rock Joints, Barton & Stephansson (eds) © 1990 Bakema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 6191 1095 Application of borehole image processing system to survey of tunnel S.Kamewada & H.S.Gi Raax Co. Lid, Japan S.Taniguchi & H.Yoneda Pacific Consultants Co. Ltd, Japan ABSTRACT: The BIP (Borehole Image Processing) system has been developed to make an oriented continuous records (360 degree projection) of a borehole wall and measure the dip and strike and aperture of joints, cracks. beddings and so on. In the survey of a deteriorated tunnel site. the borehole wall drilled from inside of the tunnel was observed and the aperture of cracks was measured. The relaxed zone of the rock mass was discriminated by the sharp rise of the accumulation curve for aperture. At a new tunneling site. the BIP system was used for repeatedly monitoring borehole walls pre-drilled into a cross section of the working tunnel in order to ensure safe construction work. We expect that the BIP system will be useful in surveying and assessing dam constructions. slope stability. etc. INTRODUCTION 1, OUTLINE OF THE BIP SYSTEM Excavation of a tunnel or an underground 1.1 The BIP systen opening in discontinuous rocks results in the release of in-situ stress, the formation of In surveying rock masses. with the intention stress-free surface and finally the relaxation of observing directly the rock mass structure of the rock mass. Accordingly, an appropriate inside a borehole, borehole cameras, borehole design and safe implementation of construction TV. fiberscopes and other devices have been gust be considered to cope with these effects. commonly used. Using this equipment. however. An assessment of the magnitude and extent of generally necessitates a lot of time and relaxation of the rock mass which accompanied expense to examine the rock mass structure construction works may be made through an employing comprehensive knowledge of the elasto-plastic analysis using the FEM. The borehole wall because many localized fact is. however, that no in-situ methods observations must be made. The BIP system have been available to quantify structual enables a real-time study of water discharge change in rock mass through direct observation. and a continuous 360 degree projection image The BIP (Borehole Image Processing) systen of borehole. Based on the above study a has been developed to assess the structural series of procedures including the change of rock mass as quickly and exactly measurements of the dip and strike of as possible on the site. Its functions are: discontinuities, crack openings and a (1) continuous image recording of the borehole 3-dimentional picture of the borehole interior wall and (2) analysis of measurements of the are conducted. Thus, the BIP system is orientation of discontinuities and the expected to be an improved method of erture of cracks on the basis of image geological survey. recordings. In the following are entioned the BIP system composition. functions and some 1.2 Composition and function of the BIP system examples of tunneling works in which the BIP stem succeeded in detecting relaxed zones The BIP system consists of the measuring and in the rock mass through image processing. analyzing system. Figure 1(a) shows the in- situ setup with a sonde descending into a borehole. a winch equipped with a depth indicator. an image processing and recording 51«ai Hanging type Image processing unt (b) Rod type Fig.1| Schematic diagram ofthe BIP system Table 1. Specifications of the BIP in-situ system. (as of September. 1988) Item Processed image Original image Color tone Color (RGB 6 bit each) Color (analogue) Resolution 0.5 w/a ( 066 w/a) 0.15 w/a ( ©66 w/a) Recording method Digital MT vie Recording velocity 0~ 54 m/h (max.72 w/b) Continuing stationary state~4 a/h Max. depth 300 m 25 ~ 180 w/m (varying depending on the transparency when in water) Table 2. The capacity of the BIP analytical system Display Color tone Color Resolution 0.5 w/a ( ©66 w/a) Access time 10 sec. and less Hard color copy 0.K. (video printer or 35 a/m film) Function of geological Measurement analysis software Dip and strike Aperture of cracks Statistical treatment Stereo-projection system, a sonde controller. double CRT isplays and others. Figure 1(b) is another type of in-situ setup, which has a sonde fixed to a rod for investigating boreholes drilled upwardly both vertically and diagonally. The analytical system is compos of a 52 personal computer as a main apparatus. a magnetic tape driver, a 70MB hard disk and a software developed specially for this system. The BIP in-situ system features the production of a 360 degree projection image by computerizing the oriented projection image of a borehole wall that is easily anned using a special mirror. Analogous image signals transmitted through a TV camera set in the sonde are. after conversion by A/D. registered in the frame memory, and then 360 degree projection images processed by the CPU are recorded in the MT and can be observed in the monitor screen through D/A conversion. Conversion to a 360 degree projection image is carried out through built-in software and processed images are seen on the monitor in real time. A block diagram of the analyzing system is shown in Figure 2. The 360 degree projection images recorded digitally on the site are reproduced on CRT to measure the dip angles, strike and aperture of discontinuities. The results obtained are recorded on a floppy disk and used for stereoanalysis and statistical treatment.1.3 Capacity of the BIP system The specifications of the current BIP system is shom in Tables 1 & 2. 1.4 Procedure of the BIP system Assessment of rock mass by the BIP system is roughly divided into two procedures as follows (Figure 2) 1) The in-situ borehole wall. (a) A probe is driven by a winch manually or electrically into a borehole which has been washed out with clean water. (b) The borehole wall image (360 degree) is digitally recorded synchronized with probe movement. (c) Before recording water or gas discharge. actual aoving images are recorded on VTR. (2) Assessment of rock mass structure. (a) In-situ image recordings are displayed on CRT and the dip angle and strike and aperture of discontinuities are measured. (b) From image recordings a 3-dimensional picture of a borehole wall is produced to make a stereoscopical study, (c) Based on the measurements, graphical presentations of discontinuities, stereonets and various results of statistical analysis are given. Images of every process can be produced in colored hard copies. Figure 3 shows some examples of image on CRT obtained by the above procedures. image recording of the 2. APPLICATION OF THE BIP SYSTEM TO TUNNEL SURVEY 2.1 Application to existing tunnels The BIP system was applied to evaluating the condition of rock mass around tunnel A in order to design the enlargement construction of the tunnel to solve the traffic problem caused by the single lane road (Figure 4). As the rock mass was composed of splitting schist. the anisotropy and the orientation of relaxation of the rock mass were the main concern (Figure 5). Application of the BIP system to the comparatively long upward boreholes in the ceiling rock of the tunnel and to the radially arranged shorter bereholes revealed the following which were incorporated in the construction design. (a) Schistosity develops tangentially toward the shoulder of the tunnel and the rock mass relaxation occurs in the same direction as seen in Figure 4. (b) According to the study =~ MINTR Weasurement dip & strike ae ri | |___x color hard copy (see Fig3 fa) ) .~ color hard copy (see Fig3 (0) ) i i Tage display ‘oncat bolt | Fig.2 Procedure of geological analysis through BIPsystem (@) 360° projected image on CRT (with measuring the dip & strike) {b) 3-dimensional image on CRT (outside view) Fig.3 Examples of image on CRT 53Fig Frequency ofthe run of siscontinuty (Lower hemisphere of Wuls net) Fig Analysis of reed zones (tunnel A) of the curve of accumulated apertures* formulated by the relation between the size their distribution on the Linear in the ‘rom the back of whereas rising sharply in The conclusion was that the relaxed zone of rock mass caused by tunnel construction ranges from the back of the tunnel to a depth of 1.6 = (Figure 5). (c) As a result, the enlargement of the tunnel was executed using rockbolts applied in advance in the normal orientation of the 54 schistosity at portion. The recorded images of the long borehole wall are shorn in Figure 8. 23.0 m including an anchor * Curve of accumlated apertures The curve of accumulated developed to 8 quantitatively the rock relaxation and its area from the continuous image recording of the borehole wall as shown in Figure 6. For the jertures has beenformulation of this curve. firstly the aperture of open cracks on the borehole wall is measured and then the one at the far end of the borehole wall is measured to be used ‘a standard locus. Starting from the far end of borehole toward the near end. apertures of discontinuities are accumulated and plotted infigure indicating the relation between depth of borehole and accumulated apertures. In the case of discontinuous rock mass, its relaxation is indicated by a degree of inclination of the curve of accumulated apertures. For example. for the relaxed rock mass with many apertures the inclination is sharp and for the more or less intact rock mass it is gentle. On the other hand, a change in the number of discontinuities and the rate of apertures due to the release of in-situ stress or for some other reasons results in various inclinations of the curve. This plies the BIP system is effective to estimate the change of rock mass structure, in terms of relaxation in particular, The data on the borehole wall, however, is biased toward the orientation of the borehole with (Curve of accumulated Relaxed zone caused by more data coming from the cross section of the borehole and less data from parallel areas depending on the relationship of the discontinuity to the borehole. In other words. the data can be selective in a given direction and it is useful enough if the borehole is in parallel with an anticipated orientation of displacement, or at a right angle to the inside wall in case of a tunnel. Many experiments of image recordings of the rock mass structure by the BIP system and formulation of the curve of accuaulated apertures showed that when the relaxation of rock mass had occurred during excavation such as tunneling. accumulation of apertures vas linear in a deep area and rose sharply in the area close to the rock wall of the excavated surface. This latter area may represent a relaxed zone resulting from excavation of rock mass. 2.2 Application of the BIP system to a newly planned tunnel construction Anew tunnel 8 with a two-lane road was under Vertical pre-boring Intact rocks the cutting Fig.7 Cross section with analysis of relaxed zone (tunnel B ) 55construction through slate formation and another lane was planned at its exit area for cars turning right at the nearby crossroads (Figure 7). The enlargement area was situated so close to the existing road and its overburden was expected to be so thin that an exact study of how deep the excavation might affect the rock mass was required. As seen in Figure 7. an observation profile spot was prepared in the enlargement area and horizontal and vertical borings were made through the tunnel cross section for the BIP system procedure. Using these boreholes. the change in the rock mass structure was surveyed: (1) before excavation. (2) when a heading of tunnel was approaching and (3) after excavation, ‘The results are as follows. 1) The rock mass of the tunnel formation was fairly intact with only one crack or two, all being closed. 2) Throughout the whole process of excavation. no remarkable change in aperture of discontinuities and its new cracks were recognized both in the horizontal and vertical boreholes. 3) Fractures originally present in some part of the rock mass behind the retaining wall of the slope adjacent to the existing road were underwent no changes throughout the ‘excavation, According to visual observation of this tunnel through the BIP systea, no structural change was found in the surrounding rock mass even after the heading of tunnel was passed over. This must have resulted from the fact that the rock mass was originally relatively intact and the NATM in tunneling minimized the relaxation. Accordingly. the BIP system may contribute toward confirming the safety of construction work by foreseeing whether changes in the rock mass structure will take place or not. 3. FUTURE SURVEY BY THE BIP SYSTEM 3.1 Application to a survey of tunnel Beside the two cases mentioned above, a preparatory application of the system which is done before starting the main tunneling work will be promising. This includes making boreholes in advance along the planned route of a tunnel starting from the entrance or the tunnel face and conducting an investigation of borehole walls using the BIP system. From the investigation, an ideal excavation aethod and ‘an appropriate tunnel type can be chosen. In excavating a large scale underground 56 opening. boreholes are extended in advance from the pilot tunnel toward the planned excavating surface and the borehole walls are observed at several intervals in some stages of construction work to try to monitor the changes of rock mass structure. 3.2 Application to a general survey of rock In the geological investigation of a dansite. the study of foundation rock mass was already made through the BIP system. The BIP system can gain accurate data about the orientation of discontinuities. crack openings, the extent of hollow areas, ete.. which otherwise is difficult to obtain. It can also assess the effect of grouting in foundation rock by directly confirming traces of grouting in the rock mass ‘The BIP system was applied to the assessment of slope stability. The orientation of discontinuities which aight develop into sliding surfaces was measured in boreholes set in the area of wedge slide. Based on the model obtained using the above measurements, the wedge block was estimated to analyze safety. In addition. in the area of landslide in general. the BIP system may be applicable to specifications of the internal structure of the landslide mass and the site of water discharge. The BIP system can also be used to detect the deterioration and/or fractures in concrete dams as well as to search for hollow space in roadbeds and concrete buildings. 4. CONCLUSION ‘The newly developed BIP systes was used to survey the rock mass behind the lining concrete of the existing tunnel. The curve of accumulated apertures was formulated on the basis of the following measurements: distribution of discontinuities and the size of its aparture. From the inclination of the slope of the curve, a relaxed zone was clearly speci fied. In the past. the extent of the relaxed zone of the rock mass around a tunnel was aeasured indirectly by elastic wave exploration or estimated through numerical analysis. It became clear that the BIP system is useful to make an appropriate selection of construction method and a more exact sssessment of the results of construction by direct observation of the rock mass. The wall of boreholes prepared in the rock3.0 image ' Plate.1 (inside or outside view) w G (a) 360° projected image (0) 3-dimensional image (outside view ) Fig.8. The recorded images of the borehole wall in the survey on tunnel A (inside of the Long borehole in Fig.4 ) 87mass in advance can be monitored prior to and in the stages of construction. This may contribute to safe construction work by clarifying the effects of excavation on the rock mass or the existing buildings. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Authors are greatly indebted to Prof. Dr. T. Kawamoto, Nagoya University. for his guidance in developing the BIP system from its initial stage and in conducting in-situ measurenents as well as for his advice on rock engineering. They are also grateful to Dr. Y. Ichikawa, Nagoya University, for his suggestion on ge processing. Drs. T. Kyoya and 0. Aydan gave valuable comments on drafts of the nuscript. Dr. Y. Togashi generously acted as an intermediary in many respects. REFERENCE Kamewada, S., T. Endo, & H. Kokubu (1989): The device and features of BIP system. Proc. 21st Sym.on Rock Mechanics. Committee on Rock Mechanics J.S.C.E. p. 196-200. Taniguchi. S.. S. Kamewada, H. Yoneda & H. Kokubu. (1989): Development of inspection method for diagnosing aging tunnels. Proc. 21st Sym.on Rock Mechanics. Committee on Rock Mechanics. J.S.C.E. p. 191-195, 58