-Sp-
shdpsX hmbn-pI F-Xn-\
- p-dv X\-Xmb Hcp \nK-a\
- tam
hymJym-\tam \nco--Wtam Dcp-n-cn-p--Xns\ Dt-in-pp. ASp Imep {]Nmcw h[n Hcp {]tbm-Kw.
hnZ-yp-o]tim`
sshZ-ypXZo]-ns tim` (hnZypXv + Zo]w)
hncn
Xm]-cy-an-mbva (x cn)
hnhW
hWw \jvSs
- -h
- , hnf-dn-bh
-
hnj-\n
hnj-ap I\n (I\n]gw)
hnkvab
- n-pI
Ap-X-s-SpI
hnl-cn-pI
XnjvSw t]mse Ifnp\S-pI
hom
(s\-Sp)- honp (Ah hop)
sh-smSn ImpI Xp-q-hns \ndw kqNn-n-p-t- Xm-sSmw kam-[m-\
- ns
Nn-amb sh \ndhpw kq-Nn-n-p-p.
th]w
hnd
hy-X-ykvXw
hy-X-ym-k-ap-Xv (kv+X BsW-tmp-I. ap-Zm-l-c-W-
A`ykvXw, hniz-kvXw, Biz-kvXw)
{hW-hn-tcm]Ww
{h-W
- ns hntcm]Ww, apdn-hp-W
-
i_vZ]
- Yw
- i_vZ
- ns hgn (Sound Track)
ite-ym-cWw
Av Cf-n-sb-Sp-, (ieyw Av, apv. Atm aptm
ico-c-n Xdncp-m Dm-Ip Ah-bvv Ipgw
F AY-n ieyw {]tbm-Kn-pp).
iim-tm-Pz- ew
iim-s
- \-tmse Pz-en-p-Xv, N-{-s\-tmse Xnf-p-Xv
imJm-{K-Zr-jSv
- imJ-If
- psS A{K-f
- n ImW-s-Sp-h
tij-m-c
A\-c
- h
- , ]np-d
- m-c
timWw
sNa-, Nph
iymaw
Idp-, Ccp (Ccp ])
{imhyw
{ihn--s-tS-Xv ({ihyw {ihn---Xv ) (kw`hyw
kw`m-hyw)
kJywXS-hn\
Iqp-Im-c\
- mbno
ktXw
Xmhfw, Ccn-nSw (sSIv\nIv F Cwojv ]Z-n\v kam-\ambpw ktXw F ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-p-p. AXn \nv
kmt-XnIw F ]Zhpw)
ktN-X\w
tNX-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXv Poh-\p-Xv
kX-z
- k
-
- v
ssNX- \ - y - a m- I p kv kXz- n ipn- b n
nXnsNp k-v
k]-t-cplw
]t-cp-l--tfmSp IqSn-bXv (]--n apf-Xv ]Pw
Xmac. ]w Nfn)
ka-Im-enI
Htc Ime-p-h
-
kakvXw
apgp-h
ka-ky
koW-amb {]iv\w
kanv
NaX
kap-bw
Iqw
115
k{amv
kc-ko-Pmew
kh-k
- p-X
kp-X
khm-[n-]Xn
kl-hn-Xzw
km-nIamyw
knXmw-_p-P
-
kpJib\w
kp{]
kpc--amw- ssI
kqcy-mX]w
kphw
kw-th-Z\
- o-bX
kwm-]n-pI
kv^pSw
kvt\l-`wKw
kzw
kz-
- w
kz-
kzman
kvt\l-cl
- n-Xa
- mb
kvt\tlm-ZnXw
kvacy-]p-cp-j
lhnKw
lhnv
lqdn
lmZw
lrv
lr{Z-a
tlmXmhv
lwv
dv
dp Be-ao-\mb
Xpcmt\
dnb-enkw
116
IX
cmPm--m-cpsS cmPm-hv, N{I-hn (cmv cmPm-hv)

kc-p-I-fpsS Iqw (k-cv s]mbvI)
kh-cmepw kp-X
th-t]mse kvXpXn-s-Sp-h
-
\pX kvXpXn--s-Sp--h
Fm-nsbpw A[n-Imcn
H-cp-anp IgnpIqSp Ah
k-ns Xf, temIkm-nI{Ia-n Dm-Ip
Xf
sh-m-ac
- I
-
(knXw-s
- h-fp, Aw_p-Pw-X
- m-ac
- )
\ Ddw (Ddw kpJ-amtbm F Ipiew tNmZn-)
hen-b- hncnv
Nph-p-Xp-Sp ssI
kqcy-\n \nv t\cnv Gp shbn (kqcy + BX-]w),
BX]w NqSv
kzKw (Ad_nae-bmf ]Zw)
Adn- b m\pw A\p- ` - h n- m\pw D Ign- h v , B Ignhv
Dmbncn
ka-y
- mbn (th-t]mse) m]n-pI.
hyw
kvt\l-ns `wKw (`wKw\miw)
sXfn-, \na-ea
- mb
kzw CjvS{- ]-Imcw
sskz-ca
- p-h
- , kpJ-ap-h
-
kzman F i_vZ
- ns kwt_m-[\m-cq]w
kvt\l-an-m
kvt\-l
- n \nv DZn-X
- v (kvt\l + DZn-Xw)
kvacn--s-Sp ]pcp-j Hman--s-Sp B ({]_-nepw apw {]ta-ba
- m-hp {][m\ hynsb kqNn-n-p
{]tbmKw)
lhn-ns Kw
tlma-{Zhyw
kzK-nse kpcn (Ad_n ]Zw)
lrXv lmZw, lrZ-bh
- p-ambn _-s-X
- v.
(lmZhw Fp {]tbm-Kn-p-Iq-Sm-X
- mWv)
lrZbw
lrZ-bs
- c
- a
- n-n-p-h
- (Im-ap-I)
tlmaw sNp-h
-
hnUvVn
ssZhw
{]]-{- k-jvSm-hmb ssZhta
bYm-XYhmZw, DXv D-Xp-t]mse {]I-Sn-n-
{K- I m- c - m- c pw IrXn- I fpw
{K-Im-c
- m-cpw IrXn-Ifpw
Imfn-Zm-k
hniz-hn{ip-X\
- mb kwkvIrX a-lm-Ih
- n. hn{Iam-Zn-Xy-k-Z-nse \h-c-Xv\--fn Hcm-fmbn
Adn-b-s-Sp-p. At\Iw sFXn-ly-
Ctl-s-p-dnp {]Nm-c
- n-ep-v. amfhw
F tZiv Pohn-n-cp--Xmbn Icp-Xp-p.
A`n-m\ imIp--fw, amf-hn-Im-n-an{Xw,
hn{I- t amh- i obw (\mS- I - ), Ipam- c kw`hw, cLp- h wiw (alm- I m- h y- ),
EXpkwlmcw (J-Im-hyw), taL-ktiw
(kt-iI
- m-hyw) Fn-hb
- mWv apJy-Ir-Xn-I.
sNdp-tcn (15mw \qm-v)
F.-Un. 15-mw \qm-n Pohn-n-cp aebmfI-hn. F.-Un. 1445 75 Imev tIme-p\mSp `cn-n-cp DZ-b-has ]nXkZnse AwKam-bn-cp-p. ]mn-Xyhpw `mh\m-k
- pw Hn-W
- nb Ihn. IrjvWK
- mY- b mWv {][m\ IrXn. `n, ên- X w,
irwKmcw Fnh-bmWv IrjvWK
- m-Yb
- n \ndp-\np-X
- v.
I: KoXm-RvP-en, DZym-\-]m-e-I, Im_q-fnhm-e, t]mvam-, tKmd, honepw ]pdpwXpS-n-bh.

F.B.-cm-P-cm-P-ha (1863 - 1918)
N-\m-t-cn-bn P\-\w. tIc-f]
- m-Wn\n F
t]cn Adn- b - s - S pp. A[ym- ] - I ,
kwkvIr- X - ] m- T - i mem Ckvs]- I vS,
kwkvIrX tImtfPv {]nkn- XpS-nb
]Z-hn-I hln-p. tIc-f-]m-Wn\obw, `mjm`q-j-Ww, hr-a-RvP-cn, kmln-Xy-kmlyw,
i_vZ-tim-[n-\n, a[y-a-hym-I-c-Ww XpSn
`mjbv v ASn- m\w \Inb {]mamWnIIrXn-Ifpw `mjm-Ip-am-ck
- w-`h
- w, ae-bmf
imIpfw, ae-b-hn-em-kw, {]km-Z-ame XpSnb Ir-Xn-Ifpw F.B-dns -kw-`m-h-\-Ifns-Sp-p.
F. Ipam-c-\m-im (1873 - 1924)
Xpv cmam-\p-P Fgp-- F.Un.

16mw \qm-n Pohn-n-cp-p. a[ytIc-fnse ]gb s]mm\n Xmeq-n Xncq-cn\-Spv Xr-n-bq-cnse Xp]d-mWv
P-e
- w. Infn-m-ns\ `mj-bn Hcp Imhy{]-m-\-amn hnI-kn-n-p. Fgp--s
IrXn-I-fn-eqsS ae-bm-f-n \ne-hm-c-s
Imhy-`mj cq]-s-p. `n-{]-m-\-ns
tIc-f-nse apJy{]tbm-m-hv. A[ym-cm-am-bW
- w, {ioalm-`m-cX
- w, {ioalm`mK-hXw
(Infn- m- p- I ), Nnm- c Xv\w, lcn\maIo\w Fn-h {][m\ IrXn-I.
Xncp- h - \ - - ] pcw Pn- b n Nnd- b nIo- g n\Spp Imbn-c {Kma-n P\n-p.

{io\m-cm-bWKpcp-hns {][m\ injy.
Fkv.-F.-Un.-]n. tbmKw sk{I--dn-bmbn
{]hn-p. _mwKfq-cnepw sIm
bnepw D]-cn-]T
- \w \S-n. 1907 {]kn-oI-cn hoW-]qhv' ae-bm-f- Ihn-X-bn Hcp
]pXp-bp-K
- n\v Bcw`w Ipdn-p. \fn-\n, eoe,
Nnm-hn-jvSb
- mb koX, {]tcm-Z\
- w, Zpc-h
- ,
Nm-e-`n-p-In, IcpW XpS-nb Im-hyfpw [mcmfw `mh-Ko-X-fpw _me-I-hn-XIfpw cNnn- p- v . AtXhsc \ne- \ n
ImhycoXnp amw hcpn X\- X mb
ssienv cq]w-sIm-Sp-p. ae-bmfIhn-Xbn Imev]\
- nI hk-
- n\p XpSw Ipdnhcn {]ap-J.
cho-{-\m-Y -Sm-tKm (1861 - 1941)
Dq Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c- (1877 - 1949)
t\m_ km\w t\Snb `mc-Xob kmlnXy-Im-c. _wKm-fnse sIm-bn

P\np. Cy \thm-m-\-ns inev]nI-fn Hcm. _wKm-fn-bnepw Cwo-jnepw
Fgp-Xn. `mc-Xob kmln-Xys B[p-\n-Ih-cn-X
- n {][m-\n. tZiobKm\ns
-c-N-bn-Xm-hv, Ihn, t\mh-en-v, D]-\ym-k-Imc, \mS-II
- r-v, Nn{X-Im-c, kwKo-X
XpS-nb \ne-If
- n {]kn-. {][m-\I
- r-Xn-
N-\m-t-cn-bn P\\w. tIc-f-ha{]m\-ns {]apJ hm-h.v Ae-m-c]qWhpw

]n-tXm-Nn-X-hp-amb Imhy-ssi-en-bpsS
DSa. efnXssien-bn-ep _me-Ih
- n-XI
- fpw
Dam-tI-cfw F alm-Im-hyhpw \nc-h[n
J-Im-hy-fpw Htsd Kth-j-W-teJ-\fpw Dq cNn-n-p-v. Ap hmey-fn cNn "tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw' {itb-amWv. IW-`q-j-Ww, ]nwK-f, `n-Zo-]n-I
Fgp-- (16mw \qm-v)
117
IX
(J-Im-hy-), Inc-Wm-h-en, Xmc-lm-cw,

Xcw-Kn-Wn, Aar-X-[m-c, Iev]-imJn (IhnXmk-am-lm-c
- ) XpS-n-bh {][m\ IrXn-I.
{][m\ IrXn-I. tIcf kmln-Xy Am-Zanbp-sSbpw tI{ kmln-Xy- A-m-Z-anbpsSbpw AhmUpI e`n-np-v.
kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n
_mem-a-Wn-b- (1909 - 2004)
(1878 - 1916)
1909 Xrq Pn-bnse ]p-bqp-fv

\me-mp Xd-hm-n P\n-p. amXr-Xz-ns
al- zhpw hnipnbpw Bhn- j v I - c n
Ihbn{Xn. `mcy, IpSpw-_n\n, A, apn
XpS- nb `n- ` m- h - - f n kv { Xop
[manI-_m[y-X-Ifpw tNtXm-hn-Im-c-fpw
`mh-`wKn-tbmsS Ihn-XI
- f
- n Bhn-jvIc
- n-p.
tkm]m-\w, \nth-Zyw, ap-n, agp-hns IY,
A, IpSpw-_n-\n, temIm-c
-
- f
- n XpSn
bh {][m\ Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-. tIcf
km- l n- X y- A- m- Z an AhmUpw tI{kmlnXy AmZan AhmUpw e`n-p.
Xncp-h\
-
- ]
- pcw Pn-bn s\m-nI-cb
- n
P\n-p. aebmfw I Ghpw [oc-\mb
]{Xm-[n-]. cmjv{So-b-hn-ai-\hpw ]pkvX-I\n-cq-]-Whpw apJw t\mmsX Fgp-Xn. AK-Wn-Xw, t{X-KWnX km[-\-]m-T-,
`qhn-h-cW tNmZy-, tkm{I-o-kv, _met_m-[n\n XpSn [mcmfw IrXn-I cNn-p.
kzX-{hpw \n`-bh
- p-ambn ]{X-{]-h\w
\S-n-b-Xn-\m As Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq
`c-W-IqSw At-ls 1910 \mSp-I-S-n.
Fs \mSp- I - S - , hrm ]{X- { ]h\w Fo ]pkvX-I- Gsd {itb-am-Wv.
kc-kzXnkm, Fgp--]pc-kvImcw
Fnhbpw e`n-n-p-v.
Pn. i-c-pdpv (1901 - 1978)
]n. tKmhn--n-
Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn-bnse Ime-Sn-S- pv \mbtm-Sv {Kma-n P\n-p. m\-]oT]pckvImcw t\Snb BZy kmln-Xy-Im-c.
{]IrXnKmb-I-s\pw knwt_m-fnIv Ihn
Fpw Ct-ls \ncq-]-I-m hnti-jnn-p-p. hniz-Zi-\w, kmln-Xy-Iu-XpIw
(4 `mK-), kqcy-Im-n, \hm-Xn-Yn, \nanjw,
CX-fp-I, HmS-p-g, hniz-Zi-\w, Poh-\kw-KoXw XpS-nb IhnXmkam-lm-c-fpw
ky, Ccp-n-\p-apv Fo \mS-I
- fpw cmP\-n-\n, lcn--{ Fo IY-m ]pkvX-Ifpw Snp, sslZ-cmen XpSnb Poh-N-cn{X-fpw cNn-n-p-v. Cfw-Np-p-I, Hmeo-n, Imt hm IS-te hm XpS-nb _meIhnXm kam-lm-c-fpw PnbpsS kw`m-h\IfmWv. Imhym--I-amb KZy-te-J-\-fpw
c- N n- n- p- v . tI{ - k m- l nXy Am- Z an
AhmUpw ]-`q-j _lp-aXnbpw e`np.
]me-san AwK-am-bn-cp-p.
1926 Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn-bnse s]cp-m-hqcn-\-Spv ]pp-hgnbn P\n-p. cmjv{Sob

kmaq-ly-{]-h-I, ]{X-{]-h-I.
Xncp-sm-n, tIc-f-\n-b-a-k-`-I-fn AwK-ambn-cp-p. Ne-n{X hnI-k\ tIm]-td-j
sNbam, tZim-`n-am\n, Nn Fn-hb
- psS
]{Xm-[n-] XpS-nb m\- hln-n-pv. amIvkpw aqe-[\
- h
- pw, Ck-n-pdw,
kmln- X yhpw cmjv { So- b - h pw, amIv k nv
ku-cy-imkv{Xw D-hhpw hfbpw
XpS-n-b-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-I. tIc-fkm-lnXy Am-Zan AhmUv t\Sn-bn-p-v.
CS-tcn tKmhn- \mb (1906 - 1974)

Cs ae-pdw Pn-bnse Ipn-p-dv
P\\w. ImjnIkwkv I m- c - n- s bpw
{KmaoWPohn-X-n-sbpw ]pcm-hr---fpsSbpw Dp-Sn-p-I Dsm-Ihn-XIfpw \mS-I
- fpw cNn-p. ]qX-mv, ]p
Iehpw Acn-hmfpw, Ipp-a{- ]-`mXw, Imhnse
]mv, Hcp ]nSn s\n, Af-Im-h-en, Idp-sN-n-n-I XpS-nb (Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c) Iqp- I rjn (\mS- I w) XpS- n- b h
118
kpIp-am Ago-tmSv
1926- Iq Pn-bnse Ago-tmv P\np.
A[ym- ] - I , {]`m- j - I , \ncq- ] - I ,
]{Xm[n] Fo \ne- I - f n {]kn- .
Bims koXm- I m- h yw, alm- m- h ns
amKw, i-c-p-dpv hnain--s-Sp-p,
hmb-\-bpsS kzK-n, aebmfkmlnXy
hnai-\w, Xz-a-kn, Fnp `mc-X-[-tc,
Kpcp-hns Zp:Jw, Ago-tm-Sns teJ-\
-
Fnh {][m\ IrXn- I . tIc- f - - t I{
kmlnXy Am- Z an AhmUp- I e`nnpv.
hb-em cma-ha (1928 - 1975)
Be-pg Pn-bnse hb-em-dn P\n-p. Ihn,
Km\-c-N-bn-Xmhv Fo \ne-I-fn {]kn-.
{][m\ IrXn-I: sImbpw ]qWq-epw, apf-
{K- I m- c - m- c pw IrXn- I fpw
m-Sv, Bbn-j, kK-kw-KoXw XpS-n-b-h.

tIcf kmln-Xy -Am-Zan AhmUv t\Snbn-p-v.
F.-]n. apl-Zv (1928 - 2003)
tImgn-tmSv CSn-b
- c
- b
- n P\n-p. ae-bmf
sNdp-I-Ym-Irpw t\mh-en-pw. sXmnbpw
Xhpw, {]knUns BZys ac-Ww,
F-m-Sw, acw, lnc-Wy-I-in]p, Kpl, apl-Zns P\-\w, ssZh-ns Iv, \-hcpsS temIw, hmcn- s b- p- I XpSn
[mcmfw IrXn-If
- psS Im-hv. Fw.-Sn.-hmkptZ-h \mb-cp-ambn tNp cNn t\mhemWv "Ad- _ n- s mv ' . tIcf kmlnXy
Am-Zan A[y--\m-bn-cp-p. tI{tIcfkm-lnXy Am-Zan AhmUp-I e`n-npv.
H.F.-hn. Ipdpv
1931 sImw Pn-bnse Nh-d-bn P\n-p.
Ihn, Ne-n{XKm\-c-N-bn-Xmhv. \mSioepItfmSp B`n-apJyw, Km\m--I-X, eb`wKn, Bi-b-k-pjvSn Fnh H.-F.-hn.
Ihn- X - I - f psS khn- t i- j - X - I . \oe- pI, HcpXpn shfn-w, abno-en,
AKv\nie-`-, Idp ]n-bpsS ]mv,
D-bn-\n, `qan-smcp Nc-a-Ko-Xw, A-cw,
Dv, ss`c-hs XpSn, kzbw-hcw XpS-n-bh
{][m\ IrXn-I. tI{--tI-cf kmlnXy
Am-Zan AhmUp-Ifpw Fgp-- ]pckvIm-chpw e`n-npv.
kn. hn. {iocm-a (1933 - 2007)
IYm-Ir-v, cmjv{So-b-{]-h-I, A`n-`mj-I. tIcf kmln-Xy -A-m-Zan D]m-[y, tI{ -km-ln-Xy -A-m-Zan AwKw
Fo ]Z-hn-I hln-n-p-v. XoY-m-hSn,
ZpxJnX-cpsS ZpxJw, ]pdwImgvN-I, hmkvXplm-cm, Np-{i-hWKf-amw XpS-nbh
IrXn-I. tI{ tIcf kmln-Xy- A-mZan
AhmUp-I e`n-n-p-v.
Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h\m-b
1933 s]mm\n Xmeq-nse IqS-q {Kman P\np. t\mh-en-v, sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-v,
Xnc- - Y m- I r- v , kn\n- a m- k w- h n- [ m- b - I ,
]{Xm-[n-].
\mep-sIv, Akp-ch
- n-v, Imew, av, cmaq-gw, hmcm-Wkn (t\m-h-ep-I), Ccp-ns
Bm-hv, Ipty-S-n, _-\w, \ns Hmabv v , hm\- { ]w, sjeIv (I- Y - I )
XpSn- b h {][m\ IrXn- I . \nc- h [n

cN\I Ne-n-{X-am-bn-p-v. m\-]o-T-]pc-kvImcw e`n-p. Xnc--Ybvv ]e XhW
kwm\tZ-iob AhmUp-I e`np.
tI{--t- I-cf kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUpI e`n-n-p-v.
kpK-X-Ip-amcn
1934 Xncp-h\
-
- ]
- p-cp P\n-p. kmaq-lnI
-{]h\cwKpw {]IrXn kwc--W-cwKpw hne-s kw`m-h\
- I
- \In. appn-n, kz]v\`- q-an, ]mXn-cm-q-, ]mhw am\h-lr-Z-bw, Ccpn-d-Ip-I, cm{Xn-a-g, Ae-aW
- n, Ipdn-n-q-, IrjvWI
- h
- n-XI
- ,
cm[-sb-hn-sS, tZh-Zmkn, Imhp-Xo--t XpSnbh {][m\ IrXn- I . tI{- - t I- c f
kmlnXy Am- Z an AhmUp- I fpw
Fgp ]pc-kvIm-chpw e`np.
Pn. Ac-hn (1935 - 1991)
tIm-bv P\\w. {]kn lmkkmlnXyIm-c\
- m-bn-cp Fw.F.tKmhn-\mb-cpsS
aI. Nen{X kwhn-[m-bI
- , Imq-Wn-v,
Xnc- - Y m- I r- v , kwKo- X - . sNdn- b a\pjycpw hen-b tem-Ihpw F Imq
]c--c-bn-eqsS {itb-\m-bn. Im-\-ko-X,
Xv, Hcn-Sv Fo Ne-n-{X-v kwhn[m-b-I-\p tZiob AhmUpw NnZw-_-cn\v anI Nn{X-ns kwhn-[m-bI
- \
- p
tZiob AhmUpw e`np. D-cm-b\
- w, Xv,
FkvXm, t]mp-sh-bn, NnZw-_-cw,
HcnSv, hmkvXp-lmc Fo Nn{X-v
anI kwhn-[m-bI
- \p tIcf-km-cns
AhmUv e`np.
F.-F.-I-mSv (1935 - 1987)
ImSv \mcm-b-W \q-Xn-cn. tImgn-tmSv
Pn-bnse Ahn-S-\-q Imnv P\np.
aebmf- nse B[p- \ n- I Xm{]m- \ ns {]apJ Ihn.
ie-`-Ko-Xw, ]mXm-f-ns apg-w, Bbn-cn-sm-m-bn-cn Adp-]-n-aq-v. h{PIp-ew, k^-e-ao-bm{X, CXm B{i-a-arKw
sImv sImv, ]I-e-dp-Xn-p-apv Fnh
{][m\ IrXn-I.
sk_m-y t]m
1947 Fd- W m- I p- f p P\n- p. ]{X- { ]hI, A`n-`m-jI
- , A[ym-]I, ]mesa v AwKw, \nb-a-k-`mwKw Fo \neIfn {]hn-p. tPmt]m am]m-,
119
IX
aZsX-tckm (Poh-N-cn-{X-), a\pjy\pw

sXmgn-epw, C{k-tbepw Abcm-Py-fpw,
temI-kw-L-S-\-I, ]tcXs Xncn-p-h-chv
XpS-n-b-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-I.
t\XrXzw \Inhcp-p. kn\n-abpw {]Xy-bim-kv{Xhpw {][m-\-Ir-Xn. Ne-n{X \ncq-]W-n-\p tZiobkw-m\ AhmUpI e`n-n-p-v.
hnP-b-Ip-am tat\m
Atim-I Ncp-hn
1947 P\n-p. {]ap-J-\mb Iem hnaiI. tImtfPv Hm^v ss^ BSvkn

hnknnMv s^tem Bbn-cpp. B[p-\nIIemZi-\w, ew Imew, Ie, c-hn-hmlw
(hnh.) Fn-hb
- mWv {][m\ IrXn-I. efnXIem Am-Zan AhmUv e`nn-p-v.
1957 Xrq Pn-bnse Imq-cn P\npsNdp-I-Ym-Irv. kqcy-Im-n-IfpsS \Kcw, ]cn-Nn-X-K--, Hcp cm{Xnv Hcp
]I (IYm-ka
- m-lm-c
- ), IwKmcp\rw
(t\mh) Fnh {][m\ IrXn-I. tIc-f km-ln-Xy- Am-Zan AhmUv e`n-p.
bp.sI. Ipam-c
inlm-_p-o s]mbvpwI-Shv
1950 tImgn-tmSv Pn-bnse ]tmfnbn P\n- p. sNdp- I - Y m- I r- v , ]{X- { ]hI. ]pXnb Ccn-n-S
- . aSp Ifn,
AS-bm-f
- hp sImn-cn-p-p, A
Dd-p-n-, H-bvsmcp kv{Xo HmSp-X
- ns
cl-ky-sav? hoSv kwkm-cn-p-p, at[y-bns\ ImWp t\c-v XpS-n-b-h-bmWv
{][m\ IrXnI.
1963 Iq Pn-bnse s]mbvpw IShn P\-\w. sNdp-IYmIr-v. ap-Im-ew,

Bpw thm Hcp Iv (IY-I),
Cu (t\mh-sepI) XpS-n-b-h-bmWv
{][m-\ -Ir-Xn-I.
hn.sI. tPmk^v
1951 Iq Pn-bnse Iptmv P\np.
Ne- n{X \ncq- ] - I , tIc- f - N - e - n{X
AmZan sshkv sNbam. Ne-n-{Xm-kzmZ-\-hp-ambn _-s ]cn-io-e-\-v
120
]n. sI. cmP-ti-J-c

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4806grade 9 Malayalam Keralapadavali

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4806grade 9 Malayalam Keralapadavali

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tIcf]mTm-hen

kwm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

\s Iqn-smpt]mIp-p. ]mc--cy-ns thcp-I Is-

m\pw Ncn-{X-n \psS m\w Xn-s-Sp-m\pw AXn-eqsS Ign-bpw.

s{]m^. Fw.-F. -Jm-Z

sI.]n. i-c, s{]m^k (dn.) doPn-b-W Cnyqv Hm^v FUyq-t-j

tUm. ]n.sI. XneIv, dnkv Hm^o-k, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B.Sn

kwm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

4. `b-Iu-Sn-ey-tem-`- hfn-smcp\mSns\ ........................... 59

5. {]]--an-smcp Xd-hm-Sm-bn, hc-p-I ImWm-Xm-bn... ....... 72

6. A-c- tXSn ...................................................................................... 87

auenI I- h y- Xmsg- - d - b p- h `mc- X - nse Hmtcm

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kzmX-{y-n-\p-th-n-bp \psS tZiobka-c-n\v {]tNm-Z\w \Inb

`mc-X-ns ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ--Xbpw \ne-\np-Ibpw

(L) cmPys Imp-kq-n-p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-p-hm Bhiys-Sp-tm A\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw sNpI;

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\psS kn{ikwkvIm-c-ns k--amb ]mc--cys hne-a-Xn-pIbpw \ne-\n-dp-p-Ibpw sNpI;

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Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbvv {]mb-ap Xs Ipntm cy-_m-e-I-t\m,

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(BiohmZw sNbvXnv KuX-an-sbm-gn-sI-bp Xm]-kn-am t]mbn).

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tIc- f - ] m- T m- h en ae- b mfw

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ap\n-Ip-am-cm : (B`-c-W-sfSp-p-sImv {]th-in-nv) CXm, B`-c-W-, Bcysb

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: Cubp- - h B`c- W - sImp

: \n-fpsS kmaYyw F\n--dn-bmw.

hkp- s s[h IpSpw- _ Iw

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: (e-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn) Am, Rm\nXm hn-p-p.

: `K-hm-t\, CsXm-cm-in--, hcwXs-bm-Wv.

: Ipt, CXm Ctm-p-hv Ctms tlmaw -I-gn-n-cn-p

: ({]th-in-n-v) `K-h, R CXm, Xbm-dm-bn.

: imMvK-c-h, \ns A\p-P-np hgn Imq!

: CXm, Cs\ hcmw.

: At, h\-tZ-h-X-am-cpsS A[n-hmkw D Xt]m-h-\-hr--tf!