Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FUAP
Authorized.
TELEF'AX:
AREA A:
Part
Part
Part
Part
I.
II.
Ill.
IV.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
AREA B:
Part I.
Part II.
Part Ill.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
BUILDING MATERIALS AND METHODS 01= CONSTRUCTiON
UT IL IT IES
1. SANITARY AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
2. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, HVAC HEATING. VENTILAl,NG
AIR-CONDITIONING
3. ELECTRICAL AND OTHER POWER SYSTEMS
4. ACOUSTICS AND ILLUMINATION
5. DISASTER PREVENTION AND FIRE PROTECTION
SECURITY SYSTEMS
6. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
7. HIGH- TECH SYSTEMS
AREA C:
Part I.
PRE-DESIGN - BUILDING
Part II.
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
Part Ill.
SITE PLANNING
PHOC;H;'>-fvHv1ir~G
The items included in th1s Reviewer are drawn Horll Boo~\ 9 , 1\rctlltcctural ar1c
Construction Data) by the same author. as compret1ens1vely d1scussed w1th full
illustrations comprising 1 ,300 pages. with the end view of equipping the graduate
students of B.S. Architecture before taking the Board Examlflat1ons (Boohs 1 to 8
are individual books on one subject matter).
The comprehensive treatment in each learning area and the adequate exercises
provided by the author will challenge the students as they read and answer each test
item in the three (3) areas of instruction. With the guidance of instructors and parents,
"The New Architectural Reviewer" will prove to be very beneficial to the graduate
students of B.S. Architecture
GEORGES $ALVAN
Architect Fuap
AUTHOR
iii
The LICENSURE EXAMINATION for Architects shall be given twice a year in the City
of Manila and other places where conditions may warrant on the second Mondays,
Tuesdays, and Wednesdays of JANUARY and JULY provided such days do not fall
on a h9liday. In which case the working day following will be the day of examination.
The examination iscontinually evolving. Currently, the Board of Examiners for
Architects, under the PRC or Professional Regulation Commission is developing and
testing a computer-adaptive exam.
The use of computers will speed up reporting of grades, and improve reliability. One
interesting feature of a computer-based exam is that it will allow ability and knowledge
to be demonstrated progressively as the test is taken. The answer to one question
can affect the difficulty of the next so that a more competent candidate will answer
fewer difficult questions and probably finish earlier.
Although there is no substitute for a good, formal education and broad-based
experience provided by. your two (2) year Diversified Experience in various technical
aspects of the practice of architecture with a practicing architect, this view guide will
help direct your study efforts to increase your chances of passing the Board of
Examination for Architects.
1.
EXAMINATION FORMAT
The Architecture Licensure Examination is designed to protect the health, safety and
welfare of the public by regulating the practice of Architecture. It does this by testing
to see if someone has the knowledge, skills and abilities to perform the services
required of an entry-level architect. To this end, the examination is divided into three
major areas with their corresponding weights as follows.
I
(30%)
(30%)
(40%)
A. Time Management
One of the biggest problems many candidates have in taking the board examinations
is simply completing it in time. This is especially true of the 10 hour/12 hour design
problem because the design problem is particularly unique, guidelines for time
management and tips on completing it are discussed in AREA C part II.
For the portions of the exam that co 1sist of multiple choice questions, you may want
to proceed in one of two ways.
With the fh'st approach, proceed from the first question to the last, trying to answer
each one regardless of its difficulty. Divide the time alloted by the number of questions
to give yoursetf an average time per question. Of course, some will take less than the
average, some, more. If you are not able to confidently answer a question in your
alloted time or a little more, make note of it and move on to the next one. If you have
time at the end, you can go back to the most difficult questions
With the second approach, go through the test three (3) times. During the first pass,
read each question and answer the ones you are sure of and that do not take any
lengthy calcuiations or study of the information packet. Since you will be jumping
around, always make sure you are marking the correct answer soace. If a question
does not fit into the first category of "easy to answer", makb a mark by it indicating
whether yo~.; can answer it with a little thinking or easy calculation or whether it seems
impossible and may be a best-guess type or response.
During the second pass, answer the next easiest questions. These should be the
ones that you can confidently respond t0 after some deductive reasoning or with a
calculation with which you are familiar. Once again, make sure you are marking the
correct numbered spaces on the answer sheet.
During the third pass, answer the questions that remain and that require extra effort
or those for which you have to make the best guess between two of the most likely
answers. In some cases, you may be making your best guess from among all four
options.
Using the three-pass method allows you to get a feel1ng for the difficulty of the test
during the first pass and helps you budget the remaining time for the unanswered
questions. One of the tricks to making this method work is not to go back to reread or
reanswer any completed question. In most cases, your first response (or guess) is
the best response. No matter which approach you use, answer every question, even
if it is a wild guess. You are not penalized for guessing.
B. Tips on taking the Examination
Even if you are completely familiar with the subject matter, taking the Licensure Board
Examination can be an arduous process, simply because of its length and the
concentration required to get through it. As with any act1vity requiring endurance, you
should be rested when you start the exam. You should have stopped studying a day
or two before the first test day in order to relax as much as possible. Get plenty of
sleep the night before and every night between test days.
Allow yourself plenty of time to get to the exam site so you do not have to worry about
getting lost. stuck in traffic jams, or other transportation problems. An early arrival at
the exam room also lets you select a seat with good lighting and as far away from
distractions as possible Once in the room, arrange your working materials and other
supplies so you are ready to begin as soon as you are allowed.
The proctor will review the test instructions as well as general rules about breaks,
smoking and other housekeeping matters. You can ask any questions about the rules
at this time
Once the test begins you should quickly review the material given to you in the test
Information packet. For the non-structural divisions of the test, depending on which
Major Area you are taking, this will include such things as contracts, specification
vi
step 1: Start early. You .cannot review for a test like this by starting two weeks
before the date. This is especially true if you are taking all port1ons of
the exam for the first time.
step 2. Go through the review manuals quickly to get a feeling for the scope of
the subject matter. Although this manual and the companion manual
on the structural portions of the exam have been prepared based on
the content covered, you may want to review the detailed list of tasks
and considerations given in the PRC study guides.
step 3: Based on this review and a realistic appraisal of your strong and weak
areas, set priorities for your study. Determine what topics you need to
spend more time with than others.
step 4. Divide the subjects you will review into manageable units and organize
them into a sequence of study. Generally, yo!.. should" start with those
subjects least familiar to you. Based on the date of the examination
vii
and when you are starting to study, assign a time limit to each of the
study units you identify. Again, your knowledge of a subject should
determine the time importance you give it. For example, you mavwant
to devote an entire week to earthquake design if you are unfamiliar
with that and only one day to timber design if you know that well. In
setting up a schedule, be realistic about other commitments in your life
as well as your ability to concentrate on studying for a given amount of
time.
step 5: Begin studying and stick with your schedule. This, of course, is the
most difficult part of the process and the one that requires the most
self-discipline. The job should be easier if you have started early and
set up a realistic schedule, allowing time tor recreation and other
personal commitments.
step 6: Stop studying a day or two before the exam to relax. If you do not know
the material by this time, no amount of cramming will help.
Here are some additional tips:
Know concepts first, then learn the details. For example, it is much better to understand
the basic ideas and theories of waterproofing than it is to attempt to memorize dozens
of waterproofing products and details. Once you fully understand the concept, the
details and application are much easier to learn and to apply during the exam.
Do not overstudy any one portion. You are generally better off to review the concepts
of all the divisions of the test than to become an overnight expert in one area. For
example, the test may ask general questions about plate girders, but it will not ask
that you perform a cor:nplete, detailed design of one.
Try to talk with people who took the test the year before. Although the exam questions
change yearly, it is a good idea to get a general feeling tor the types of questions
asked, the general emphasis, and areas that previous candidates found particularly
troublesome.
VIii
PAGE
AREA "A"
PART I. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Architects/Buildings Designed................................................
28
Famous Dictums/Philosophies/Sayings.................................
29
31
31
Contrast C ..................................................................... .
32
Proportion D ................................................................... .
32
Rhythm E ................................................................................ .
34
Colors F ....................................................................... .
35
Function G .................................................................... .
36
Space H ......................................................................... .
37
Circulation I ............................................................................ ..
38
39
41
43
Economics M ......................................................................... .
45
46
48
52
53
57
Office Practice F, G .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
60
66
69
ix
86
87
90
92
Contract Documents Questions N ... .. .. ... ....... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ......
93
97
101
106
110
115
116
C.
118
D.
120
Miscellaneous Questions......................................
125
E.
128
2.
Climate.......................................................................
130
3.
Drainage....................................................................
132
4.
133
5. Circulation
Automobile, Pedestrian and Service ......................
134
6.
Parking......................................................................
137
7.
Landscaping.............................................................
141
8.
Property Descriptions,............................................
141
142
143
AREA "B"
PART I. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Standard Structural Systems ............................. :.................
A. wood
B. steel
X
c. concrete
154
II
158
Ill
161
IV
Loads on Buildings ... .... ... ....... .. ... ....... ......... .... ... .. ... .. ..
163
165
VI
168
VII
171
VIII
Loads on Buildings.......................................................
174
IX
Structural Fundamentals ... .. ..... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..... .. .. ... .. .....
177
Beams and Columns ... .... . .. .. ..... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .... .
180
XI
Trusses ... .. .. ... .. ..... .. ... ....... ..... .. ... .. .. . .. ..... .. ..... ..... .. .. ... ...
182
XII
185
XIII
Connections ...................................... .
188
XIV
190
193
196
XVII
198
XVIII
200
XIX
203
XX
205
XXI
Long Span Structure One Way Systems ....... ..... ... .. .. ... .. . .. .. ....... ..... .. .. ... ... .... .
208
210
XV
XVI
XXII
1. BUILDING MATERIALS
A. Concrete ................................................................... ..
214
217
c.
Metals ...................... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..... ... .. .. ... ... .. .. .. ... ... .
221
224
E. Insulation........................................... .........................
227
F. Doors,. Hardwares ... ....... .. ........ ..... .... ....... ... .. .. ........ ...
229
231
xi
233
I.
235
J. Painting .......................................................................
236
239
243
246
250
2. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
A. Miscellaneous Questions ..........................................
P~RT
253
Ill. UTILITIES
258
B. Water Supply...............................................................
261
C. Fire Protection, Storm Water ... ....... ... .. .. .. ... ..... ......... .
264
266
269
272
2. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
A. Heat, Moisture, Human Comfort................................
276
280
284
288
292
296
B. Electrical Systems:
Materials, Wiring......................
299
302
305
309
312
318
xii
321
327
331
334
339
343
346
349
351
355
6. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A. Signal Systems ................... ...... ...... ..
358
B. Telelingo ............................................
364
369
.... .. .... .. .
372
376
AREA "C"
PART I. PRE-DESIGN BUILDING PROGRAMMING
1. Functional Requirements ..... .. ..... .. .... ..... .. .. ~.......
382
382
383
385
386
387
388
391
D. Flexibility .................................................................... .
392
392
392
393
C. Personalization .......................................................... .
393
xiii
393
E. Status ... .. .. ... ... ....... .. .. ... .... ... .. ... .. .. ... ........................ .. ...
394
394
A. Cost Influences...........................................................
395
9. Methods of Budgeting................................................
396
C. Cost Information.........................................................
398
399
402
403
A. Establishing Goals ...... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... ..... .. .. ... .. .. .. .
403
B. Collecting Facts..........................................................
403
403
404
404
404
7. Sample Questions.............................................................
404
408
410
411
D. Check Areas................................................................
411
E. Develop Adjacency Areas ... .. .. ... ... ..... ........... ... .. ..... .. .
412
413
413
414
415
419
I.
423
425
C. Parking Requirements...............................................
426
xiv
Sc-hedu~......
ANSWER
.......................
427
428
KEYS
AREA "A"
History of Architecture .
434
437
418
441
Part I.
AREA "B''
Part I
Structural Oes1gn
442
Part II
456
Part 111
Utilities
459
459
Mechanical Systems
460
461
462
5 D1saster Prevention/Fire/Secunty
46~
6. Communication Systems .
464
464
AREA "C''"
Part I
XV
AREA ''A''
PART I
HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
AREA "A"
PART I
Every country has its own distinctive Architectural Character, and this is
immediately recognizable and shown by the different building or structure found in its
mainland. In the following questions, match the right examples indicated at the right
side and place the right letters in the indicated parenthesis.
MATCHING TYPE
A. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
2. EGYPTIAN ............................. (
ROMAN
c.
4. PRE-COLUMBIAN, ................ (
MAYA, AZTEC, MEXICO
5. GREEK .................................. (
ROMAN .............................. (
ISLAMIC
v.
EGYPTIAN
G.
8. BYZANTINE ........................ (
I. Acropolis, Parthenon-temple,
Agora, ODEION theatre, stoa,
Mausoleum Sarcophagus, open
hillside theatres.
9 ISLAMIC .......................... (
GREEK
B. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
1. ROMANESQUE .................... (
2. GOTHIC ................................. (
3.
RENA~SANCE
..................... (
4. BRITAIN ................................ (
6. AMERICAS ................. .
..
7. MODERN/
INTERNATIONAL ................ (
MATCHING TYPE
C. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
1. INDIA, PAKISTAN .................. (
CHINA
3. AFGHANISTAN, NEPAL,
TIBET ..................................... (
BURMA, CAMBODIA,
THAILAND, INDONESIA
4. BURMA, CAMBODIA,
THAILAND, INDONESIA ...... (
5. CHINA .................................... (
6. JAPAN .................................... (
-;-
PHILIPPINES
....
2. EGYPTIAN ............................. (
4. PRE-COLUMBIAN.
5. GREEK ............................. (
6. ROMAN .............................. (
ISLAMIC
PRE-HISTORIC
8. BYZANTINE ........................... (
9. ISLAMIC ................................. (
1. ROMANES9UE ..................... (
2. GOTHIC ................................. (
3. RENAISSANCE ..................... (
4. BRITAIN ................................. (
ROMANESQUE
MODERN INTERNATIONAL
BRITAIN
GOTHIC
7. MODERN/
INTERNATIONAL .................. (
BURMA, CAMBODIA,
THAILAND, INDONESIA
3. AFGHANISTAN, NEPAL,
TIBET ..................................... (
4. BURMA, CAMBODIA,
5. CHINA .................................... (
INDIA, PAKISTAN
JAPAN
6. JAPAN .................................... (
7. PHILIPPINES ......................... (
3. OBELISK ................................ (
c.
4. PYRAMID ............................... (
5. BATTER ................................. (
6. STONEHENGE ..................... (
SPHINX
MASTABA
PYRAMID
7. ZIGGURAT ............................. (
G.
8. HIEROGLYPHICS ................. (
H.
2. VOUSSOIRS ......................... (
3. EXEDRA ................................ (
PENDENTIVE
FRESCO
ECLECTIC
10
'
4. CELLA .................................... (
D.
5 STUPA - (
6. ECLECTIC ............................. (
7. SOFFIT .................................. (
G.
8. FORTRESS ........................... (
H.
CELLA
DOLMEN
9. PENDENTIVE ........................ (
STUPA
SOFFIT
11
MATCHING TYPE
I. DI!PINITIONS
1. STOA ..................................... (
2. ATLANTES ............................. (
3. ABACUS ................................ (
ARRIS
shaft of a column.
FLUTES
4. ENTASIS ................................ (
5. FLUTES ................................. (
6. CARYATIDS ........................... (
PLINTH
7. DADO ..................................... (
8. ARRIS .................................... (
9. FILLETS ................................. (
ENTASIS
ABACUS
12
J. DEFINITIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. THERMAE ............................. (
B.
3. COLOSSEUM ........................ (
c.
4. AQUEDUCTS ........................ (
5. FORUM .................................. (
6. PINNACLE ............................ (
7. SARCOPHAGUS ................... (
GROINS
VAULT
PINNACLE
COFFER
FORUM
THERMAE
8. MAUSOLEUM ....................... (
9. GROINS ................................. (
COLOSSEUM
MAUSOLEUM
13
AQUEDUCTS
MATCHING TYPE
K. DEFINITIONS
1. NARTHEX ................. c............ (
A.
2. BAPTISTERIES ..................... (
3. FONT ..................................... (
4. DOME .................................... (
5. BEMA .................................... (
E. Tile principal or central longitudinal area of a church, extending from the main entrance or
narthex to the chancel, usually
flanked by aisles of less height.
ARCADE
NAVE
14
6. ARCADE ................................ (
7. AMBO .................................... (
G.
~-
H.
MOSAIC ................................. (
NARTHEX
A longitudinal division of an interior area. as in a church, separated from the main area by an
arcades or the like.
AISLE
9. BALDACHINO ....................... (
L. DEFINITIONS
1. KIOSK .................................... (
2. MOSQUE ............................... (
3. CORBEL ................................ (
4. MINARET ............................... (
SPANDREL
VERANDAH
15
5. CHAMFER ............................. (
6. ATRIUM ................................. (
F. An inward-looking building
whose prime purpose is contemplation and prayer. A space
without object of adoration
(Muslim)
MOSQUE
7. SQUINCH .............................. (
8. HAREM .................................. (
9. CENOTAPH ........................... (
I. An approach or an open
forecourt surrounded by arcades in a Basilican church.
ATRIUM
J. A block of stone, often elaborately carved or moulded, projecting from a wall, supporting
the beams of a roof, floor or
vault.
CORBEL
CHAMFER
ARABESQUE
OGEE
SQUINCH
VERANDAH
16
M. DEFINITIONS
1. TURRET ................................ (
2. MULLIONS ............................. (
3. CHATEAU .............................. (
c.
4. FLECHE ................................. (
PODIUM
CHATTRIS
Vaulting in Romanesque in
which a framework of ribs supported thin stone panels. The
new method consisted in designing the profile of the transverse, longitudinal and diagonal
ribs to which the form of the panels was adopted.
RIB AND PANEL
5. NICHE .................................... (
6. BOSS ..................................... (
G.
8. CHATTRIS ............................. (
FLECHE
9. TRACERY .............................. (
TURRET
MULLIONS
17
K. A castle in a french-speaking
country, or a stately residence.
CHATEAU
14. DEFINITIONS.
1. CIMBORIO ............................. (
2. LARDER' (
3. SPIRE .................................... (
c.
4. STEEPLE ............................... (
5. WARDROBE .. ..................... (
6. CAMBER ................................ (
7. CLOISTERS .......................... (
G.
8. PANTRY ................................. (
WARDROBE
18
12. REFECTORY: (
0. DEFINITIONS.
1. SCROLL ................................. (
2. PALAZZO ............................... (
c.
BELFRY
... (
4. ROCOCO .............................. (
5. BAROQUE ........................... (
6. BELFRY ................................. (
7. ENTABLATURE ..................... (
G.
BALUSTER
19
9. PAVILION ............................... (
SCROLL
K. In France, anything extrava-
0. Or bracket, is a projecting member to support a weight generally formed with scrolls or volute
~hen carrying the upper member of a cornice.
CONSOLE
ENTABLATURE
20
P. DEFINITIONS
1. VESTIBULE ........................... (
2. LANTERN .............................. (
3. WREATH ................................ (
4. SALON ................................... (
5. MANSARD ............................. (
6. NYMPHAEUM ....................... (
7. FINIAL .................................... (
8. PEDESTAL ............................ (
9. DORMER ............................... (
21
MODILLIONS
B. A support for a column statue
or vase, it usually consists of a
base, die, and cornice or cap
mould.
PEDESTAL
C. A decorative niche often topped
with a canopy and housing a
statue.
TABERNACLE
D. A window in a sloping roof usually that of a sleeping apartment.
DORMER
E. Vertical members dividing windows into different number of
lights.
MULLION
F. The horizontal divisions or
crossbars of windows.
TRANSOM
G. A roof having a double. Slope
on all four sides; the lower slope
being much steeper and flatter
upper portion also known as
gambrel roof.
MANSARD
H. A room decorated witn plants,
sculpture and fountains (often
decorated with beautiful Maidens living in rivers, trees) and
intended for relaxation.
NYMPHAEUM
I. A twisted band, garland or chaplet, representing flowers, fruits,
leaves, often used in decoration.
WREATH
J. A construction such as a tower,
at the crossing of a church rising above the neighboring roofs
and glazed at the sides.
LANTERN
SALON
HERMES
AMBULATORY
FINIAL
PATIO
Q. DEFINITIONS
1. FINIAL .................................... (
2. DAIS ....................................... (
B. An expression of Spanish Baroque architecture and sculpture, a recurrent feature was the
richly garlanded spiral column.
CHURRIGUERESQUE
CANDELABRA
TERRA COTTA
22
5. GALLERY .............................. (
6. STRAPWORK ........................ (
F. A coat of arms.
CHERUBS
HERALDIC
7. INTERCOLUMNIATION ......... (
8. CHERUBS ............................. (
9. TERRA-COTIA ...................... (
BAY WINDOW
DAIS
BELVEDERE
J. A communicatin11 passage or
10. HERALDIC
11. PLATERESQUE ..
STRAPWORK
HELM ROOF
INTERCOLUMNIATION
FRETWORK
23
R. DEFINITIONS
1. WATA-DAGE .......................... (
A.
2. TUDOR-REVIVAL .................. (
B.
3. TORUS: (
c.
4. PAGODA ................................ (
BALLOON FRAME
FENESTRATION
5. BUNGALOW .......................... (
E.
6. FAIENCE ................................ (
G.
One storey with low overhanging roof and broad front porch.
Unpretentious style often rambling spreadout floor plan, more
expensive to build.
H.
BUNGALOW
TUDOR REVIVAL
24
chimney. Identified by prominent gables and large, expansive windows with small panes.
Roof often slate or tiles. Also
called Elizabethan or Jacobean.
DOME
1i
ARCHITECTONIC ................. (
M. Outstanding Architectural creation in Sri Lanka which is a circular relic house built in stone
and brick.
TORUS
FAIENCE
STAMBAS or LATHS
WATA-DAGE
PAILOU
25
S. DEFINITIONS
1_
BONSAI ................................. (
A.
A Japanese aominant roof characterized by their exquisite curvature, and are supported upon
a succession of simple or com-
pound brackets. The upper part
of the roof is terminated by a
gable placed vertically above
the end walls, while the lower
part of the main roof is carried
round the ends of the building
in a hipped form.
IRIMOYA GABLE
B.
lntercolumniation is regulated
by this standard of Japanese
measurement, which is divided
into 20 parts called minutes and
in each minute being again divided into 20 parts or seconds
of spac,e.
KEN
3. BELVEDERE .......................... (
c.
5. KEN
E.
LOGGIA
.................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I\
G.
H.
7. NIPA HUT
. .. .
TEA HOUSE
26
MARANAO HOUSE
K. An elegant two storey, rectangular town house with a massive stone first floor and a light
and airy second floor, motherof-pearl o~ 'capiz' windows and
picturesque wide tile roof. Entrance is of heavy plank door
with wrought iron or brass nails,
sturdy balustrades of wood or
iron grilles below windows to let
in cool air.
ANTILLAN HOUSE
IVATAN HOUSE
CONSERVATORIES, ARBORS
and GAZEBOS
27
16. CONSERVATORIES,
ARBORS and GAZEBOS ...... (
T. ARCHITECTS/BUILDING DESIGNED
1. LEVER HOUSE, N.Y. ............ (
2. CHRYSLER
BUILDING N. Y. .................... (
B. MANUEL MANOSA
C. WALTER GROPIUS
4. SYDNEY
OPERA HOUSE .................... (
5. SOLOMON GUGGEN HElM MUSEUM ..................... (
D. EERO SAARINEN
TWA KENNEDY AIRPORT,
N.Y.
6. PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS,
BRAZIL ................................ (
BANK OF CHINA (HONG
KONG)
28
7. BAUHAUS Bldg.
GERMANY ............................. (
G. PHILIP JOHNSON
H. BUCKMINSTER FULLER
AT&T BLDG.
9. CHAPEL OF
NOTRE DAME ....................... (
GEODESIC DOME
J. EIRCH MENDELSOHN
EINSTEIN TOWER
L. FRANCISCO "BOBBY"
MANOSA
TAHANANG FILIPINO or
COCONUT PALACE
M. LE CORBUSIER
CHAPEL OF NOTRE DAME
N. C.C. de CASTRO
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK OF PHILS.
0. LEANDRO LOCSIN
CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILS.
P. JOAN UTZON
SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE
U. FAMOUS DICTUMS/PHILOSOPHIES/SAYINGS
1. "FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION" ..... by LOUIS SULLIVAN
2 .. "FORM DOES NOT NECESSARILY FOLLOW FUNCTION"
.......................................................... by ANTONIO GAUD I
3. "ART AND ARCHITECTURE, THE NEW UNITY"
............................................................ by WALTER GROPIUS
4. "A HOUSE IN A~HOUSE" ................... by LOUIS KAHN
5. "CUBE WITHIN A CUBE" ................... by LE CORBUSIEA
6. "A BRIDGE IS LIKE A HOUSE ........... by ROBERT MAILLART
7. "LESS IS MORE" ................................ by LUDWIG MIES VAN DEAOHE
8. "FUNCTION INFLUENCE BUT DOES NOT DICTATE FORM"
............................................................ by ECRO SAARINEN
9. 'MODERN ARCHITECTURE NEED NOT BE WESTERN"
............................................................ by KENZO TANGE
10. "ARCHITECTURE MUST MEET 3 REQUIREMENTS STRENGTH,
BEAUTY, UNITY ................................. by MARCUS VITRUVIUS POCIO
29
AREA ''A''
PART II
THEORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
AREA "A"
PART II
MATCHING TYPE: Write the corresponding correct letter in the bracket provided for
at the left
A. The seven (7) basic principles of composition to space enclosing elements are
1 . CONTRAST ........................... (
2. PROPORTION ....................... (
3. SCALE ................................... (
4. BALANCE .............................. (
5. RHYTHM ................................ (
6. UNITY AND
HIERARCHY .......................... (
7. CHARACTER ........................ (
A.
G.
the human body with architectural motifs such as doors, windows, steps.
SCALE
Repetition, regular recurrence
of lines, shapes, forms, and colors.
RHYTHM
B. There are at least eight (8) categories of concern within the project that the
designer will use as a checklist to problem solving. Indicate the right choice.
1. FUNCTION ............................ (
31
2. SPACE ................................... (
B.
3. GEOMETRY .......................... (
c.
4. CONTEXT .............................. (
D.
5. ENCLOSURE ........................ (
6. SYSTEMS .............................. (
ECONOMIC
SPACE
7. ECONOMIC ........................... (
ENCLOSURE
GEOMETRY
c.
Contrast of TONE
Contrast of CHARACTER
Contrast of TREATMENT
angles.
Contrast of FORM
D. MATCHING TYPE
1. RELATIVE
PROPORTION ....................... (
2. ABSOLUTE PROPORTION .. (
8. Has an informaleffect.
UNSYMMETRICAL BALANCE
32
3. ANTHROPORMOPHIC ......... (
c.
4. METHODOLOGY .................. (
D.
E.
ERGONOMICS
GRAVITATIONAL
SYMMETRICAL BALANCE
7. AXIS ....................................... (
G.
8. ORGANIC .............................. (
9. SYMMETRICAL
BALANCE ............................. (
I. A system based on the dimension and proportions of the human body in relation to forms,
furniture, heights.
ANTHROPOMORPHIC
10. UNSYMMETRICAL
BALANCE .............................. (
K.
HUMAN SCALE
RELATIVE PROPORTION
33
E. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. UNACCENTED
RHYTHM ................................ (
A.
2. ACCENTED
RHYTHM ................................ (
B.
3. REPETITION ......................... (
c.
4. ACCENT ............................... (
D.
5. ALTERNATION ...................... (
E.
G.
H.
PERSONALITY
9. STRATEGIC
LOCATION ............................. (
K.
34
j:
EXCEPTIONAL SIZE
1. STYLE .................................. (
SECONDARY COLORS
2. ECLECTIC
BUILDINGS ..... ... ..... .. .
B. Triangular tips of red and yellow and blue in the color wheel
PRIMARY COLORS
c. Color opposite each other in the
color wheel.
COMPLIMENTARY COLORS
D. A character expressive of definite conceptions, like grandeur,
gaiety or solemnity like a beer
garden using indigenous ar.d
ubiqUitous materials.
STYLE
.. (
3. WARM COLORS .
4. COOL COLORS .
5. ANALOGOUS
COLORS ..... .
6. COMPLIMENTARY
COLORS....................
WARM COLORS
7. PRIMARY
COLORS ............................... (
8. SECONDARY
COLORS .............................. {
3b
1. FUNCTIONAL
DESIGN ................................. (
2. NEED FOR
ADJACENCY ......................... (
3. SIMILARITY IN
GENERAL RULE ................... (
C. (primary) proportion, labor, delivery, nursery, (secondary) waiting, clean and sterile utility,
doctor's and nurses lockers,
(tertiary) house keeping,
janitor's closet.
RELATEDNESS TO CORE ACTIVITIES
4. RELATEDNESS TO
DEPARTMENTS,
GOALS, SYSTEMS ............... (
6. REQUIRED
ENVIRONMENTS .................. (
7. TYPES OF EFFECT
PRObUCED .......................... (
8, RELATIVE PROXIMITY
TO BUILDINGS ..................... (
9. RELATEDNESS TO
CORE ACTIVITIES ................ (
36
10. CHARACTERISTICS
OF PEOPLE .......................... (
H. SPACE
MATCHING TYPE
2. COLLABORATION AND
USE OF MATERIALS ............ (
3. CONTRIBUTIONS OF
AESTHETICS ........................ (
37
E. Consists of a number of secondary forms clustered about dominant central parent forms, Centrality, can embody sacred
places.
CENTRALIZED FORMS
MATCHING TYPE
I. CIRCULATION
1. THE BUILDING
APPROACH ........................... (
2. FRONTAL .............................. (
B.
3. OBLIQUE ............................... (
c.
4. CIRCUITOUS ......................... (
D.
FLUSH ENTRANCE
5. THE BUILDING
ENTRANCE ........................... (
E.
38
8. RECESSED
ENTRANCE ........................... (
9. FORM OF CIRCULATION
SPACE ................................... (
10. CONFIGURATION
OF THE PATH ........................ (
J. MASSING
MATCHING TYPE
1. FORM .................................... {
:1
t;OQU
CONTEXT
2. SURFACE .............................. (
3. TEXTURE .............................. (
4. TONE ..................................... (
COLOR
39
. 5. C()L.OR ................................... (
6 ANALOGICAL
DESIGN ................................. (
F. Areas of materials which enclose a building and are secondary importance to the masses
which they create.
SURFACE
7. CONTEXT .............................. (
40
MATCHING TYPE
K. SITE CONTROL
1. SOLAR SHADING
IN SUMMER .......................... (
3. PASSIVE SOLAR
PLANNING ............................. (
4. NATURAL HEATING
AND DAYLIGHTING .............. (
5. WINDOWLESS
BUILDiNG .............................. (
41
6. UTILIZATION OF
NATURAL GROWTH ............. (
7. THERMOSIPHONING ........... (
8. BUILDING
CONFIGURATION ................. (
10. UNDERGROUND
STRUCTURES ...................... (
42
11. UTILIZATION OF
WATER AND AIR ................... (
MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. UGHT .................................... (
3. VIEW ...................................... (
4. PEOPLE
FUNCTIONS .......................... (
43
5. STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONS .......................... (
6. WATER, MOISTURE
AND DRAINAGE ................... (
7. HEAT ...................................... (
8. AIR ......................................... (
LIGHT
DEGREE OF ENCLOSURE
44
M. ECONOMICS
MATCHING TYPE
2. NORMAL COST OF
CONSTRUCTION BY
CONTRACTORS ................... (
3. OTHER COSTS
ADDED TO BUILDING
STRUCTURE ......................... (
4. DAILY
HOUSEKEEPING .................. (
5. PERIODIC INSPECTION
AND REPAIR ......................... (
45
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN
ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS
7. LANDSCAPING
MAINTENANCE ..................... (
8. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
IN ARCHITECTURAL
SYSTEMS ..... :............. : (
H. Added costs of building are professionals fees, cost of landscaping. Permits and licenses,
and Interior Design.
OTHER COSTS ADDED TO BUILDING
STRUCTURE
MATCHING TYPE
1. PERCEPTION ....................... (
FENG SHUI
46
4. VALUES ................................. (
VISUAL ACUITY
5. F:OLK BELIEFS
IN OESlGN AND
CONSTRUCTION .................. (
F. Is the process by which we organize and interpret the patterns of stimuli in our environment. The immediate intuitive
recognition as of an aesthetic
quality.
PERCEPTION
47
0. ARCHITECTURAL LINGO
MATCHING TYPE
2. INTELLIGENT
BUILDINGS ........................... (
B. To put side by side or close together, to pose for a picture taking, to put in position putting of
dark to light areas.
JUXTAPOSITION
3. AMBIENCE ............................ (
c.
4. AMENITIES ........................... (
A characteristic, man:-terism,
habit or the like, that is peculiar
to an individual synonym: peculiarity, quirk.
IDIOSYNCRACIES
ready in service using parts developed or made available after the time of original manufacture.
RETROFIT
5. ARTICULATION ..................... (
E.
6. AUSPICIOUS ......................... (
GRADATION '
brighten.
REFURBISH
7, AXONOMETRIC .................... (
G.
8. CONFIGURATION ................. (
UPSCALE
9. GRADATION .......................... (
48
J.
(site) parking, public transit access, walk-in customer, exposure, landscape, illumination,
security and emergency access.
AMENITIES
K.
INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS
.
16; UPSCALE ..... :........................ (
P. ARCHITECTURAL LINGO
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. TRANCHE .............................. (
3. MORATORIUM ...................... (
4. ~ACRO .................................. (
WHITE ELEPHANT
indoors and the site, the adjoining buildings, the neighbors, nature.
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
5. MICRO ................................... (
6. EGEST ................................... (
7. INGEST .................................. (
8. EGRESS ................................ (
9. INGRESS ............................... (
10. ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING .............................. (
J. Group
K. To put in.
L. A legal authority to delay payment of money due; or a temporary cessation of activity considered as dangerous (construction of tall buildings).
of City such as
Barangays. In times of conflict,
territorial instincts are inflated to
include whole group of nations.
MACRO
INGEST
50
MORATORIUM
AREA ''A''
PART Ill ARCHITECTURAL
PRACTICE
""oi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . .
PART Ill
AREA "A"
DIRECTION: Read the items below, match it with the answers on the right side.
Place the correct letters in the indicated parenthesis thereon.
MATCHING TYPE
C. The agency ,tasked for the building of housing units and residential condominiums. Facilitates joint venture projects
among landowners, developers,
financial institutions and local
governments.
NHA
52
MATCHING TYPE
2. CONSTRUCTION .................. (
ADDITION
53
CONVERSION
-----"'
........
3. ERECTION ............................ (
4. ADDITION .............................. (
5. ALTERATION ......................... (
6. RENOVATION ........................ (
F. A secondary building/structure
located within the same premises, the use of which is incidental to that ot the main building/structure.
7. CONVERSION ....................... (
G. The transfer of a building of portions thereof from its original location or position to another, either within the same lot or to a
different one.
8. REPAIR .................................. (
DEMOLITION
PD 1096
REPAIR
ANCILLARY BLDG./STRUCTURE
MOVING
RENOVATION
nents of a building/structure.
ERECTION
54
IIII!J
jl'
MATCHING TYPE
A.
c.
E.
55
B. The line formed by the intersection of the surface of the enclosing wall of the building ar.d the
surface of t~e ground.
5. ARCADE ................................ (
e.
'
build~
<
56
6. STRUCTURE ......................... (
7. CHAMFER ............................. (
8. SKYLIGH'fS ........................... (
9. BATAS PAMBANSA
BLG. 344 ................................ (
MATCHING TYPE
57
2. COMBINATION
STAND-PIPE .......................... (
B.
The time duration that a material or construction can withstand the effects of standard fire
test. (1, 2 or 3 hrs.)
c.
E.
G.
8. FIRE (FLAME)
RETARDANT ......................... (
H.
58
9. FUMIGANT ............................ (
~6un&rra
aaurrur2t KtKrrrr. Ia
59
F. "OFFICE PRACTICE"
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. DIRECT SELECTION
OF AN ARCHITECT ............... (
2. COMPARATIVE SELECTION
OF AN ARCHITECT ............... (
3. DESIGN
COMPETITIONS ................... (
4. COMPENSATION BY
MEANS OF PERCENTAGE
OF CONSTRUCTION
COST ..................................... (
5. COMPENSATION BY
MEANS OF MULTIPLE
OF DIRECT PERSONNEL
EXPENSES ........................... (
60
13. CONSTRUCTION
SERVICES ............................. (
15. COMPREHENSIVE
SERVICES ............................. (
62
63
j. The Architect shall include in his agreement with the Client a clause providing for arbitration as a method for settlement of disputes.
3. IN RELATION TO THE CONTRACTOR
a. The Architect shall give. the Contractor every reasonable aid to enable
him to fully understand the contents of the Contract Documents by furnishing clear, definite and consistent information in all pertinent contract
documents to avoid unnecessary mistakes that may involve extra costs
to the Contractor.
b. The Architect shall not knowingly call upon the Contractor to correct or
remedy oversights or errors in the Contract Documents to the Contractor's
financial disadvantage.
c. The Architect shall immediately upon his personal knowledge and inspection, reject or condemn materials, equipment or workmanship which
64
are not in conformity with the Contract Documents in order not to cause
unnecessary delay and additional expense to the Contractor.
d. The Architect shall not, at any time or circumstance, accept free engineering services, or receive any substantial aid, gifts, commissions, or
favors from any Contractor or sub-contractor which will tend to place him
under any kind of mnral obligation.
e. The Architect shall upon request by the Contractor promptly inspect each
phase of the work completed and if found according.to the terms of the
Contract Documents issue the corresponding Certificates of Payment
and the Final Certificate of Completion, respectively, to the Contractor.
65
e. The Architect shall not undertake a commission for which he knows another Architect has been previously employed until he has notified such
other Architect of the fact in writing and has conclusively determined
{hat the original employment has been terminated and has been duly
compensated for.
f. The Architect shall not undertake a commission for additions, rehabilitation or remodeling of any erected structure undertaken previously by
another Architect without duly notifying him of the contemplated project
even when the Owner is no longer the same. When the greater mass.
area or design of the original structure is substantially maintained the
new Architect should limit his advertisement or claim only to the extent of
the work done to the structure. Architects are enjoined to preserve or
restore as much as possible especially the few and remaining historic
examples of our architectural heritage affecting this phase of practice.
~-
The Architect shall not knowingly injure falsely or maliciously, the professional reputation. prospects or practice of another Architect.
h. The Architect shall retrain from associating himself with or allowing the
use of his name by any enterprise of doubtful character or integrity.
i. The Architect shall affix his signature and seal to any plans or professional documents prepared by other persons or entities not done under
his direct personal supervision.
j. The Architect shall inspi_re the loyalty of his employees and subordinates
by providing them with suitable working conditions, requiring them to
render competent and efficient services and paying them adequate and
just compensation therefore. He shall tutor and mentor the young aspirants towards the ideals, functions, duties and responsibilities of the profession.
k. The Architect shall unselfishly give his share in the interchange of technical information and experience among his colleagues and young aspirants and do his part in fostering unity in the fellowship of the profession.
I. He shall unselfishly give his time and effort to the advancement of the
profession thru his active and personal commitment and involvement
with the accredited profession organization for Architects.
H. PROJECT CLASSIF.CATJON
Architectural work varies in complexities and in the creative skill required to
successfully meet the requirements of the client within the constraint of the
technical, functional, economic, aesthetic and other considerations. The following groups of building are attempts to classify design projects in accordance
with the degree of complexity of each project.
The architect's fee includes the normal structural, electrical, plumbing/sanitary,
and mechanical engineering services and is determined by getting the percentage indicated in the schedule of Fees and multiplying it with the Project Construction Cost.
66
Armories
Bakeries
Farm structures
Freight facilities
Hangars
Industrial building
Manufacturing/Industrial plants
Packaging and processing plants
PSO Million and less ............ ... ....... ..... .. .. ... ... ....... 6 Percent
Group- 2
Structures of moderate complexity of design requiring a moderate amount of
structural, mechanical and electrical design and research.
Art galleries
Banks, Exchange and
other financial institutions
Bowling Alleys
Churches and Religious
facilities
City Halls
College buildings
Convents, Monasteries and Seminaries
Correctional and Detention Institutions
Court Houses
Dormitories
Exhibition Halls and Display structures
Fire Stations
Laundries
Motels and Apartels
Multi-storey apartments
Nursing Homes
Park, playground and open-air
recreational facilities
Police Stations
Post Offices
Private Clubs
Private Publishing Plants
Race tracks
Restaurants
Retail Stores
Schools
Shopping centers
Speciality shops
Supermarkets
Welfare Buildings
PSO Million and less ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... ..... .. .. . 7 Percent
Group-3
Structures of exceptional character and complexity of design or.requiring comparatively large amounts of structural, mechanical and electrical design and
research.
67
Aquariums
Atomic facilities
Auditoriums
Airports
Breweries
Cold storage facilities
Communications buildings
Convention Halls
Gymnasiums
Hospitals and Medical buildings
Hotels
Laboratories
Marinas
Medical Office facilities & Clinics
Mental Institutions
Mortuaries
Observatories
Public Health Centers
Research facilities
Stadiums
Theaters and similar facilities
Veterinary Hospitals
P5() Million and less ..... ....... ... .. ..... .. ... .. ... .. ..... .. .. . 8 percent
Group- 4
Residencies (Single Detached or Duplex), small apartment houses and town
houses.
Minimum Basic Fee ......... .. 10 percent of Project Construction Cost
Group- 5
Monumental buildings and other facilities requiring consummate design skill
and much precise detailing.
Exposition and Fair buildings
Mausoleums, Memorials Monuments
Museums
Minimum Basic Fee .. .. .... .. .. ..... .. .. .. .......... 12 percent of Project Construction
Cost
Group - 6 Repetitive Construction of Buildings
When the design of the Architect is used again for the repetitive construction of
similar structures, without amen<.ling the drawing and the specifications, the
Architect's fee is computed as follows:
First Structure .. .. . ................................ .
Second Structure ................................ ..
Third Structure ..................................... .
Succeeding structure ............................. .
First Unrt .... ..... ... ... .... ...... ......... ......... ......
Group-8
Projects involving extensive detail such as furniture design, build-in equipment,
special fittings, screens, counters, interior~ and other detailed parts or appurtenances of buildings or ~tructures and landscaping designs.
Minimum Basic Fee ...... ... .. .. ...... .. .
Group-9
For alterations and additions of existing structures belonging to Group 1 tc o
enumerated above, compensdtion for services should be increased by 50 percent or a total of 150 percent of the Basic Fee.
69
1. PRE-DESIGN SERVICES..............................................
This include Architectural Programming, Feasibility,
study, site study, cost effectiveness study and others.
6. SPACE/MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Analysis of the space requirements of the proJect based on organizational
structure and functional set-up. One method is to use human behavior and
transaction analysis to pinpoint Linkages and interactions of spaces. The
services cover space use and space character analysis, work station and
space module and a space program to serve as basis for architectural design.
7. PROMOTIONAL SERVICES
In some cases, the project would require promotional activities in order to
generate financial support and acceptance from governing agencies or from
the general public. The Architect with his own staff, can accomplish many of
these activities including preparation of promotional designs, drawings, brochures and the like. As the agent of the Owner, the Architect can produce
and coordinate the additional activities necessary to complete the services.
METHOD OF COMPENSATION
The Architect's services for the Pre-Design Phase were creative designing is
not included are often compensated for on the basis of multiple of direct personnel expenses. This cost based method of compensation is directly related to
the Architect's and his consultant's effort where they are compensated for every
technical hour expended on the project with a multiplier to cover overhead and
a reasonable profit. This method is suitable for projects in wh!Ch the scope of
work is indefinite, particularly for large complex projects.
Progress Payment for Services shall be made based on the accomplishments
of the work of the Architect.
DOC. 202 ARCHITECT'S DESIGN SERVICES
A. REGULAR SERVICES
The architect, In regular practice normally acts as his client's or the Owner's
adviser. He translates the Owner's needs and requirements to spaces and
forms in the forms in the best manner of professionals services, he can
render.
The Architect's work starts at the very inception of the project when the
Owner outlines his requirements to him. It ranges through his study and
analysis of the various aspects of the project, goes through the preparation
of the necessary instruments of service and through the multitude of construction problems and does not terminate until the project is completed.
71
In effeC:, the Architect renders services whose sequence come in four phases
as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Phase 4
CONSTRUCTION
72
B. PAYMENT SCHEDULE
74
75
76
engaged and paid for by the Owner. The full-time construction inspectors shall be under the technical control and supervision of the Architect
and shall make periodic reports to the Owner and to the Architect as to
the progress and quality of the work done.
12. Estimates
Any Statements of Probable Construction Cost, or any Semi-Detailed or
Detailed Cost Estimates submitted by the Architect is accurate only up to
a certain degree. This is so because the Architect has no control over the
cost of labor and materials, or the many factors that go into competitive
bidding.
13. Government Taxes on Services
The Architect's Fees as stipulated in Section 3 "Minimum Basic Fee" is
net to the Architect. Any tax that the government may impose on the
Architect as a consequence of the services performed for the Project
(exclusive of income tax) shall be paid by the Owner.
14. Ownership of Documents
All designs, drawings, models specifications and copies thereof, prepared
and furnished by the Architect in connection with any project are instruments of professional service. As instruments of service they are the
property of the Architect whether work for which they were made may be
executed or not, and are not to be reproduced or used on the other work
except with a written agreement with the Architect.
This is in pursuance with the pertinent provisions of Republic Act 545
promulgated on June 17, 1950 and of Presidential Decree No. 49 on the
"Protection of Intellectual Property" issued on November 14, 1972.
15. Cost Records
During the progress of work the Owner shall furnish the Architect two (2)
copies of records of expenses being incurred on the construction, upon
completion of the project, the Owner shall furnish the Architect two (2)
copies of the summary of all cost of labor, services, materials, equipment, fixtures and all items used at and for the completion of the construction.
16. Design and Placement of Signs
All signboards of contractors, sub-contractors, jobbers and dealers that
shall be placed at the project site during the progress of construction
shall be approved by the Architect as to size, design and contents. After
the completion of the project, the Owner or his building lessee shall consult the Architect for the design and size of all signboards, letterings,
directories and display boards that will be placed on the exterior or public
areas attached to the building, in order to safeguard the Owner's interest
that nothing will be installed inside or outside of the building that would
man tne safety and aesthetics of the structure.
17. Project Construction Cost
Project Construction Cost as herein referred to, means the cost of the
completed structure to the owner including plumbing and electrical fix-
77
tures. mechanical equipment, elevators, escalatC;rs, air-conditioning system, automatic fire sprinkler system, alarm and rtock S~'stem, communications and electronic system, elements attacheJ to the building and all
items indicated in the drawings designed by or specified by the Architect
and his consultant. Other items if designed and planned by tr"le Architect,
such as movable or fixed pieces of furniture, cabinets, covered walks,
grottos, pools, landscaping and other items of similar nature are to be
paid for separately by the Owner to the Architect as stipulated in Section
6.1 0 (Separate Services).
The Project Construction Cost does not include any Architect's fee or
Engineer's fee or the salaries of the construction inspectors. When labor
or materials are furnished by the Owner below its market cost, the cost
of the work shall be computed upon such current market-cost.
DOC 203 SPECIALIZED ALLIED SERVICES
Architecture - the blending of aesthetics, functions, space and materials-results from the application of the skills of many people. Time and Technology
have moved to a level where other applied professions are needed to complete,
complement or supplement the necessary services for a building project. Today, the environmental design professions, of which architecture has a lead
part, are involved with a total commitment to improving the way we live.
The Architect's main responsibility to his client is to produce a structure that will
house the activity it was intended for that is well-planned, soundly constructed,
aesthetically satisfying design and within the financial limitation of the project
The Architect's responsibility to society is to make sure that not the structure
alone but also its physical environmental can enhance the Iivas of all the people.
He relates not only to purely design and build professions but to allied professions as well, to achieve totality in design.
The design of the structure proper falls under the Architect's Regular Services
(UAP Doc. 202)
Design services needed within and outside the building which require specializations fall under "specialized Allied Services" namely:
a. Interior Design.
b. Acoustic, Communication and Electronic Engineering.
c. Landscape Design
78
controlling the spaces where these activities are to take place. The various spaces are designed to make the space fit the specific mood and the
required activity.
Due to the discovery of new products and equipment. interior design has
become a field of specialization. As such it offers the following services.
a. Prescribes furniture and interior design finishes appropriate for different activities and spaces and prepares furniture and furnishing layout.
b. Prepares the design and schedule of furniture giving their dimensions,
specifications and locations.
c. Assists the client in. conducting bids or negotiations with furniture fabricators and other suppliers.
d. Checks and approves samples of materials and shop drawings of furniture, furnishings, fixtures and decor items.
e. Conducts final inspection and approval of furniture and other items.
PAYMENT
1. For projects including extensive detailing such as furniture design builtin equipment and special fittings, the Architect is paid 15% of the cost of
the work. The fee may however vary from 12% to 20% depending on the
complexity of the work to be undertaken.
2. The fee of the Architect as stipulated above includes the fee of the Consultant working with the Architect.
3. Should the Client hire separately the services of the Consultant, the fee
of said Consultant shall be on the account of the Client and paid directly
by the Client. In such a case, the fee for the Architect for coordinating the
work and relating the work of the Consultant to the design concept of the
Architect will be 5% of the cost of the work.
4. "Cost of the Work" means the total cost of the items which were either
designed specified or procured by the Architect and his Consultant for
the Client, that were used or installed in the interiors of the building.
5. The Architect shall be paid on the following schedule:
a. Upon submission of the preliminary design-- 30% of the tee.
b. Upon submission of the final design- 50% of the fee.
c. Upon completion of the project- 20% of the fee.
B. ACOUSTIC, COMMUNICATION AND ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING SERVICES
Due to the continuing evolution of products and techniques in sound control,
communications and electronics. there is a wider flexibility in the design of
the interior environment.
The Architect is the prime professional commissioned by the Client to design
the structure and all its utilities and to coordinate the works of all allied design professionals involved in the project.
79
As acoustic, communication and electronic engineering are fields of specialization, the allied professionals who wiH perform these services will serve as
consultants to the Architect and the Client.
The Architect shall coordinate their works and make certain that their inputs
will comply to the requirements of the project and shall Je compatible with
the architectural design concept of the Architect.
SCOPE OF SERVICES
The Architect and the Consultant offer the following services:
a. Prepare the drawings and specifications foF acoustic designs, acoustic treatment, sound control, sound reinforcement, sound insulation and communication system.
b. Prepare specifications of electronic equipment.
c. Assist the client.in the bidding or negotiation of the work.
d. Check and approve samples of materials and equipment.
e. Conduct final inspection of work and equ1pment.
f. Assist the Client to evaluate the amount due the Contractor.
PAYMENTS
80
Normally, landscaping of small projects can be done by the Architect and his
staff.
If the project, however, is big in scale, the Architect may hire other professionals Consultants.
SCOPE OF SERVICES
In order to come up with a well-balanced design of the enwonment, the Architect offers the following services:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
PAYMENTS
1. The fee for landscape design services shall be from 10% to 15% of the cost
of the work depending on the magnitude and complexity of the work required by the project.
2. The fee of the Architect as stipulated above includes the fee of the Consultants working with the Architect.
3. Should the Client hire separately the services of the consultant, the fee of
said Consultant shall be on the account of the Client and paid directly by the
Client. In such a case, the fee of the Architect for coordinating the works of
the Consultant and relating his work with the design concept of the Architect
will be 5% of the "Cost of the Work".
4. "Cost of the Work" means the total cost of all landscape work including the
cost of utilities, landscaping materials and development of the site.
5. The Architect shall be paid in the following schedule:
a. Upon submission of the preliminary design - 30% of the fee
b. Upon submission of the final design - 50% of the fee
c. Upon completion of the project - 20% of the fee
D. PHYSICAL PLANNING SERVICES
The Architect is not merely concerned with a structure. He is concerned with
its relation with the immediate surroundings as well. In planning for building
sites (industrial estates, shopping centers, etc.) he studies the possible structures that will be sited there and their relation to other structures, the surrounding environment, and their effect and impact on the neighboring areas.
If the Architect is commissioned to do physical plans for a specified site, he
has to study human behavior and activities, look into the city's economic
systems, its laws and regulations, tax structure, the city's infrastructure, utilities and on the whole, everything that will have a bearing on the project.
When the Architect is exposed to all these aspects in sufficient detail he is
engaged in the practice of a specialized service - that of Physical Planning.
81
82
Type 1
Physical Planning for building sites such as Industrial Estates, Commercial
Centers, Sports complexes, Resorts, Tourist Centers, Amusement Parks, Educational Campuses, Institutional and Government Centers and Site Planning of
any complex consisting of several structures within a contiguous site.
Basic rate for
the first 50
hectares or less
Over 50
hectares up to
100 hectares
of 50 hectares
Over 100
hectares up to
200 hectares
Over 200 hectares
P 250,000 plus
P 4,500 per
per hectare in excess
P 475,000 plus
P 4,000 per
hectare in excess
P 875,000 plus
P 3,000 per
per hectare in excess
of 200 hectares
All References to fixed amoun~ are based on the 1979 purchasing value
of the Peso. Adjustment of the fee shall be made at the time of the
contract due to inflation and other factors.
Type2
Subdivision Planning for housjng on properties within Metro-Manila, cities regional centers and provincial capitals.
Basic rate for
- P 3,000 per
the first 100 hectares
hectare
or less
Over 100 hectare up
to 200 hectares
- P 300,000 plus
P 2,300 per
hectare in excess of
100 hectares
- P 550,000 plus
P 2,000 per
hectare in excess of
200 hectares
83
Type3
Subdivision Planning for housing on properties located on other localities beside those under Type 2.
Basic Rate for the
first 100 hectares or
less
P 2,000 per
hectare
P 200,000 plus
P 1,500 per
hectare in excess
of 1 00 hectares
P 350,000 plus
P 1,000 per
hectare in excess
of 200 hectares
The rate stipulated under Article 5 above is based on the assumption that the
land to be developed is moderately flat. If the land is rugged with steep terrain
the fee shall increase by thirty percent (30%).
OTHER CONDITIONS ON PHYSICAL PLANNING
1. The Architect may undertake the site planning of a project requiring a composite arrangement of several building envelop on a contiguous site of a
moderate size of three (3) hectares or less. Any commission on physical
planning of a larger magnitude or a complex nature, s110uld be done by the
Architect with several years of experience in planning or has had additional
academic training in planning. He should most importantly possess administrative, technical and managerial ability aside from an equitable social com
mitment.
2. Should other services be required by the project, such as environmental
studies, feasibility study, market analysis, movement systems, impact analysis
and others. said services should be performed by an Architect acting as the
prime professional of the team.
3. The cost for environmental studies surveys, site investigation and titling of
the parcels of land shall be on the account of the Owner.
4. The detailed design of the building and landscaping elements is not part of
physical planning services and shall be treated separately under the "Architects Regular Services" or "Specialized Allied Services."
5. For the preparation of detailed engineering drawings and specifications on
roads drainage, sewerage, power and communication system an additional
fee of four percent (4%) of the cost of the development is to be charged.
E. COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING SERVICES
EXPERTISE
Planning calls for the detailed study of physical, social, economic and administrative components and as such requires the expertise and knowledge of other
specialists.
84
85
COMPENSATION FEES
As a specialized service, the Architect shall be compensatec' fer by the following methods:
a. Professional Fee plus Expenses
The fee of the Architect- Planner for the Physical planning cor:1po ne nt is based
on the schedule prescribed under UAP Doc. 203-d "Physical Flanning Services" while the fee for consuhants, researches and other out of pocket expenses arereimbursable to the Architect.
b. Multiple of Direct Personnel Expense
Refer to UAP Doc. 208-b "Methods of Compensation" for details.
J. CO,NTRACTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. LUMP SUM
CONiRACTS ........................ (
2. UNIT PRICE
CONTRACT ........................... (
86
MATCHING TYPE
C. A fixed quantity, amount, distance, measure, used as standard or basis in awarding work
credits. An example is cost per
cu. m., per sq. m., per lineal m.,
per piece, per bag, per hour, per
bd. ft., etc.
E. With the price for goods or services set at the cost of materials, labor, etc. plus a specified
amount of profit.
6. MANAGEMENT
CONTRACT ........................... (
7. GUARANTEED MAXIMUM
PLUS PARTICIPATION
ON SAVINGS ......................... (
G. After knowing the cost from adding all receipts, payrolls, labor,
materials, etc., a specified percentage (%) is added.
H. A gross or total sum paid at one
time. Advantageous for a standardized type of construction
and where a variety of operations is required making it impracticable to break down the
work into units.
MATCHING TYPE
87
4. QUANTITIES ......................... (
5. SPECIAL
PROVISIONS ........................ (
88
APPROVEDAGENCY
ESTIMATE (AAE) .................. (
8. BID/TENDER
DOCUMENTS ....'.................... (
89
14. PERFORMANCE
BOND .................................... (
15. LIQUIDATED
DAMAGES ............................. (
16. ESCALATION
CLAUSE ................................. (
P. This is made before prosecuting any project, it shall be prepared and submitted for approval. In no case shall construction funds be emitted to
field office. or a project be
started before this is approved.
It includes e'Stimate of the work
items, quantities and costs and
PERT/CPM network of the
project activities.
90
MATCHING TYPE
2. PLANNING ............................. (
B.
3. PROGRAMMING ................... (
c.
E.
6. CRITICAL PATH
METHOD ............................... (
It is sometimes necessary to
use a "convector" type of activity that doesn't really represent
work, but merely helps to observe the rule of network . This
special activity is drawn as dotted line and indicates that no
work is involved in that activity.
This involves no duration and no
cost. It serves only as a dependency connector or sequence
indicator.
G.
8. DUMMY ................................. (
H.
91
MATCHING TYPE
M. PROJECTS
1. PROJECT FEASIBILITY
STUDY ................................... (
2. EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY ............................. (
4. GENERAL
CONDITIONS ........................ (
5. SPECIFICATIONS ................ (
92
6. JOINT-VENTURE .................. (
7. SOLE
PROPRIETORSHIP ............... {
8. CORPORATION .................... (
DIRECTION: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow. Shade the
circle ~() of the correct answer to each question.
N. CONTRACTOR DOCUMENTS
1. Which of the following may the owner not do?
A. Stop work if the contractor's performance is not satisfactory or in variance with the contract documents.
B. Carry on the work and deduct costs normally due to
the contractor for these corrections.
C. Stop the work if the Architect reports safety problems on the site.
D. Refuse, with good cause, to give the contractor proof
that the owner can meet the financial obligations of
the project .
93
A 8 C D
0000
0000
A. CONTRACT SUM
B. CONTINGENT ADDITIONAL SERVICES
C. PROJECT REPRESENTATION BEYOND
BASIC SERVICES
D. OPTIONAL ADDITIONAL CHARGES
3. The standard owner-architect agreement separates
the architect from the contractor with what?
A. DUTIES TO THE
CONTRACTOR
C. ARCHITECT'S
SERVICES
B. PRIVITY
D. THIRD PARTY
RELATIONSHIP
C. SURETY BOND
B. FIXED LIMIT
D. LIQUIDATED
DAMAGES
C. PERCENTAGE OF
CONSTRUCTION
COST
B. MULTIPLE OF
DIRECT
PERSONNEL
EXPENSE
D. UNITCOST
BASED ON
SQUARE
METER
94
0 0 0 ()
0000
0000
0000
A. The architect acts on behalf of the owner, making decisions and expediting the work and taking
on responsibilities the owner would normally
have.
B. The architect mediates hetween the owner and
the contractor and vendors fur the benefit of the
owner.
C. The architect is the principal of the relationship
who balances the needs of the contractor and
the owner.
95
0000
D. The architect works for the owner in certain designated area with the authority to act on the
owner's behalf.
C. MULTIPLE PRIME
CONTRACT
B. FAST-TRACK
D. DESIGN-AWARDBUILD
fl
0000
000(.)
V. a written amendmen;
II I. special supplementary
conditions
A. I, Ill, and V
96
0000
11. Which of the following would be used to formally incorporate a substitution into the work prior to the
award of the contract?
A. CHANGE ORDER
C. ALTERNATE LISTING
B. ADDENDUM
D. CONSTRUCTION
CHANGE DIRECTIVE
II. INVITATION TO
BID
0000
0000
comes rushing into the room three minutes late with his
bid. You have not begun to open the bids What should
you do?
00
(.)
c D
- 0
lj
97
C'
'-j
c D
0 0 0 0
A
0000
98
0000
0000
[)
()C)Q(_)
A. Notify the mechanical engineer to look at the situation during the next site visit by the engineer. Note
. the observation on a field report.
B. Find the contractor and stop work on the installation
until the size of the unit can be verified by the mechanical engineer and compared against the contract documents.
C. Nottty the owner in writing that the work is not proceeding according to the contract documents. Arrange a meeting with the mechanical engineer to
resolve the situation.
99
0000
D. Notify the contractor that the equipment may be undersized and have the contractor check on it. Ask
the mechanical engineer to verify the size of the unit
against the specifications and report to the architect.
9. An architect would use which one of the following instruments of the building department required additional exit
signs beyond those shown on the approved plans when
the project was 90 percent complete?
0000
C. change order
change
B addendum
D. construction change
directive
0000
Ill. scaffolding
IV reviewing claims of subcontractor
V reviewing shop drawings
11
D. Ill. and V
A.
f3
rh8 contractor is ultimately responsible for the accuracy of dimensions and quantities.
100
c D
0 0 0 0
A
A. 5 days
C. 10 days
B. 7 days
0000
cfH1
101
3. Dimensions and thicknesses should only be indicated on one document. If the thickness of flashing is included in the technical specifications, there is no need to note it on the drawings.
4. Notes on the drawings should not describe methods of installation
or materials qualities; these belong in the specifications.
When there is a "CONFLICT" between the drawings and specifications, the specifications are more binding and take precedence
over the drawings.
2. SPECIFICATIONS
These must be complete, accurate, unambiguous, and exact. Some standard
102
sections and other parts of the project manual. They are available in
written form and on computer disk.
A. Types of Specifications
There are two (2) broad categories of specifications.
1. Prescriptive - sometimes called closed
1. The first lists several approved manufacturers of a product. The contractor is free to bid on any one listed. This type satisfies the requirements for public work where at least three different manufacturers must
be listed, but it puts the burden on the architect to make sure that every
one of the approved products or manufacturers listed is equal.
2. The second variation is a bid with "APPROVED EQUAL" language this
specification states one product or an approved equal must be used.
103
ness, tolerances, size required and all the other required properties. It would
then be up to the contractor and manufacturer to design and develop a
system to meet the criteria.
Performance specifications are difficult to write because the specifier must
know all the criteria, state the methods for testing compliance, and be
prepared for the cost consequences.
105
Q. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following would not be found in a project
manual?
A. bid log
C. sitework specifications
B. subsurface soil
conditions report
D. bid bond
2. A performance specification:
0000
0000
a lawsuit
A. I, Ill, and IV
B. I and Ill
0000
112
inches steel
A. fasteners
C. hanger anchorage
devices
B. hanger wire
D. ceiling suspension
main runners
5. In specifying asphalt roofing shingles, which of the following types of specifications would you probably not
use?
A. descriptive
C. reference standard
107
(J
0 \J ',J ()
0000
B. I, Ill, and V
108
0000
. AREA ''A''
PARTIV
THEORYAND
PRINCIPLES OF
PLANNING
AREA "A"
PART IV
DIRECTION: Read the passages below and answer the questions that follow. Shade
the circle (e) of the correct answer to each question.
f~
1;
C LINE PATTERN
U ALTERNATE
PATTERN
H p [) j ,., i
~ 'j\ I
Tf- H N
110
0000
C. SPREAD PAITERN
B. COMMON
COVERAGE
PAITERN
D. FILLED PAITERN
0000
0000
D. CIRCUMFERENTIAL
PAITERN
A. PERSEPOLIS
C., METROPOLIS
B. MEGALOPOLIS
D. PHILOPOLIS
C. IMAGEABILITY
B. PERMEABILITY
D. LINKABILITY
111
0000
0000
8.
9.
10.
A. ROAD
C. LINE
B. STRAIT
D. PATH
B. FENCES
B. RIMS
C. WALLS
A. BARANGAYS
C. PARKS
B. DIVISIONS
D. DISTRICTS
C. NODES
B. CAMPS
D. CENTROIDS
112
0000
0000
0000
0000
11.
A. SPECIAL
STRUCTURES
C. BENCHMARK
B. LANDMARK
D. FOCAL POINT
A B C D
0000
0000
C. MASS
DEVELOPMENT
D. DREAM LAND
113
0000
14.
C. MASSING
B. VOLUME
D. DENSITY
A. TERRITORIALITY
C. STAKING
B. OWNERSHIP
D. TITLING
0000
0000
C. OPEN SPACES
B. PERSONAL
SPACES
D. GENERAL SPACES
114
0000
C. PUBLIC AREAS
B. CATCHMENTS
AREAS
D. DISTRIBUTION
AREAS
2. AccessibiliW to
of all types is crittcal
to the selection and development of a building site.
This is true at all scales, from accessibility by major
freeways to the individual road system and
pedestrian paths around a small site.
A. MOBILIZATION
C. TRANSPORTATION
B. TRAVELING
D. EGRESS
A. NEIGHBORHOOD
C. COMMUNE
B. BARANGAY
\
D. ORGANIZATION
115
0000
0000
0000
4.
A. GOVERNMENT
BUILDINGS
C. GENERAL USE
B. OPEN FOR
PUBLIC
D. PUBLIC FACILITIES
A B C D
0000
C. TOPOGRAPHY
B. CONTOUR
D. SLOPES
6. The
on a map are a graphic way to
show the elevations of the land in a plan view and
are used to make a slope analysis to determine the
suitability of the land for various uses. Each line
represents a continuous line of equal elevation above
some reference benchmark. The interval is the
vertical distance between adjacent lines.
A. CONTOUR LINES
C. FORMATION LINES
B. CONTROL LINES
D. CONNECTING LINES
116
0000
0000
0000
L
two points. Find the slope between points A and B if
the horizontal distance between them is 24M. and
contour interval is 1.50 M. (A and B is three contours
afar).
A. 15.20%
C. 14.00%
B. 20.25%
D. 18.75%
FEATURES
B. NATURAL
FEATURES
0000
D. MAN-MADE
FEATURES
C. SIPHONAGE
DRAINAGE
B. NATURAL FLOW
PATH
C. GEOLOGICAL
FEATURES
D. CONDUCTORS
117
0000
2.
3.
A. LOCAL STREETS
C. INTERIOR STREETS
B. ALLEYS
D. PUBLIC STREEYS
A. AGGREGATE
C. ORGANIZER
B. TWO-WAY
D. COLLECTOR
C. CIRCUMFERENTIAL
B. ARTERIAL
D. BATTERY
C. EXPRESSWAY
B. M EGASTR EET
D. DIVERSION
118
0000
0000
0000
0000
6.
A. TRAIN
C. JEEPNEY
B. PUBLIC TRANSIT
D. TAXI
C. SERVICE ACCESS
B. PARKING SPACE
D. PULL OFF-LANE
C. SERVICES
B. FACILITIES
D. COMPANIES
A. CITY
ADMINISTRATION
B. MUNICIPAL AID
C. MUNICIPAL
FACILITIES
D. MUNICIPAL or
CITY SERVICES
119
0000
0000
0000
0000
C. WIDE ANGLE
CLIMATE
B. WEATHER
FORECAST
D. MACROCLIMATE
2. The
refers to the site-specific
modification of the microclimate by such features as
lands lope, trees and other vegetation bodies of water,
and bujldings. This aspect of climate analysis of a
site can have a significant influence on its
development, undesirable climatic effects can be
minimized by careful planning and desirable effects
can be used to enhance the comfort of thP
inhabitants.
A. MINICLIMATIC
C. MICROCLIMATIC
B. LOCAL CLIMATE
D. NARROW CLIMATE
AREA
C. WEATHER PATTERNS
B. WIND PATTERNS
D. CLOUD PATTERNS
120
0000
on
0000
A. BIOLOGY
C. ECOLOGY
B.
D. GEOGRAPHY
ZOOLOGY
A. ZONING
C. TITLING
B. PARTITIONING
D. SEPARATING
9. An
is the right of one party to use a
portion of the land of another party in a particular
way. It is a legal instrument and is normally recorded
in the city registrar's office. Common types are for
utility companies, for access if one parcel of land is
not served by a public road and one parcel of land
separates it from the street. Another is support of
common party walls, joint use such as to share a
common driveway, scenic, that protect views and
development in scenic areas such as Tagaytay
volcano lake, Manila Bay. Also conservation, that limit
land use in large areas.
A. EMBANKMENT
C. EASEMENT
B. LEVEE
D. ESTADLISHMENT
122
0000
0000
10. A
is the legal right of one party or the
public to traverse land belonging to another. In its
most common form, this refers to the public land used
for streets and sidewalks. The boundary of this legal
right usually corresponds to the property line of
adjacent property owners.
11.
A. RIGHTOF
OWNERSHIP
C. RIGHT OF FIRST
USAGE
B. RIGHT-OF-WAY
D. PUBLIC RIGHT
A. DEED
RESTRICTIONS
0000
0000
C. UNLAWFUL
CONSTRUCTION
A. COSTOF
C. PRICE INCREASE
PROPERTY
B. PREVAILING
COSTS
D. LAND VALUES
123
0000
.,..1---- 90.0 M - - - - r j
I :----------_______ - - - - - -
I
I
g J._
3.00 M.
C. 4STORIES
B. 3STORIES
D. 5 STORIES
M front setback
C. A NEIGP.BOR
HANGOUT BAR
B. AFREEWAY
D. AN AREA WITH A
HIGH CONCENTRATION OF HOSPITALS
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
A
~~----~_.~~~~----~
126
c D
0000
A
1.50
3.00
A. 27 PERCENT
C. 67 PERCENT
B. 53 PERCENT
D. NOT ENOUGH
INFORMATION IS
GIVEN TO ANSWER
0000
problems?
0000
A. I and IV
B. I, II and IV
127
0000
B-B valley
129
E-E ridge
~'
--,----,~~'l
f-------I
---
-- ?:-!,
--~------
----
------
- - - - - - - - - - existing contour _j
1.
rproperty line
-----
- - -
-- - - --- -
94
---- _,
------------~~:
-----------
_/=tour
9?
98
-+------fill to avoid the expense and problems with removing or hauling in soil.
Generally, it is better to orient the length of a building parallel to the direction
of the contours rather than perpendicular to them in order to minimize
excavation costs.
Both existing contour lines and new contour lines are shown on the same
plan: The existing lines are shown dashed and the new ones solid. At the
property lines, the contour lines must match up with the existing contours at
adjacent properties or retaining walls must be built.
2. CLIMATE
130
cold months receives about three times the solar energy as the east and
west sides, while in the summerthe east and west facades of a building
receive about twice the energy as the north and south combined.
For most northern hemisphere locations, the best orientation for a building
is to have its principal facade facing sot:h or slightly east or west of !'outh.
An orientation about 25 degrees east cf t.outh is considered ideal to balance
the desired heat gains in the cold months and to minimize the excessive
heat gains on the east and west facades during the summer .
'
-
I
/
~-
!ummer sun
/'-',
I
SUMMER MONTHS
wtnter sun
/Ydf/2Wd1:80~%',/,.0;::}/?7ffM//?/.-!/:W&#/i'Wff,.0Z)!;/.. ;w;
COLD MONTHS
Overhangs can be used to control the sun in the summer but let it strike the
building and glass areas in the cold months for passive solar heating.
Deciduous trees can also be used to shield low buildings from the sun in
the summer while allowing sunlight through in the cold months.
On east and west facades, however, vertical sun baffles are more effective
than overhangs because the sun is at a lower angle during the morning and
afternoon hours in the summer. Louvers can also be used to shield a builai'ng
and its interior from the sun. Either exterior or interior louvers and shades
are effective, but exterior louvers are more efficient since they block the
sunlight before it enters the space.
In addition to building position, solar orientation can also influence outdoor
activities. In hot humid climates, it is better to locate such activities as patios
outdoor restaurants, and the like where they receive shade from the bltilding
or trees. In cold climates building entries are best placed on the south where
direct sun hit the pathway. (in winter, to melt ice and snow).
The orientation of a building, and locations of windows, plazas and other
elements can either take advantage of cooling breezes in hot, hu;nid climates
during summer or shield the building and occupants fr')m cold winds in the
cold months.
Shielding a building as much as possible from cold month's winds can reduce
the heat loss through the walls, while providing for natural ventilation can
help cool the building during the summer. Wind breaks can be formed with
vegetation, buildings, or other man-made site elements suc.h as screens
and fences.
131
3. DRAINAGE
Any development of site interrupts the existing drainage pattern and creates
additional water flow by replacing naturally porous ground with root area
and paving. The architect must provide for any existing drainage pattern
through the site and account tor additional storm water that does not seep
into the ground, which is called "RUNOFF". The site design must also create
positive drainage away from the building, parking areas, and walks to avoid
flooding, erosion, and standing water.
The two (2) basic types of drainage are "ABOVEGROUND" and
"UNDERGROUND".
ABOVEGROUND drainage involves sheet flow gutters built into roadways
and parking areas, ground swales as part of the landscaping, and channels.
UNDERGROUND drainage utilizes perforated drains and enclosed storm
-'sewers that carry the runoff from the site to a municipal storm sewer system
or to a natural drainage outlet, such as a river.
"SHEET FLOW" is simply the drainage of water across a sloping surface,
whether it is paved, grass, or landscaped. In most case, sheet flow is directed
to gutters or channels, which are them emptied into a natural water course
or storm sewer.
Gutters are often. used because they can be built along ~tith the roadway or
parking area and naturally follow the same slope as the paved surface.
They can easily be drained into sewers which also typically follow the path
of roads.
Areas for surface drainage require minimum slopes to provide for positive
drainage.
Recommended Grade Slopes for Various Uses
Stoges in Percent
min.
ground areas for drainage
grass areas for recreation
paved parking areas
roads
sanitary sewers (depends on size)
approach walks to buildings
Landscaped slopes
2.0
2.0
1.5
0.5
0.5-1.5
1.0
2.0
preferred
max.
4.0
2.5
3.0
5.0
8.0
4.0
50.0
Underground systems use piping with a minimum slope of 0.3 percent. The
storm drains collect water from roof downspouts, drains inlets, catch basins,
and drain tiles surrounding the building foundation. A drain inlet simply allows
storm water to run directly into the storm sewer.
132
A catch basin has a sump built into it so that debris will settle instead of
flowing down the sewer. Periodically, the sump must be cleaned out. Large
storm sewer systems require manholes for service access and are located
wherever the sewer changes direction, or a maximum of 166 meters apart.
Storm sewers are competely separate from sanitary sewers.
The capacity of a drainage system is based on the size of the area to be
drained, the runoff coefficient (that fraction of water not absorbed), and the
amount of water to be drained during the most severe storm being used in
the design. Frequently, the system is planned for 25-yeci.r storms; other
times a 10-year storm is used. These periods are simply the average
frequency at which storms of a particular magnitude are likely to occur.
If the site development creates a runoff in excess of the capacity of the existing
municipal storm sewer or natural drainage course. a holding pond may be
needed on the site. This collects the site runoff and releases it into the sewer
system at a controlled rate without letting the excess water flood other areas.
4. UTILITIES
Determine the location of existing utilities prior to beginning design. These
may include, but are not limited to, sanitary sewer lines, storm sewers, water
lines, gas, electricity, steam, telephone, and cable television. It possible,
the building should be located to minimize the length of utility lines between
the structure and the main line.
Sanitary sewers and storm sewers usually take precedence in planning
because they depend on gravity flow. The "INVERT" or lowest, elevations
of the existing public sewer line should be established, since the effluent
must flow from the lowest point where the sewer line leaves the building to
the main sewer. This portion of the horizontal piping of the sanitary sewer
system outside the building is known as the "BUILDING SEWER". The actual
connection of the building sewer to the main line must occur above the
invert of the main line at any given point in order not to interfere with the
free flow.
The minimum slope of the building sewer is 0.5 to 2.0 percent depending
on the size of the pipe; a greater slope is required for smaller pipes. In
some cases, the run of the building sewer will have to be longer than the
shortest distance between the building and the main line simply to intercept
the main line at a point low enough to allow for proper slope.
133
-:-----
~
"'
#'~
PJ<:f'"/;/
~-- -~
~-----
G.
//
__
'-
"""--
nouse sewer
invert 92.0'
;.0099per~:~~_j
~~
,///
/__ -- -30.00M
-- --- -o
'\
Invert
27.45 M
theoretical shortest
distance from building
to sewer I i ne
..!
8 "/ It . for 80' length ( 10")
At ..! "/ ft. for
8
5. CIRCULATION
There are three major types of "SITE CIRCULATION"
a. AUTOMOBILE
b. PEDESTRIAN
c. SERVICE
A. Automobile Circulation
Planning for automobile circulation includes locating the entry drives to
the site and providing on-site roads to reach the parking areas and the
building drop-off point. The entire automobile circulation system should
provide direct, easy access to the parking areas and building without
excessive drives, turnarounds, dead ends, or con11icts with service areas and pedestrian circulation.
The size of the site, its relationship to existing public roads, and the
expected traffic will help determine whether vou should use a one-way
loop system with two entry drives or a two-way system with one entry
134
drive. In either case, you should lay out the roads so a driver can go
directly to the parking area, drop-off point, or loading area. Forcing traffic through the parking area to get to the loading or the drop-off area
should be avoided.
Entry drives to the site should be as far away as possible.trom street
intersections and other intersecting roads. This is to avoid conflicts with
vehicles waiting to turn and to avoid confusion about where to turn. Roads
should be of sufficient width to make driving easy and to allow two vehicles to pass. Curves should be gradual, following the natural topography and there shou!d be no blind curves.
'
II
l n I
'
'
oneway
rwo-way
12'
3.60-4.00
7 20-8.00
Dnveway entries
min. SO M
from public
ntersectJon
cul-de-sac :urnarcunc
Unless the slope is very gentle, roads shouid not ce laid out perpendicularto ~he slope but across it slightly to minimize the grade. Limit roads to
a maximum slope of 15 percent for short distances, although 10 percent
or less is preferable. If a road does slope more than 10 percent there
should be transition slopes of one-half of the maximum slope between
the road and level areas. Ramps crossing sidewalks must have a level
area between the ramp and the sidewalk.
Roads should have a gradual slope, a minimum of
per meter), for drainage from the center of 'he roadway. called the
"CROWN" to the sides. If the road has a gutter. it should be 15 em. high.
level area before
crossng Sidewalk
) \\
-::-+-- j_
t--'"""
~ \/~
< 10%
preferred
15% max.
L,\
down
96
(a) automobile ramps
crown
94
92
,
90
88
B. Pedestrian Circulation
Like roadways, pedestrian circulation should provide convenient, direct
access from the various points on the site to the building entrances. If
connections with adjacent buildings, public sidewalks, public transportations, stops, and other off-site points are required, the circulation system must take these into account as well.
SIDEWALKS should provide for the most direct paths from one point to
another since people will generally take the shortest route possible.
Pedestrian circulation paths should not cross roads, parking lots, or other
areas of potential conflict. There should be collector walks next to parking areas so people can travel from their cars directly to a separate
walk.
When these walks are next to parking where cars can overhang the
walk, it should be a minimum of 6 feet (1.80 M) wide. Required amenities such as seating, trash containers, and lighting should be provided.
Walks should slope a minimum of ~ inch (.00635m or 6.352 mm) perpendicular to the direction of the paving for drainage.
slope 6.352 mm
per 0.31 M
19.056 mm tor
rainage across walk
<
>--.
~40M
main walk
minimum slopes
4% ( ..1" per foot)(38.11 mm perm)
4
6% preferred elsewhere
8% absolute maximum (1 :12)
Design Guidelines for Exterior Walks
136
C. Service Circulation
Service and automobile circulation should be kept separate. Service
access is typically related to some space in the building program. Service trucks may use the same entry and drives as automobiles (unless
specifically stated), but the loading area should be separate.
minimum width of
ramp: 36"
1
c:
12
36"
max. slope
5'
between landmgs
-----~----~~------~---(a) ramps
6. PARKING
Plan parking so it is efficient, convenient to the building, and separate from
pedestrian circulation. The size of the site, topography, location of entry
drives to the property, and relationship to the service drive and building
drop-off area will determine the location of the parking area. The number of
cars to be parked is determined by requirements of the zoning ordinance or
by the building program.
The basic planning unit for parking is the size of a car. The standard size is
2.70 m wide and 5.70 m long for standard-size cars and 2.25 m wide and
4.50 m long for compact cars.
Layouts for two types of parking are shown below. Ninety degree parking is
the most efficient in terms of land use, but angled parking is easier to use,
forces a one-way circulation pattern, and requires less tot;;;: .vidttl, tor either
a single-or-double-loaded layout. Dead-end parking areas require a backup space and are only appropriate for parking a few cars. The most efficient
layouts are those that use double-loaded configurations or that utilize a
drive as the back-up space.
137
provide handrail
over 4 riws
30" to 34"
or where icy
conditions exist
-lgj-
~J
4~' .
'
I i
1
1111111
24 '
-:
1-10' tO 12'
1
loading doc
-:---n
I
35'
tO
'
[TI
62'
two-way
i'.douole
minimu.,
loaded
IIIIQ
SO'!
I
lal
'
45' radius for
straight bodY :ruck
go
parking
35' to 50'
19.81
32.8'
13'
._.. one-y
toedllf.
I
I
-'- ---~
-,-
:o 14'
one-.Ney
12'
(bl 45 parking
138
52.6'
doUble
Unless otherwise required by the program, you must include at least one
parking space for the physically disabled. This space should be located
close to the building entrance and be identified with the international symbol
for accessibility.
__ j _______ 3_________________ _
36" min. accessible route
curb
tv
ramp
1:12
marking
(or sign I
a
s
---'----,--j
Establish drainage in parking areas as part of the site design. The minimum
slope should be 1X percent with a maximum slope of 5 percent. but for
convenience in calculating, use 2 or 3 percent when figuring parking slopes.
Water should drain toward the edges of the parking area where it can run
off into the landscaping be collected and diverted to storm sewers or other
natural water courses.
One useful rule of thumb is that the change in elevation from one side of a
double-loaded parking area to the other ( 19.00 m) for a minimum 1X percent
slope is one foot (0.31). With an absolute maximum of a 5 percent slope,
the maximum change in elevation for (19.00m) is about (0.91) or 3 feet.
This is a useful way to quickly check you new contour lines when designing
a parking area.
139
92---------------------------91
-------------------
:~~~~~~~~}~=~~~-~~~~F
break in curb _ /
required for
drainage
(a) drainage perpendicular to length of lot
92
91
90
88
89
87
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
/I
I
__.I
I
----...
(T
!
crown in
center
(b) drainage parallel to length
91
92
90
/]
I
I
I'
slope
/(
)
I
I
I
I
'}
'
I
I
'I
sa
89
J/
I
140
7. LANDSCAPING
Landscaping is a vital part of site development. In addition to its purely
aesthetic qualities, landscaping can improve energy conservation, moderate
noise, frame desirable views, block undesirable views, create privacy, fashion
outdoor spaces, provide shade, retard erosion. and visually connect a
building to its site. It is also required in some communities.
Deciduous trees block sunlight in summer while allowing it to enter a building
in the cold months, when leaves fall. Trees can also moderate the wind and
thereby reduce heat loss from wall surfaces. If trees are employed as a
windbreak, evergreens should be used so they are still effective in the cold
months.
Grass, shrubs and ground cover lower the ALBEDO of the site. Albedo is
that portion of the radiant energy that is reflected as it falls on a surface.
Combined with the low conductivity of plant materials, a well-landscaped
site can reduce the daytime temperature around the building significantly
and in some cases raises the night time temperature slightly.
Plants are like any other design material in that they have form, size, color.
texture, and other qualities that can serve the purposes of the designer and
create the kind of image desired. Unlike other materials, however, plant
grow.
The mature size and height of the tree or shrub must be known so adequate
spacing between plants and buildings can be provided. Generally, planting
strips with trees in parking areas and between other paved areas should be
at least 2.10 m wide while landscaping strips for grass or ground covers
between paved areas should be at least 1.20 M wide.
Because most trees and shrubs take so long to grow, save existing healthy
landscaping whenever possible, especially large trees. The contours of the
land cannot be changed around existing trees. so careful planning is
necessar}-. Trees and other landscaping also need protection during
construction.
8. PROPERTY DESCRIPTIONS
A method of describing the boundaries of a site is called the METES and
BOUNDS description. The title of the land describes the boundaries and
the corresponding length of line, as well as the direction of line bearings
referred to by the number of degrees, minutes, and seconds the line is
located either east or west of a north-south line. This also gives the area of
the lot in square meters.
Another system starts with a set of east-west lines called the "PARALLELS"
that follow the lines of latitude of the earth and with a set of north-south
lines called "MERIDIANS".
Example, a parcel of land Lot 18 containing an area of 912.60 sq. meters
located in BAGUIO bounded on the NW by Lot 19, on the NE by Lot 25, on
the SE by Lot 17 and on the SW by a street beginning at a point 1 . from B.L.
141
S-25, 32' 03"E .1.700 from lrisan Line Quarry; N-65 08' 42"
35.00 m to
pt.21 thence S 54 35' 04" W 25.80 m tc pt.4; thence S 35-29' 01"E 27.00
m to pt. 4 thence N 54-48' 08"E 41.80 m to pt. of beginning 1.
~N
w--+---
--+---=."
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
I
I
I
I
I
e:~.80M
'
'
LOT18
912.60 SQ.M.
EL39.50M.
' '
' '
'
A. CROWN
C. DRAIN INLETS
B. BASE LINE
D. INVERTS
C. TOWNSHIP
B. PRINCIPAL
MERIDIAN
B. INVERTS
D. CATCH BASINS
'''
North
10
8
6
4
143
0000
0000
A. SHEET FLOW
C. DRAIN OUTLETS
0000
A. BUILDING SEWER
0000
A.
C.
B.
D.
D
5. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
0000
A. A 1.1%
slope is suitable
for rough paving
2
.
B. Landscaped areas near buildings should have at leas;t
a 2% slope away from the structure.
C. A safe sidewalk would slope 2.1%
2
144
0000
v.
A. I, Ill, and IV
B. I, Ill, and V
0000
0000
9.
0000
0000
A. DRAIN INLETS
C. ABOVEGROUND
B. UNDERGROUND
D. BUILDING SEWER
A. SITE CIRCULATION
C. CATCH BASIN
B. INVERT
D. CROWN
0000
0000
146
147
11. REGISTRATION - all contracts to sell, deeds of sale and other similar
instruments relative to the sale or conveyance of the subdivision lots
and condominium units, whether or not the purchase price is paid in
full, shall be registered by the seller in the office of the REGISTER OF
DEEDS of the province or city where the property is situated.
12. ALTERATION OF PLANS- no owner or developer shall change or
alter the roads, open spaces, infrastructures, facilities for public use
and/or other form of subdivision development as contained in the
approved subdivision plan and/or represented in its advertisements,
without the permission of the authority and the written conformity or
consent of the duly organized homeowners association; or lot buyers.
13. HLRB (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board)- has the power
to approve subdivision plans.
14. RIGHT OF WAY- the owner or developer of a subdivision without access
to any existing public road or street must secure a right of way to a
public road or street and such right of way must be developed and
maintained according to the requirement of the government authorities
concerned.
B. PLANNING AND DESIGN STANDARDS FOR A
RESIDENTIAL SUBDIVISION PROJECT
PARAMETERS
1. PROJECT LOCATION
PD957
OPEN MARKET HOUSING
WITHIN SUITABLE SITES FOR HOUSING
AND OUTSIDE POTENTIAL HAZARD
PRONE AND PROTECTION AREAS
2. LAND ALLOCATION
(Percentage of Gross Area,
One hectare and Above)
a. Saleable area
a. 70% (maximum)
b. Non-saleable area
b. 30% (minimum)
Mandatory allocation for parks and play
grounds per tabulation below:
Density
(No. of Lots/
Dwelling Units
per Hectare)
20 & below
21-25
26-35
26-50
148
% of Gross Area
Allocated for Parks
and Playgrounds
3.5%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0 o/o
9.0 %
51-65
Above 65
VARIABLE
Observe hierarchy of roads
3. MINIMUM AREAS
a. Single Detached
b. Duplex/Single Attached/
Semi-Detached
75 sq.m./unit
c. Rowhouse
50 sqm.
12m.
10m.
6m.
PD957
OPEN MARKET HOUSING
PARAMETERS
b. Duplex/Single Attached/
Semi-Detached
7.5m.
c. Rowhouse
3.5m.
5. LENGTH OF BLOCK
a. maximum length is 400 m. (for subdivision projects with lot component only)
b. blocks exceeding 250 m. shall be provided with alley
CARRIAGEWAY
a. Major
12.0 m.
8.0
b. Minor
10.0m.
6.0m.
c. Motorcourt (Cul-de-sac,
6.0m.
4.0m.
e.
3.0m.
149
MOTOR
MOTOR
MOl OR
MOTOR
MOTOR
PO 957
OPEN MARKET HOUSING
PARAMETERS
8. ROAD SPECIFICATIONS:
a. Planting Strip/Sidewalks
Planting Strip
Sidewalk
1.0 m.
1.0 m.
1.0 m.
1.0 1.1.
concrete/asphalt
b.2
b.3
b.4
b.5
concrete/asphalt
concrete/asphalt
concrete/asphalt
concrete/asphalt
Minor
Motor Court
Sidewalks
Alley
150
9. WATER SUPPLY
Mandatory connbction to appropriate public water supply system, or community system if available; or Centralized water supply systdm.
NOTE: Each subdivision must have.at least
one operational deepwell which shall provide sufficient capacity equal to the Maxi-
underground
The drainage system must conform with
the natural drainage pattern of the
subdivision site, and shall drain into
appropriate water bodies, public
drainage system or natural outfalls.
Sewer System
PARAMETERS
12. POWER SUPPLY
Provide sanitary and efficient refuse collection and disposal system whether independently or in conjunction with the local
government garbage collection and disposal services.
151
a.2 Duplex!.
Semi-Detached/
Single Attached
a.3 Rowhouse
b. Minimum Level
of Completion
b.1 Single Detached
Complete house
t).2 Duplex/
Semi-Detached/
Single Attached
Complete house
b.3 Rowhouse
Complete house
15. SETBACKS/EASEMENTS
a. Front
3m.
b. Side
2m.
c. Rear
2m.
d. Abutments
152
AREA ''B''
PART I STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
~~~-------
PART I
AREA "B"
DIRECTION: Read the items below and place the letter of the correct matched letter
in the parenthesis indicated herein.
3. MANUFACTURED
JOISTS ............................. (
154
5. TRUSSED.
WOOD JOISTS ................ (
6. PLYWOOD
BOXED BEAM .................. (
7. STRESSED
SKIN PANEL. .................... (
155
9. OPEN-WEB STEEL
JOIST SYSTEM ............... (
156
13. CONCRETE
FLAT SLAB ....................... (
14. CONCRETE
WAFFLE SLAB ................. (
157
16.
COMPOS~TE
CONSTRUCTION ............ (
DIRECTION: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow. Shade the
circle
of the correct answer to each question.
ce)
A THIN SHELL
C. TRUSSES
STRUCTURES
B. ARCHES
D. STRESSED SKIN
STRUCTURES
158
0000
0000
C. INFLATABLE
STRUCTURE
B. SUSPENSION
D. ARCHES
STRUCTURES
A.
TRUSSES
B. FOLDED PLATES
STRUCTURE
B. FOLDED PLATES
0000
A B C D
0000
C. STRESSED SKIN
D. SPACE FRAMES
A. SUSPENSION
0000
C. INFLATABLE
STRUCTURE
D. RIGID FRAMES
159
0000
C. THIN SHELL
STRUCTURES
B. SPACE FRAMES
D. TRUSSE~
C. SUSPENSION
STRUCTURES
B. THIN SHELL
STRUCTURES
D. STRESSED SKIN
STRUCTURES
C. RIGID FRAMES
STRUCTURES
B. INFLATABLE
D. SPACE FRAMES
STRUCTURES
160
A B C D
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
A. FOLDED PLATES
C. ARCHES
B. INFLATABLE
D. TRUSSES
STRUCTURES
C. RESISTANCE TO
BOND
B. RESISTANCE
TO STRESS
D. RESISTANCE TO
BEND
C .. BUILDING CODE
SPECIFICATIONS
B. BUILDING
AND FUNCTIONS
D. BUILDING USER
MATERIALS
0000
0000
0000
C. MODULAR
SYSTEMS
B. INTEGRATION
WITH OTHER
D. INTEGRAL
sYSTEMS
BUILDING SYSTEMS
A. MATERIALS AND
C. COST INFLUENCES
LABOR
B. MARKET VALUE
D. INFLATION
A. FIRE RESISTANCE
C. MATERIAL WEIGHT
B. BURNING TIME
D. RESILIENCY
162
0000
0000
0000
A. CONSTRUCTION
PROHIBITION
C. CONSTRUCTION
LIMITATIONS
B. CONSTRUCTION
SCHEDULE
0. CONSTRUCTION
CODE
C. FORM
B. CHARACTER
D. STYLE
C. HISTORICAL
B. SOCIAL AND
D. CLIMATE
CULTURAL
0000
0000
DIRECTION: Choose what form of loads is referred to by the statements below and
shade the circle (e) of the correct answer to each question.
C. MISCELLANEOUS LOADS
B. LATERAL LOADS
D. NONEOFTHEABOVE
163
0000
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
c D
0000
164
c D
0000
A
0000
0000
DIRECTION: Read the definitions below and answer the questions that follow. Shade
the circle (e) of the correct answer to each question.
STRUCTURALFUNDAMENTALS
1. In all solid bodies, There is a point at which the mass of
the body can be considered concentrated. This is the
center of gravity. The point on a plane surface that
corresponds to the center of gravity is called--~A. CENTER POINT
C. CENTRAL AXIS
B. CENTROID
D. CENTERING
C. RESULTANT
FO~E
B. CENTRAU7r!)
D. AXIAL FORCE
FORCE
165
0000
0000
3.
C. LIMITATIONS
B. STABILITIES
D. MECHANICS
4. The
of a plane area with respect to an Axis
is the product of the area times the perpendicular distance
from the centroid of the area to the axis.
A. STATISTICAL
C. MOMENT OF WEIGHTS
MINUTE
B. STABILIZING
D. STATICAL MOMENT
MOMENT
A. PIECES
C. COMPONENTS
B. PARTS
D. SEGMENTS
6. A
is any action applied to an object. In
architecture, external action are called loads and result
from such actions as the weight of people, wind, or the
weight of building materials.
A. FORCE
C. PRESSURE
B. ACTION
D. VELOCITY
A. TOTAL QUANTITY
C. APPLIED ENERGY
B. VECTOR QUANTITY
D. COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
166
0000
0000
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
8.
C. CRACKING
B. LOSS OF WEIGHT
D. STRESS
0000
0000
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
A. TORSION
C. TORQUE
B. CONVULSION
D. COLLISION
A. MOVING AWAY
C. TENSION
B. BENDING
D. STRETCHING
C. FOLDING-UP
B. COMPRESSION
D. SQUEEZED ACTION
A. MODULUS OF
C. WEATHER CONDITION
ELASTICITY
B. ALTERNATE HEAT
D. THERMAL STRESS
AND COLD
A. WARPING
C. SIEVE
B. STRAIN
D. SETTLING
C. MOMENT OF RIGIDITY
167
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
B. MOMENTOF
ENERGY
15.
D. MOMENTOF
INERTIA
16.
A B C D
0000
A. COLLECTIVE
MEASUREMENT
C. MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
B. COEFFICIENT OF
WEIGHT
D. TOTALITY OF
STRENGTH
A. MOMENT
C. SECOND
B. MINUT~
D. SCHEDULE
A B C D
0000
VI. DEFINITIONS
1. A
is a structural system without a complete
vertical load-carrying space frame in which the lateral
loads are resisted by shear walls or braced frames. This
walls or bracing systems provide support for all or most
gravity loads.
A. SHEAR WALL
C. BEARING WALL
B. SUPPORTING
2. A
is a vertical element that resists lateral
forces in the plane of the wall through shear and bending.
Such a wall acts as a beam cantilevered out of the ground
or foundations, and part of its strength derives from its
depths. Examples are interior wall of a multistorey
building, enclosing stairways, elevator shafts and
mechanical chases which are mostly solid and run the
entire height of the building.
A. TENSION WALL
C. STANDING WALL
B. SHEAR WALL
D. SCREEN WALL
168
A B C D
0000
0000
3.
C. ROLLING
B. TWISTING
D. BUCKLING
C. MALLEABILITY
lJ. ELA8TICITY
D. fDLDA[))J:JTY
C. SEISMIC
B. SCALE
D. WAVE LENGTH
A. WINDOW WALL
C. THIN WALL
B. EXTERNAL WALL
D. SifUD WALL
A. SINGLE WYTHE
B. SINGLE LINE
D. SOLID WALL
C. CHB WALL
WALL
B. CAVITY WALL
D. RETAINING WALL
169
0000
A B C D
0000
0000
0000
B C
0000
0000
C. STRAIGHT SLAB
D. SOLE SUPPORT
SLAB
10. A slab that have rebars in both directions and are more
efficient because the applied loads are distributed in all
directions, usually column bays supporting them are
almost square.
11.
12.
A. DUAL SLAB
C. TWO-WAY SLAB
SUPPORT
S. DOUBLE SLAB
A. DRYNESS TEST
C. MIXED AGGREGATE
TEST
B. WETNESS TEST
D. SLUMP TEST
C. ROUND STRENGTH
TEST
B. CUBE TEST
D. CIRCULAR MOTION
TEST
170
A B C D
0000
0000
0000
0000
13.
A. CENTER CYLINDER
TEST
B. MIDDLE CYLINDER
0000
C. CENTRALIZED
ROUNDED TEST
D. CORE CYLINDER TEST
TEST
A. CHAMBER
C. OGEE
B. CAMBER
D. SLOPE
A. CRIB FOOTING
C. MAT or RAFT
FOUNDATION
B. DOUBLE FOOTING
D. WIDE FOUNDATION
A. WALL FOOTING
C. COMBINED FOOTING
B. LINE FOOTING
D. LINEAR FOOTING
0000
0000
0000
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS:
VII. SELECTION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
1. Rigid frames have which of the following characteristics?
171
0000
II. Moment connections must be designed at the intersection of beam and column.
Ill. Loads are transferred vertically to the foundations.
IV. Rigid frames are more efficient than simple post-andbeam systems.
V. Sloping the horizontal members can reduce the
amount.of steel required.
A. I, II, and IV
0000
c D
0000
A
A. Heavy materials with low coefficient of expansion require expansion joints as much as materials such as
steel, aluminum, and wood.
B. Transfer of wind loads from curtain wall systems is
accomplished with clip angles connecting the facing
and the structural frame.
c.
A. THIN SHELL
C. ARCH
B. RIGID FRAME
D. WAFFLE SLAB
172
c D
0000
A
C. FLAT SLAB
B. LIFT SLAB
D. FOLDED PLATE
A. CATENARY
C. CREEP
B. CAVITY
D. CAMBER
A. FURNICULAR
C. SINGLE WYTHE
B. COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
D. SPACE FRAME
A B C D
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
0000
tie rods.
173
0000
C. II and IV
B. I, Ill, and IV
D. IV and V
0000
C. SURCHARGE
B. DEAD LOAD
D. IMPACT LOAD
0000
C. LIVE LOAD
B. LATERAL LOAD
D. TEMPERATURELOAD
C. CONCENTRATED
LOAD
B. STATIC ANALYSIS
D. DYNAMIC LOAD
C. IMPACT LOAD
B. HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE
D. LIVE LOAD
174
0000
0000
A. LATERAL LOAD
0000
C. DEADLOAD
0000
(4.27 M)
(4.88 M)
-.-
-beam
(4.88 M) :
I
175
0000
0000
A. Live loads can be reduced when a structural member supports more than 15 square meter the occupancy is not public assembly and if the live load is
less than 80 pst.
c.
0000
C. I, Ill, and
10. What is the total earth pressure acting on the left side of
the retaining wall shown fn the following diagram?
Assume an equivalent fluid pressure of 30 pounds per
square foot per foot of height.
4.50M
1.50 M
A. 6.35 KN/M
C. 47.69 KN/M
B. 8.48 KN/M
D. 84.78 KN/M
176
0000
0 0 0 0
F = 120 KN
= 240 KN
0000
B. the maximum unit stress that determines the engineering working stress to design a member.
C. the point beyonc4 which unit stress increases faster
that unit strain.
D. the unit stress below which deformation is directly
proportional to stress
3. The stiffness due to a structural member's shape is
described by what term?
A. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
B. MOMENT OF INERTIA
C. STATICAL MOMENT
D. CONCURRENTFORCE
177
0000
A. FORCE
C. STRESS
B. STRAIN
D. EQUILIBRIUM
C. COLINEAR FORCE
B. ULTIMATE STRENGTH
D. TRANSMISSIBILITY
A. MOMENT
C. NONCONCURRENT
FORCE
B. RESULTANT FORCE
D. COUPLE
= 8.81
KN
178
A 8
0000
0000
0000
0000
ooco
(1.05 M)
A. 2184 Newtons
C. 624 Newtons
B. 21 00 Newtons
D. 577 Newtons
0000
8.89 KN
13.34 KN
2.92KNIM
2.40M
1.22 M
3.66M
0000
C. I, Ill, and V
C. SLENDERNESS RATIO
B. END CONDITIONS
D. SECTION MODULUS
l::$
0000
0000
0 0 0 0
D. POINT OF INFLECTION
A. MOMENT DIAGRAM
C. NEUTRAL AXIS
B. EULERrS EQUATION
D. DEFLECTION
B. cantilevered beams
D. overhanging beams
180
0000
0000
0000
A. I, II, ancllll
C. I, II, and V
A B C D
0000
2.3KNIM
t
14M
4M
A. 68.88 KN-Meter
C. 50.12 KN-Meter
B. 84.2 KN-Meter
D. 137.76 KN-Meter
A. 10011.13 mrnl
C. 33370.4 mm3
B. 20022.25 mm3
D. 4004451 mm3
0000
0000
designing beams?
181
C. 17.5
B. 16.0
D. 60.4
0000
XI. TRUSSES
1. Select the incorrect statement.
A. Trusses are usually required to have lower chord
bridging.
0000
A B C D
0000
182
nections.
3. Which truss usually requires a larger depth?
D. SCISSORS TRUSS
A. CENTER LII"1E
C. GRAPHIC ANALYSIS
D. GAGE LINE
A. METHOD OF SECTIONS
B. SUMMATION OF MOMENTS
C. METHOD OF JOINTS
D. SUMMATION OF HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS
6. What are loads on a truss genera:'y placed on?
A. PANEL POINT
C. CHORD MEMBERS
B. TRUSSED RAFTER
D; GUSSET PLATES
1SKN
15KN
15KN
15KN
1.-----.--
~11.80M
AJ...~.B
I~-~~~
'
"
~.
183
D. 14.56 KN tension
0000
is:
A. 1:5to 1:15
D. 1:10 to 1:20
A B C D
C. method of sections
B. graphic method
0000
18KN
A. 21 :2 KN compression
C. 28.3 KN compression
B. 21.2 KN tension
D. 28.3 KN tension
10KN
10KN
10KN
5KN
184
2.5 M
0000
5KN
~+I.=2.5::..::M::.. .+I...,___......:5::....::M::....__---J.,I--~5-=M--11
0000
Ill. Detail and specify drain tile around the footings and
connect to atmosphere or a dry well.
IV. Use 25 mm to 50 mm gravel under the basement
slab.
V. Draw the site plan so the ground has a positive slope
away from the building on all sides.
A. V, IV, Ill, I. II
C. V,I,IV,III, II
B. Ill, IV, I, V, II
C. densification
B. surcharging
D. fill
0000
185
0000
1.80M
0.90M
0000
~
1.00 M
0.30M
..._...
. ..
~
b .
.~
v.
~: ~ ~ :. :.=-~ '.
.,
A. 0.30 M
C. 0.505 M
B. 0.75 M
Q. 0.90 M
& .'
186
0000
0000
I. building codes
II. the amount of water present in the soil
Ill. unified soil classificatio(l system
IV. field tests
V. extent and amount of compaction
A. I, II, and IV
B. I, II, and V
A. STRAP FOOTING
C. STANDARD
PENETRATION TEST
B. HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE
D. PROCTOR TEST
C. SILTS
B. SANDS
D. ORGANICS
B. REPOSE
D. STANDARD
PENETRATION TEST
C. GRADE BEAM
0 0 0 0
0000
0000
0 0
<:)
XIII. CONNECTIONS
1. Which of the following are the most important variables in
designing a bolted wood connection?
0000
C. I, II, IV and V
c.
B. SPLIT RING
CONNECTOR
D. LAG SCREW
0000
WELD PLATE
B. HANKINSON
FORMULA
D. LAG SCREEN
C, PLUG
B. VEE
D. FILLET
C. HEADED ANCHOR
STUD
B. DOWEL
188
0000
0000
0000
0000
7( til!!_ 7A.
185,000 KN
c.
B. 137,800 KN
125,200 KN
D. 133,920 KN
~~
c.-r\
.Bv\
D.~
189
0000
0000
100 X 200 mm
0
0
p
A. 4.50 kilos
C. 1073 kilos
~ 1015 kilos
D. 1800 kilos
A. A325 friction-type
B. A490
bea~ing-type
0000
C. A307 bearing-type
0000
v.
A. I, II, and IV
C. IV and V
B. I, Ill, and IV
D. II and IV
190
0000
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
II. Fire stops are not required in vertical openings of twostory residential construction.
Ill. Untreated wood joists over crawl spaces must have
their bottom edges at least 0.45 M above ground,
while beams only need 0.30 M clearance.
IV. Concrete beam po~kets ml!lst be sized to allow for
25 mm air space at the sides and tops, and 50 mm at
the ends, unless the wood is treated or of a species
with a natural resistance to decay.
V. Each 150 square meter of crawl space area requires
a one square rnet6r net vent opening.
A. I, II, and Ill
B. I, II, and IV
191
0000
0000
e:
SLENDERNESS FACTOR
C. DEFLECTION CRITERIA
D. COMBINATION LOADING
6. What is one of the bases for defining allowable stresses
00~~
0000
A. CAMBER
C. ULTIMATE STRENGTH
B. MINIMUM TENSILE STRESS
D. WORKING STRESS
7. A 150 mm x 325 mm wood beam supporting solid wood
decking would have its allowable stress modified by
what?
A. SIZE FACTOR
C. SHORING REMOVAL
B. YIELD STRESS
D. TEN PERCENT
A. 487325 mm3
C. 52829 mm3
B. 49825 mm3
D. 54174 mm3
0000
0000
0000
0000
C. I, Ill, and V
0000
B. Selecting a premium appearance grade glue-lam allows an increase in allowable bending stress.
C. 3/4-inch laminations are used in glue-lam beams primarily when a tight curve must be formed.
193
0000
2516.25 N/M
beam loading
----------3.-0-M---------IO.SOMI
3692
shear di&gram
-4003.38
2693.08 N.M.
-473.18 N-M
A. 2x6(50x150mm)
C. 2x10(50x250mm)
C. moment effects
B. horizontal shear
D. deflection
0000
0000
DEFLECTION CRACKING
C. LATERAL SUPPORT
B. VERTICAL SHEAR
D. BUCKLING LENGTH
FACTOR
194
0000
A. MOISTURE CONTENT
0000
C. EXTREME FIBER IN
BENDING
0000
I. wood species
II. size of member
B. I, Ill, and IV
A. 78345.22 N
C. 87473.45 N
B. 79482.48 N
D. 88425.22 N
A B C D
0000
A. 100 x 250 mm
C. 150 x 200 mm
B. 100 x 300 mm
D. 150
0000
x 300 mm
195
0000
A. CARBON STEEL
C. A36 STEEL
B. WIDE FLANGES
D. COMPACT SECTIONS
C. RADIUS OF GYRATION
B. BUCKLING
D. LATERAL SUPPORT
C. UNIFORM LOAD
CONSTANTS
B. DUCTILITY
D. FLEXURE
A. W 8 X 24
B.
w 8 X 28
0000
0000
0 0 0 0
0000
C. W12x16
D.
w 12 X 22
C. 20K4
B. 18K5
D. 20K6
196
0000
0000
A. 690 kips
C. 935 kips
B. 887 kips
D. 949 kips
0000
0000
A. 0.560 inches
C. 0.656 inches
B. 0.614 inches
D. 0.674 inches
0000
0000
A. I, II, and V
A. accelerator
C. air-entraining agent
B. plasticizer
0000
0000
A.
B.
....
D.
....
198
0000
-
,.
' ~
564mm
c-
..... .
'
.'
. I>
, ..
' 0
641.. '.
I 300mm 1
4. Which of the following are not true about the watercement ratio:
A B C D
0000
I. For typical concrete mixes, the minimum water-cement is about 0.50 to 0.65.
II. The water-cement ratio is critical to the concrete
strength.
Ill. Water is only needed for workability and to start
drying process.
ttw
C. I and Ill
B. Ill and IV
D. I and IV
0000
I~ inches
Ys inches
Ys inches
B. 1
c.
Ill. Reducing the percentage of steel to close to minimum can improve the stiffness of the beam.
IV. Compression steel is seldom used unless negative
moment is present.
v.
B. I, Ill, and V
199
0000
C. MOISTURE
B. COMPACTION
D. TEMPERATURE
C. NEGATIVE MOMENT
B. TWO-WAY
SLAB ACTION
C. T-BEAM ACTION
B. HYDRATION
D. CURING
XVIII.
0000
co~~
A. SLUMP TEST
C. COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
D. CYLINDER TEST
0000
0000
0000
WALL CONSTRUCTION
1 . What should be used to allow for the wetting of an exterior
wood panel system?
A. EXPANSION JOINT
C. SLIP JOINT
B. SLOTTED HOLES
D. THROUGH WALL
JOINT
C. SHEAR WALL
B. VENEERED WALL
D. CAVITY WALL
200
0000
0 0 0 0
A. ECCENTRICITY
0000
C. FLEXIBLE BUSHINGS
0000
0000
D. IV and V
201
0000
0000
A. masonry cavity
B. steel studs
C. balloon frame wood studs
D. platform frame wood studs
8. Which of the following is not true about masonry
reinforcing?
0000
A The spacing of required reinforcement is grouted masonry walls cannot exceed 3 feet.
B. Joint reinfqrcement is normally placed 16 inches on
center.
C. Ties between wythes of a cavity wall are provided for
every 4 lj2 square feet of wall surface regardless of
their size or type.
D. In low-lift grouting, the size of the horizontal reinforcing must not be included in the determination of minimum cavity width.
9. A concrete block cavity wall must extend 14 feet from
the foundation to a row of joists which will be supported
by the wall. What wythe combination must be used for
the most economical wall?
A. two 4-inch blocks separated by a 2-inch space
202
0000
0000
I. workmanship
11. thickness
Ill. number of wythes
1y.
mortar type
V. unsupported height
VI. joint reinforcement
A. I, II, Ill, and V
C. X-BRACING
B. TRUSSED TUBE
D. FRAMED TUBE
C. SHEAR WALL
B. MOMENT RESISTING
FRAME
D. NORMAL FORCE
METHOD
C. ANEMOMETER
B. BENT
D. DRIFT
203
0000
0000
0 0 0 0
0000
D. Wind tunnel testing or special calculations are frequently required for buildings over 400 feet high.
5. Using Method 2, what is the design wind pressure on
the upper part of a wall of a 45-foot high hospital in
downtown Salt Lake City, Utah?
A. 18.2 psf
C. 20.9 psf
B. 19.4 psf
D. 31.4 psf
C. 1.1 outward
B. 0.7 outward
D. 1.6 inward
A. 4 inches
C. 8 inches
B. 6inches
D. 10 inches
IV. Welded connections offer an economical way to fabricate moment resisting frames while simplifying erection.
0000
0000
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
q8 factor
A. C., factor
C.
B. Cq factor
D. I factor
0000
A. I, Ill, and V
C. I and Ill
B. I and V
A. BUILDING FRAME
A B C D
0000
C. SOFT STORY
SYSTEM
B. BEARING WALL
SYSTEM
D. SH~AR WALL
DISCONTINUITY
C. REENTRANT CORNER
B. ACCELEROGRAPH
D. MODIFIED MERCALLI
SCALE
205
0000
0000
D. NATURAL PERIOD
A. 1,989.15 KN
C. 3,975.54 KN
B. 2,652.20 KN
D. 6,563.75 KN
0000
A
5. A dynamic analysis method would be required if which
of the following conditions existed?
0000
A. a five-story, square hotel building with a skylighttopped atrium in the middle which comprises 55 percent of the building's area
B. a 40-story, rectangular office building in seismic zone
3 with an ordinary moment-resisting space frame
C. a three-story, L-shaped department store
D. all of the above
A
6. Select the incorrect statement from the following.
206
0000
c D
0000
II. Vertical ground movement is usually critical when calculating its effect on a building.
Ill. A building's fundamental period of vibration is dependent on its mass and stiffness.
IV. Building seismic zones 1 require some earthquakeresistant design considerations.
V. Useful information in seismic zones 3 and 4 can be
gathered from existing buildings.
c.
A. 0.75
c.
B. 1.5
D. 4.0
c D
0000
A
2.0
A. I, Ill, and IV
B. I, II, and IV
207
0000
0000
0000
C. CAMBER
B. TENDONS
D. PLATE GIRDER
0000
A. FURNICULAR
C. PARABOLIC
B. CIRCULAR
D. RIGID FRAME
C. HOWE
B. WARREN
D. GOTHIC
0000
0000
teet.
B. A top chord, single pitched joist can be purchased
for either top or bottom chord bearing.
0000
A B
() "'
,j
r,
\
'~
r,
v.
A. I, IV, and V
C. I, Ill, and V
209
0 0 0 0
0000
I. to look for overstressing caused by temporary construction loads placed on the structure
II. to check for proper construction sequence
Ill. to make sure that connections are made according
to the shop drawings
IV. to compare on-site materials and components against
the drawings and specification
V. to determine that secondary members are aitached
to primary members properlv.
A. I, II, and IV
D. all OT me above
0000
D. prestressed single-T
0000
0000
folded plates
II. hyperbolic parabolids
210
0000
A SCHWEDLER
C. CATENARY
B. THIN SHELL
D. HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
0000
A HOOPS
C. NODE
B. MERIDIAN
D. REDUNDANCY
A SYNCLASTIC
C. INDETERMINANT
B. ANTICLASTIC
D. LAWELLA
211
0000
A. Geodesic dome
C. Preu matic
B. Space frame
D. Barrel vault
0000
A 8
C 0
0000
A 8
C 0
0000
10
A. 1. 111. and B
B.
D. Ill and V
! II, IV,
and V
0000
212
AREA ''B''
PART II
BUILDING
MATERIALS AND
METHODS OF
CONSTRUCTION
AREA "B"
PART II
DIRECTION: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow. Shade the
circle (e) of the correct answer to each question.
I. BUILDING MATERIALS
A. CONCRETE
1. To avoid making concrete surfaces slippery. what
material is used?
A. CONCRETE TILE
B.
ABRA~IVE:
0 0 0 0
C. ROUGH WOOD
ON EDGES
D. PLASTIC
MATERIAL IN
THE TOPPING
2. An admixture which is usec.J to speed up the initial
set of concrete (early removal of forms).
A. DECELARATORS
C. HARD AGENTS
B. HI-TECH LIQUID
D. ACCELERATORS
C. DAMP-PROOFER
B. CHEMICAL
HARDENER
D SAHARA POWDER
214
0000
A B C D
0000
0000
A. STOPPER
C. RETARDER
B. CONTROLLER
D. DELAYER
A. COMPRESSIVE
A B C D
0000
C. STIFFNESS TEST
STRENGTH TEST
B. TENSILE
STRENGTH TEST
D. BONDING TEST
A. OVERFLOWING
0000
C. SLUMP TEST
TEST
B. WATER TEST
D. BREAKUP TEST
A. UNION OF
MATERIALS
B. SUMMARIES
ADDITIVES
B. ADD-ON
MATERIALS
0000
C. MIXTURE OF
MATERIALS
D. AGGREGATES
A. CONCRETE
C. CONCRETE
COM E-ONS
D. PLUS FACTOR
CONCRETE
215
0000
C. PORTLAND CEMENT
B. HI-GRADE
CEMENT
D. CEMENTITIOUS
MATERIALS
0000
A. CRUSHED ROCK
C. RIP-RAP STONE
B. SAND STONE
D. RUBBLE
C. FLAGSTONE
B. PANELING
D. DIMENSION STONE
C. ASHLAR
B. RANDOM
D. TRIM
216
0000
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
A. CHB
C. SLATE
B. ADOBE
b.
BRICK
A. STRUCTURAL
CLAY TILE
C. FURRING TILE
B. BACK-UP TILE
D. VIGAN TILES
A. CERAMIC TILE
C. BRICKS
B. TERRA COTTA
D DECORATIVE TILE
A. DESIGNED BOND
C. FLEMISH BOND
B. HORIZONTAL and
VERTICAL BOND
D. DECORATIVE TILE
0000
A 8 C D
0000
0000
B. WOOD, BOARDS
1. "DEC IDUO US" tress are trees that have broad leaves
which are normally shed in the winter time. These
are classed as _ _ __
A. FOREST WOODS
C. SOLID WOODS
B. STURDY WOODS
D. HARDWOODS
217
0000
A. SOFT WOODS
C. LIGHT WOODS
B. TENDER WOODS
D. BALSA WOODS
0000
C. WIND-DRIED
METHOD
B. AIR-DRYING
D. BLOW-DRIED
METHOD
C. KILN-DRYING
B. HUNG-DRYING
D. FIRE-DRYING
METHOD
C. COMBINED
MATERIAL
B. BOX-TYPE
D. GLU-LAMINATED
TIMBER
218
0000
0000
0000
0000
D. PRESSURIZED
LUMBER
C. VENEER
B. SHOW-IN
D. FACING
0000
0000
D. ARCHITECTURAL
BOARDS
B. HARD BOARD
D. STRONG BOARD
0000
PLY-BOARD
A B C D
0000
A. RIGID BOARD
C. WATERPROOF
BOARD
B. FLEXI-BOARD
D. TEMPERED
HARDBOARD
A. INSULATING
FIBERBOARD
B. TEMPERATE
BOARD
C. CHIPBOARD
B. SLICED BOARD
D. SIZED-BOARD
A ARTICLE BOARD
C. GROUNDED BOARD
B UNIT BOARD
D. ATOMIZED BOARD
B CORKBOARD
0000
D. 'vVEATHERPROOF
BOARD
A. PIECE WORK
BOARD
A.
C. NOISE REDUCING
BOARD
14
C. SOFTBOARD
D. LIGHTWEIGHT
BOARD
220
0000
A B c D
0 0 0 0
0000
C. ROOFING FELTS
B. ROOFING FOILS
D. ROOFING SHEETS
A B C D
0000
A B C D
0000
D. VAPOR-BARRIER
PAPER
C. METALS
1
A MINEDMETALS
('
_,
<...! ',_
B C
,~,
-.,
HEAVY WEIGHT
METALS
A NON-MAGNETIC
METALS
B TEMPERED
METALS
0000
C. NON-FERROUS
METALS
D. MIXED METALS
C. TEMPERATE BARS
B. WIRE MESH
D. ROLED BARS
221
0000
C TWISTED IRON
B. STRUCTURAL
STEEL
D. WROUGHT-IRON
C. ANGLE BARS
B. STRUCTURAL
STEEL
D. REINFORCING BARS
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
D. GALVANIZED IRON
WIRE
C. STAINLESS STEEL
B. ALUMINUM
D. MUNTZ METAL
C. BRASS
B. ZINC
D. MONEL
222
0000
0000
9. Whenaluminumisanodizedtoabrownorblackcolor
this is called
A. DECORATIVE
SHADE
C. ANALOK
B. ALCAN-PLANAR
D. METALLIC-DYE
0 0 0 0
0000
0000
D. PAINTING METHOD
C. MOULDING
PROCESS
B. COLD-ROLLED
PROCESS
D. CHEMICAL PROCESS
223
0000
A. GLASS
C. CELLULOID
B. PLASTIC
D. VINYL
A. IMAGE-GLASS
C. ARCHITECTURAL
GLASS
B. REFLECTIVE
GLASS
D. DIFFUSING GLASS
A. CATHEDRAL &
FIGURED GLASS
C. WIRED GLASS
B. ROUGH CAST
GLASS
D. VITREOUS COLORED
PLATE
A. WATERPROOFED
GLASS
C. TEMPERED PLATE
GLASS
B. INSULATED
GLASS
D. HEAT-ABSORBING
GLASS
224
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
0000
0000
D. PLATE GLASS
A.
INSULATING
GLASS
B. FIGURED GLASS
A B C D
0000
C. TEMPERATE GLASS
D. WIRED GLASS
A. SOLID BLOCKS
C. RECTANGULAR
GLASS
B. GLASS BLOCKS
D. REINFORCED GLASS
C. RUBBERS
B. VINYLS
D. MAGNESITES
225
0000
0000
C. PLASTIC LAMINATES
B. VINYLS
D. POLYURETHANE
C. GLUE
B. JOINT
D. TAPES
C. FUSES
B. SEALERS
D. CLOSERS
A. LAMINATING
C. CAULKING
226
0000
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
E. INSULATION
1. To prevent hot air outside during hot summer season
to enter inside and prevent cold winds to enter the
house during cold months. All of these are done by
the judicious use of materials to prevent the transfer
of heat we call _ _ __
A. TEMPERATE
INSULATION
C. HEAT INSULATION
B. THERMAL
INSULATION
D. CLIMATIC
INSULATION
A. LOOSE FILL .
INSULATION
C. PIECED INSULATION
B. BREAKWAY
INSULATION
D. SEGMENTAL
INSULATION
A. SHEET
INSULATION
C. COATED
INSULATION
B. ROLLED-UP
INSULATION
D. BLANKET
INSULATION
0000
0000
0000
0000
C. ANTI-GLARE
IN.SULATION
B. DIFFUSER
INSULATION
0. REFLECTIVE
INSULATION
0000
0000
B. CAST IN PLACE
D. SITE SPRAYED
0000
B. STIFFENED
INSULATION
D. HARDPRESSED
INSULATION
INSULATION
B. SPRAYED-ON
INSULATION
C. BLOWN-UP
INSULATION
D. SPATTERED
INSULATION
228
0000
DIRECTION: Matching type. Match the material shown at the le\t side to those that
are shown on the right side. Write the correct letter at the parenthesis
provided.
F. DOORS, HARDWARES
1 . FLUSH DOOR ....................... (
B.
c.
E.
6. SLIDING POCKET
DOOR ................................... (
7. DOUBLE ACTING
DOOR .................................... (
229
230
G. WINDOWS, HARDWARES
1. MULLION ............................... (
2 STILE .................................... (
3. AWNING .............................. (
4. CASEMENT ........................... (
231
E.
6. ORIELor
BAY WINDOW ....................... (
G.
H.
J.
232
M.
2. MALLEABILITY ...................... (
3. BRITTLENESS ...................... (
4. PLASTICITY .......................... (
233
5. ELASTICITY .......................... (
E.
6. PERMEABILITY ..................... (
7. DUCTILITY ............................ (
G.
8. ADHESIVENESS ................... (
H.
9. COHESIVENESS .................. (
J. Capability of molded or
shaped or being made to assume a desired form.
K.
234
II
l
I
. (
here. To glue.
P. The property or power oflransrnittmg heat, electricity or
16. CASTING
sound
A. Vasquez Commodities
B. Phelps Dodge, Phils
PHILFLEX
3. CORK SHt:ETS
4. MARBLE SLABS
S. PAINTS .....................
6
TH~RMAL
E. Formica
& ACOUSTIC
INSUlATION
1.
G. AVO Nlarketing
PLYWOOD
H. Jardine- Davies
8. STEEL BARS.
!. Campos Rueda
9. GLASS .........
L. "ERO" Corporation
235
M. Asia
Pacific
Gondek, Int.
Insulation
14. "ARMSTRONG"
ACOUSTICAL
CEILING ................................. (
N. Apo Quartz
0. Teresa
Q. Sta Clara
R. Saniwares
20. ESCALATORS,
ELEVATORS ......................... (
J. PAINTING
1. PAINT ........................ (
2. VARNISH ..
. ..
236
4. SHELLAC ............................... (
5. LACQUERS ........................... (
E. A mixtuie consisting of vehicles or binders with or without coloring pigments, adjusted and diluted with correct
amounts and types of additives and thinners which when
applied on a surface, forms an
adherent continuous film
which provides protection,
decoration, sanitation, identification and other functional
properties.
.(
7. FILLERS ........................... (
8. SEALERS .............................. (
H. A two-component water-based
acrylic recommended for use
on concrete floorings for garage. It offers outstanding durability, chemical and abrasion
resistance that can withstand
automotive tire.imprints. Used
also for traffic markings.
6. OIL-WOOD STAINS
237
9. NEUTRALIZER ...................... (
12. URETHANE.
'238
K. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is not a copper alloy?
A. MONEL METAL
C. NICKEL SILVER
B. MUNTZ METAL
239
0000
0000
c
0
240
0000
IV. ledger
v.
0000
stringer
Ill. carriage
A. Ill and I
c.
B. V and I
D. IV and V
Ill and II
0000
A. entry doors
0000
0000
A. tempered
C. heat-strengthened
B. annealed
D. laminated
241
0000
c. 0
B. N
D. S
A. NW
C. MW
B. FBX
D. SW
C. quarter slicing
B. rotary slicing
D. half-round slicing
to:
0000
0000
0000
0000
242
C. 6.00 M
B. 3.00 M
D. 7.50 M
0000
0000
I. It cannot be welded.
II. It should not be in contact with copper.
Ill. It is an alloy of steel and chromium.
IV. It is only available with mechanical and coated fin
ishes.
V. It is just as strong as bronze.
A. 1, II, and Ill
L. MISCELANNEOUS QUESTIONS
1 . The horizontal member that holds individual pieces of
shoring in place is called a:
A. wale
C. raker
B. breast board
0000
0000
c.
0000
A. timber
C. dimension
B. board
D. yard
243
A.
0 0 0 0
C. Type Ill
B. Type II
D. Type IV
C. check
B. wane
D. shake
C. R
B. r
D. C
A polystyrene boards
C. fiberglass batts
B. rock wooi
D. perlite board
A. 8 inches
C. 15 inches
B. 12 inches
D. 24 inches
244
0000
A B C D
0000
A B C D
0000
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
A.
B.
c.
D.
0000
A. cernentitious coating
C. synthetic rubber
B. bituminous coating
D. silicone coating
245
0000
A B C D
0000
0000
I. worKability
II. resistance to denting
Ill. cost
IV. corrosion resistance
A. land ll
C. ll and lll
B. land Ill
D. Ill and IV
c D
0000
A
C. sealant
B. counter flashing
D. coping
0000
M. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. The portion of paint that evaporates or dries is called
the:
A. binder
C. solvent
B. pigment
D. vehicle
246
0 0 0 0
0000
..
0
.'
B ----
:'..,.. -----------
...
a~~-
---
I
I
A. CHAMBER STRIP
C. ISOLATION JOINT
B. BACKSET
D. RUSTICATION STRIPS
C. STRETCHER
B. STILE
D. COORDINATOR
247
0000
0000
0000
A. BOOKMATCHING
C. STRONG BACK
C. SEQUENCE MATCH
D. COORDINATOR
C. EFFlORESCENCE
B. DENSIFICATION
D. HEAT OF HYDRATION
A. CYLINDER TEST
C. SURCHARGING
B. ANNEALING
D. BOND BEAM
0000
0000
0000
0000
appropriat~
0000
248
0000
0000
b.
13. Joining two metals with heat and a filler metal with a
melting point above 800 2 F (409QC) is called wl1at?
A. annealing
C. brazing
B. soldering
D. welding
0000
0000
C. nailing method
B. expansion space at
the perimer
D. moisture protection
0000
from below
0000
1-...,.
t///
''
''
l//
''
'
A. mullion
C. stile
B. muntin
D. rail
'
''
'
'
N. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following are of most importance in wood
frame construction?
I. sheathing type
II. differential shrinkage
Ill. location of defects
IV. firestops
V. headers
A. I, II, and Ill
B. I, II, and IV
250
0 0 0 0
A. cylindrical lock
C. mortise lock
B. unit lock
D. rim lock
A B C D
0000
0000
0000
251
0000
A. I and IV
C. II and IV
B. I and Ill
D. Ill and V
0000
0000
II
II
II
II
II
//
/
/
,,
' ,,
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
11
I I
I I
I I
1__1
I I
B.
A.
c.
A. 905 kilos
C. 1,810 kilos
B. 1,357.5 kilos
D. 2,715 kilos
252
D.
0000
0000
v.
A. I and V
C. II and IV
B. I, Ill, and V
0000
A size groups
C. types of defects
B. species
C. 5 to 10 percent
B. 4 to 9 percent
D. 8 to 13 percent
C. thin-set mortar
B. a latex additive
in the mortar
D. a sand cushion
0000
0000
B. CAST-IN PLACE
D. TILT-UP
CONSTRUCTION
253
0000
C. TILT-UP
CONSTRUCTION
B. FLOOR DECKING
A. FLOOR DECKING
C. CAST-IN PLACE
B. PRE-TENSIONED
D. SUP-FORM METHOD
A. PRE-CAST
CONCRETE
C. COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
B. POST-TENSIONED
TECHNIQUE FOR
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
D. SPANTRESS
C. FLOOR DECKING
B. TILT-UP
CONSTRUCTION
D. PRE-CAST WAFFLE
SLABS SYSTEM
254
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
A
B c
0000
A. PRE-STRESSED
C. LIFT-SLAB
B. COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM
D. POST-TENSIONED
A. LIFT-SLAB
BUILDING SYSTEM
C. PRE-CAST WAFFLE
SLAB SYSTEM
B. PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
D. POST-TENSIONED
TECHNIQUE
8. A method wherein the reinforcement, in the form of hightensile steel strands called tendons, is first stretched
through the form or casting bed between two end
abutments on anchorages. Concrete is then poured into
the form, encasing the strands. As the concrete sets, it
bonds to the tensioned steel; when it has reached a
specific strength, the ends of the tension strands are
released. These pre-stresses the concrete, putting it
under compression and creating built-in tensile strength
having been pre-stressed.
A. CAST-IN PLACE
C. LIFT-SLAB METHOD
B. SPANSTRESS
D. PRE-TENSIONED
TECHNIQUE FOR
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
255
0000
0000
0000
A. PRE-CAST WAFFLE
SLAB SYSTEM
C. PRE-CAST CONCRETE
SYSTEM
B. POST-TENSIONED
TECHNIQUE FOR
PRESTRESSED
CONSTRUCTION
D. COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM
A. POST-TENSION
TECHNIQUE
B. PRE-CAST
CONCRETE
D. PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE or (Integrated Bldg. System)
B. PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
C~ SPANSTRESS
B. TILT-UP
CONSTRUCTION
D. SLIP FORM
256
0000
0000
0000
AREA ''B''
PART Ill
UT I L IT I ES
1. SANITARY AND
PLUMBING
SYSTEMS AND
EQUIPMENT
AREA "B"
PART Ill
UTILITIES
DIRECTION: Read the passages below and answer the questions that follow. Shad&
the circle () below the letter of the correct answer to each question.
C. SEPARATION
B. SETTLEMENT
D. COLLECTION
A. AIR PRESSURE
C. LIQUID PURIFIER
B. CHEMICAL
TREATMENTS
D. MEDICINAL TABLETS
3. Water is purified by
. In various process,
so as to remove the particles of vegetable matter,
mud and other particles of matter present in the
water, most commonly used materials are sand and
gravel.
A. SILTATION
C. ABSORPTION
B. SIEVING
D. FILTRATION
258
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
A. SPRAYING
C. AERATION
B. DRYING
D. SPLASHING
5. A
is a water equipment used whenever
the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be
directly piped to a building, tank or reservoir.
6.
7.
A. GENERATOR
C. PRESSURE TANK
.B. PUMP
D. BOOSTER
C. UFTPUMP
B. AIR PUMP
D. JUMP PUMP
A. FORCE PUMP
C. ELEVATED PUMP
B. STRUCTURAL
PUMP
D. PLUNGER PUMP
C. SUBMARINE PUMP
B. REVERSIBLE
PUMP
D. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
259
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
0000
0000
10.
A. CESSPOOL
C. CISTERN
B. SWIMMING POOL
D. SEPTIC TANK
0000
0000
C. STORAGE TANK
SIPPING TANK
B. SUCTION TANK
0000
C. AIRTANK
D. PLUNGER TANK
0000
D. POWER PUMP
C. POSITIVE SYSTEM
B. ANTIGRAVITY
SYSTEM
D. UPFEED SYSTEM
260
0000
A. DOWNFEED
SYSTEM
0000
C. LOWDOWN SYSTEM
0000
D. AIDING PIPE
A. FEEDER
C. SUPPLIER
B. RISER
D. FLIER
0000
B. WATER SUPPLY
1.
A. WATER LEADER
C. WATER SOURCE
B. WATER MAIN
D. WATER SUPPLIER
A. S-CURVE
C. EXTENSION
B. BALANCER.
D. GOOSENECK
261
0000
0000
C. COMPANY LOCK
B. COCK VALVE
D. UNION COCK
C. BUSHING
B. COUPLING
D. BUILD-UP
.C. COMBINATION
B. UNION.
D. DOUBLE
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0000
c D
0000
A
C. WATER HAMMER
C. TWO-WAY FITTING
B. CLOSE OPEN
ELBOW
D. STREET ELBOW
or TEE
C. PVC
B. PLASTIC
D. SEALER
262
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
A
C. UNPLASTICIZED
POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE PIPE
B. UNPREPARED
POLYETHYLENE
COATED PIPE
D. UNPRESSED
POLYURETHANE
CHLORINE PIPE
C. ENTRY VALVES
B. DOOR VALVES
D. GATE VALVES
0000
0000
0000
D. CORRECT VALVES
A
A. CASING
C. COATING
B. ENCLOSING
D. PROTECTIVE
A. STATIC HEAD
C. VERTICAL HEIGHT
B. OVERHEAD
HEIGHT
D. PRESSURE LENGTH
263
0000
A
13. This is the vertical distance from the higher source
of water or overhead tank to the outlet (faucets,
shower head) and is distributed by gravity.
0000
C. WATER LINE
B. WATER TABLE
D. WATER CONTAINER
A. PIPE
CONNECTORS
0000
0000
C. PIPE CHASE
A. AREA METHOD
C. GROUPING
B. STORY DIVIDER
D. ZONING
0000
A STANDPIPES
& HOSES
C. VERTICAL PIPES
D. STEADY PIPES
264
0000
2. Automatic
systems consist of a horizontal
pattern of pipes placed near the ceilings of industrial
buildings, warehouses, stores, theaters and other
structures where the fire hazard requires their use.
These pipes are provided with outlets and heads so
constructed that temperatures of (55 to 70"C)
Celsius will cause them to open automatically and
will cause them to open automatically and emit a
series of time water sprays.
A. SPLASHERS
C. DROPLETS
B. RAIN WATER
D. SPRINKLERS
A. WATER FILLED
0000
0000
SYSTEM
B. LIQUID ENHANCED D. SOAKING SYSTEM
SYSTEM
4. Generally confined to unheated buildings, There is
no water in the distribution pipes except during a
fire. Remote valves may be actuated by sensitive
elements to admit water to sprinkler's heads.
A. UNLIQUIFIED
0000
SYSTEM
B. DRY PIPE SYSTEM D. CLEAN PIPE SYSTEM
5. An inlet placed outside a building close to ground
level, having two openings so that fire engines can
pump water to the dry stand pipes and sprinkler
system of the building.
0000
A. HIDDEN HEAD
C. EXPOSED BULB
B. PENDENT
D. BALANCER
265
0000
A. RAIN WATER
PIPE
C. STORM SEEPAGE
B. STORM MAIN
D. STORM DRAIN
0000
0000
B. HAMMERED PIPE
D. GUTTER PIPE
C. BLACK WATER
B. CONTAMINATED
WATER
D. DIRTY WATER
A. SOIL STEADY
PIPE
C. SOIL CONDUCTOR
PIPE
B. SOIL LEADER
C. TRASH PIPE
B. WASTE PIPES
D. LIQUID CONTAINING
PIPE
266
0 0 0 0
A B C D
0000
0 0 0 0
C. FLUE
B. AIR
D. DUCT
0000
c D
0000
A
C. WATER PLUG
B. CLOSER
D. CLOGGER
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
A
D. HOUSE TRAP
A. BASEMENT PIT
B. SUMP PIT
D. UNDERGROUND PIT
C. CHUTE
B. VOID
D. SHAFT
267
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
A
made).
A. SLEEVE
C. GUIDE
B. OPENING
D. HOLE
0000
0000
A. WATERPROOFING C. CAULKING
B. CLOGGING
D. STUFFING
0000
A. SLOPES. OF
C. ALIGNMENT OF
HORIZONTAL PIPING PIPING
B. GRADES OF
D. DEFLECTION
HORIZONTAL PIPING OF PIPING
13. This kind of trap must be installed wherever oily, lard
contained wastes from hotels, restaurants, club
houses or similar public eating places are discharged
into the sewer or septic vault. Sand traps shall be
placed as near as possible to the fixture from which
it receives the discharge and shall have an air-tight
cover, easily removable to permit its cleaning.
A. DREASES TRAPS
B. LEFTOVER
CONTAINERS
D. GREASE DRAIN
14. This is the vertical distance between the dip and the
crown weir (an embankment or levee) built to hold
water in its course or to divert it to a new course of a
p-trap. Also it is the water in the trap between the dip
and the crown weir to prevent unpleasant and
odorous gases to enter the room through the fixtures.
0000
0000
D. P-TRAP
268
,,
A. DRIPPING
C. SEEPAGE
B. BACKFLOW
D. SIPHONAGE
0000
0000
D. PRESSURE TEST
A. SEPTIC TANK
C. SLUDGE POOL
B. CESSPOOL
D. SOLIDS CHAMBER
0000
A B C D
0000
D. CATCH BASIN
D. PRIVY
269
0000
C. INCINERATION
B. BURNER
D. HEATING
A. WASTE
COLLECTION
C. SANITARY LANDFILL
B. CLEAN-AIR
EARTH FILL
D. SANITARY GARBAGE
PILE
A B C D
0000
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
A
C. GARBAGE
CONDUCTOR
A. GARBAGE
COLLECTOR
B. LEFT-OVER
CHOPPER
D. GARBAGE DISPOSER
270
c D
0000
A
C. BLANKET
B. WATERPROOFER
D. COATING
B C
0000
0000
C. CANAL METHOD
0000
C. SCATTER METHOD
D. WASTE COLLECTION
DEPOT
271
0000
12. A
A. LAVATORY
CLOSET
C. BIDET
B. CESSPOOL
D. SANITARY CLOST
0000
F. MISCELLANEOUS QUESnONS
C. WATER TABLE
B. PERCOLATION TEST
D. GREY WATER
A. HARDNESS
C. FRICTION LOSS
0000
0000
0000
A. FIXTURE UNITS
C. FIXTURE LOSS
B. CASING
D. STATIC HEAD
A. I, II, and IV
272
0000
A. 9 feet (2.70 M)
C. 50 feet (15M)
V. 24 feet (7.20 M)
D. 78 feet (26 M)
0000
c D
0000
A
273
c D
0000
A
IV. The house drain cannot also be called the building sewer.
V. Clea.outs are always a necessary part of a drainage system.
A. I, II, and V
B. I, Ill, and IV
0000
A. stack vent
C. backflow preventer
B. vent stack
D.
c D
0000
A
house trap
274
oooc
AREA ''B''
PARTIII
UTILITIES
2. MECHANICAL
SYSTEMS
AREA "I"
---
UTILITIES
PART Ill
~
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
A. HEAT, MOISTURE, HUMAN COMFORT
1. What does Ashrae mean? Energy conservation is
the theme of this.
A. AMERICAN
SOCIETY OF
HEATING,
REFRIGERATING
AND AIRCONDITIONING
ENGINEERS
C. ALASKAN SOCIETY
OF HOUSING,
RESTORATION AND
AREA CONVERSION
ENVIRONMENT
B. AMERICAN
SYSTEM OF
HEATING
RESISTANCE
AND AERIAL
COMFORT
ENGINEERS
D. AUSTRALIAN
SYSTEM OF
HEATING,
REFRIGERATION
AND AIR
CONDITIONING
ENVIRONMENT
C. BRITISH THERMAL
UNITS per hour
B. BEST
TEMPERATURE
UNITS per hour
D. BRICK TOWN
UNITS per hour
276
0 0 0 0
0000
0000
C. TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLERS
B. DEW
COLLECTORS
D. VAPOR BARRIERS
0000
C. CONDUCTIVITY
B. CONDUCTANCE
D. CONVECTION
C. DEWPOINT
B. ENTHALPY
D. COEFACIENT OF
HEAT TRANSFER
277
0000
0000
7. Another way is by
. This is the transfer
of heat through electromagnetic waves from one
surface to a colder surface. The body can lose heat
to a cooler atmosphere or to a cooler surface.
A. LATENT HEAT
C. INFILTRATION
B. RAOIATION
D. MEAN RADIANT
TEMPERATURE
Ill. People
II. Sunlight
v.
0000
0000
Humidity
A II and Ill
B. II, 111 and
9. The
is a graphic representation of
the thermodynamic properties of moist air. It is used
for a wide variety of applications in heating and airconditioning design, including dew point
temperatures, determining relative humidity,
calculating ENTHALPY (in thermodynamics) and
determining humidity ratios. These values are
needed to compute the relationships of heat and air
flow in air conditioning design.
0000
A. PSYCHROMETRIC C. TEMPERATURE
CHART
CHART
B. BAR CHART
D. THERMODYNAMIC
CHART
A VENTILATION
C. AIR CONDITIONING
B. RADIATION
D. CONVECTION
A. SENSIBLE HEAT
C. EFFECTIVE
TEMPERATURE
B. DESIGN
COOLING LOAD
FACTOR
D. MEAN RADIANT
TEMPERATURE
278
0000
0000
PROPORTION
OF GLASS
C. RESISTANCE
B. TIGHT
CONSTRUCTION
D. ABSORPTION
A INSULATION
C. INFILTRATION
B. BODYHEAT
D. EXHAUSTION
0000
0000
0000
A. 3661 BTuh
C. 5824 BTuh
B. 5455 BTuh
D. 6240 BTuh
279
0000
0000
C. FORWARDER
B. CONDUCTION
D. LEAD-ON
C. RADIATION
B. EMISSION
D. EJECTION
C~ CONVERSION
B. TRANSPORTATION D. CONVECTION
280
0000
0000
0000
C. HEATERS
B. BLOCKADE
D. TEMPERATURE
GAUGE
0000
C. PASSIVE
SOLAR DESIGN
B. COST-CONTROL
SOLAR DESIGN
D. SUN CONTROL
DESIGN
6. The
systems require expensive and
energy consuming equipment to operate electric
water heaters and air conditioners. In short they are
technologically designed solar buildings. The
awesome energy of the sun's radiation is harnessed,
absorbed, transferred and stored for building heating
and cooling. Using this system, the temperatures
inside a house will stay at 68 to 70F (19C to 21 C)
during even the coldest days.
A. HEAT
GENERATING
DEVICE
C. MECHANICAL SOLAR
DESIGN
B. ACTIVE SOLAR
DESIGN
D. SUN CONTROL
DESIGN
281
A B C D
0000
0000
7. A
is an integration of a house, a
greenhouse, a solar heater, and a solar still. The
space between the solar collector and the heat
storage wall is large enough to be used for growing
food:
A. BIOSPHERE
C. ENVIRONMENTAL
ARENA
B. ECO-SPHERE
D. SOLAR HOUSE
8. In Thermodynamics, an
, is a quantity
expressed as the Internal Energy of a system plus
the product of the pressure and volume of the system,
having the property that during an isobaric process,
the change in the quantity is equal to the heat
transferred during the process.
A. ENTASIS
C. ELEMENT
B. ANALYTIC
D. ENTHALPY
A B C D
0000
0000
0000
C. HOT POINT
A. CONDUCTOR
C. PIPE
B. DUCT
D. SLEEVE
C. DAMPERS
B. BLINDS
D. SLATS
282
0000
0000
12. SUpply
(sometimes called diffusers)
should be equipped with dampers and should have
their vanes arranged to disperse the air and to reduce
its velocity as soon as possible after entering the
room. A common method is to provide vanes that
divert the air half to the right and half to the left.
Provide wall slotted type return grilles.
A. REGISTERS
C. EXHAUSTS
B. GRILLES
D. CONTROLLERS
C. CENTRAL HEATING
B. HEAT
CIRCULATING
D. HEAT GENERATING
DEVICE
A B C D
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
A. SMOKE ESCAPE
C. AIR SUPPLY
B. HOLLOW SPACE
D. CHIMNEY FLUE
A. JUMBO FAN
C. PACKAGED AIR
B. AIR INDUCTOR
D. BLOWER
283
0000
1'8. A
0000
c.
A. CIRCULAR AIR
EXHAUST
C. TURBINE
VENTILATOR
B. MOVABLE
VENTILATOR
D. ROOF EXHAUST
AIR-CONDITIONING
A. AIR FRESHING
C. AIR CLEANING
B. AIR
CONDITIONING
D. AIR CONTROLLING
C. SPLIT-TYPE
B. HALF-TYPE
D. COMBIN-ATION TYPE
C. SINGLE-UNIT TYPE
B. WALL-MOUNTED
TYPE
D. WINDOW-MOUNTED
TYPE
284
0000
0000
0000
B C
0000
rooms.
A. CENTRALIZED
C. ONE STATION TYPE
AIR CONDITIONING
B. OVERALL AIR
CONDITIONING
D. GENERAL A. C.
0000
A. EVAPORATIVE
COOLING WITH
A CLOSED
WATER LOOP
B. ABSORPTION
COOLING WITH
SOLAR ASSIST
C. COMPRESSIVE
REFRIGERATION
D. PASSIVE COOLING
285
0000
I. Flexibility
Ill. Economics
0000
A. 1,11 and V
C. 630 sq.m.
B. 380sq.m.
D. 760 sq.m.
0000
A
9. Select the iilcorrect f;tatement.
0000
A RECTANGULAR,
with the long
dimension horizontal
B. SQUARE
C. RECTANGULAR,
with the long
dimension vertical
D. ROUND
286
0000
C. COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
B. DAMPER
D. FILTERS
C. 36tons
B. 12 tons
D. 54 tons
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
287
0000
A. VERTICAL
TRANSPORTATION
B. VERTICAL
MOVEMENT
2.
0000
C. FLOOR TO FLOOR
CONVEYANCE
D. UP AND DOWN
MOVEMENT
C. HYDRAULIC
ELEVATORS
B. OIL-FILLED
ELEVATORS
D. MECHANIZED
ELEVATORS
C. COMPUTER-AIDED
ELEVATORS
B. AUTOMATED
ELEVATORS
D. ELECTRIC
ELEVATORS
288
0000
0000
A. IDLER-TYPE
0000
C. NOISELESS TYPE
MACHINES
B. GEARLESS
TRACTION
MACHINES
D. TRANSMISSION
TYPE MACHINES
C GEARED TRACTION
ELEVATORS
B. AUTOMATIC
TRANSMISSION
A. BINDING
C. ROLLING
B. ROPING
D. WRAPPING
A. BALCONY
SYSTEMS
C. BREATH TAKING
SYSTEMS
289
0000
0000
0000
C. OPEN VIEW
B. VIEW DECK
D. EXPOSED ELEVATOR
A. SLOPING
C. LEANING ELEVATOR
B. SLANTOF
INCLINED
ELEVATORS
D. UNEVEN
11.
A. SINGLE FLOOR
C. ESCALATOR
B. HYDRAULIC LIFT
290
0000
0000
0000
0000
12.
C. RAISERS
B. RAMP STAIRS
D. HORIZONTAL LIFTS
C. SERVICE FLOOR TO
FLOOR
B. MANUAL LIFTERS
D. MANUAL
DUMBWAITERS
C. AUTOMATED
DUMBWAITERS
B. AUTOMATIC
TRANSFERER
D. VERTICAL WAITERS
291
0000
0000
0000
C. MOVING FLOORS
B. MOVING
SIDEWALKS
D. CIRCULATING
FLOORS
so
0000
A B C D
0000
you recommend?
0000
292
c D
0000
A
B. compressive refrigeration
D. passive cooling
c D
0000
A
v.
building scale
Ill. economics
A. I, II, and V
293
0000
0000
c D
0000
D.
round
A. flue
c.
combustion chamber
B. damger
D.
filters
A. 9 tons
c.
36 tnns
B. 12 tons
D.
54 tons
9. An economizer cycle:
c D
0000
c D
0000
c D
0000
D.
D.
294
c D
0000
AREA ''8''
PARTIII
UTILITIES
3. ELECTRICAL AND
OTHER POWER
SYSTEMS
AREA "8"
UTILITIES
PART Ill
A. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY
Electricity constitutes a form of energy itself which occurs
naturally only in unusable forms such as lighting. The
primary problem in the utilization of electric energy is that,
unlike fuels or even heat, it cannot be stored and therefore
must be generated and utilized at the same instant.
1. The bulk of electric energy utilized is in the form of
_ _ _ _ _ generators produced by alternators.
2.
A. ALTERNATING
CURRENT
C. POWER SUPPLY
B. VOLTAGE
D. CIRCUITRY
A. DISTRIBUTION
CIRCUIT
C. DEMAND-CURRENT
B. ALTERNATING
(a-c)
D. DIRECT-CURRENT
(d-e)
A. VOLTAGE
C. AMPERE (amp)
B. WATT
D. IMPEDANCE
296
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
C. KINETIC ENERGY
B. VOLT or V
D. OHM
A. OHM
C. POWER FACTOR
B. VOLT
D. REACTANCE
C. WIRINGS
B. CONDUCTORS
D. CONDENSER
A. ALANKETS
C. INSULATORS
B. ISOLATORS
D. ABSORBERS
297
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
A. 1.65 amperes
C. 2.25 amperes
B. 1.28 amperes
D. 1.74 amperes
0000
C. 12.8 ohms
B. 11 ohms
D. 15 ohms
---~
A. SINGLE
C. SERIES
B. ALIGNED
D. GROUP
298
A B C
0000
A. DOUBLE
C. DUAL
B. COUPLED
D. PARALLEL
0000
0000
A. 200 watts
C. 165 watts
B. 250 watts
D. 225 watts
0000
D. ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2. A
or block diagram is done using rectangles
to indicate the major components. It shows the spatial
relations between components. An example is to
show the vertical section on each floor the circuit
from meter to panels to machine room to circuit
breakers to upper floor circuits or from high-voltage
primary feeders to transformer vaults to secondary
service conductors to main switch boards to main
feeders to distribution panels to lighting and
appliance panels to receptacles and ceiling outlets.
A. MULTI-STORY
DIAGRAM
C. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
B. RISER DIAGRAM
D. CONNECTING
I)IAGRAM
299
0000
3.
0000
A. DIFFERENTIATOR C. CHANGER
B. ALTERNATOR
4.
5.
D. TRANSFORMER
C. STANDBY POWER
B. ALTERNATIVE
POWER
D. ELECTRICAL
STORAGE
A B C D
0000
0000
C. EMERGENCY
POWER
C. FIREPROOF WIRE
B. ARMORED WIRE
D. AC ("BX")
300
A B C D
0000
C. ROMEX
B. FLAT WIRE
D. ESSEX
8. A
is a factory-assembled channel
with conductors for one to four circuits permanently
installed in the track. Power is taken from the track
by special tap-off devices that contact the track's
electrified conductors and carry the power to the
attached lighting fixture. The tracks are generally
rated 20 amperes, and are restricted to 120V. The
electrified conductors are permanently installed in
the aluminum track, which is grounded for safety.
A. SLIDING LIGHT
C. TRACK CIRCUIT
B. HANGER
D. LIGHTING TRACK
9. This is an
. A CABLE TRAY is a continuos
open support for approved cables. When used as a
general wiring system, the cables must be selfprotected, jacketed types. The advantages of this
system are free-air rated cables, easy installation
and maintenance, and relatively low cost. The
disad'{antages are bulkiness and the required
accessil1ility.
10.
A. OPEN RACEWAY
C. OPEN TRACK
B. EXPOSED
TROUGH
D. BARE PIPE
C. CLOSED SLEEVE
B. CLOSED
RACEWAY
D. CLOSETED
CIRCUITRY
301
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
D. SAFE BOXES
12. An
is an elevated (0.60 x 0.60M)
modular slab that gi~es the building's users
instantaneous access to a below floor plenum which
can accomodate HVAC, electrical communications
and EDP lines, as well as unforseen future
developments and capacity. The building's users and
visitors will walk confidently on a surface with the
solid feeling of a poured slab. Since the system uses
no grid of stringers, maximum accessibflity is assured
when you need to change office layout, repair utilities,
or upgrade capabilities, you can do it with a minimum
of expense and disruption. Simply lift the floor panels
and move the services.
A. ACCESS
FLOORING
B. HANDY
FLOORING
0000
C. REPLACABLE
FLOORING
D. COMPUTER FLOOR
C. UTILITY SYSTEM
B. OVERHEAD
SERVICE
D. OUTSIDE SERVICE
302
0000
A. BASEMENT
SERVICE
B. DEEP EARTH
SERVICE
0000
C. UNDERGROUND
SERVICE
D. CREMATION
SERVICE
3. As a Service Equipment,
between
the high voltage incoming utility lines and the
secondary service conductors is required whenever
the building voltage is different from the utility voltage.
It may be pole or pad-mounted outside the building,
or installed in a room or vault inside the building.
These are devices that changes alternating current,
(a-c) of one voltage to alternating current (a-c) of
another voltage. This devices cannot be used on
(d-e) direct current.
A. CHANGERS
C. ALTERNATORS
B. REFORMERS
D. TRANSFORMERS
A. STEP-UP
C., INCREASE-UP
B. RAISE-UP
D. REAR-UP
6.
A. SLIDE-DOWN
C. RUNDOWN
B. STEP-DOWN
D. CHANGE-DOWN
A. METERING
C. ADDING
B. READING
D. COMPUTING
303
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
4 hour
2 hour
4 hour
A. 2.65 Kwh
C. 3.650 Kwh
B. 3.15Kwh
D. 2.815 Kwh
C. 864 Kwh @
P4,320.00
B. 805 Kwh@
P4,025.00
D. 600 Kwh@
P3,000.00
C. OVERHEAD SWITCH
B. UTILITY SWITCH
D. SERVICE SWITCH
10. An Electrical
is a device intended for on/off
control of an electrical circuit and is rated by current
and voltage, duty, poles and throw, fusibility and
enclosure. The currentrating.is the amount of current
that this can carry continuously and interrupt safely.
These devices are intended for normal use in light and
power circuits are call GENERAL-USE SAFETY, and
are rated no for normal duty. Those intended for
frequent interrupting are rated HD for heavy duty and
those intended to be opened load only occasionally,
such as for service, are rated LD for light duty. These
devices are rated 250 V, 600 V or 5 KV as required.
A. OPENER
C. SWITCH
B. TOUCHDOWN
D. LIGHTER
304
0000
A B
0000
0000
12.
A. THREE-WAY
C. DOUBLE-ACTION
B. FOUR-WAY
D. ALTERNATE
C. AUTOMATIC
CHANGER
B. AUTOMATIC
TRANSFER
D. AUTOMATOR
0000
0000
D. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. In order to protect insulation, wiring, switches, and
other apparatus from overload and SHORT CIRCUIT
currents, it is necessary to provide automatic means
for opening the circuit. One of the devices employed
to fulfill this function is the
. It consist
of a link or wire of flow melting temperature that when
enclosed in an insulating fiber tube is called a
CARTRIDGE, and when in a porcelain cup is known
as a PLUG. When this device is subjected to excess
current, the energy loss in the link generates heat
and melts it. Plugs are normally used in residences
all rated from 5 to 30 amp. cartridge are made in
sizes from 5 to 600 amp.
A. FUSE
C. UNION
B. WELD
D. MIXER
305
0000
0000
B. CIRCUIT
BREAKERS
D. CIRCUIT BLACK-OUT
C. UNIT SUBSTATION
B. UNIT SPACER
D. UNIT LOCATION
4. A
serves basically the same function
as a switchboard, except on a smaller scale, that is,
it accepts relatively large of power and distributes it
in smaller blocks. Like the switchboard, it comprises
main fuses to which are connected circuit-protective
devices (breakers or fuses), which feed smaller
circuits. These level of the system is usually the final
distribution point, feeding out to the branch circuits
that contain the electrical utilization apparatus and
devices, such as lighting, motors and so on.
A. CIRCUITRY
BOARD
C. FUSIBLE LINK
BOARDS
B. BASE PLATES
D. PANEL BOARDS
306
0000
0000
c D
0000
A
A. I, II and Ill
B. I, Ill and V
D. Ill and V
c D
0000
A
B c
0000
because:
A. conductors and conduit can be smaller
B. a wider variety of loads can be accomodated
C. commercial buildings require more power
D. transformers can step down the voltages to whatever is required
C. PHOTOELECTRIC
DETECTOR
B. TEMPERATURERISE DETECTOR
307
c D
0000
A
AREA ''B''
PARTIII
UTILITIES
4. ACOUSTICS AND
ILLUMINATION
AREA "B"
UTILITIES'
PART Ill
DIRECTION: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow. Shade the
circle () of the correct answer to each question.
C. MUSIC
B. TONE
D. NOISE
C. REVERBERATION
B. DECIBEL
D. FREQUENCIES
C. REVERBERATION
B. COEFFICIENT
OF ABSORPTION
D. ECHO
309
0000
0000
0000
0000
D. VELOCITY
C .. RAY DIAGRAMMING
B. RAY
PROGRAMMING
A .. NOISE
C. SOUND
B. ECHOES
D. VOLUME
7. A
is perceived as a buzzing or clicking
sound, and it is comprised of repeated echoes
traversing back and forth betWeen two non-absorbing
\
parallel (flat or concave) surfaces. These often occur
between shallow domes and hard; flat floors. The
remedy for this sound is either to chan~e the shape
of the reflectors, their parallel relationship, 1or add
absorption. The solution c~osen will depend on
reverberation requirements, cost; or_ esthetics. (small
music practice rooms uses splayed walls)
A. GUTTER
C. SPLATTER
B. SHUTIER
D. FLUTTER
310
0000
A
at sufficient intensity reaches a listener approximately
70 msec ormore after he hears the direct sound. This
occurs whenever the reflected sound path is more
than 70ft (21M) longer than the direct path. Typical
Surfaces producing this sound in an auditorium are
the back wall and the ceiling above the proscenium
0000
0000
A. FOCUS
C. DIFFUSE
B. AIM
D. TARGET
C. REDUCTION
B. DIFFUSION
D. SECLUSION
10. A
describes the reflection of sound
along a curv,ed surface from a source near the surface.
Although the sound can be heard at points along the
surface, it is inaudible away from the surface.
A. STEEP
C. CREEP
B. BLEEP
D. KEEP
11.
0000
0000
0000
0000
I
The formula is IL = 1Ologlo
A. DECIBEL
C. HERTZ
A. OCTAVE BAND
C. WAVELENGTH
B. PHON
D. SABIN
311
0000
A DIFFUSION
C. REDUCTION
B. ABSORPTION
D. FLOODING
0000
possibilities?
g. How much does the material cost?
h. Will it be expensive to install and maintain?
2. Sound is ABSORBED by a mechanism which converts
the sound into the other forms of energy and ultimately
into heat. Most manufactured materials depends largely
on their
(full of holes permeable by air) for
their absorptivity which, when sufficient and of
appropriate thickness, as much as 95 percent of the
energy of an incident sound wave may be absorbed in
this manner. Many materials, such as mineral wool pads.
and blankets, have a multitude of small deeply
312
0000
A. POROSITY
C. DENSITY
B. VISCOSITY
D. THICKNESS
3. A
or POROUS material absorb the frictional
drag produced by moving the air in small spaces within
the material. The absorption provided by a specific
material depends on its thickness, density and porostty
and resistance to airflow. For example, materials must
be thick to absorb low frequency sound effectively.
Since the action depends on absorbing energy by
"PUMPING" air through the material, the air paths must
extend from 011e side to the other. A material of this
type is useless as an acoustic absorbent (Therefore,
painting will generally ruin a porous absorber).
A. GRANULAR
C. FIBERGLASS
B. VEGETATIVE
D. FIBROUS
C. PRE-FABRICATED
UNITS
B. MADE TO ORDER
UNITS
D. STANDARD DESIGN
UNITS
A. CORKBOARD
C. ACOUSTICAL FELT
B. ACOUSTrCAL
PLASTER AND
SPRAYED-ON
D. CHEMICAL
IMMERSED
313
A B C D
0000
A B C D
0000
A B C D
0000
6.
C. ACOUSTICAL
CUSHIONS
B. ACOUSTICAL
ROLLS
D. ACOUSTICAL
BLANKETS
0000
0000
C. I and Ill
B. Ill and V
D. II and 111
board
double laver~ ..
gypsum board
1" sound
absorbing
panel
sound attenuation
insulation
room A
room B
I. impact noise
V. mechanical vibration
A. II and IV
C. Ill and IV
B. II and Ill
D. I and II
314
0000
A. 70 dB
C. 72 dB
B. 71 dB
D. 73 dB
C. SOUND INTENSITY
B. SOLJND
TRANSMISSION
CLASS
D. TRANSMISSION
LOSS
C. NOISE REDUCTION
D. INVERSE SQUARE
LAW
0000
0000
0000
0000
D. PHON
315
0 0 0 0
125
250
500
floor wood
0.10
0.15
0.11
0.10
0.05
0.10
0.08 0.05
0.03
0.03 0.03
0.60 0.29
0.29 0.55
0.75
0.73 0.57
window, glass
0.15 0.35
0.25 0.18
0.12
0.07 0.04
A. 228 Sabins
C. 266 Sabins
B. 244 Sabins
D. 242 Sabins
0000
0000
316
0000
cl.uroom B
corridor
vr.
317
2.
A. ORIENTING
C. SITING
B. LAYOUTING
D. GROUPING
A. PLANTING AND
FENCING
B. GRADING AND
LANDSCAPING
C. FILLING AND
EXCAVATION
D. WALLING
318
0000
0000
0000
B. PLANNING
D. FUNCTIONAL
DIAGRAM
4. Compound-wall constructions or
is
one way of reducing air-borne noise. provide two
adjoining walls with an open space in between
without any materials like wood connectors, or
chunks of plaster thrown in between that touches
both walls. Another technique is to fill in the void with
porous sound absorbent material.
A. DOUBLE WALL
C. BEARING WALL
B. THICK WALL
D. CAVITY WALL
A. DOUBLE GLASS
PANE
C. LAMINATED GLASS
B. TEMPERED
GLASS
D. WIRE GLASS
319
0000
0000
A. ALIGNING
C. SINGLE
B. FLANKING
D. FILING
C. HOLLOWED
B. DOUBLE STACK
D. FLOATING
320
0000
0000
0000
C. I, IV and V
D. II, IV and VI
A. LUMINOUS
TRANSMITTANCE
C. RESISTANCE
B. ILLUMINATION
D. SPREADING FACTOR
2. The
is the unit of luminous intensity.
It is analogous to pressure in a hydraulic system and
voltage in an electric system and represents the force
that generates the light that we use.
A. LAMP POWER
C. GLOWING POWER
B. BRIGHTNESS
D. CANDLE POWER
321
t.
0000
0000
3.
C. QUALITY
OF LIGHTING
B. USAGE OF
LIGHTING
D. TYPE OF LIGHTING
A. FLICKER
c.
B. GLARE
D. BUBBLE
0000
0000
SPARKLE
D. ECHO GLARE
C. TRANSMITTED
GLARE
B. REFLECTED
GLARE
D. DIFFUSED GLARE
322
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
A
respect to fixtures since electric lighting ifl nonresidential buildings consumes 25 to 60% of the
electric energy utilized, any attempt to reduce this
must necessarily include integration of the cheapest
(in sofar as energy is concerned). Most abundant
and , in many ways, most desirable form of lighting
available, the _ _ _ __
A. SUNLIGHT
C. TASK LIGHT
B. NATURAL LIGHT
D. DAYLIGHT
0000
C. TOUCH LAMP
LAMP
B. FLUORESCENT
LAMP
323
OOC'O
0000
10
D. HIGH PRESSURE
SODIUM
C. VAPOR LAMP
B. ULTRAVIOLET
D. FLUORESCENT
324
A B C D
0000
0000
A. Ill
C. IV
B. II
D.
A. II
c.
B. V
D.
0000
Ill
A. IV
C. II
B.
D. V
325
0000
A. II
C. IV
B. V
D. Ill
A. Ill
C. V
B.
D, II
C. ROOM USAGE
B. EFFICIENT
LIGHTING
D. SPECIAL LIGHTING
326
0000
0000
0000
E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. The unit of luminous intensity approximately equal
to the horizontal light output from an ordinary wax
candle is called the
. In the Sl system
of measurement, this unit is the CANDELA.
A. CANDLE POWER
C. REACTANCE
B. POWER FACTOR
D. MELTING POINT
3.
A. IMPEDANCE
C. VOLTAGE
B. LUMEN
D. CIRCUIT
C. GLARE
B. RESISTANCE
D. BRIGHTNESS
327
0000
0000
0000
0000
A. 4.9 :=ootlamberts
C. 15.56 Footcandles
B. 11.7 Footlamberts
D. 55.7 Footcandles
0000
0000
A. I, II, IV and V
C. Ill, IV and V
C. Footlamberts
8. Candelas
D. Candlepower
328
0 0 0 0
0000
329
0000
AREA ''B''
PARTIII
UTILITIES
5. BUILDING
PROTECTION
FIRE PROTECTION
INTRUSION
PREVENTION
(SECURITY)
AREA "B"
PART Ill
UTILITIES
A. BUILDING PROTECTION
Choose one answer and encircle (e) with black under A,B, C, D.
1. A method of protecting the ferrous materials like
steel, iron from rusting or corroding.
A. RUST PROOFING
0000
C. WATERPROOFING
FLOOR
PROTECTION
B. LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
0000
C. FIRE PROOFING
D. WATERPROOFING
D. DAMP PROOFING
331
0000
0000
C. WOOD PRESERVATIVE
c D
0000
A
A. RAT PROOFING
C. SECURITYINTRUSION PRbOF
B. LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
D. FIREPROOFING
D. WOOD PRESERVATIVE
332
c D
0000
A
0000
A. WOOD PRESERVATIVE
B. RUST PROOFING
0000
C. SECURITYINTRUSSION
PROOFING
D. RAT PROOFING
A. WOOD PRESERVA-
0000
C. RUST PROOFING
TIVE
B. TERMITE
PROOFING
D. RAT PROOFING
0000
D. FLOOR PROTECTION
C. WOOD PRESERVATIVE
B. rLOOR PROTECTION
D. DAMP PROOFING
C. FIRE PROOFNG
333
0000
0000
0000
C. VAPOR BARRIER
D. INTEGRAL TYPE
B. SILICONE
WATER REPELLANT
THOROCLEAR SPECIAL
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
A
c D
0000
A
,;1
D. SILICONE WATER
REPELLANT
(SPECIAL)
A. FILTERING
METHOD
0000
C. WATER STOPPER
B. SILICONE Hp
D. WATER PLUG
REPELLANT THOROCLEAR 777
6. This is in dry-powder form and mixes easily with
water to become a heavy-duty patching material and
is available in 1 pint cans and 1 quart cans also in 1
gallon cans (10 lbs) and 5 gal. drums (50 lbs.J
containers. This is used to seal cracks and lloles in
the basement walls. Whether water is pouring in
under pressure or seeping in as slow leak (during
rain) this material stops it. FAST! Running water is
stopped in 3 to 5 minutes. It is non-shrink and
expands as it sets and won't pull away from the edges
of the patch area. It even sets up underwater. This
packaged in dry-powder form, and mixes easily with
water applied by hand to become a heavy-duty
patching material.
0 Cl 0 0
D. FLOOR SEALER
(ANTI-SKID)
335
0000
C.
B. FLOOR SEALER
(ANTI-SKID)
D. MEMBRANE TYPE
WATER STOPPER
0000
FLUID COATING
0000
336
0000
C. RAT PROOFING
B. ELASTOMERIC
FLUID COATING
D. ANAY PROOFING
C. FLOOR SEALER
(ANTI-SKID)
B. FILTERING
METHOD
D. RUST PROOFING
C. THOROSEAL
B. THOROCLEAR
777 SILICONE
D. VAPOR BARRIER
DAMP PROOFING
337
0000
0000
0000
0000
D. WOOD PRESERVATIVE
0000
338
0000
C. CLIMATE
CONTROLLER
B. HEAT GAUGE
D. THERMOSTAT
3.
A. OPERATOR
C. CENTRAL CONTROL
PANEL
B. GENERAL
COMPTROLLER
D. GENTRALIZED
SWITCH
C. SIGNAL DEVICES
SYSTEM
B. AUDIBLE ALARM
DEVICES
D. SOUND ALARM
339
0000
0000
0000
4.
0000
C. MISTFOG
DETECTORS
0000
D. UNCOVERED
CIRCUIT SYSTEM
MANUAL STATIONS
C. UNLISTED
MANUAL STATIONS
B. UNTITLED
D. UNCODED
MANUAL STATIONS
HANDHELD
MANUALS
340
0000
C. TITLED MANUAL
STATIONS
B. LISTED MANUAL
STATIONS
D. CODED MANUAL
STATIONS
C. WATER FLOW
SWITCHES
B. WETPIPE
SWITCHES
D. COUNTER FLOW
SWITCHES
0000
0000
C. TEMPERATURE
DETECTORS
B. CLIMATE
CONTROL
DETECTORS
D. HIGH FLOW
DETECTORS
341
0000
0000
C. X-RAY DETECTORS
C. MICRO DETECTORS
B. ATOMATION
DETECTORS
D. MINIMALIZATION
DETECTORS
342
0000
0000
80 CODED SYSTEM
A1 ALARM INITIATING
DEVICE, MANUAL
B1 CONTROL UNIT
(FIRE ALARM PANEL)
A2 AUTOMATIC SYSTEM
B3 DUAL-CODED SYSTEM
A4 BELL-SINGLE STROKE
AS A BREAK GlASS
85 LOCAL NONII'HERFERING
CODED STATION
B6 MANUAL SYSTEM
A. A6
C. B1
B. 86
D. A4
c.
B. B1
D. B3
0000
0000
B2
A A1
C. A6
B. A3
D. B4
343
0000
A B
0000
occur
A. AO
C. B1
B. A2
D. B2
A. AO
C. AS
B. A2
Q,
0000
BO
A. B4
C. A6
B. B5
D. A4
0000
0000
A. A3
C: B1
D. BS
AS
A. B6
c.
B. B1
D. A4
A B C D
0000
B4
A. BO
C. A1
B. B4
D. AS
344
0000
A. AJ
c. A6
B. 85
[,). 80
c.
B. AS
D. A3
B C D
0000
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B3
A. AS
C. A3
B. A2
D. B6
C. A2
e.
D. A3
BO
C. A5
B. BS
D. B2
345
0000
0000
0000
BO REMOTE-STATION FIRE
ALARM SYSTEM
A1 NONCODED SYSTEM
B3 SUPERVISED SYSTEM
A4 PROPRIETARY FIRE
ALARM SYSTEM
B4 TROUBLE SIGNAL
AS RECORDER
(PUNCHED TAPE)
A. A2
C. B3
B. A4
D. B5
A. AO
C. B1
B. AS
D. B2
A. AO
C. B3
B. A3
D. B1
346
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
A. B2
c. BS
B. A4
D. AS
A. B2
c.
B. BO
D. AO
0000
0000
B4
A. A1
C. A4
B. A2
D. A3
A. 82
C. A4
B. B3
D. AS
C. A1
B. B4
D. B1
347
0000
0000
0000
A. A2
c.
B. 82
D. A4
0000
80
C. AO
R. A3
D. BO
A. B3
c.
B. A3
D. AO
0000
0000
B1
A AS
C. B4
B. 85
D. A1
348
0000
f~ FIRE PREVENTIONIPROTECTION
\ STANOP\PES A HOSES
II SIAMESE TWINS
Ill SPRINKLERS
IV COMPARTMENTATION
C. VI
B. VIII
D. Ill
C. VII
B. V
D. VI
C. IV
B. I
D.
0000
0000
0000
VIII
c.
B.
D. II
VIII
Ill
349
B C 0
0000
A. I
C. VII
B. V
D. Ill
A. VII
C. VIII
B. V
D. II
A. IV
C. VII
B. V
D. VIII
c.
B. VIII
D. Ill
350
0000
0000
0000
0000
G. SECURITY-BURGLAR PROOFING
SECURITY systems include methods for detecting intruders, for preventing
entry, for controlling access to secure areas, and for notification in the event
of unauthorized entry or other emergencies.
There are a wide variety of INTRUSION DETECTION DEVICES.
a. MOTION DETECTORS and HEAT DETECTORS sense the pressure
of someone in a room or within the field of view.
b. MICROWAVE and INFRARED BEAMS trip a circuit when the path of
their beam is interrupted.
c. PRESSURE SENSORS detect weight on a floor or other surface.
351
so t~t the resident may at wiR set off tl"!e aJarm in the event an intruder is
heard. The system may e"1)1oy the sal'ne audible signals as the fire system
or tts own components. Although done Infrequently, INTRUSION ALARM
SYSTEMS can be continuously supervised by connection with Central
Stations of companies whose business such supervision is, and who will
either respond directly to area alarm call or notify local police authorities of
any ilegal entry.
Condoplex
Top security
For larger establishments there is a whole range of choices. The old
dependable jagah might be difficult to find one day what with the turnover
rate for security guards remaining high. Furthermore it will become more
difficult and costly to provide for a manpower-based security.
Highly advanced tethnologic~l developments in cameras, lenses, video
recorders and the various peripherals such as pan and tilt control has
progressed to a level where the right perspective can be achieved.
352
The ClOsed Circuit Television (CCTV) t1as been established tor the past 25
years as one of the most effective tools in the fight against crime. It can
provide remote eyes and an accurate record of what is happening in sensitive
areas.
The rate of development associated with CCTV and the intelligence of the
peripher.al equipment can only be compared with todays development of
the computing world.
One of the most important developments in the industry has been the
introduction of video multiplexer. These systems can record multiple camera
pictures onto a single video recorder, and then replay those camera pictures
in split screen displays on a single monitor.
Another important development is the new 3-Dimensionallntelligent Space
(3D IS) System which is a three-dimensional video motion detection system.
Developed in Australia, this monitoring system uses the overlapping fields
of standard CCTV cameras to create invisible, three-dimensional detection
zone that protect valuable assets or secure designated areas.
Thus, no one can hide from the system.
Information for this article was provided by Cisco, Dedicated Micros (Asia)
anci APRO Asian Protection Pte. Ltd.
ax
353
The user can thus control the system via a handphone or a telephone even
If he is away from the premises. Likewise, the system can contact the user
via the pager, a handphone or a telephone during an emergency.
Small or medium-sized businesses who do not have staff running round the
clock to take care of contingencies would no doubt benefit froin such a
system as it that provides security surveilance and at the same time monitors
the status of the equipment and machinery of the plant.
Security basics
"Security does not only mean just posting a guard at the gate,"
"It is an encompassing surveillance system which ensures that life, property
and business are safeguarded. But when one talks security, one has to talk
about needs and priorities. Usually in a lot of new buildings, the management
would leave the minimum amount of its budget to security -the lowest of .
its priorities."
Broadly, security involves an all around protection of a facility- a home,
office, shop, factory or warehouse. In most cases this is done through fencing,
then comes a surveillance of theentry points through close circuit monitoring
or the traditional jaga. When humans cannot monitor an area, an alarm
system is required. Finally, there is the good old lock and key to keep things
safe.
There are a whole range of security solutions that can refer to the various
budgets and needs. Besides manpower, there are electronic systems which
include audio and video surveillance, locking and alarm systems.
Nowadays through, the presence of diverse facilities dictates the need for a
more cohesive, integrated system that will link all facilities into one. To
achieve a more complete and effective control. We lobk at some of these
integrated systems.
1. Intruder breaks in through the door and sets the system in ALARM
2. Calls you on pager, handphone or any phone and tells you exactly what's
happening and where
3. Alerts the Security Company (for subscribers of the Central Monitoring
Service) and mobilize their guards to check on your premises.
4. Tracks the intruders every move through a graphic display or video monitoring on the television. If desired, you can capture the act on tape for
later playback.
5. Triggers the playback of pre-recorded message-s or switches on the lights
to spooll and chase away the intruder.
6. Activates the siren to frighten the intruder and alert the neighbors
354
H. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
The answers to questions 1 through 8 can be found on the following key
LIST. Select only one answer for each question.
V. LOCKS
I. MOTION AND
HEAT DETECTORS
II. MICROWAVE AND
INFRARED BEAMS
IV. OTHERS
A. Ill
C. V
B. IV
D. VI
A. VIII
c.
B. VII
D. IV
A. IV
C. II
B. VI
D. VII
0000
0000
A B C D
0000
0 0 0 0
A. V
C. IV
B. I
D. VII
A. IV
C. VIII
B. II
D. Ill
355
0000
C. VIII
B. IV
D. VI
c.
B. VII
D. V
0000
0000
Ill
C. II
B. l
D. VII
356
0000
AREA ''B''
PART Ill
UT I L IT I ES
6. COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
AREA "B"
UTILITIES
PART Ill
A. SIGNAL SYSTEMS
Under this title is subsumed all SIGNAL, COMMUNICATION, and CONTROL
EQUIPMENT, the function of which is to assist in effecting proper building
operation.
Included are surveillance equipment such as fire and interior alarm; audio
CJ,nd visual communication equipment such as telephone, intercom, and
1elevision, both public and closed circuit; time equipment such as clock
program.
Closed circuit TV (CCTV) for surveillance systems. The hundreds of signals
generated throughout a large facility are logged, channeled, and applied by
means of specially programmed computers.
Most recently, COMPUTER SYSTEMS, as well as local area networks
(LANS) that .connect computers within one building or in a complex of
buildings.
Telephone Systems are the most prevalent type of communication system.
In most buildings, main telephone lines enter the structure in a main cable
and connect to the terminal room where they are split into riser cabres.
These risers are generally located near the core and connect telephone
equipment rooms on each floor. From these equipment rooms the lines
branch out to serve individual spaces.
With the proliferation of separate telephone companies in recent years, each
tenant space in a large building usually needs its own eQuipment
room.
The
I
.
.
size of the room is dependent on the type of equipment used and the number
of telephone lines connected.
Other types of communication systems are typically prewired as the building
is constructed. Cabling terminates at electrical boxes in the wall or floor
with a jack into which individual equipment can be connected.
Most signal cabling is run in metal conduit like electrical cable unless the
local building code allows it to be exposed. Conduit protects the cable and
prevents it from burning in a fire and giving off dangerous gases.
358
0000
D. ONE-WAY PANEL
C. BULLETIN
B. LOCATOR
D. ANNUNCIATOR
A. ON-LINE CALL
PANEL
B. OUTSIDE
LIGHTING
CONTROL PANEL
D. OVERALL LOCAL
CONTROL PANEL
A. ELEVATED
C. AMPLIFIED
B. INCREASER
D. LOUDNESS
CONTROLL
359
0 0 0 0
0000
0000
5.
0000
C. INTERFACE
B. INTERSTATION
D. INTERCHANGE
360
0000
C. MAINAND
SUBORDINATE
B. ADMINISTRATIVE
AND STAFF
D. LEADER AND
FOLLOWER
0000
C. PERSONAL ENTRY
BRANCH EXCESS
SYSTEM
D.
B. PRIVATE
ELECTRICALLY
BASED EXCHANGE
SYSTEM
PRIVATE
ELECTRONIC
BRANCH EXCHANGE
SYSTEM
361
0000
0000
2. Consultation hold, that is, ability to hold an outside
call while making an inside call.
0000
A
0000
A
0000
5. Automatic call back.
0000
6. Call forwarding.
0000
7. Distinctive ringing for different functions.
0000
8. Paging, executive priority, dictation access,
personnel location, plus other options as desired.
A. EXTENDER
C. SENDER
B. CALL
FORWARDING
D. CALL FOLLOWER
362
0000
A
0000
A. STAND-BY
C. DELVE-ON
B. SLEEP-ON
D. CAMP-ON
11 .
12.
C. CALL PICK-UP
B. CALL SLIP
D. CALL-AROUND
C. CALLCHANGER
B. CALL USER
D. CALL GIVER
14.
A. STRONG
C. CONFERENCE
B. AGREEMENT
D. CONSULTATION
C. 'IDENTIFY
B. INSPECTOR
D. NAME PLATE
16.
A. CONFERENCE
C. AGREEMENT
B. CONVENTION
D. MEETING
A. DUAL
C. TWOSOME
B. SPLIT
D. ON-LINE
363
0000
0000
0000
ocoo
A
0000
0000
0000
B. TELELINGO
1. Sometimes a design must be reached quickly to
avoid costly, delay, reruns and so on, and so the
recipient must be informed at once. This is called
the
systems, which fall into two
general categories and several subcategories. They
are either VISUAL, and AUDIBLE, or both, and are
either COMMON or SELECTIVE.
0000
2.
A. CALLING
C. ANNOUNCING
B. PAGING
D. CONVEYING
A. CALLER RADIO
C. CELLULAR RADIO
B. TRANSMITTER
RADIO
D. ONE-WAY RADIO
A. XEROX
C. FIXED (IMAGER)
B. COPIER
D. FAX (FACSIMILE)
364
0000
0000
4. A
is launched so as to move at the
same speed as earth's rotation. Hence
("GEOSTATIONAR"). This bounces and boosts
communication signals from transmitters on one part
of the globe to receiving antennas on another part.
0000
D. ROCKET
TRANSMITTER
C. ISDN INTEGRATED
SERVICES DIGITAL
NETWORK
B. JNTEGRATED
D. INTERNATIONAL
SOLAR DIGITAL
NETWORK
RADIO
B. MICROWAVE
RADIO
0000
SOLAR DIALING
NETWORK
A. HIGH VOLTAGE
C. IMMENSEWAVE
RADIO
D. HOTWAVE RADIO
365
0000
8.
A. MODEM,
MODULATOR
DEMODULATOR
C. MODULAR
B. TUNER
D. LEVELER
C. MICRO WIRES
B. FINE GRAINED
OPTICS
D. FIBER OPTICS
C. PABX-Private
Automatic Branch
Exchange
B. LINKAGE
FIELD UNITS
D. ON-LINE ACCESS
366
0000
0000
0000
0000
A. ELECTRICAL
C. ELECTRICAL MAIL
MESSENGER
B. ELECTRONIC
MESSENGER
D. ELECTRONIC MAIL
A. VIDEO
0000
C. VIDEO MEETING
CONFERENCING
B. GROUP-TV
12.
D. SIT-DOWN VIDEO
A. TELECOPIER
C. XEROX
B. TELEX
D. TELEGRAPH
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0000
AREA ''B''
PARTIII
UTILITIES
7. HIGH-TECH
SYSTEMS
AREA ''8"
UTILITIES
PART Ill
A. BUILDINGS
FUTUREHOME
by Elizabeth Pennisi
For Portia Isaacson a computer scientist, futurehome is a fantasy come true. The
white, two storey, stucco, subarban Dallas home, will be an electronic showcase, but
with spiral staircase, hot tub, art gallery and style. A quick call to-or from-a computer
ensures that her hot tub will be warm when she arrives or informs her when her
teenaged children have gotten home from school. If a business meeting keeps her
from getting home in time for her husband's birthday, a computer controlled scenano.
complete with loving messages, romantic lighting, favorite music and appropriate
videos, will let him know he hasn't been forgotten.
Answering the door is obsolete. A camera shows who it is by sending a close-up view
of newcomers to wherever Isaacson is in the house. Then she can open the door
remotely. Can't find the keys or the husband? Via video cameras she can scan
shelftops and table surfaces. Motion censors track each person's room-to-room
movements.
It will take 13 computers, 14 telephones, 26 tv monitors, 8 miles ( 13 km) of wiring,
several video casette recorders for this future home. Isaacson has robots for pets, a
sculpture of stereo and video components that seem to float in space, futuristic plant
stands that are really computer terminals, and a media "command center", that includes
tour (4) 25-inch (60 em.) tv's a 40-inch (1 00 em.) tv projection screen, 2 VCFS, and
compact and laser disc players.
At futurehome, a master computer is in charge. It receives data from the rest of the
house and sends out commands, dimming lights, changing thermostat setting, and
switching tv channels and volumes. Using a text-to-speech converter, the computer
can answer and make telephone calls. When someone - a housekeeper or tardy
teenager, for instance punches in their individualized codes to get into the front door.
the computer can be cued to let Isaacson know, either where she is in the home or at
work.
It can tell the condition of the house, not only can lights or favorite music be turned on
as a person enters a room, a synthesized voice can welcome guests, remind a son to
keep his feet off furniture or wake a husband in time for dinner.
Heating and airconditioning are regulated electronically, and tile computer tracks
temperatures in each room so that the new occupants can assess airflow throughout
1he house. Once computerized, the entire house can be run from any one of 10
personal computers by pointing with a light pen to a particular room pictured on the
369
After being placed on an ironing boards, built-in electro-magnetic coils heat the iron,
which can be used for many hours.
The cleaning robot moves around the room, avoiding obstacles using an ultrasonic
wave sensor. Whenever it encounters dust accumulation the robot's sucking force
automatically increases. The refrigerator has a liquid crystal door, which turns
transparent at the flick of a switch. enabling one to see what is inside.
If you are. driving back from the city and are caught in a traffic snarl, you dial home on
your earphone to report the delay. The house computer then delays the normal
sequence of operations, but activates the video recorder to catch the tete-serial you
might want to see had you been at home. It also adjusts cooking and heating settings
to coincide with your delayed arrival.
Tomorrow's cars will be unlocked and started with plastic cards while drivers would
have to check their routes on computer. Standard equipment will include dashboard
navigation systems a kin to that on aircraft cockpits, speaker-telephones, ergonomic
seats and voice alerts to rouse drowsy drivers. Sensors detecting oncoming objects
will trigger the brakes, ac.celerator or the steering wheel to avert danger. On
electronically gridded super highways, drivers can put their vehicles on automatic
drive and snooze while zooming towards their destinations.
The technology to manufacture these gadgets already exists today. But the danger of
incompatible systems also exists. It is no good having a remote control video recorder
or a burglar alarm if your neighbor's dishwasher is activated simultaneously.
In 1986, the European Commission had awarded a handsome sum of money to
seven companies to design communication standards for electric devices in homes
which could work on mains wiring, infrared, radio waves and various types of and
ultimately optical fibres. Products so designed will be registered by a special logo.
In future homes, robots will provide much-needed relief to housekeepers. Today,
furniture is unnecessary heavy, because thick pieces of wood, metal and plastic are
needed to withstand the stresses imposed by people and objects. Technologists are
now developing new materials that are far ~tronger than anything we are used to and
yet, extremely lightweight.
A future housekeeper will be able to literally lift a sofa with a finger. And it may not
even need to be lifted, if it has a motorand is voice commandable. The robots that
clean the floors and rugs may be able to order the sofa to move out the way while it
does the cleaning (PNA/PTI).
SMART HOUSE
This allows occupants to dictate how the home will be run in their absence. Before
leaving for work, a homeowner can instruct the master computer to video tape a
television program at 3:00p.m .. begin warming dinner at 4:30, and turn on the heating
or air conditioning at 5:00. These directions may also be delivered by phone. A smart
hOuse offers cost savings as well as convenience. Linked to the local power company,
a home's central computer can run energy-gobbling appliances when electricity rates
are lowest. The computer can also choreograph the operation of all appliances that
JSe hot water, such as the washing maching and dishwasher, to make the most
economical use of the water heater.
Although the comfort and economy of a smart house offset its cost over the long run,
homes remain far more expensive than conventional abodes.
sue~
371
A DATA NETWORK
In a smart house, a "central computer" oversees !he functioning of myriad information
appliances- VCR, for fax machine; telephone, security sensors, smoke detector,
PC, audiovisual system, intercom, cable TV. The central computer can be programmed
from a master terminal or from a telephone.
A HOUSEHOLD NETWORK
A second network links household appliances (master terminal) -washer, dryer, store,
dishwasher, microwave, oven, freezer, shower, not tub. This household network can
be modified to accommodate telephone hook-ups to outside computers, allowing the
occupuant to bank, shop, travel agency, and make travel arrangements from home.
REFURfJfSH- to renovate, polish up again, brighten.
RETROFIT- to modify equipment that is already in service using parts developed or
made available after the time of origin.al manufacture. To retrofit is to replace (example
is to replace an old window with a new thermal window).
B. ROBOTICS
c '>habnam Gupta
ne term "robot" is derived from the Czeck word "Robota", meaning "forced labour",
A mechanical copy of a living being is called an "Automation" an example is a model
of a child that dips his pen in an ink pot, shakes off the excess ink and then writes in
the best handwriting. In Disneyland, President Abe Lincoln stands up from his chair,
walks a few steps towards the audience. stops and begins to declaim with his hands
moving.
A "ROBOT" is an automically operated machine. It is a computer 'Brain' which can
be taught or programmed to perform human tasks autom1cally. The development of
true robots was made possible only by the invention of the silicon chip in the computers,
which provides robots with brains.
Robots, generally speaking, are mechanical arms controlled by computers to
accomplish those handling activities of men which are repetitive or hazardous by
nature. Robot workers never get tired or bored. or make a careless mistake.
Robots are specially useful in industry, to produce a wide range of goods with precision.
In the automobile industry, robots are being used to lift, weld and spray paint.
The movements of the "Mechanical arms" are recorded in the computers r:~erc~ y
so that they can be repeated precisely. There are some robots whirr: eJe! ha1 a
sensor device to help them correct their own movemer1ts. if they .w::: :.. t ~~c: g
according to the programmed instructions.
They are usually driven by electric motors, but may also be pneumatic 1air e: "IE::r) or
hydraulic (water driven), and can lift weights of about one kilogram or rTJore. All thq! is
needed to run a small robot at home is a micro computer.
372
Areas where robots are highly useful are dangerous areas. A bomb-detecting robot
can help protect humans from danger. They can be usdd in environments which are
harsh or dangerous such as radiation zones, space coal mines, under-sea areas and
now on active volcano craters. Recently, a robot was invented that can climb stairs,
more so, a ladder.
Robots that work under water are unmanned submarine vehicles, linked by cable or
sonar links to human operators. They perform tasks such as inspection of pipelines
or locati~n of ship wrecks. They are also used for undersea drilling and mining
practises.
Another application is a robot as a bartender. There is a lightweight microphone through
which the waiter communicates with the robot-controlled bar, and places orders. The
order can be placed directly from the customer's table. The drinks are then poured
and mixed automically, and are then served by the waiters. Meanwhile, the computer
does stocktaking and cash control, thereby leaving very little chance of inaccuracy
Robots can help disabled people feed themselves. or use a typewriter and can act as
guides to the blind. In dentistry schools, a robot is used to teach students. It gives a
ioud electronic "ouch" if they drill too far into its tooth.
Movies and fiction have made robots popular as brainy iror,-men with intelligence
enough to even overtake men. Based on this, the engineers are working on the design
of a micro-robot and a whole range of "ROBOTIC" games for children. Another
rnteresting development in the field of robotics is sport. Here the combat is between
man and robot. This is already done with the game of chess.
373
374
b. Cylindrical Coordinate- This type can rotate around the vertical axis.
c. Spherical Coordinate- This type achieves its vertical motion by pivoting
at the shoulder joint.
d. Revolute Coordinate- This type has joint at the 'shoulder', 'elbow, and
'wrist' and it resembles the human arm closely.
e. SCARA Systems- SCARA stands for Selective Compliance Assembly
Robot Arm. In this, all the joints are in the horizontal plane.
The "END EFFECTOR" - takes the place of the hand in the robot "arm".
End Effectors are for specific operations. Some commonly used ones are
grippers, suction pads, shovels and hooks. Robots in a factory can change
their "end effectors" to suit the particular job they are doing.
3. The CONTROL SYSTEM- this third component not only directs the motion
but is also responsible for the sensory processing of the robot mechanisms.
The computer is used as the controller system that contains sets of
instructions which direct the motor in the robot to brinq about a certain specific
motion or function.
For the control system to function properly, the robot sensory system gathers
specific information needed for adequate control of the robot. In the more
advanced systems, the sensory system of the robot maintains an internal
model of the environment to enable prediction and decision making. But it
is not enough for robots to simply perceive and understand the world around
them; it is just as important for them to be able to understand how their
actions influence or change the particular task at hand. This means that a
robot has to have "FEEDBACK".
SENSORS are used by the robot to detect position. velocity, acceleration
and DATA (which may be in different forms: tactile, optical, acoustic, thermal
and multi-function).
a. Tactile Sensors, or Touch Sensors are commonly mounted in the robot
gripper to detect contract with objects. These can be pressure pads,
which allow it to feel whether it is actually grasping an object. They can
also be in the form of a photo-electric cell built into the robot's "end
effector".
This acts as an "eye" and by the presence or absence of light shining
on it, can tell the mact1ine whether it is holding something.
Strain gauges are used to detect the pressure the robot's grippers are
exerting, and to assess how hard or soft the pressure has to be by
measuring the degree of resistance.
b. Optical Sensors capture an image, such as a part to be handled or a
certain distance to be measured. A robot's vision is through video
cameras. The. images is processed by computer analogies, which is
then used to evaluate, grasp positions, and determine flows based on
comparison with the stored images in the computer. One of the most
375
C. INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS
A term defined as "a building which provides a productive and cost-effective
environment through optimization of its four basic elements -- STRUCTURES.
SYSTEMS SERVICES and MANAGEMENT and the interrelationships between them
...... optimal building intelligence is the matching of solutions to occupant need."
376
The rental builder will consider it in the light of his or her immediate rental
prospects: and the informed owner-user builder will analyze the rate of return for initial investment and decide accordingly.
These comments apply all the more when referring to additional costs for
unseen items such as spare ducts and conduits and ''fuels" such as fixtures, finishes and furnishings.
(b) Building Systems- This is the area of high-tech equipment such as BAS
(Building Automation System), plus all the individual subsidiary systems.
One difficultly lies in the highly proprietary nature of all of this equipment,
making integration between systems and future alterations difficult if not
problematic.
Second, the resistance of some major manufacturers to open protocol
(ex: inter-equipment communication compatibility) places another difficult
problem into the-design process. Experience has shown clearly, however.
that in the very fast-moving building systems market, today's high-tech can
become tomorrow's albatross, and therefore planning for future
requirements means intelligent preparation as much as immediate
1Jrovision.
(c) Building Services and Management- with the exception of communication facilities, these items are not within our scope. and with respect to communications, which are the lifeline of all modern commercial ard industrial
facilities, the foregoing remarks are equally applicable
lnsummary, then, the INTELLIGENT BUILDING IS essentially the building
that is designed with foresight. Hindsight will determine the degree of intelligence.
377
MULTIBUILDfNG FACILITIES
The advantages in the use of a single building wide BAS are redoubled when applied
to a multibuilding facility as compared to precomputer technology. A graphic
representation of such a multibuilding system is hereby shown below.
378
The intelligent building BAS controls its building systems and interconnects via
telephone cables (and microwave link) to other buildings 1n the network and to the
central office. It matters little whether the various buildmgs in the network are
geographically concentrated in campus fashion as would br~ the case in an industrial
park, a university campus, or a multibuilding industrial facility or spread out: the control,
monitoring, and alarm functions remain the same.
The same principle of building interconnection can be applied to a particular systems
rather than the BAS. Thus in the figure below, il shows a single processor- wori<-slation
(PC-type computer) controlling the security aspect of a number of facilities via
controllers, modems, and telephone cable connections 1n a single-user local area
network (LAN) system. This workstation can then be incorporated into a multisystem,
multiuser computer network.
Modem
Controller
Remote Sre
Modem
Contr::)tler
'----------~ Controller
Readers
Local Contollers
Processor/Workstat1on
Readers
379
AREA ''C''
-----PARTI
PRE-DESIGN
BUILDING
PROGRAMMING
PART I
AREA "C"
1. fUNCTlONAL REQUIREMENTS
Of all programming information. the amount of space and the relationships between
spaces are two of the PRIMARY FACTORS in determining building size and
configuration.
In addition to the primary function of a building in housing a specific use. there are
always support spaces required that add to the overall size. These include such
areas as mechanical rooms, toil.et rooms, storage. and circulation space.
A. Determining Space and Volume Needs
Space Standards of a corporation may dictate that a senior manager have a 22 square
meter office while a junior manager be alloted 15 square meter. Where square meters
are not defined by one of these methods. space for a particular use is determined in
one of three ways:
a. by the number of people that must be accomodated
b. by an object or piece of equipment
c. by a specific activity that has Its own. clearly specified space needs
People engaged in a particular activity most commonly define the space required.
For example, a student sitting in a classroom needs about 1.35 sq.M. This includes
space for actually sitting in a chair in addition to the space required for circulating
within the classroom and space for the teacher's desk and shelving. An office worker
needs from 30 to 85 square meter. depending on whether the employee is housed, in
a private office or is part of an open office plan. This space requirement also includes
room to circulate around the desk and may include space for visitor's chairs, personal
files. and the like.
382
Occasionally, space needs can be based on something other than the number of
people but which is directly related to the occupancy. For instance, preliminary planning
of a hospital may be based on an area per bed, or library space can be estimated
based on the number of books.
Some Common Space Planning Guidelines
Offices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... ..
30-70 net sq M.
per person
50-54 gross
the~ter
lobbies ....... .
classrooms
stores .................................................................... .
383
mechanical rooms, stairways, elevator and mechanical shafts, elect'ical and telephone
equipment rooms, wall and structural thicknesses, and other spaces not directly
musing the primary activities of the building.
Sometimes the NET AREA is referred to as the net ASSIGNABLE area and the
secondary spaces are referred to as the UNASSIGNED areas.
The sum of the net area and these ancillary areas gives the GROSS building area.
The ratio of the two figures is called the "net-to-gross"ratio and is often referred to as
the "efficiency" of the building. EFFICIENCY depends on the type of occupancy and
how well it is planned. A hospital that contains many small rooms and a great number
of large corridors will have a much lower efficiency ratio than a factory where the
majority of space is devoted to production areas and very little to corridors and other
secondary spaces.
Generally, net-to-gross ratios range from 60 to 80 percent, with the same uses more
or less efficient than these numbers. A list of some common efficiency ratios is shown
in Table 1.1. In some cases, the client may dictate the net-to-gross ratio that must be
met by the architect's design. This is usually the case where the efficiency is related
to the amount of floor space that can be leased, such as in a retail mall or a speculative
office building. Increasing the efficiency of a building is usually done by careful layout
of the building's circulation plan. A corridor that serves rooms on both sides of it, for
example, is much more efficient than one that only serves rooms on one side.
Table1.1
Some Common Efficiency Ratios
0.75-0.80
0.75
0.65-0.70
0.75-0.80
0.83
0.60-0.75
0.50-0.65
offices
retail stores
restaurants
public libraries
m~seums
theaters.
hospitals
Once the net square Meter is determined and th8 appropriate efficiency ratio
established (or estimated), the gross area of the building is calculated by dividing the
net square Meter by the net-to-gross (efficiency) ratio.
Example 1.1
The net assignable area of small office building has been programmed as 6,500
square Meter. If the efficiency ratio is estimated to be 73%, what gross area
should be planned for?
gross area
65,000
or
0.73
6,500
0.73
= 8,900 square Meter
The design portion of the Board Exatns. often requires that you provide various
unassignable spaces within the context of the problem without giving you the square
meters. You are expected to make a reasonable allowance for mechanical rooms,
toilet rooms, elevators, and the like if they are not specifically listed in the program.
384
Table 1.21ists some typical space requirements with which you should be familiar {,,.r
projects of the size and type normally found in the design portion of the exam.
5%-9% of
3%-5% of
4%-8% of
3%-7% of
toilets
water closets
urin.als
lavatories
gross
gross
gross
gross
building
building
building
building
area
area
area
area
1.80 M deep
main corridors
exit corridors
monumental stairs
exit stairs
385
entrY
living room
dining room
kitchen
study
bedrc.om
becJroom
bath
There are three ba~ic types of adjacency needs: people, products, and information.
Each type implies a different kind of physical design response. Two or more spaces
may need to be phys_ically adjacent or located very close to one another when people
need face-to-face contact or when people move from one area to another as part of
the building's use. For example, the entry to a theater, the lobby, and the theater
space h(lve a particular functional requirement for being arranged the way they are.
Because of the normal flow of people, they must be located adjacent to one another.
With other relationships, two spaces may simply need to have access to one another,
but this can be with a corridor or through another intervening space rather than with
direct adjacency.
Products, equipment, or other objects may move between spaces and require another
type of adjacency. The spaces themselves may not have to be close to one another
but the movement of objects must be facilitated. Dumb waiters, pneumatic tubes,
assembly lines, and other types of conveying systems can connect spaces of this
type.
Finally, there may only be a requirement that people in different spaces exchange
information. The adjacency may then be entirely electronic or with paper-moving
systems. Although this is quite frequently the situation, personal, informal, human
contact may be advantages for other reasons.
The programmer analyzes various types of adjacency requirements and verifies them
with the client. Since every desirable relationship can seldom be accommodated, the
ones that are mandatory need to be identified separately from the ones that are
highly desirable or simply useful.
2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
During programming, general concepts are developed as a response to the
goals and needs of the client. These programmatic concepts are statements about
functional solutions to the client's performance requirements. They differ from later
386
A. Organization Concepts
The functional needs of a particular type of building most often influence how
the physical environment is organized. At other times, the client's goal, the site, the
desired symbolism, or additional factors suggest the organization pattern. There are
six fundamental organization concepts: linear, axial, grid, central, radial, and clustered.
These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1.2.
Linear organizations consist of a series of spaces or buildings that are placed in
a single line. The spaces can be identical or different sizes and shapes, but they
always relate to a unifying line, usually a path of circulation. A linear organization is
very adaptable; it cari be straight, bent, or curved to meet the requirements of the
client, the site, solar orientation, or construction. It is easily expandable and can be
built in a modular configuration if desired.
(a) linear
(b) axial
(d) central
(c) grid
387
(e) radial
(f) clustered
Figure 1.2 Organization Concepts
Axial plans are variations of the linear system with two or more major linear segments
about which spaces or buildings are placed. There may be additional, secondary
paths growing out of the primary axes and the major linear segments may be at right
angles to each other or at some other angle.
Grid systems consist of two sets .of regularly spaced parallel lines, which create a
very strong pattern and one that is quite flexible. Within a grid, portions can be
subtracted, added or modified. The size of the grid can be changed to create different
sizes of spaces or to define special areas. However, it can become very monotonous
and confusing if not used properly. Since a grid system is usually defined by circulation
paths, it is more appropriate for very large buildings and building complexes where a
great deal of circulation is required.
Central organizations are based on one space or point about which secondary
elements are placed. It is usually a very formal method of omanizing spaces or
buildings and inherently places the primary emphasis on the central space. Central
organizations are often used in conjunction with axial or linear plans.
When more than one linear organization extends from a centralized point, it becomes
a radial organization. Radial plans have a central focus but also have the ability to
extend outward to connect with other spaces, or for expansion. These types of
organizing plans can be circular or assume other shapes as well.
B. Circulation Patterns
Circulation patterns are primary ways of organizing spaces, buildings, and groups of
buildings. They are vital to the efficient organization of a structure and provide people
with their strongest orientation within an environment. Paths of circulation provide
Circulation is directly related to the organizational pattern of a building, but it does not
necessarily have to mimic it. For example, a major circulation path can cut diagonally
across a grid pattern. Normally, there is a hierarchy of paths. Major r..:>utes connect
major spaces or become spaces themselves and have secondary paths branching
from them. Different sizes and types of circulation are important for accommodating
varying capacities and for providing an orientation device for people using them.
Circulation for different functions may need to be separated as well. In a government
building; one set of halls for the public may be separated from the internal set of
corridors for the workers. A jail may have a secure passage for moving prisoners
completely separate from other areas of public movement
Establishing and maintaining a simple, efficient, and coherent circulation scheme is
critical to successfully completing the design portion of the Board Exam. One of the
common mistakes is to let the arranging of spaces according to the adjacency
requirements take over your design and to connect them with a circulation path as an
afterthought. You are then left with a maze of awkward corridors that decreases the
efficiency ratio and creates dead end corridors and other exiting problems.
All circulation paths are linear by their very nature, but there some common variations,
many of which are similar to the organizational patterns described in the previous
section. Since circulation is such an important aspect of successful completion of the
design portion of the examination, you should have a good mental picture of the
various circulation concepts and the advantages and disadvantages of each F1ve
basic patterns are shown in Figure 1.3, along with a hypothetical structural grid on
top of them to illustrate how some patterns are better suited than others to integration
of structure, adjacencies, and circulation system. Also remember that mechanical
services can easily follow a logical circulation system.
The linear, dumbbell layout is the simplest and one of the most flexible. Spaces are
laid out along a straight path that connects two major elements at the ends These
are usually the entrance to the building at one end and an exit at the other, although
the primary entrance can occur anywhere along the path. Spaces are laid out along
the spine as required. Various sizes of spaces can be easily accommodated by simply
extending their length perpendicular to the path, and if outdoor spaces are required
they are simply located as needed. The double-loaded corridor makes the building
very efficient.
Site constraints may restrict the length of the spine, but the concept can still be used
by bending the path at a right angle. With this layout it is very easy to establish a
regular, one-way structural grid perpendicular to the direction of the path. Simply
extending the length of a bay can accommodate larger spaces as the program requires.
389
entry
.I
D'o
D
.D!D!O!D!Di
1
I I
!DID!
!
exit
l!!
structural grid
I
i
'
f\
,(a) dumbbell
--~---<=-==
entry
L_ ___,
entrv
(b) donut
(d) radial
(e)
field
Conversely, eliminating a line or two of structure gives you the location for a very
large space and a long-span structural system. A two-way structural grid can also be
used with this layout.
Making a complete loop results in a doughnut configuration. Th1s is also very efficient
because it provides a double-loaded corridor and automatically makes a continuous
exit way. Building entries, exits, and stairways can be placed wherever needed. Spaces
that do not need exterior exposure can be placed in the middle. Various sizes of
spaces are easily accommodated on the perimeter because they can be expanded
outward just as wHh the dumbbell layout. A simple structural grid-can be coordinated
with the space layout as required. A doughnut pattern is good for square or nearly
square sites and for buildings that must be compact.
A grid system is often used tor very large buildings where access must be provided to
many internal spaces. For the small buildings that are usually found on the Board
Exam., a grid system is seldom appropriate because it results in a very inefficient
layout, with single spaces being surrounded by corridors.
A radial layout is oriented on one major space with paths extending from this central
area. The radial configuration generally requires a large site and is more appropriate
for large buildings or huilding complexes. Establishing a simple structural system is
more difficult with this pattern unless the circulation paths extend from the central
space at 90 degree angles. Each corridor must also have an exit at the end if it is
longer than 20 feet.
Finally, a field pattern consists of a network of paths with no strong direction. There
are major paths with secondary routes extending from or connecting the primary
routes. Orientation within a field pattern is difficult, as is integrating a logical structural
system.
c.
Service Spaces
In additon to the primary programmed spaces (the net assignable), secondary spaces
such as toilet and mechanical rooms must ~llso be planned from the start. They should
not be tacked on after the majority of the design work is done.
Depending on the type of mechanical system, mechanical rooms should be centrally
located to minimize lengths of duct runs and piping. This is especially true with all air
systems. Mechanical rooms usually need easy access to the outside for servicing as
well as provisions for fresh air intakes.
Toilet rooms should be located to satisfy adjacency requirements as stated in the
program or in an area that has easy access to the entire floor. Men's and women's
toilet rooms should be back to back to share a common plumbing wall and to be near
other plumbing in the building, if possible.
Service access must also be given careful consideration. This includes service drives
for trucks, the service entrance to the buidling, and access to mechanical rooms,
storage rooms, and other functional areas as required by the program. The Board
Exam. design problem usually has a requirement for some type of service access
that must be kept separate from the primary entrance and circulation paths.
391
D. Flexibility
Flexibility is a design consideration that involves a variety of concepts. Expansibility
is the capacity for a building to be enlarged or added onto easily as needs change or
growth oocurs. Convertibility allows an existing building or space to be changed to a
new use. For example, a school gymnasium may be converted into classroom space
in a second phase of construction. VersaUiity means the ability to use the same space
for a variety of uses in order to make maximum use of limited space.
If a program calls for flexibility, the designer must know or determine what type is
required Expansibility may suggest one type of organizational and structural system
while convertibility may require a completely different approach.
392
'
B. Territoriality
As mentioned earlier, territoriality is a fundamental aspect of human behavior. It refers
to the need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we own. Although
partially based on the biological imperative for protection, territoriality in humans is
more related to the needs for self-identity and freedom of choice. In addition to marking
out objects and larger spaces in the environment, people also protect their own
personal space, that imaginary bubble of distance that varies with different
circumstances.
Territoriality applies to groups as well as to individuals. A study club, school class, or
street gang can claim a physical territory as their own, which helps give both the
group and the individuals in the group an identity. Environments should allow people
to claim territory and make choices about where to be and what activities to engage
in.
c.
Personalization
One of the ways territoriality manifests itself is with the personalization of space.
Whether it happens in one's home, at the office desk, or in a waiting lounge, people
need to arrange the environment to reflect their presence and uniqueness. The most
successful designs allow this to take place without major adverse affects to other
people or to the environment as a whole. At home, people decorate their spaces the
way they want. At the office, people bring in personal objects, family photographs,
and pictures to make the space their own. In an airport lounge, people place coats
and suitcases around them, not only to stake out a temporary territory but also to
make the waiting time more personal and a little more comfortable.
Another way people personalize space is to modify the environment. If a given space
is not conducive to meeting the needs of the people using it, they can either modify
their behavior to adapt to the environment, change their relationship to the environment
(leave), or try to change the environment. The simple act of moving a chair to make
viewing a screen ea~ier is an example of modifying and personalizing a space. If the
chair is attached, the design is not as adaptable to the varying needs of the people
using the design.
D. Group Interaction
To a certain extent, the environment can either facilitate or hinder human interaction.
In most behavior settings, groups are predisposed to act in a particular way. If the
setting is not conducive to the activities, the people will try to modify the environment
or modify their behavior to make the activity work. In extreme cases, if the setting is
totally at odds with the activity, stress, anger, and other adverse reactions can occur.
Seating arrangement is one of the most common ways of facilitating group interaction.
Studies have shown that people will seat themselves at a table according to the
nature of their relationship with others around them. For intimate conversation, two
people will sit across the corner of a table or next to each other on a sofa. For more
formal situations or when people are competing, they will sit ace ross from one another.
Where social contact is not desired, two people will take chairs at opposite corners of
a table.
393
Round tables tend to foster more cooperation and equality among those seated around
them. Rectangular tables tend to make cooperation more difficult and establish the
P'JrSOn sitting at the end in a more superior position. Strangers do not like to share
the same sofa or park bench. Knowing the people and activities expected to be in a
place can assist the architect in making decisions. For example, individual study
carrels in a library will be more efficient .than large tables because the tables will
seldom be fully occupied by strangers.
In places where informal group interaction takes place, studies have shown that over
97 percent of groups comprise two to four people. Designing to accommodate these
sizes of groups makes more sense than anticipating groups of more people, although
a plan that allows for the possibility of very large groups while preferring small groups
would be the best combination. In most cases, providing a variety of spaces for
interaction is the best approach.
E. Status
The physical environment holds a great deal of symbolism that indicates status for
some human beings. Some people like colonial houses because such designs
symbolize to the occupants the idea of "home." Others prefer banks of classical design
with large lobbies, because that is what they think a bank should look like.
The environment can thus communicate status. In the United States, for example,
someone with a corner office has more status than someone with only one exterior
wall. Office size is also equated with. the status in many cultures. A house in a better
neighborhood provides a higher status than one in other neighborhoods. Status can
also operate at the scale of an entire building or complex. The client may want the
building to symbolize some quality of the organization and give him or her a physical
and psychological status in the community.
An architectural program should investigate the requirements or implications of status.
Sometimes clients may clearly state what status-related goals they want to achieve.
Other times, the programmer must raise the issue, explore it with the client, and
document the response as a programmatic concept.
4. BUDGETING AND SCHEDULING
Establishing a budget and setting up a time frame for design and construction are
two of the most important parts of programming because they influence many of the
design decisions to follow and can determine whether the project is even feasible.
During later stages of design, the initial budget and scheduling are simply refined as
more information becomes available.
Budgets may be set in several ways. For speculative or for profit projects, the owner
or developer works out a pro forma statement listing the expected income of the
project and the expected costs to build it. An estimated selling price of the developed
project or rent per square meter is calculated and balanced against all the various
costs, one of which is the construction price. In order to make the project economically
feasible, there will be a limit on the building costs. This becomes the budget within
which the architect must work.
Budgets are often established through public funding or legislation. In these cases,
the construction budget is often fixed without the architect's involvement and the
394
project must be designed and built for the fixed amount. Unfortunately, when public
officials estimate the cost to build a project, they sometimes neglect to include all
aspects of development, such as professional fees, furnishings. and other line items.
Budgets may also be set by the architect at the request or H1e owner anc:l.based on
the proposed project. This is the most realistic and accurate way to establish a
preliminary budget because it is based on a particular building type of a particular
size on a particular site (or sites if several are being reviewed for selection).
There are four basic variables in developing any construction budget: quantity, quality,
the budget itseH, and time. There is always a balance among these four elements
and changing one or more affects the others. For instance, if an owner needs a
certain amount of square meter built (quantity), needs the project built at a certain
time, and has a fixed budget amount, then the quality of construction will have to be
adjusted to meet the other constraints. In some cases, value engineering can be
performed during which individual system and materials are reviewed to see if the
same function can be accomplished in a less expensive way If time, quality. and the
budget are fixed, then the amount of space constructed (quantity) must be adjusted.
A. Cost Influences
There are many variables that affect project cost. The first thing to remember is
that construction cost is only one part of the total project development budget. Other
factors include such things as site acquisition, site development, and financing. Figure
1.4 lists most of the items commonly found in a project budget and a typical range of
percentage values based on construction cost. Of course, not all of these are a part
of every development, but they illustrate the things that must be considered.
Building cost is the money required to construct the building, including structure,
exterior cladding, finishes, and electrical and mechanical systems. Site development
costs are usualiy a separate item. They include such things as parking, drives, fences,
landscaping, exterior lighting, and sprinkler systems. If the development is a large
line item
A
c
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
example
site acquisition
building costs
1,100,000
site develof}ment
total construction cost
movable equipment
furnishings
total construction and
furnishings
professional services
inspection and testing
escalation estimate
contingency
financing costs
moving expenses
K
L
D+E+F
5% to 10% of D
2% to 10% of G
per year
5% to 10% of G
G + H through M
395
(assume)
6,800,000
(15%) 1,020,000
7,820,000
(5%) 340,000
200 000
8,360,000
(7%) 54 7,400
15,000
(10%) 836,000
(8%) 668,800
250,000
(assume) 90,000
fJ 11,867,200
one that affects the surrounding area, a developer may required to upgrade roads,
extend utility lines, and do other major off-site work as a condition of getting approval
from public agencies.
Movable equipment and furnishings include furniture, accessories, window coverings,
and major equipment necessary to put the facility into operation. These are often
listed as separate line items because the funding for them may come out of a separate
budget and because they may be supplied under separate contracts.
Professional services are architectural and engineering fees as well as costs for such
things as topographic surveys, soils tests, special consultants, appraisals and legal
fees, and the like. Inspection and testing involve money required for special on-site,
full-time inspection (if required), and testing of such things as concrete, steel, window
walls, and roofing.
Since construction takes a great deal of time, a factor for inflation should be included.
Generally, the present budget estimate is escalated to a time in the future at the
expected tnidpoint of construction. Although it is always difficult to predict the future,
using past cost indexes and inflation rates and applying an estimate to the expected
condition of the construction, the architect can usually make an educated guess.
A contingency should also be added to account for unforeseen changes by the client
and other conditions that add to the cost. For an early project budget, the percentage
of the contingency should be higher than contingencies applied to later budgets,
because there are more unknowns. Normally, from 5 to 10 percent should be included.
Financing includes not only the long-term interest paid on permanent financing but
also the immediate costs of loan origination fees, construction loan interest, and other
administrative costs. On long-term loans, the cost of financing can easily exceed all
of the original building and development costs. In many cases, long term interest,
called debt service, is not included in the project budget because it is an ongoing cost
to the owner, just as maintenance costs are.
Finally, many clients include moving costs in the development bud~et. For large
companies and other types of clients, the money required to physically relocate,
including changing stationery, installing telephones, and the like, can be a substantial
amount.
B. Methods of Budgeting
The costs described in the previous section and shown in Figure 1.4 represent a type
of budget done during programming or even prior to programming to test the feasibility
of a project. The numbers are very preliminary, often based on very sketchy information.
For example, the building cost may simply be an estimated cost per square meter
multiplied by the required number of gross square meter needed. The square footage
cost may be derived from similar buildings in the area, from the past experience, or
from commercially available cost books.
Budgeting, however, is an ongoing activity for the architect. At each stage of the
design process, there should be a revised budget, reflecting the decisions made to
that time. As shown in the example, pre-design budgets are usually based only on
396
area basis, but other units can also be used. For example, many companies have
rules of thumb for estimating based on items such as cost per hospitals bed, cost per
student, cost per hotel room, and similar functional units.
After the pre-programming budget, the architect usually begins to concentrate on the
building and site development costs. At this stage an average cost per square meter
may still be used, or the building may be divided into several functional parts and
different square meter prices assigned to each. A school, for example, may be classified
into classroom space, laboratory space, shop space, office space, and gymnasium
space, each having a different cost per square meter. This type of division can be
developed concurrently with the programming of the space requirements.
During schematic design, when more is known about the space requirements and
general configuration of the building and site, budgeting is based on major subsystems.
Historical cost information on each type of subsystem can be applied to the design.
At this point it is easier to see where the money is being used in the building. Design
decisions can then be based on studies of alternative systems. A typical subsystem
budget is shown in Figure 1.5.
Values for low-average and high quality construction for different building types can
be obtained from cost databases and published estimating manuals and applied to
the structure being budgeted. The peso amounts included in system cost budgets
usually include markup for contractor's overhead and profit and other construction
administrative costs.
During the later stages of schematic design and early stages of construction
documents, more detailed estimates are made. The procedure most often used is
the parameter method, which involves an expanded itemization of construction
quantities and assignment of unit costs to these quantities. For example, instead of
using one number for floor finishes, they are broken down into carpeting, vinyl tile,
wood strip flooring, unfinished concrete, and so forth. Using an estimated cost per
square meter, the cost of each type of flooring can be estimated based on the area.
Office 9uildings
average cost
subsystem
:til/sq. Mts.
foundations
floors on grade
superstructure
%of total
3.96
3.08
16.51
5.2
4.0
21.7
roofing
exterior walls
partitions
0.18
9.63
5.19
0.2
12.6
6.8
wall finishes
floor finishes
ceiling finishes
3.70
3.78
2.79
5.0.
3.7
conveying syste!'lls
specialties
fixed equipment
6.45
0.70
2.74
8.5
0.9
3.6 .
397
4.8
HVAC
plumbing
electrical
9.21
3.61
4.68
~76.21
12.1
4.6
6.1
100.0
With this type of budgeting, it is possible to evaluate the cost implications of each
building component and to make decisions concerning both quantity and quality in
order to meet the original budget estimate. If floor finishes are over budget, the architect
and the client can review the parameter estimate and decide, for example, that some
wood flooring must be replaced with less expensive carpeting. Similar decisions can
be made concerning any of the parameters in the budget.
Paramete.tline items are based on commonly used units that relate to the construction
element under study. For instance, a gypsum board partition would have an o.ssigned
cost per square foot of complete partition of a particular construction type rather than
separate costs for metal studs, gypsum board, screws, and finishing. There would be
different costs for single-layer gypsum board partitions, one-hour rated walls, twohour rated walls, and other partition types.
Two additional components of construction cost include the contractor's overhead
and profit. Overhead can be further divided into general overhead and project
overhead. General overhead is the cost to run a contracting business that involves
such business that involves such things as office rent, secretarial help, heat and
other recurring costs. Project overhead is the money it takes to complete a job that
does not include labor, materials, or equipment. Temporary offices, project telephones,
sanitary facilities, trash removal, insurance, permits, and temporary utilities are
examples of project overhead. The total overhead costs, including both general and
project expenses, can range from about 10 percent to 20 percent of the total costs for
labor, materials and equipment.
Profit is the last item a contractor adds onto an estimate and is listed as a percentage
of the total of labor, materials, equipment, and overhead. This is one of the most
highly variable parts of a budget. Profit depends on the type of project, its size, the
amount of risk involved, how much money the contractor wants to make, the general
market conditions, and, of course, whether or not the job is being bid.
During extremely difficult economic conditions, a contractor may cut the profit margin
to almost nothing simply to get the job and keep his or her work force employed. If the
contract is being negotiated with on'ly one contractor, the profit percentage will be
much higher. In most cases, however, profit will range from 5 to 20 percent of the
total cost of the job. Overall, overhead and profit can total about 15 to 40 percent of
construction cost.
C. Cost Information
One of the most difficult aspects of developing project budgets is obtaining
current, reliable prices for the kinds of construction units you are using. There is no
shortage of commercially produced cost books that are published yearly. These books
list costs in different ways; some are very detailed, giving the cost for labor and
398
materials for individual construction items, while others list parameter costs and
subsystem costs. The detailed price listings are of little use to architects because
they are too specific and make comparison of alternate systems difficult.
There are also computerized cost estimating services that only require you to provide
general information about the project, location, size, major materials, and so forth.
The computer service then applies its current price database to the information and
returns a cost budget to you. Many architects also work closely with general contractors
to develop a realistic budget.
You should remember, however, that commercially available cost information is the
average of many past construction projects from around the country. Local variations
and particular conditions may affect the value of their use on your project.
Two conditions that must be accounte.d for in developing any project budget are
geographical location and inflation. These variables can be adjusted by using cost
indexes that are published in a variety of sources, including the major architectural
and construction trade magazines. Using a base year as index 1000, for example, for
selected cities around the country, new indexes are developed each year that reflect
the increase in costs (both material and labor) that year.
The indexes can be used to apply costs from one part of the country to another and
to escalate past costs to the expected midpoint of construction of the project being
budgeted.
Example 1.2
The cost index in your city is 1257 and the cost index for another city in which
you are designing a building is 1308. If the expected construction cost is 1.250,000
based on prices for your city, what will be the expected cost in the other region?
Divide
th~
1257 = 1.041
Multiply this by the base cost:
1,250,000x 1.041 =1"1,300,716
D. Scheduling
There are two major parts of a project schedule: design time and construction time
The architect, of course, has control over the scheduling of design and production of
contract documents but has practically no control over construction. However, the
design professional must be able to estimate the entire project schedule so the best
course of action can be taken in order to meet the client's goals. For example, if the
client must move by a certain date and normal design and construction sequences
make this impossible, the architect may recommend a fast-track schedule or some
other approach to meet the deadline.
The design process normally consists of several clearly defined phases, each of
which must be Substantially finished and approved by the client before the next one
can begin. These are generally accepted in the profession and are referred to in the
United Architects' Phils. owner- architect agreement as well as oth.er documents.
399
Following programming, the first phase is schematic design. During this phase, the
general layout of the project is developed along with preliminary alternate studies for
materials and building systems. Once the direction of the project documented in
schematic design drawings is reviewed and approved by the client, the design
development phase starts. Here, the decisions made during the previous phase are
refined and developed in more detail. Preliminary or outline specifications are written
and a more detailed cost budget is made.
Construction documents are produced next, which include the final working drawings
as well as the full project manual and any bidding and contract documents required.
These are used for the bidding or negotiation phase, which includes obtaining bids
from several contractors and analyzing them or negotiating a contract with one
contractor.
The time required tor these phases is highly variable and depends on the following
factors:
the size and complexity of the project. Obviously, a 50,000-square-meter
hospital will take much longer to design than a 3,000-square-meter office
building.
the number of people working on the project. While adding more people to
the job can shorten the schedule, there is a point of diminishing returns.
Having too many people simply creates a management and coordination
problem, and tor some phases, only a few people are required, even for
very large jobs:
the abilities and design methodology of the project team. Younger, less experienced designers will usually require a little longer to do the same amount
of work as a more senior staff.
the type of client and the decision-making and approval processes of the
client. Large corporations or public agencies are likely to have a multi-layer
decision-making and approval process. The time required for getting the
necessary information or approval on one phase may take weeks or even
months, where a small, single-authority client might make the same decision in a matter of days.
The contruction schedule may be established by the contractor or construction
manager, but it must often be estimated by the architect during the programming
phase so the client has some idea of the total time required from project conception
to move-in. When the architect does this, it should be made very clear to the client
that it is only an estimate and the architect can in no way guarantee an early (or any)
estimate of the construction schedule.
Many variables can affect construction time, but most can be controlled in one way or
another. Others, like weather, are independent of anyone's control. Beyond the obvious
variables of size and complexity the following is a partial list of some of the more
common ones.
the management ability of the contractor to organize his or her own forces
as well as those of the subcontractors
material delivery times
400
example, delayed completion of a retail store or office building delay.s the beginning
of rental income. In other cases, quick completion of a project is required to avoid
401
building during bad winter weather, when it costs more to build, -or to meet some
other fixed date set by the client's needs.
Besides efficient scheduling, construction time can be compressed with fast-track
scheduling. This method overlaps the design and construction phases of a project.
Ordering of long lead materials and equipment can occur and work on the site and
foundations can begin before all the details of the building are completely worked
out. With fast-track scheduling, separate contracts are established so each major
system can be bid and awarded by itself to avoid delaying other construction.
AHhough the fast-track method requires close coordination between the architect,
contractor, subcontractors, owner, and others, it is possible to construct a high-quality
building in 10 to 30 percent less time than with a conventional construction contract.
5.
COD~S
AND REGULATIONS
A comp(ete program for a building project will include the various legal restrictions
that apply to a project. Two of the most common are zoning ordinances and building
codes. Zoning is discussed. Building code requirements, including provisions for
making buildings accessible to the physically disabled, are reviewed. In addition to
zoning regulations, other land development regulations may apply. Such regulations
as deed restrictions and easements are also discussed in other Chapters.
r\.
refine
with 1client
complete prefiminary
code analysis
/continue
~
,' analyze
develop site planning
alternatives
site (:;\
4
8
4
study energy I
conservation ,
i lications I
)---~--~
3 . 2
',
;
,.
finalize
design
complete
, presentation
make
presentation
~Qdlawifl!E (.;;\.______._{.";;\
~~~~
'I
5 .i0l.3 1
11
4
prepare cost
budget
~tructural
framing alterna!Nes
402
and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLRB) and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Additional regulations may include local health and hospital department requirements
that spell out needs for restaurants and hospitals. Local and state energy conservation
regulations may also be in force.
6. THE PROGRAMMING PROCESS
Programming is an attempt to define the problem and establish all the guidelines and
needs on which the design process can be based. It is a time of analysis of all aspects
of the problem and a distillation of the problem's complexity into a few clear problem
statements.
One popular programming method uses a five-step process in relationship to four
major considerations. It is described in Problem Seeking by William Pefia (AlA Press,
1987). The process involves establishing goals, collecting and analyzing facts.
uncovering and testing concepts, determining needs, and stating the problem. All of
these steps include the considerations of form, function, economy, and time.
A. Establishing Goals
Goals indicate what the client wants to achieve and why. They are important to identify
because they establish the direction of programmatic concepts that ultimately suggest
the physical means of achieving the goals. It is not enough to simply list the types of
spaces and required square footages the client needs; the client is trying to reach
some objective with those spaces and square footages. For example, a goal for a
school administration might be to increase the daily informal interaction between
students and teachers.
B. Collecting Facts
Facts describe the ex,isting conditions and requirements of the problem. Facts include
such things as the number of people to be accommodated, the site conditions, space
adjacency needs, user characteristics, equipment to be housed, expected growth
rate, money available for construction, building code requirements, and climate facts.
There is always a large number of facts; part of the programmer's task is not only to
collect facts but to organize them as well so they are usefuL
C. Uncovering Concepts
The programming process should develop abstract ideas that are functional solutions
to the client's problems without defining the physical means that should be used to
achieve them. These are programmatic concepts and discussed earlier in this chapter.
They are the basis for later design concepts. To use the previous example described
under goals, a programmatic concept concerning increasing the daily interaction
between students and teachers might be to provide common spaces for mixed flow
in circulation patterns. One possible design concept in response to this could be to
provide a central court through which all circulation paths pass.
403
D. Determining Needs
This step of the programming process balances the desires of the client against the
available budget or establishes a budget based on the defined goals and needs. It is
during this step that wants have to be separated from needs. Most clients want more
than they can afford, so clear statements of true needs at this early stage of the
process can help avoid problems later. At this stage, one or more of the four elements
of cost (quantity, quality, budget, and time) may have to be adjusted to balance needs
against available resources.
E. Stating the Problem
The previous four steps are a prelude to succinctly stating the essence of the problem
in just a few statements. The problem statements are the bridge between programming
and the d~sign process. They are statements the client and programmer agree
describe the most important aspects of the problem and serve as the basis for design
and as design criteria by which the solution can be evaluated. There should be a
minimum of four problem statements, one for each of the major considerations of
form, function, economy, ~nd time.
F. Four Major Considerations During Programming
The four major considerations of any design problem are form, function, economy,
and time. Form relatesto the site, the physical and psychologicai environment of the
building, and the quality of construction. Function relates to the people and activities
of the space or building and their relationships. Economy concerns money: the initial
cost of the facility, operating costs, and life cycle costs. Finally, time describes the
ideas of past, present, and future as they affect the other three considerations. For
example. the required schedule for construction is often a time consideration, as is
the need for expansibility in the future.
7. SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1. The statement "develop a multilevel system of pedestrian
circulation" is an example of:
A. a need
C. a goal
B. a programmatic concept
D. a design concept
0000
0000
0000
suggests that inflation will increase by 5 percent by the midpoint of construction and the project is now budgeted to cost
P1 ,500,000 in city A, what should be budgeted for city B?
.A.
P1 ,495,000.00
C. P1 ,659,000.00
B. P1 ,650,000.00
D. P1,715,000.00
A 5% to 20%
C. 15% to 30%
B. 10% to 20%
D. 15% to 40%
0000
B C
0000
C. central
B. axial
D. radial
C. expansibility
B. versatility
405
A B C D
0000
A
0000
8. A clienl discovers shortly after hiring the architect for prograrnrt*lg and design services that they must move out of
their existing faclily sooner than expected. If the new schedule requ.-es that construction and move-in be completed in
18 rilonlhs instead of the original 21 months, what recommendation from the architect is the most feasible?
0000
0000
10. A school district is planning a new elementary school to replace an outdatedfacility. A preliminary budget made during
programming has shown that" the available funds set ~side
for the school have been exceeded by 8 percent. What should
the architect do?
I. Suggest that additional funds from other school building projects be used.
II. Review the design from a value engineering standpoint for approval by the client to see if costs can be
reduced without sacrificing quality.
Ill. Discuss with the client the possibility of reducing the
required area.
C. II then Ill
B. Ill then IV
D. IV then I
406
0000
AREA ''C''
PART II ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN
AREA "C"
PART II
Step 2:
408
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Step 6:
Step 7:
Step 8:
. . (2 30 -'7:30)
.. 30 minutes (7 30-8:00)
. 12 hours
If the total time required is only ten (1 0) hours. then readjust the
allotted minutes.
Tip #1: a) If the project is a multi-storey building, make your final footprint
or the first floor plan, then just trace it for the upper floors.
b) to make the elevations or sections, use your triangle and just
slide it and make vertical lines through the walls, windows so
as to save time instead of using again your scale.
c) Remember you should proceed from "within" to "without"
meaning from the circulation or plan to the exterior looks.
d) Then proceed from "General" to "Particular" meaning, when
making a perspective, first form the general outline before you
even make any detail.
e) If the perspective comes out alright, from there, you can now
translate it to the elevations, the windows, doors. balconies,
porte-cochere, entrance, roofing shape, and others.
f)
You may want to put in as a good design some details you have
researched previously to enhance your design.
409
(8:15- 9:00)
This is a process of reading and SIMULTANEOUSLY translating the written
word into graphic form as much as possible.
To do this, put a piece of paper over the first level site plan and schematically
mark requirements and facts as given by the program as you read. These
are conditions that might affect the overall conceptual siting of the building
and the plan of the major elements. This will become the "programming
base sheet."
Some of the conditions that should be noted include:
views
probable (or required) entrance locations
any required pedestrian access to adjacent sites or buildings
service access
any special circulation requirements: for example, separation of public
and private corridors or division of areas for security purposes.
any unusual or apparently important topographic or landscape conditions.
onentation requtred for energy conservation reasons
location of utiliti\s. drainage. or any other servtce that rnay d1Ua1e tne
location ot building elements
Tip #2
The candidate must know how to plot the shape of the lot given
from the title or from the technical descnptiops g1ven as to the
start from pt. 1 to pt. 2 say (N-54 o 48'08'"E) 1~ 80 M. thence (N650-08'42"W) 10.38M and so on.
As you read the program you should also make quick bubble diagrams of
critical adjacency relationships. Place these on the same sheet of tracing
paper as your pfan diagram of other program requirements. but off to the
side so they do not interfere with your later schematic planning. Later, you
can work on smaller-scale relationships such as the adjacency of two office
within a \larger office suite or the position of a steam room near a shower
room.
410
(9:00- 9:30)
In orderto give yourself a strong, graphic mental image of numbers, translate
the individual programmed spaces into graphic squares or rectangles at
the same scale the final drawings roost be. Take graph paper (instead of
scale) to make this job easier. Use consistent dimensional increments such
as 1.50 M. This will save your time and help you see spatial relationships
between functional groupings more easily. (Example: is squares or
rectangles, assume lounge dining - 200 sq. M, service are 50 sq. M,
classrooms 100 sq. M, toilet M & W 50 sq. M and so on.)
Next, group individual spaces as required and indicated by the program
into their most probable, logical shape. For example, several offices that
make up an administrative suite might be grouped into a rectangle two offices
deep by whatever length is required too yield the programmed area {where
the plan is scheme comes in).
If you are grouping several small spaces, be sure to add some extra area
(15 to 20 percent) for circulation so that when you begin detailed planning
of the functional group, you do not have to use programmed space from net
assignable areas to make up for corridors.
Next, compare square meter required for each floor. If they are divergent,
you know you have to have some setbacks or make other provisions. Be
sure to consider any two-storey spaces, atrium, mezzanines, and so forth
that may balance or unbalance the total square meter requirements on each
floor.
The program will probably state what functions are to be located on each
floor. If not, study the adjacency requirements, entrances, and other external
access requirements and balance the programmed square meters to
approximately even out each floor area.
411
412
_There are may ways to logically organize a combination of small spans and
large spans so that the solution works structurally, functionally, and
aesthetically. Large spaces with long-span structure and higher ceiling
heights may be sized to work within two smaller bay sizes or be separated
from the small-span structural system with circulation system or in a separate
building wiring.
Before the test you may want to decide on two or three ppssible structural
grids, incltJding needed dept~s of structural members and thickness of
bearing walls. Once you read the problem statements, you may be able to
select one of these grids and draw it right away as a framework for any
subsequent planning.
413
In most cases. providing space for ductwork is not a great problem because
of the sizes is not a great problem because of the size of the building in the
test problem. Suspended ceilings usually provide enough flexibility for
mechanical services as long as you allow enough room bek>w the bottom of
the struclure and show trims in the sections drawing.
Once you have selected a workable schematic design from your alternatives
and know you have a struetural grid that works, you can begin more
DETAILED DESIGN. Before proceeding, be sure that you have satisfied
program requirements that affect the overall siting and planning of the
building. You should be sure all major life/safety considerations are satisfied.
These include such things as the number of exits. avoiding dead-end
conidors, andrequired distances to exits often, the same requirements is
stated in the program more than once: first in the general project statements
and again in the detailed program requirements. It is wise to give these
highest priority. The next priority should go to requirements specifically stated
in the program at least once. Finally, here are priorities that may simply be
ifl1>1ied by the program or considered good design practice. For example, if
you had to decide between an arrangements to improve energy efficiency
or one to satiSfy your concern for appearance, you would be wise to choose
energy efficiency.
At this point, take a short break so you can come back to be test refreshed
and able to concentrate on more detailed design.
As you begin detailed development of your schematic plan you will have a
very good idea of major elements, organization of the building, siting, major
circulation paths, exiting, structure, and provisions tor the mechanical system.
It should be fairly easy to make minor adjustments to fine tune adjacencies.
modify dimensions of spaces to fit within the structural grid, layout toilet
rooms. property orient exits and stairways, located doorways, and satisfy
the more detailed program requirements.
At this time, you should also be k>oking at the shapes and proportion of
individual rooms to make sure they make sense and allow tor reasonable
furniture arrangements and circulation within the room. ( Exa111>le one sketch
may show a square 40 sq. M room that can accommodate only one secretary
and a ~I space for waiting area, while the same 40 sq. M but rectangular
in shape may accommodate two secretaries and a bigger space for waiting
area.)
414
Before you proceed too far into detailed development of the FL()(lR PLAN
begin a BUILDING SECTION. You may not know at this time exactly what
the best location for the section cut wiH be, but make you best estimate.
Beginning a section drawing at this time will help get out of the twodimensional floor plan mentality and force your attention on the THIRD
DIMENSION. You should also do this with elevations. You may discover
things by working on the elevations and section that wil influence how you
develop your floor plans. It is better to find this out early than to wait. Until
the last minute to complete the elevations when it. is too late to make
corrections.
Try to leave yourseH 30 minutes to one hour of time at the end for a FINAL
CHECK. Of course, it will be too late at this time to make any major revisions,
but you can check for minor omissions and incomplete graphics. If you find
you have left out any indication of a required sprinkler system. for example,
you can at least show a portion of it on the section and make a note on the
drawing. This extra time at the end of the test also allows for making additional
explanatory notes to clarify your design.
415
One of your primary checklist should be the problem statement itself. When
you read through the program and problem statement. underline individual
words, phrases. or sentences that you can identify as having a single design
consequence. Later, as you work through your solution; use these underlined
items as checklist and make sure you have responded to every one.
Omission
any one will count against you, and omission of particularly
important requirements will be enough to fail you.
of
1. PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS
Q solution contains all the required spaces
-~ required spaces contain the correct amount of square meters; solution
contains no less than the program requirements but may contain slightly
more
2. DESIGN LOGIC
0 circulation efficient. direct. and properly sized
416
o
o
o
3. CODE COMPUANCE
0 two exits from each floor remotely located from each other; monumental
stairs may not count as required exit
0 stairs located within minimum and maximum distances from each other
0 second-level egress exiting directly to outside as required by program
statement
all required exit doors swinging in the direction of travel and not decreasing required corridor width when open
statement
u at least' two exits from assf}mbly spaces remotely located from each
other
0 maximum travel distances from doors to exit: 15 meters (20 meters in
sprinklered buildings) or as indicated in the program
,:.J maximum 28 em. riser height; 28.50 em. minimum tread width
D fire separation walls and ceiling/floor assembly indicated on plan and
section
0 building accessible by the physically disabled, entrance ramp, corridor
widths, vestibule sizes, toilet rooms, and all parts of the building
0 ramps checked for maximum allowable slope 1:12
0 dead-enEt corridors avoided or limited to 6.00 M
0 guard rails and handrails shown and dimensioned if required
417
4. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
0 framing clearly shown and noted: beams, bearing walls. columns, floor
and roof deck
0 footings and roundations shown under all walls, columns. and elevator
shafts both in section and elevations
5. GENERAL TIPS
neighborhood.
0 Make building spaces and exterior compatible with the human scale.
0 Be sure that composition, proportion, texture, materials, and form are
appropriate to the building type and surrounding area
0 Make elevations on first-floor site plan and second-floor plan, exterior
elevations, and section correspond to each other
A. FLOOR PLANS
Use double lines for walls and single lines for windows, and poche the
walls in with solid black. (This is done near the end of the exam period
when you know changes are not going to be made.)
Show door swings with a one-quarter circle arc and _indicate the
door itself with a single line.
419
420
I
'I
C. SECTION
Take the section cut through your buUding where most three-dimensional information will be shown. This includes two-storey spaces,
changes in topography or levels of the building, areas for mechanical equipment, structure, and typical wall sections.
PoeM the cut sections of walis and foundations with solid black.
Indicate ceiling heights and finish elevations of both first and second floors.
Show the existing grade with a dashed line and the new grade at
perimeter walls.
Include a few scale figures.
Clearly note the mechanical system, structural system, fire rating of
walls, roof system and roof drainage, ceiling finish, representative
wall finishes, and footing depth.
D. DRAFTING TECHNIQUES AND FINAL CHECKS (7:30- 8:00)
Before you take the test you should decide on the type of drafting
techniques you will use. You can complete the sketches with either freehand or hard-line methods; use the one you feel most comfortable with
and the one that is fastest for you. Use simple block lettering on all the
drawings and do not overdraft.
Provide just enough to clearly present all the required information. In
the half hour so you should leave at the end of the test for final checking
make sure you have included everything specifically required by the
problem statement. If you discover something is missing for your
drawings and you do not have time to make changes, at least a note on
the drawing to show the examiners you did not forget it.
AREA ''C''
PART Ill
SITE
PLANNING
AREA "C"
PART Ill
Although it is unlikely that you will have to locate a building on a site in this
portion of the exam, remember that it is better to ORIENT buildings with
their length parallel to the contour lines. This makes modifying the contours
easier and makes excavating and foundation work less expensive than an
orientation perpendicular to the contour lines.
Driveways and roads are best run parallel to if little or no change in elevation
is required. If a grade change is necessary, run the road at a slight angle to
the existing contours and modify the road contour to provide for drainage.
Roads should be laid out perpendicular to contour lines only if the resulting
grade does not exceed recommended limits - usually 8 percent but a more
gentle slope is preferred. Calculate the slope after grade have been changed to
verify that you are within recommended limits.
o
Modify contours to BALANCE cut and fill. During the site exam you do not
have to do detailed calculations, but it should appear that you are
accomplishing this. One simple method is to draw as many new contour
lines on the "FILL" side of existing contour lines as you do on the "CUT"
side at approximately the same distance from the existing lines.
----- ---
78
''
CONTOUR MODIFICATIONS FOR ROADS
423
' '
-------------..........
-------------
----------
o----2 .---
4 -
area of cut
(b) fill exceeds cut
Minimize the amount of conrour changes, since earth moving costs money
and can create other problems such as steep grades; increased excavation
costs. and a need for retaining walls.
Make sure you have positive drainage away from buildings on all sides.
This can be particularly troublesome when the building is located parallel to
the contours and therefore perpendicular to the natural drainage pattern.
percent slope
inches/foot
0.5%
about
1
/
1.0%
about
1
/
1.5%
about 31, 6
2.0%
about
2.5%
about 51, 6
3.0%
about
1
/
mm/cm
appearance
o
16
424
----------}-i--*--
--------10
-~------------------------8
--------------------------0
(a) drainage directly into building
Driveways into sites facing each other with a street in between should line
up exactly or be separated by at least 6.00 M.
If a driveway and a pedestrian path both need to enter a site from a street,
they should either be side by side or separated by at least 18.00 M.
0.9 M clear, minimum
landing
handrails both
sides
return handrail
C. PARKING REQUIREMENTS
o
If a specific number of parking spaces is called for, make sure you provide
at least that number. Unless stated otherwise, make each stall 2. 70 M wide
by 5.70 M long. Spaces for backing out of a 90 degree parking stall should
be at least 7.20 M wide.
426
There should be at least one parking space for the physically disabled,
more if the program specifically calls for it. Design guidelines for parking
spaces are shown here.
pedestrian
auto
GO' minimum
(18 Meters)
(a) adjacent
(b) separated
Arrange the parking spaces and access sidewalks so that people do not have
to go behind cars or across the parking drive. Handicapped parking should be
as close to. the entry as possible, but never more than 37.50 M away.
Parking layout is more efficient if parking stalls are grouped rather than
spread out. Ninety-degree parking is the most efficient angle. If the site
design problem requires a detailed plan for more than about a dozen cars,
try to use a double-loaded 90 degree parking scheme.
D. Other Design
~onsiderations
Entries to buildings and major outdoor areas are best located on the south
side of buildings where they will receive sunlight.
Make every attempt to save existing trees and major vegetation. If it is not
possible to keep every tree, at least protect the larger ones. Other major
site features, such as rock formations and creeks, should not be altered but
used to a design and advantage.
Respect desirable views and incorporate them into the site planning. If views
are important, the program usually mentions such a requirement specifically.
Make sure that no structure or site development occurs outside the limits of
zoning setback lines or within easements.
427
Step 1:
Step 2:
Be careful not to read mor~ into the problem than is there. The test
writers are usually very specific about what they want; there is no
need to add to the problem requirement and to your work. If a
requirement is stated and a particular type of solution is strongly
suggested, follow the lead.
Step 3:
Mark the corners of the site wih elevation points. This gives you a
quick reference point for checking how your new grading matches up
with adjacent property. You may want to mark the midpoints along
property lines as well.
If the problem requires the use of storm sewers, find the lowest place
where the existing storm sewer can be tapped and work backward
from there to determine the invert of any required drain inlets. Unless
stated otherwise, use a minimum storm sewer slope of 0.5 percent
(1.588 mm per 30 em.) (1/16 inch per foot)
Using another sheet of tracing paper over the one you have marked
with site constraints, begin laying out roads, walks, parking lots, plazas,
or whatever major site features the problem requires.
428
You will find that the site constraints you can read through the tracing
paper will resolve many planning questior.s for you. Others may not
be so obvious and will require some study.
Step 6: When you have a scheme that works for the major site features. overlay
another sheet of tracing paper begin to study the contour modifications
that are needed.
S(ep 7: Work back and forth between the contour sheet and the plan of the
site features. If the problem seems to be based more on topography
than road and walk design; begin with that sheet. Otherwise, start
with the layout of site features. If you have difficulty solving a particular
problem with the contours, you may find that you need to change the
location or orientation of a plan feature. Or, the required placement of
a stairway, sidewalk, or other feature may imply a change in grading.
Step 8: When you have solved both major components of the site plan. overlay
another sheet of tracing paper and transfer both layout of site features
and the new grading plan onto one sheet. As you do this, add other
required features, such as landscaping, site furniture, lighting and so
forth.
Step 9:
Step 10: Place your final tracing paper sketch under the paper given to you as
part of the test package and trace your solution. Incorporate suitable
graphic techniques to clearly communicate your solullOn. As you do
this, you can make minor modifications or corrections to problems
that you found in the pre11ious step. Make sure every item is labeled
so the graders know you have included what was required (allow 45
minutes to do the final drawings)
3. GRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
Good graphic techniques help you in two ways
First, they help you complete the test on time with the required drawings at
the correct level of detail. Second, well-done graphics help communicate
your solution to the graders in the short time they have to look at each
solution.
Part of the trick of finishing on schedule is to budget your time so you have
enough left to adequately finish the drawings. However, many candidates
fail to finish because they use graphic techniques that take an excessive
amount of time for their abilities. This is especially true of the building design
portion because thereis so much drawing to do.
429
The goal is to use graphic techniques that are easy to complete yet boldly
and clearly show your solution. Before you take the test, you should have a
good idea of the tools arid techniques your are going to use. Practice making
lines, textures, material indications, paving, trees, entourage, and other
graphic elements that will be required to draw your solution.
The graphic site design section of the exam is~ little easier than the building
design portion because there is not so much drawing to do, but similar
requirements apply. You need to first get the required lines that show your
solution down on paper, and then add rendering techniques that improve
the appearance and communication of your work. Keep the following
guidelines in mind as you work.
You can use either hard-line or free-hand techniques or mix them, whichever is faster and easier for you
Complete all drawings or portions of one drawing to the same level of
detail and appearance. To do this, complete a good line drawing with
appropriate line weights. Then go back and add textures, material indications, shadows and other markings. Since the site design test requires
only one drawing. This is easier to do than with the multiple sketches
required in the b' jing design portion.
Use guidelines for lettering
Use different line weights to show hierarchy of drawn elements. The outline of an object should be da.rker and heavier than the lines within the
object. Use contrast to show important elements such as walkways.
Show existing contour lines with dashed lines (usually these are already
marked on the base sheet handed out with the test) and new contours
with solid lines.
Do not waste your time or make the drawing hard to read by overrendering. Show what the problem requires you to show. If you are to
provide screening for the delivery area, for example,, there must be an
indication of landscaping or some constructed object to accomplish this.
Shades and shadows help provide contrast and interest to the drawing,
but do these only if you have sufficient time and adding them does not
obscure important information within the shadows.
Use markers that make it easy to lay down a variety of line and texture
types. Soft pencils are preferredbecause they can be erased, while markers may bleed before grading and cannot be erased. Use ink to provide
very dark contrast only at the very end of the test session if you have time
and if you are sure nothing will change.
430
~~~~~ll~lll~llllll~llllll~lllllli
(b) parking at
~I
small~cale
PARKING LOTS
431
ANSWER KEYS
AREA "A"
PART I
A. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
1. D
4. H
7.
2. F
5. I
8. G
3. A
6. B
9. E
B. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
1. G
3. A
5. C
2. E
4. F
6. B
7. D
C. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
1. F
3. G
5. A
2. D
4. B
6. E
7.
4. H
7. C
2. I
5. A
8. B
3. E
6. D
9. F
,. c
3. G
5. B
2. F
4. E
6. A
7. D
7. B
1. D
3. G
5.
2. F
4. A
6. E
1. D
3. G
5.
7. H
2. E
4. F
6. A
8. B
G. DEFINITIONS
434
H. DEFINITIONS
1. H
4. G
7. L
2. J
5. K
8. E
11. D
3. I
9. A
12. B
1. L
4. H
7. F
10. A
2. J
5.
8. B
11. E
3. I
6. K
9. D
12. G
1. J
4. K
7. L
10. E
2. G
5. F
8. I
11. A
6. D
9. B
12.
1. F
4. L
7. I
10. G
2. J
5. H
8.
11. E
3. K
6. D
9. A
12. B
1. H
5. K
9. p
13. 0
2. F
6.
10. M
14. A
3. J
7. N
11. B
15. L
4. G
8. E
12. D
-16.
1. I
4. H
7. D
10. A
2. J
5. G
8. B
11. F
3. K
6. L
9. E
12.
1. J
4. L
7. D
10. F
2. H
5. I
8. G
11.
9. B
12. E
6.
10. F
I. DEFINITIONS
J. DEFINITIONS
3. H
K. DEFINITIONS
L. DEFINITIONS
M. DEFINITIONS
N. DEFINITIONS
3. K
6. A
435
0. DEFINITIONS
13.
1. J
5. K
9. N
2. F
10. D
14. L
3. H
6. B
7. p
11. G
15. A
4. I
8. E
12. 0
16. M
5. G
9. D
13. A
P. DEFINITIONS
1. K
a.
2. J
6. H
10. M
14. F
3. I
7. 0
11. E
15.
4. l
8. B
12. p
16. N
1. 0
5. J
9. D
2. H
6. K
10. F
14. B
3. G
7. M
11. A
15.
4. L
8. E
12. p
16. N
1. M
5. G
9. D
2. H
6. K
10. E
14.
3. J
7. L
11. B
15. A
4. 0
8. p
12. F
16. N
1. F
5. B
9. L
2. K
6. H
10. D
13. 0
14. p
3. E
7. J
11. A
15. N
4. G
8. I
12.
16. M
9. M
17. B
10. 0
14. F
11. L
15. D
12. N
16. G
DEFINITIONS
13. I
R. DEFINITIONS
13. I
S. DEFINITIONS
T. ARCHITECTS/BUILDING DESIGNED
1. E
5. A
2. K
6. I
3. H
6. p
7.
8. J
436
AREA "A"
PART II
3. F
4. A
5. G
6. B
1. E
3. H
5. G
7. B
4. F
6. A
8. D
3. A
4. E
5. B
6.
1.
2. D
B. CATEGORIES
'
2.
C. CONTRASTS
1. D
2. F
4. G
5. H
7. J
8. A
10. B
11. D
3. I
6. K
9. E
12.
7. L
10. K
2. H
5. A
8. E
11.
3. G
6. J
9. B
12. F
F. COLORS
1. D
3. F
5. G
7. B
2. E
4. H
6.
8. A
1. H
4. I
7. K
10. A
2. J
5. B
8. E
11. F
3. G
6. L
9.
12. D
G. FUNCTIONS
H; SPACE
1. F
2 H
3. A
5. G
7. C
4. E
6. 0
8. B
437
I. CIRCULATION
J.
K.
1. I
4. A
7. K
10.
2. G
5. J
8. E
11. D
3. H
6. B
9.
1. E
4.
7. A
10.
2. F
5. B
8. J
11. H
3. G
6. K
9. D
1. H
4. A
7. K
10.
2. G
5. J
8. B
11. E
3. I
6. D
9. F
MASSING
SITE CONTROL
10.
1. H
4. F
7. I
2. G
5. A
8. D
3. B
6. J
9. E
1. G
3. H
3.
7. A
2. D
4. F
6. B
8. E
M. ECONOMICS
1. F
3. E
5.
2. D
4. B
6. A
0. ARCHITECTURAL LINGO
9. E
13. p
14. F
7. 0
11. H
15. D
8. N
12. B
16. G
7. K
10. D
1. K
5. A
2. L
6. M
10.
3.
4. J
P. ARCHITECTURAL LINGO
4. J
1. F
2. I
5. H
8. E
11. G
3. L
6. A
9. B
'12.
438
AREA "A"
PART Ill
4. I
7. A
2. G
5. B
8.
3. F
6. J
9. E
10. D
c.
1. L
4. A
7. B
10.
2. K
5. J
8. E
11. F
3. I
6. H
9. G
12. D
1. K
4. J
7. E
10. G
2. D
4. A
6. L
11.
3. H
6. I
9. B
12. F
1. J
4. B
7. L
10.
2. H
5. I
8. A
11. G
3. F
6. K
9. E
-12. D
5. B
9. p
13. K
2. H
6. J
10. 0
14. F
3. M
7. D
11. N
15. A
4. I
8. L
12. G
16. E
BUILDING CODE
D. BUILDING CODE
E. FIRE CODE
1.
F. OFFICE PRACTICE
1. M
5. K
9. D
13. B
2. F
6.. A
10. 0
14. G
3. J
7. L
11.
15 .. E
4. N
8. p
12. I
439
16. H
H. PROJECT CLASSIFICATION
I. THE SPECTRUM OF THE ARCHITECT'S SERVICES
J. CONTRACTS
1. H
3. E
5. D
7. 8
4. G
6. A
8. F
5. A
9. p
13. 8
6. J
10. M
14. F
3. G
7. D
11. 0
15.
4. I
8. K
12. E
16. N
2.
K. BIDDING
1. H
2.
1. D
3. H
5. G
7.
2. F
4. 8
6. A
8. E
1. H
3. E
5. G
7. D
2. F
4. A
6. 8
8.
M. PROJECTS
N. CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
1. D
4. A
7. D
10. A
5. 8
8. 8
11. 8
3. 8
6. D
9. 8
12. D
2.
4.
7. A
10. 8
2. A
8.
8. D
1~.
3. D
6. 8
12.
9.
440
PART IV
AREA "A"
5. 8
2. A
6.
3. D
4.
9. D
13.
14. D
7. D
11. 8
15. A
8. A
12. A
16. 8
10.
2.
3. A
4. D
7. D
8. 8
6. A
9. A
5.
2. D
3. 8
4.
5. 8
7. A
8. D
6.
5. B
9. C
13. B
2. C
6. D
10. 8
14. A
3. 8
7. C
11. A
15. D
4. A
8. A
12. D
16. C
E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. 8
4. D
7. D
5. 8
8.
2.
3. A
6.
9. 8
4. 8
7. D
2.
5. D
8.
6. 8
9. D
441
10. A
11.
12. 8
PART I
AREA "B"
13.
1. E
5. K
9. L
2. D
6. J
10. F
14. I
3, N
7. p
11. 0
15. B
4. A
8. M
12. G
16. H
4. D
7. D
2. B
5. B
8. A
9. B
1.
3. A
. 6.
3. B
2. D
4.
5. A
7. D
8. B
6.
1.
2.
v.
c
c
3. A
5. B
7.
6. A
8. B
9. A
13. B
14. D
4.
STRUCTURAL FUNDAMENTALS
1. B
5.
6. A
10.
3. A
7. B
11. B
15.
4. D
8. D
12. D
16. A
9. B
13. D
14. B
2.
VI. DEFINITIONS
1.
5.
2. B
6. D
10.
3. D
7. A
11. D
15.
4. A
8. B
12. A
16: A
442
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
2.
4. A
5.
8.
6. B
. 3. D
10. B
7. D
9. A
1.
4.
2.
3.
A
D
5.
6.
B
D
7.
8.
9.
10.
on Question no. 7, find the weights of building materials and calculate the dead load.
Remember that office buildings require an additional 0 957 KPa allowance for
partitions. From table 2.1
hardwood floor
joist system
gypsum wallboard
partition allowance
2.5 psf
6.0 psf
1.8 psf
20.0 psf
0.120
0.287
0.086
0.957
KPa
KPa
KPa
KPa
120 Pa
287 Pa
86 Pa
Total
30.3 psf
1.450 KPa
1450 Pa
fromtable 2.2, the live load for an office building Is 2.393 KPa. The total load is
therefore 3.846 KPa. For one linear Meter on the beam1 before any reductions are
made, the total load is:
18.75 KN/M
on Question 8:
Load reduction is allowed if the live load is less than 47.86 Newtons per square Meter
on Question 10:
6 M x 4.71 KN/M 3
x 6 = 84.78 KN/M
7.
1. A
4.
2. D
5. D
8. A
3. B
6. A
9. B
443
10.
on Question 1:
The horizontal component is found with Fx = Fcos 61) = 60 KN. The vertical component
is found with Fy = Fcos 30 = 103.9 KN. The vertical component can also be found by
Fy = Fsin 60.
on Question 7:
To solve this problem, draw a force triangle. Since the forces are in equilibrium, the
triangle must close as shown in the illustration.
13.34
sin 130
a
B
sin 30
13.34 KN
130
8.70 KN
On side of the triangle and all three angles are known, so the other two sides can be
found by the law of sines.
13.34
sin 130
A
sin 15
4.51 KN
on Question no. 8
Draw the diagonal member as a free-body diagram with the forces acting on it as
shown.
I
Draw a force as shown and calculate the angle
problem:
tan
1
e =3.5-
e = 15.945 degrees
444
Now,
sin 15.945
600
=F
F = 2184 Newtons
You can also solve the problem by similar triangles. First, find the length of the diagonal
by the Pythagorean theorem, which gives 3.64 feet. Then,
600
F
. 3.64
----1
F = 2184
on Question no. 9
By the laws of equilibrium, the summation of moments about any point must equal
zero. Take moments about R 7, keeping in mind that rotation in a clockwise direction is
positive and in a counterclockwise direction it is negative.
about R,
X. BEAMSANDCOLUMNS
4. 8
7. B
2. D
5. A
8. D
3. A
6. C
9. A
1.
10.
on Question no. 7
First, find the reactions. The weight of the uniform load is assumed to act at its midpoint.
Taking moments about R,,
2.3(14)(7)- R2 (18) = 0
R2 = 12.52 KN
The summation of moments about R2 must also equal zero:
-2.3(14)(11) + R, = 0
R, = 19.68 KN
445
The maximum moment occurs where the shear is zero. Draw the shear diagram.
Calculate the distance x, where shear is zero. Since you know the sloped lined
drops 2.3 KN per Meter, it will drop proportionally 19.68 KN in x Meter, or:
2.3
19.68
X
X=
8.56 M.
You can find the moment either by calculating the area of the triangle or by calculating
the moment of a free-body diagram from reaction R1 to the point 8.56 Meter from R1 .
Area of triangle method:
A= bh
2
19.68(8.56)
2
=
84.2 KN-M
2.3 KN/M
19.68
t....--..:c:8.=56::...:M~- i
...
= 19.68(8.56)- 2.3(8.56)(8.56/2)
= 168.46 - 84.26
= 84.2 KN-M
446
on Question no. 8
Dis correct
S=-M
f
(413.86}(1 000)
10.335 MPa
= 40044.51
XI. TRUSSES
1. B
2. A
3.
7.
4. D
8. D
6. A
9. B
5.
mm3
10. A
EXPLANATIONS:
7. C is correct.
The simplest approach to find the answer is to use the principle that the summation
of vertical forces at any point must equal zero. Draw a free-body diagram through
member A.
15k
15k
/l?12_{__
Since the forces in the top and bottom chords have no vertical components, it is clear
that only the vertical component of the force in member/\ is available to balance the
two 15 KN loads and the reaction.
First, find the value of the reaction, R:
R = 1/2(15 X 5
= 37.5 KN
Assuming for the moment that the member is in tension (with the arrow pointing away
from the joint), the vertical component, Fy, of force A must be:
37.5 - 15 - 15 + Fy = 0
Fy = -7.5 KN
The number is negative, so the assumption that the member is in tens_ion was wrong.
It is in compression. Draw a free-body diagram of member A.
447
tan
3m
3
8=1.8
8 = 59 degrees
Fy = FAcos 8
1.80m
7.5
cos 59
= 14.56 KN
FA
(compression)
This problem can also be solved using the method of sections, but it is more involved
because you first have to find the force in the lower chord using the summation of
moments being zero and then find the force in member A. In addition, extra
trigonometry is involved to find the length of moment arms.
on Question no. 10
Draw a free-body of the reaction point RA.
The vertical component of FA 8 must balance the reaction and the 5 KN load. It must
be acting downward toward the joint. so it is comp.ession.
20-5- Fy = 0
5KN
Fy =15M.
~/AB
Fy = FABCOS 8
-~
= _1_5_
AB
COS
45
= 21.5 KN
20 KN
5.
c
c
8. A
3. B
6. A
9. B
1. B
4.
7. D
10.
P=
h Wfi
= (0.5)(4. 71 )(0.9)
= 2.1195 KN
448
This pressure acts througn the centroid of the pressure triangle or one third from the
base, which in this case coincides with the level of the lower grade.
on Question no. 4
The width of the footing is found by dividing the total load by the soil bearing pressure
considering a one meter length of foundation. The load allows:
fol_Jndation wall
footing
(assume 1 meter width)
4 X 1 X 150 = 600
pounds
3 X 0.67 X 150 = 600
pounds
soil
(assume 1 meter width)
3 X 1 X 100 = 600
pounds
1 X 1 X 15.71=15.71
dead load
1000 pounds
4.448 KN
live load
500 pounds
2.224 KN
total
3000 pounds
36.2824 KN
1 X 0.2
23.56 = 4,712
36.2824
3000
width=-1500
W=---
71 79
= 2 feet
= 0.505 M
Since a 1 meter width was assumed, the weight of the footing will be less so 0.505 M
is more than adequate.
XIII. CONNECTIONS
1. B
4. D
7.
2. A
5.
8.
3. B
6. 0
c
c
10
9. A
449
2.
3. B
4. D
7. A
8. D
6. B
9. A
5.
10.
= 623 X 1000
11.5
=
54174 mm 3
c
c
4. B
7. A
5. D
8. B
3. A
6. D
9. B
1.
2.
10. D
on Question no. 2
For snow loading, the allowable stresses may be increased 15 percent. Using the
maximum moment, the re::Juired section modulus is:
$ =2693.08
1000
7.23(1.15)
= 323901.61 mm3
= 323.90
em~
Looking in Table 9.1, a 2 x 10 joist has a section modulus of 350.53 cm 3 so this will
work for bending.
450
Next, check for horizontal shear. Take the worst case of vertical shear which is the
4003.38 pounds found on the shear diagram. You can neglect the loads within a
distance from the distance from the support equal to the depth of the member, so the
vertical shear to be used in the calculation is:
235
V = 4003.38- ( - 1000
2516.25]
= 3412.06
b = 1 .5 (38 mm)
d = 9.25 (235 mm)
3V
Fv=2bd
3
3412.06
=-x---2 2(38)(235)
= 0.286 MPa
The allowable horizontal shear of 0.516 MPa psi can also be increased by 15 percent
for snow loading, so the allowalbe stress is:
1/d = - = 10.23
88
F~is
18.3 kips
79482.48 N
on Question no. 9
Different values of Fb must be use<;! to find the section modulus depending on whether
you use a 100 mm wide beam or a 6-inch wide beam. For a 150 mm wide beam, find
451
-------
--------------
the Fv value from Table 9.2 under beams and stringers, and find the seGtion modulus
required.
= 11 085.97 X 1000
10.68
= 1038012.17 mm 3
= 1038 cm 3
11085.97 X 1000
12.402
893885.66 mm 3
8938.85 cm 3
From Table 9.1. a 4 x 12 has a section modulus of 1209.82 cm3 with an area of 254
cm 2 square inches. Because there is less area in the 4 x 12 beam, it would be more
economical.
4. 0
2. A
5.
7.
8. B
6. A
9. A
10. 0
on Question no. 4
First. find the bending moment t-hat must be resisted by-the beam. From Table 4.12,
the equation is:
PL
M=--
53.38 X 4.87
4
= 64.99 KN-M
452
S=Fb
= 64.99 X 10002
165.5 MPa
= 392688.82 mm 3
= 392.68 cm 3
From Table 10.4, the most economical section is a 300 x 550 with a section modulus
of 416.23 cm 3 . This does not include the weight of the beam, which would be negligible
since it would only add another 0.7 kip-feet of moment.
4. c
7. 8
2. 8
5. A
8. 0
6. 0
9. A
1.
3.
10. 0
on Question no. 3
The minimum percentage of steel is found with the formula
p = ~ = ~ = 0.0033
.fy
413
(Grade 60 steel means the yield point is 413 MPa)
The maximum percentage by code is 0. 75 of the steel required for a balanced design,
or 0.75(0.0285) = o.'o214.
To find the area of the steel, the percentages must be multiplied by the width of the
beam by the effective depth of the beam, or 300 x 564 = 169200 mm 2
A(min.) = 0.0033(169200)
A(max.)
4.
= 0.0214(169200)
= 558.36 mm2
= 3620.88 mm 2
C is correct.
The typical water-cement ratio is from 0.35 to 0.40 for concrete mixes without
plasticizers or other admixtures.
453
XVIII.
CONSTRUCTION
1. A
4.
2. B
5. A
8. A
3. D
6. D
9. B
7.
10. B
1. B
4. D
2. D
5.
3. B
6.
7.
c
c
10. A
8. A
9. A
XX. LATERALFORCESEARTHQUAKE
1.
4.
7. D
2. B
5. D
8. A
3. A
6. B
9. B
10.
Seattle is in zone 3, so Z = 0.30. The importance factor is 1.0. From Table 14.1 the Rw
factor is 6. The S factor is 1.2 because the soil profile is 52 . Knowing the period is
0.19, the Cfactor can be calculated from
c =.L2...S
J213
'"' 1.25(1.2)
(0.19) 213
=
4.54
= 3,975.54 KN
454
,
28 913
.1. D
4. B
7.
5. A
8. A
9. D
2.
3. A
6.
10. B
1. D
6. A
7.
6. D
8. A
3. B
6. B
9. A
2.
455
10.
PART II
AREA "B"
I. BUILDING MATERIALS
A. CONCRETE
13. D
10. D
14. A
3. B
7. D
11. B
15. B
8. A
12.
16. D
1. B
5. A
2. D
6.
4.
9.
B. WOOD, BOARDS
1. D
5. D
9. B
13. A
2. A
6. A
10. D
14. B
3. B
7.
11. A
15.
4.
c.
12.
8. B
16. D
METALS
1. B
4. D
7 B
10. B
5. D
8. A
11.
2.
3. A
6.
9.
12. A
1. A
4.
7. B
10
2. B
5. B
8. A
11. B
3. A
6. A
9.
12.
1 B
3. D
5. D
7.
2. A
4.
6. A
8. B
E. INSULATION
F. DOORS, HARDWARES
1. E
5. A
9. p
13. 0
2. N
6. K
10. G
14. H
3. F
7.
11. D
f5. B
4. L
8. M
12. J
16.
456
G. WINDOWS, HARDWARES
1. I
5. M
2. L
6. K
10.
3. J
4. A
9. 0
13. 0
14. F
7. B
11. H
15. p
8. N
12. G
16. E
H. BUILDING PROTECTION
1. G
4. K
7. L
10. F
2. J
5. A
8. B
11
3. H
6. I
9. D
12. E
J.
1. 0
5. K
9. N
13. G
2. H
6. L
10. A
14. E
3. F
7. I
11. p
15. 8
4. J
8. 0
12.
16. M
6. M
11. p
16. R
2. N
7. Q
12. A
17. K
3. I
8. T
13.
18. H
4. 0
9. D
14. G
19. L
5. J
10. F
15. B
20.
1. E
5 K
9. p
13.
2. G
6. B
10. F
14. J
3. N
7. L
11. 0
15. M
4. I
8. D
12. A
16. H
K. PAINTING
L. MISCELLANEOUS, SPECIFICATIONS
1. A
5.
9. 8
13.
2. B
6. A
10. A
14.
c
c
7 D
11. 8
15. A
8. B
12. D
16.
3.
4.
457
c
c
c
M. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
5. B
2. D
6. D
10.
4. A
1.
3.
9. A
13.
14. B
7. A
11.
c
c
8. D
12. A
16. A
15. D
N. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. B
4. B
7. A
10. D
5. A
8. 8
11. 8
3. D
6. D
9. A
12. A
2.
3. D
4. A
7. A
10. D
8. D
11. A
6. 8
9. 8
12.
5.
458
AREA UB"
UTILITIES
PART Ill
13. D
10. D
14. A
3. D
7. A
11. 8
15.
8. D
12. A
16. 8
13. A
1. A
5. 8
2. 8
6.
4.
9.
B. WATER SUPPLY
1. 8
5. 8
2. D
6.
10. D
14. 8
3. A
7. D
11. 8
15.
8. A
12. A
16. D
4.
c.
9.
7. D
6. 8
8. A
9. D
13. A
2. D
6. A
10. A
14. 8
3. 8
7 8
11.
15. D
4. A
8. D
12. 8
1. A
3.
2. D
4. 8
5.
5.
16.
10. D
2. D
5.
c
c
8. A
11. A
3. 8
6. 8
9. 8
12.
7. D
10.
1. A
4.
F. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
2. A
5.
c
c
8. 8
3. D
6. A
9. A
1. 8
4.
459
AREA "B"
UTILITIES
PART Ill
2. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
A. HEAT, MOISTURE, HUMAN COMFORT
1. A
5. D
9. A
6. A
10. D
14. A
3. B
7. B
11. B
15. D
4. D
8.
2.
12.
13.
16.
9. D
13
6. B
10. B
14
3. D
7. A
11.
4. A
8. D
12. A
1. B
2.
c.
5.
15. A
16.
AIR CONDITIONING
1. B
2.
5.
9.
13. B
6. A
10. D
14.
3. D
7.
11. B
15. A
4. A
8. D
12. A
1q
9. B
6. B
10. D
3. D
7. D
11.
4. B
8. A
12. A
1. A
2.
5.
13. D
14.
10.
E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1.
2. A
7.
4. D
7. B
8. A
6. D
9. D
5.
460
AREA "B"
UTILITIES
PART Ill
10.
1. A
4. 8
7.
2. D
5. A
8. D
11. D
6. 8
9. 8
12. A
3.
4. A
7. C
10. B
2. 8
5. 8
8. 0
11.
3. D
6. D
9. A
12. A
9. D
13. A
14. 8
5. 8
6. A
10.
3. D
7. D
11. A
15.
8.
12
16
2.
D. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. A
3. C
5. 8
7. A
2. B
4. D
6. C
8. B
461
AREA "B"
UTILITIES
PART Ill
1. A
4. B
7. D
10.
2. D
5.
8. A
11. A
6. B
9. B
12. D
3,
9. A
2. A
6. D
10. B
14. D
3. D
7.
11. A
15. B
8. B
12. B
16.
4.
c.
1. B
13.
3. A
5. A
7. D
2. B
4. D
6. B
8.
1.
9.
13. B
1. A
5.
2. D
6. B
10. D
14.
7. D
11. A
15. D
4. B
8. A
12. B
16. A
3.
E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1 A
4. D
7.
2. 8
5. B
8. 8
9. D
6.
462
AREA "B"
UTILITIES
PART Ill
5. DISASTER PREVENTION/FIRE/SECURITY
A. BUILDING PROTECTION
1. A
4.
2. B
5. A
3. D
6.
7. B
D
9 B
10. D
11. A
12.
13.
5.
9. B
2. A
6. B
10. D
14. B
7. A
11.
15. D
4. B
8. D
12. A
16. A
3.
c.
4. A
7. D
10. B
5. B
8.
11. A
3. B
6. A
9.
c
c
12. D
9.
13. B
10. 8
14. D
2.
5. B
2. D
6. A
3.
4. A
7.
11
12. A
8. D
4.
7. A
10
2. 8
5. D
8. 8
11. A
3. D
6.
9.
12. D
F. FIRE PREVENTION
1. A
3.
5. D
7. B
2. D
4. B
6. A
8.
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. D
463
7. B
8. A
AREA "B"
PART Ill
UTILITIES
6. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A. SIGNAL SYSTEMS
1. A
2. D
3. 8
4.
B. TELELINGO
1. 8
2.
3. D
9. 8
10. D
11.
5. A
6.
13. D
14.
7. B
B. 0
12. A
16. 8
4. A
5.
6. 8
7. A
8. D
9.
10. D
11. A
12. 8
15. A
AREA "C"
PART I
1. D
2. A
3.
4. D
5. 8
6. D
7.
10. 8
8. A
9. D
= 7,990
square M.
then, take 75 percent of the remainder, which gives about 6,000 square Meter
on answer No. 3 (C)
These are a number of ways of arriving at the same answer for this question,
City 8 has a higher cost index so divide the lower into the highar:
1517 = 1.053
1440
Multiply this factor by the cost in City A, P1 ,500,000, to get 1 ,580,208. Then,
increase this by the 5 percent inflation factor:
1,580,208 X 1.05 = 1,659,218
or 1 ,659,000
464
rounded figure