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Annotated Bibliography

Kyle Gunderson

Bonilla, Denise M. School Violence. New York: H.W. Wilson, 2000. Print
A compilation of articles discussing violence in schools. It is broken down into
four sections about causes of school violence, aftermath, violence in higher
education,

and media coverage. Media coverage focused on the ethics of interviewing

students and

family members only a few days after the shootings. The medias impact

on the

community and creating a sense of panic or unity. Also they talk about

how the media can

shape the communities view on the offender and how by revealing the

name it gives the

shooter the fame he is looking for.

Fallahi, Carolyn R., and Sally A. Lesik. "The Effects Of Vicarious Exposure To The Recent
Massacre At Virginia Tech." Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, And
Policy 1.3 (2009): 220-230. PsycARTICLES. Web. 21 Apr. 2016.
This study was a self reported study 3 weeks following the Virginia Tech
Massacre. The study involved 312 psychology students who were asked to rate
their

feelings of stress and depression. They make a correlational relationship between

the

amount of TV coverage watched of the Virginia Tech Massacre and Stress levels.

They

found that stress levels increase the more hours you watch. They also found that

people

who watched 40 hours of coverage were 1.5-3 times more likely to experience

suicidal
likely then men to

thoughts then people who watched 10 hours. Also females were more
self report feelings of fear.

Annotated Bibliography

Kyle Gunderson

Hawdon, James, Atte Oksanen, and Pekka Rsnen. Media Coverage and Solidarity after
Tragedies: The Reporting of School Shootings in Two Nations. Leiden: Brill,
2012. 845-74. EbscoHost. Web. 31 Mar. 2016.
The examination of 491 articles from both America and Finland following mass
shootings. They look at the head lines for target framing, seeing how the media
is

portraying both the victims and the offenders. They found that American

journalists are

more likely write about the victims and use local informants for their

interviews then

Finnish journalists. The Finnish journalists tended not to name the

victims but instead

referred to them as a death count because they wanted to avoid the

emotional response.

American news tended not to state the name of the shooter, while

Finnish news did. The

last thing they found was how the news in both countries

framed the community as one.

These tragedies brought the community together

and the community seen as an object.

Hoffner, Cynthia A., et al. "Perceived Media Influence, Mental Illness, And Responses To News
Coverage Of A Mass Shooting." Psychology Of Popular Media Culture (2015):
PsycARTICLES. Web. 21 Apr. 2016.
She identifies how news coverage of mental illnesses involved in shootings
creates a stigma for people with mental illnesses. She surveyed 198 adults 1
month after

the Virginia Tech. shooting to see how people perceive mental illnesses

after the shooter

was identified having a mental illness. She found that a persons

previous experiences

with mental illness influences someones perception for others with

Annotated Bibliography
mental illness. She

Kyle Gunderson

lastly found a correlation between experience with mental illness

and levels of fear.

Kristensen, Pl, et al. "Media Exposure And Prolonged Grief: A Study Of Bereaved Parents And
Siblings After The 2011 Utya Island Terror Attack."Psychological Trauma: Theory,
Research, Practice, And Policy (2016): PsycARTICLES. Web. 21 Apr. 2016.
They studied the prolonged grief of parents and siblings caused by media
coverage after losing a family member in a tragedy. They identified a correlation
between

high levels of media exposure and high levels of prolonged grief. She found that

the

media had served as a constant reminder of the tragedy and families had to relive

the loss.

She also found that the constant reminder prevented these families from moving

onto the

next level of the grieving process.

Nurmi, Johanna. "Making Sense Of School Shootings: Comparing Local Narratives Of


Solidarity And Conflict In Finland." Traumatology 18.3 (2012): 16-28.
PsycARTICLES.

Web. 21 Apr. 2016.(24)

She examines the dynamics of solidarity and conflict after incidents of mass
violence in Finland. If the community is shaped by the media as the victim,
solidarity is

encouraged and people come together to mourn. If the community is seen

by the media as

the site of mass violence, expressions of solidarity seemed unnecessary. In

Jokela, since

the gunman was a member of the community, they were aloud to mourn

and solidarity

was promoted. But in Kauhajoki, because the gunman wasnt from that

community, the

community wasnt aloud to mourn. They thought that the

Annotated Bibliography
community wasnt wounded by

Kyle Gunderson

the tragedy because they saw it as a location not a

victim.

Orcutt, Holly K., Lynsey R. Miron, and Antonia V. Seligowski. "Impact Of Mass Shootings On
Individual Adjustment." PTSD Research Quarterly 9.3 (2014): 1-9. Academic
Search

Complete. Web. 21 Apr. 2016.


They did most of their research on women before and after the shootings for their
findings. They found a few factors that would influence the severity of PTSD symptoms.
They found that the the closer you are to the shooting the higher your level of PTSD.
They found that the amount of media exposure you have influences the extent of

your

PTSD symptoms. Also, women are more likely to report symptoms of PTSD then

their

male counterparts. As a coping mechanism most people blame fate as the main

cause of

the shooting.

Paccione-Dyszlewski, Margaret. "Trauma, Children, And The Media: What Is Ethical


Coverage?." Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter 29.3 (2013):
8.

Academic Search Complete. Web. 21 Apr. 2016.


She talks about how children exposed to trauma like mass shootings are likely to
repress their emotions for months and express it through behaviors later on. There

are

rules against interviewing children without their parents, but no clear rules

regarding

photographing children after shootings. Parents dont realize that when

they allow their

children to be interviewed by media companies that the child could

still have trauma.

Media doesnt realize take enough precaution before interviewing

children on these types

of traumatic experiences.

Annotated Bibliography

Kyle Gunderson

Brown, Andrew. "Letting The Sun Shine on Columbine." Academic Search Complete [EBSCO].
N.p., 4 May 2004. Web. 1 May 2016.
Ortiz, Erik. "San Bernardino Shooting: Timeline of How the Rampage Unfolded." NBC News.

N.p., 3

Dec. 2015. Web. 01 May 2016. <http://www.nbcnews.com/>.

"Timeline for San Bernardino Mass Shooting." CNNMoney. Cable News Network, 3 Dec. 2015. Web. 01
May 2016. <http://money.cnn.com/video/news/2015/12/03/san-bernardino-shootingtimeline.cnnmoney/index.html>.

Stein, M.L. "Local Paper Feels Like Outsider." Editor & Publisher 130.27 (1997): 9. Academic Search
Complete. Web. 6 May 2016.

Problem > Contxt(news story, debate, etc.)


Overview if any
Thesis

Nagourney, Adam, Ian Lovett, and Richard Prez-pea. "San Bernardino Shooting Kills at Least
14; Two Suspects Are Dead." The New York Times. The New York Times, 02 Dec. 2015.
Web. 08 May 2016. <http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/03/us/san-bernardinoshooting.html>.

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