ElizabethGutierrez

TheDigestiveSystemLabReport
Introduction:
Inpartoneofthislabreport,thestructuresofthemouthwillbeaddressed.Thestructure
ofthemouthcontainsthreeprimarypartswhichinclude:themouth,salivaryglandsandsaliva,
andtheteeth.Themouthisthepartinwhichthefoodisreceivedanditsfunctionistwofold.
Twofoldmeanstomechanicallyandchemicallybreakdownsolidparticlestosmallerpieces
however,thisprocessisalsoknownasmastication,inwhichsalivaisthetoolusedto
mechanicallyandchemicallybreakdownthesolidparticles.Thetongueisusedforchewingand
swallowingfood,itiscoveredwithmoist,pinktissuecalledmucosa.Theboluswhichisasmall
roundedmassofasubstance,isbrokendownintotheesophagustoenterthestomach.Thousands
oftastebudscoverthesurfacesofthepapillae.Inaddition,anotherfunctionofthemouth
includesspeechandsensoryreception.Thesensoryreceptionhasaspectsthatsenseflavorsand
determinestemperatureswhichhelpstoidentifyfoodsthatareputinthemouth.Next,the
structurethathelpswiththemasticationprocessaretheteeth.Thehardeststructureofthemouth
istheteeth,buttheyarenotconsideredpartoftheskeletalsystem.Whatmakestheteethunique
istheformingoftwosets.Thefirstset,alsoknownastheprimaryset,whicheruptduring
infancyandareusedduringchildhood.Theprimarysetincludestentypes:centralincisor,lateral
incisor,canine,firstmolar,andsecondmolar.Oncetheprimaryteetheruptandtheirroots
absorbed,thesecondaryseteruptandpushtheprimaryteethout.Thesecondarysetconsistsof
thirtytwoteeth,inwhichsixteenareintheupperjawandsixteeninthelowerjaw.Theteethare
arrangedfrommidlineinthisorder:centralincisor,lateralincisor,canine,firstpremolar,second
premolar,andthethirdmolar.Thefunctionoftheteethistobreakdownthefoodhowever,the
chewingincreasesthesurfaceareaofthefoodsoenzymescanworkefficiently.Lastly,the
salivaryglandssecretethesalivawhichisproducedinthemouth.Thesecretionmoistensthe
foodputinthemouthandbeginsthechemicalbreakdown.Salivaactsassolvent,aswellasan
acidbuffer,whichcontainsbicarbonateions.Thesalivaryglandsactsasserousandmucous
cells.Serouscellscontainthedigestiveenzymesalivaryamylase,whichsplitstarchand
glycogenmoleculesdown.Additionally,themucouscellssecreteathick,stickyliquid,that
bindsfoodparticlesandactsasalubricate.
Inparttwoofthislabreport,theexperimentconductedwastoexplaintheeffectsofpH
onproteindigestion,inwhichtheesophagusandstomachplayarelativerole.Everycellinthe
humanbodyhasprotein,inwhichisbrokendownandrebuilttomakegrowthandmaintainthe
cell.Thedigestivesystemisthemostimportantcollectorofproteinfromwhathumanseat.The
proteinmustbebrokenintoaminoacidsforhumanstobeabletouse.Enzymesandfluidsplaya
roleinthedigestionprocess,whichbeginsinthemouthandendsinthesmallintestine.Atfirst,
theproteinentersthemouthwheremasticationoccurs.Thentheproteinentersintothe
esophagus,whichperistalsismovestheproteindownthroughtheloweresophagealsphincterand

intothestomach.Whenthefoodentersthestomach,itencountersanacidicenvironment.The
stomachmixesthefoodwithgastricjuices,startsproteindigestion,smallamountofingestion,
andmovesthechymeintothesmallintestine.Digestiveenzymesactonthefoodanditactivates
anenzymethatclipstheproteininsmallerpartscalledpeptides.Thepeptidesinactivateany
harmfulmicroorganismsthathaveingestedwithyourfood.Thepeptidesinthestomachthen
movetothesmallintestinetoneutralizeacidicfoodparticles.Thepancreasthensecretes
bicarbonatebufferintothesmallintestine.Thegutencouragesmoreproteindigestingenzymes
thatoriginatefromthepancreasandthecellslininginthesmallintestine.Theenzymesworkon
thefoodpeptides,breakingthemdownintosmallerpeptidesandcuttingofftheaminoacids
contained.Thentheabsorptivecellsofthesmallintestinecarryaminoacidstothebloodstream
andthroughoutthebody.
Partthreeofthislabreportaddressesthefunctionofthesmallandlargeintestine.The
smallintestineextendsfromthepyloricsphinctertotheileocecalvalve.However,thebilethatis
producedintheliveraidsthedigestionoflipidsinthesmallintestine.Thepancreaswhichis
locatedinthesmallintestine,producesinsulin.Thepancreasinsulinallowsthebodytousesugar
fromcarbohydratesinthefoodthatisconsumedbyanindividualtolateruseforenergy.Insulin
alsokeepstheglucoselevelfromgettingtoohighorlow.Thefunctionofthesmallintestineis
forittofinishtheprocessofdigestionandtheabsorptionofnutrients.Thesmallintestineis
dividedintothreedifferentsections:theduodenum,jejunum,andileumasshowninthepictures
below.Theduodenumreceiveschymefromthestomach(labeledinfigure14),soitplaysarole
inthechemicaldigestionofchymefortheabsorptioninthesmallintestine.Theduodenum
releasescholecystokininandittravelsthroughthebloodtothegallbladderandpancreas.The
gallbladdercontractsandreleasesthebile,andpancreaticdigestiveenzymesarereleasedfrom
thepancreas.Thereisfourlayersintheduodenumwhichare:themucosa,submucosa,
muscularis,andserosa.Theproductionoffecesbeginsinthestomachandtheeliminationoccurs
inthelargeintestine.Thelargeintestinebeginsintheileocecaljunctionandendsattheanusas
showninFigure16,itconsistsofthecolon,rectum,andtheanus.Unlikethesmallintestine,the
largeintestinedoesnotproduceenzymes.Thechemicaldigestioniscompletedinthesmall
intestinebeforeitentersthelargeintestine.Importantfunctionsofthelargeintestineare:
absorptionofwaterandelectrolytes,andtheeliminationoffeces.

PartIStructuresoftheMouth

SalivaryGlands:
TheEffectsofSalivaryAmylaseonStarch


Figure1:
(credittoauthor)Thedatacollectedcomparestheeffectofsalivaryamylaseinthe
presenceofstarchvsthecontrolwhereonlywaterispresent.

Figure2:
(credittoauthor)
Thetesttubecontainswater,thesubstratewhichisthestarch,andonedropofiodine.Thedata
gatheredfromthistesttubewasforthecontroldatainthechartabove.

Figure3:
(credittoauthor)
Thetesttubecontainstheamylase(enzyme),thestarch(substrate),andfourdropsofiodine.The
datagatheredfromthistesttubewasfortheexperimentaldatainthechartabove.

TasteBuds:
TheContributionofSmellandTexturetoTaste


Figure4:
(credittoauthor)

Thiscollecteddatarepresentsanindividualbeingtestedtodetermine
whatfoodwasplacedintheirmouthbyimpairingtheirsmell,vision,andtexture.Whenthefood
wasplacedintheirmouth,theindividualhadfivesecondintervalstodeterminewhatfoodwasin
theirmouthbyjustplacingitonthetongue,thenchewingandlastly,chewingthefood,but
unpluggingthenoseinwhichcottonballswereplaced.Thedatashowsthat80%ofsmell,
factorsintothefunctionoftaste.

MammalTeethStructure:
MasticationTools:
Theteethofdifferentanimals,asshownbelow,representwhattheyusein
ordertobreakdownthefoodthattheyeat.Theteethstructureareimportantbecausetheyhelp
breakdownthefoodthatentersthemouth.Upperpremolars,Uppermolars,canine,andincisors
arelocatedinthemouthofmammals.

Figure5:
(credittoauthor)Thispicturerepresentsthe
teethintheupperjawofanadult.

Figure6:
(credittoauthor)Thispicturerepresentsthelower
jawofteethinaboar.

Figure7:
(credittoauthor)Thispicturerepresentsthelowerteeth
inthelowerjawofacow.

Figure8:
(credittoauthor)Thispicturerepresentsthe
teethintheupperjawofahorse.

Figure9:
(credittoauthor)Thispicture
representstheupperjawofteethinajavelina.

Figure10:
(credittoauthor)
Thispicturerepresentstheupperjawteethofa
babygoat.

PartIIEsophagusandStomach
ProteinDigestion:Howlongdoesittakeforacetylcholineandpepsinenzymetobreak
downprotein?
TheEffectsofpHonProteindigestion

Figure11:
(credittoauthor)
Thistabledemonstratesthedatacollectedduringtheproteindigestionlabwhichisexamined
overaperiodoftime.TheeffectsofpHonProteindigestionwereexaminedoveraperiodof
days.

Figure1215:
(credittoauthor)
Thesepicturesareusedtorepresentthestructureof
theesophagusandstomachfoundinsidethecat
however,thestomachofthiscatisrelativelypink.
Therugaerepresentsthemucosamodificationfound
inthestomachandtheimageofthepyloricsphincter
demonstrateshowitlookswhenitiscutinhalf.

PartIIISmallandLargeIntestines
IntestinalDataLabAnalysis:
HowdoesCCK,gastrin,secretin,GIP,AcheffecttheGItract?

Figure1621:
(credittoauthor)Thefirsttoppicturelabeledontheleftshowsthelargeintestine
ofthecat,howeverthesigmoidcolon,rectum,andanuswerecutoutbuttheywouldfollowthe
descendingcolon.Theotherpicturesdemonstratethesectionsofthesmallintestinewhichare:
theduodenum,jejunum,andtheileum.Thebottomrightpictureshowstheileocecalsphincter
locatedinsidethesmallintestine.

Figure22:
(credittoauthor)Thistableistheexperimentaldatafromthevirtualrats.Eachof
theunknownratswereinjectedwithfivedifferenthormonesandthenumbersforexperimental
datawerecomparedtothecontroldatatohelpidentifytheunknowns.

Experimenta Unknown1
lData

Unknown2

Unknown3

Unknown4

Unknown5

Dropsoffluid
fromsalivary
duct

pHofstomach

Dropsoffluid
frompancreatic
duct

pHoffluidfrom
mainpancreatic
duct

Dropsoffluid
fromcommon
bileduct

Motilityof
stomach

Motilityofsmall
intestine

Bloodglucose
level

Strengthof
Contractions

Figure23:
(credittoauthor)Thistablecomparestheeffectsoftheunknownagentsondifferent
functionsoccurringwithinthevirtualat.Theexperimentaldatawascomparedtothecontrol
data,sothe()indicatesthattherewasnosignificantchange,()indicatesthattherewasan
increaseand()indicatesthattherewasadecrease.

Unknown1

Unknown2

Unknown3

Unknown4

Unknown5

CCK

Secretin

ACH

Gastrin

GIP

Figure24:
(credittoauthor)Thistableindicateswhattheunknownswereaftercomparingthe
effectsoftheunknownagentsonthedifferentfunctionsoccurringwithinthevirtualrat.

Conclusion:
Thetestdatathatwascollectedwasusedtoprovethat80%ofsmell,factorsintothe
functionoftaste.Theindividualwasabletoidentifythefoodwhenchewedratherthanwhenthe
cottonballswereunpluggedfromthenose.Thetextureandtasteoftheappleslice,banana,and
potatohelpedtheindividualdeterminewhatfoodwasplacedinthemouth.Thetastebudsfound
inthetonguehelpedtheindividualbyimpairingtheirsmell,taste,andtexture.Thesalivary
amylasedatacollectedindicatedtheeffectsofsalivaryamylaseonstarch.Inonetesttubethere
wasstarch(cracker)andsalivaofanindividualvsstarch(cracker)andwaterintheothertube.
Figuretwoandthreearevisualrepresentationsoftheeffectofsalivaryamylaseonstarch.The
salivaryamylasebreaksdownthestarchatafasterratethanwaterbecausethevisual
representationofFigure2indicatesthatthestarchwasnotbrokendown.Theenzymesandfluids
helpduringthedigestionprocess,whichwasthesaliva.Thepepsindatacollectedduringthe
proteindigestionlabwasexaminedoveraperiodofdaysandcompared.Theexperimentaltube
containedacetylcholineandthecontroltubelackedit,soontheseconddaytheeggwhitewas
gonefortheexperimentaltube.Whenthefoodentersthestomachitentersanacidicenvironment
whichwouldbetheexperimentaltube.Thestomachmixesthefoodwithgastricjuices,starts
proteindigestionandmovesthechymeintothesmallintestine.Thecontroltubewasusedto
visualizehowthefoodwouldlookifthegastricjuiceswerenotusedtobreakdownthefood
duringthechemicaldigestionprocess.Thehormonalactioncollectedfromtheexperimentaldata
fromthevirtualratsaffectedtheunknownagentsondifferentfunctions.Unknown1was
injectedwiththehormoneCholecystokinin(CCK)anditwasidentifiedbecauseoftheincrease
inthepancreaticfluidhowever,itwasalsotheonlyonewithbiledatacollected.Unknown2
wasinjectedwithsecretinanditwasidentifiedbecausethesecretintravelsthroughthebloodto
thepancreastostimulatepancreaticbicarbonatetobereleased.Unknown3wasinjectedwith
ACh(Acetylcholine)anditwasidentifiedbecausetheneurotransmittersentthesignaltothe
musclesoftherat.Unknown4wasinjectedwithgastrinanditwasidentifiedbecausethe
stomachacidoftheratwasgettingmoreacidic.Unknown5wasinjectedwithgastricinhibitory
peptide(GIP)anditwasidentifiedbecausethepancreaticinsulinwashigher.Thepancreas,
liver,andgallbladderareallaccessoryorganstothedigestivetract.ThedatagatheredinFigure
22and23helpedidentifywhichhormonewasplacedintheratsbytheeffectstheyshowed.
Figure23wasveryusefulbecauseitindicatedwhethertherewasanincreaseordecreaseofthe
effectofthehormonethatwasinjected.