Examples in Thermodynamics Problems

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Examples in Thermodynamics Problems

by W. R. Crawford1
Created by
Kranthi Naik
B.Tech
Civil Engineering
IIT Bombay
College Teacher
Shimpi
Cross-Checked by
Chaitanya
September 16, 2014
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Examples in Thermodynamics Problems
Author: W. R. Crawford
Publisher: Sir Isaac Pitman, London
Edition: 3
Year: 1937
ISBN: 978-0471862567
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 Heating and expansion of gases entropy
2 Air cycle efficiencies
15
3 Properties of steam
17
4 The steam engine
24
5 Air compressors and motors refrigeration
32
6 flow through nozzles steam turbines
40
7 Combustion boiler trials
52
8 Internal combustion engines Variable specific heats
60
9 Valve Dlagrams and value gears
68
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.9
1.11
1.13
1.20
1.22
1.23
1.26
2.2
2.4
2.5
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.10
3.12
3.17
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.10
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Example 8
Example 9
Example 10
Example 11
Example 12
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Example 8
Example 9
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
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7
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
15
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
24
24
25
26
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.14
4.16
4.17
4.19
4.21
4.23
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.6
5.9
5.12
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.18
6.1
6.2
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.8
6.10
6.11
6.13
6.15
6.16
6.18
6.19
6.23
6.25
16.28
7.1
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.7
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Example 8
Example 9
Example 10
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Example 8
Example 9
Example 10
Example 11
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Example 8
Example 9
Example 10
Example 11
example 12
Example 13
Example 14
Example 15
Example 16
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
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27
28
29
29
30
30
32
33
33
34
35
35
36
36
37
38
39
40
41
41
42
42
43
44
45
46
46
47
48
48
49
50
50
52
53
53
54
55
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
7.9
7.11
7.13
7.15
7.16
7.17
8.1
8.3
8.6
8.8
8.10
8.12
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
9.5
5.7
9.10
9.12
9.17
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
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55
56
56
57
58
59
60
61
61
62
63
64
65
65
66
66
68
68
69
69
70
Chapter 1
Heating and expansion of gases
entropy
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Example 1

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// i n i t i a l i s a t i o n o f v a r i a b l e s
p1 =280 // l b / i n 2
v =2 // f t 3
p2 =20 // l b / i n 2
v2 =18.03 // f t 3
//CALCULATIONS
W =144*( p1 *v - p2 * v2 ) /(1.2 -1) // f t / l b
//RESULTS
printf ( The volume and work done d u r i n g t h e
e x p a n s i o n=% f f t / l b ,W )

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2 // i n i t i a l i s a t i o n
of variables
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v =2 // f t 3
v2 =20 // f t 3
p =100000 // f t l b
v2 =10.41 // l b / i n 2
v3 =10 // l b / i n 2
p1 =1.3 // l b
p2 =( v2 *199.5) /9.95 // l b / i n 2
//CALCULATIONS
P =( p2 / v3 - v2 ) // l b / i n 2
//RESULTS
printf ( The i n i t i a l a n d f i n a l p r e s s u r e=% f l b / i n 2 ,P
)

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Cp =0.24 // l b / i n 2
Cv =0.18 // f t 3
p1 =5 // l b / i n 2
T1 =20 // D e g r e e C
T2 =150 // D e g r e e C
//CALCULATIONS
W = p1 * Cp *( T2 - T1 ) //C . H . U
H = p1 * Cv *( T2 - T1 ) //C . H . U
Gamma = Cp / Cv // l b / i n 2
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e=% f C . H . U ,W )
printf ( t h e c o n s t a n t volume t h e v a l u e o f g a s=% f l b /
i n 2 , Gamma )

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Gama =1.33 // f t / l b
p =100 // l b / i n 2
p1 =20 // l b / i n 2
v2 =10.05 // f t 3
v =3 // f t / l b
//CALCULATIONS
W =144*( p *v - p1 * v2 ) /0.33 // f t l b
//RESULTS
printf ( The work done=% f f t l b ,W )

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p =3.74 // f t / l b
p1 =2.48 // f t / l b
v =5.7 // f t l b
Cv =0.21 // f t / l b
P =440 // l b / i n 2
P1 =160 // l b / i n 2
P2 =14 // l b / i n 2
T =25 // d e g r e e C
T1 =100 //F
vs =( %pi *( p1 ) ^2/4) *( p /1728) // f t 3
vc =5.7 // f t 3
v1 =4.7 // f t 3
v2 = vs / v1 // f t 3
v3 =0.01273 // f t 3
T2 =298 //F
//CALCULATIONS
W =( P2 *144* v3 ) /( T2 * T1 ) // l b
T3 =[( P1 *144*1) /( P2 *144*7) * T2 ] // D e g r e e C
T4 =( P / P1 ) * T3 // D e g r e e C
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22 H = W * Cv *( T4 - T3 ) //C . H . U
23 //RESULTS
24 printf ( The h e a t s u p p l i e d d u r i n g e x p l o s i o n=% f C . H . U
,H )

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v =10 // f t 3
p =100 // l b / i n 2
p1 =18 // l b / i n 2
v1 =50 // f t 3
n = log ( p / p1 ) / log (5)
gama =1.4 // a i r
//CALCULATIONS
W =[144*( p *v - p1 * v1 ) ]/( n -1) // f t l b
H =( gama - n ) /( gama -1) * W // f t l b
E =W - H // f t l b
//RESULTS
printf ( The h e a t s u p p l i e d and t h e c h a n g e o f i n t e r n a l
e n e r g y=% f f t l b ,E )

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v =2 // f t 3
p =1100 // l b / i n 2
t1 =44 // D e g r e e C
t2 =15 // D e g r e e C
p1 =300 // l b / i n 2
t3 =3 // D e g r e e c
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Cv =0.17 // f t / l b
T =273 //F
R =96 // f t l b
p3 =300 // l b / i n 2
n =1.12 // l b
gama =1.404 // l b
W =[(144* p * v ) /( T + t1 ) ]/ R // l b
//CALCULATIONS
Wc = W * Cv *( t1 - t2 ) //C . H . U
p2 = p *( T + t2 ) /( T + t1 ) // l b / i n 2
A =(144* p3 * v ) /( R *276) // l b
W1 =( A / W ) * v // f t 3
H =[( gama - n ) /( gama -1) ]*[144*( p *0.65 - p1 * v ) /( n -1) ] // f t
lb
H1 = H /1400 //C . H . u
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e h e a t was l o s t by a l l t h e a i r i n t h e
v e s s e l b e f o r e l e a k a g e began=% f C . H . U , Wc )
printf ( t h e h e a t was l o s t o r g a i n n e d l e a k a g e by t h e
a i r =% f C . H . U , H1 )

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h =0.218 // f t 3
h1 =0.156 // f t 3
n =0.249 // l b
h2 =0.178 // l b
c =0.208 // l b
c1 =0.162 // l b
w1 =1 // f t 3
p =150 // l b / i n 2
T =100 // D e g r e e C
T1 =373 //F
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Cp =( h *0.2312) +( n *0.3237) +( c *0.4451) //C . H . U/ l b

Cv =( h1 *0.2312) +( h2 *0.3237) +( c1 *0.4451) //C . H . U// l b
R =1400*( Cp - Cv ) // f t l b u n i t s
//CALCULATIONS
W =(144* p * w1 ) /( R * T1 ) // l b
//RESULTS
printf ( The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o n s t a n t o f t h e g a s=% f
l b ,W )

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T =200 // D e g r e e C
p =150 // l b / i n 2
v =12 // f t 3
R =96 // Lb
T1 =473 //F
T2 =273 //F
j =1400 // l b
Cv =0.169 // l b / i n 2
v1 =( R * T1 ) /( p *144) // f t 3
//CALCULATIONS
Fhi =( R / j ) * log ( v / v1 ) + Cv * log ( T2 / T1 ) // r a n k
//RESULTS
printf ( The c h a n g e o f e n t r o p y=% f r a n k , Fhi )

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3 v =10 // f t 3
4 T =20 // D e g r e e C
of variables
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p =15 // l b i n 2
p1 =200 // l b // i n 2
gama =1.41 // l b
Cv =0.169 // l b
v2 =1.153 // f t 3
j =1400 // l b
T1 =293 //F
T2 =451 //F
T1 =[( p1 * v2 ) /( p * v ) ]* T1 // D e g r e e C
//CALCULATIONS
R = Cv * j *( gama -1)
W =0.816 // l b
Fhi = Cv *[( gama -1.2) /(1.2 -1) ]* log ( T1 / T2 ) * W // r n a k
//RESULTS
printf ( The c h a n g e o f e n t r o p y=% f r a n k , Fhi )

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p =1 // l b
T =200 // D e g r e e C
p1 =15 // l b / i n 2
v1 =4 // f t 3
gama =1.41 // l b
Cv =0.169 // l b
J =1400 // l b
n =1.2
T =473 //F
v2 =16.1 // f t 3
T1 =473 //F
//CALCULATIONS
T2 =( p1 * v2 ) /( p * v1 ) * T1 // D e g r e e C
R = Cv * J *( gama - p ) // l b / i n 2
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18 Fhi =0.1772* log (1.317) // r a n k

19 //RESULTS
20 printf ( t h e c h a n g e o f e n t r o p y from
intial conditions
=% f r a n k , Fhi )

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w =0.066 // f t 3
p =14.7 // l b / i n 2
w1 =14.2 // l b / i n 2
w2 =2780 // l b / i n 2
g =0.038 // l b
a =28.9 // l b
R = w2 / w1 // f o r g a s
R1 =93 // f o r a i r
T =273 //F
V =0.4245 // f t 3
//CALCULATIONS\
W =( p *144* w ) /( T * R ) // l b
m =( g - W ) // l b g a s
T2 =( V + w ) // f t 3
//RESULTS
printf ( The volume o f m i x t u r e=% f f t 3 , T2 )
14
Chapter 2
Air cycle efficiencies

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T1 =(100+273) // D e g r e e C
T2 =(300+273) // d e g r e e C
T =(1 - T1 / T2 ) *100 //F
lam =0.41 // i n
//CALCULATIONS
R = log ( T2 ) - log ( T1 ) // l b / i n 2
r =2.849 // r a t i o o f c o m p r e s s i o n
//RESULTS
printf ( The i d e a l e f f i c i e n c y and t h e c o m p r e s s i o n
r a t i o =% f r a t i o o f c o m p r e s s i o n ,r )

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of variables
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r =0.60 // i n
v =3 // i n
p =15.4 // l b
r =5 // i n
P =2000 // r p m
V =19000 //B . Th . U Per l b
lam =1.41 // l b
n =0.4831 // p e r c e n t
P =15.4/4 // l b
H = P * V //B . Th . U
l =4.5 // l b
A =9 // l b
S =1000 // l b
//CALCULATIONS
R =0.60* n *100 // p e r c e n t
C = H * R //B . Th . U
I =( C *778) /(60*33000) // l b
P1 =( I *12*4*33) /( l * A * %pi ) // l b / i n 2
//RESULTS
printf ( The mean e f f i c i t y p r e s s u r e=% f l b / i n 2 , P1 )

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v =15 // i n
S =(5*14/100) // l n
lam =1.4 // i n
v1 =1.7 // i n
//CALCULATIONS
N =(1 -0.38) *100 // p e r c e n t
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e i d e a l e f f i e c n c y f o r an e n g i n e =% f
p e r c e n t ,N )
16
Chapter 3
Properties of steam

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p =100 // l b / i n 2
x =0.8 // l b
t1 =164 // d e g r e e C
t2 =4.45 // f t 3
p1 =0.016 // f t 3
h1 =493.4 //C . H . U/ l b
h2 =165.9 //C . H . U/ l b
S = h2 + h1 //C . H . U/ l b
w =(144* p ) /1400*( t2 - p1 ) //C . H . U/ l b
H = h2 +( x * h1 ) //C . H . U// l b
w1 =( x *144* p ) /1400*( t2 - p1 ) //C . H . U
//CALCULATIONS
E =S - w //C . H . U/ l b
IE =H - w1 //C . H . U/ l b
//RESULTS
printf ( The steam i s t o t a l h e a t d r y and s a t u r e d=% f
C . H . U/ l b ,E )
19 printf ( T o t a l h e a t o f wet steam=% f C . H . U/ l b , IE )
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t1 =35 // d e g r e e C
p =100 // l b / i n 2
L =435 //C . H . U
L2 =539.3 //C . H . U
h1 =165.9 //H . C . U/ l b
h2 =493.4 //C . H . U/ l b
S =( h1 - t1 ) //C . H . U
h3 =304.1 //C . H . U
h4 =335 //C . H . U/ l b
//CALCULATIONS
X1 = h3 / h2 //C . H . U/ l b
X2 = h4 / L2 //C . H . U/ l b
//RESULTS
printf ( The h e a t g i v i n g t o t h e w a t e r and steam i s =%
f C . H . U/ l b , X2 )

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p =35 // l b / i n 2
w =1425 // l b
q =1474 // l b
s1 =126.7 //C . H . U/ l b
s2 =28 //C . H . U/ l b
t1 =5 // d e g r e e C
t2 =28 // d e g r e e C
L1 =521.4 //C . H . U/ l b
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w1 =245 // l b
w2 =0.2 // l b
//CALCULATIONS
W =( s1 - s2 ) + L1 //C . H . U/ l b
H = q *( t2 - t1 ) //C . H . U/ l b
T = H / W // l b
//RESULTS
printf ( The t o t a l e q u i v a l e n t=% f l b ,T )

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p =100 // l b / i n 2
w =2400 // l b
t1 =15 // d e g r e e C
s1 =165.9 //C . H . U/ l b
x =0.9 // l b
L2 =493.4 //C . H . U/ l b
t2 =65 // d e g r e e
x4 =0.8 // l b
s3 =64.8 //C . H . U/ l b
w1 =2000 // l b
w2 =2400 // l b
b1 =12400 // l b
b2 =22000 // l b
p1 =4400 // l b
n =421.65 // l b
h1 = w2 *[ s1 +( x * L2 ) ] //C . H . U/ h r
h2 = w1 *[ s1 +( x4 + L2 ) ] //C . H . U/ h r
//CALCULATIONS
T = w *[( s1 - t1 ) +( x * L2 ) ] //C . H . U/ h r
T1 = w1 *[( s1 - s3 ) +( x4 * L2 ) ] //C . H . U/ h r
H = T + T1 //C . H . U/ h r
X = n / L2 //C . H . U/ l b
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//RESULTS
printf ( The t h e r m a l c a p a c i t y o f t h e p i p e=% f C . H . U/
h r ,X )

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w1 =4.5 // l b
s1 =45.5 // l b
p1 =165 // l b / i n 2
T =140 // D e g r e e C
h1 =30 // i n
h2 =4 // i n
p2 =0.49 // l n / i n 2
T1 =( w1 + s1 ) // l b
T2 =103.5 // D e g r e e C
T3 =140 // D e g r e e
h3 =0.48 // i n
x =0.988 // b e r f o r e t h r o t t l i n g
T =[103.12+537.1+ h3 *( T3 - T2 ) ] //C . H . U/ l b
x1 =0.012 // l b o f w a t e r
X = s1 * x1 // l b w a t e r
w =50 // l b o f steam
//CALCULATIONS
P = h2 + h1 // i n o f m e r c u r y
P1 = s1 * x1 // l b / i n 2
T4 = w1 + P1 // l b
D =( w - T4 ) / w // l b
//RESULTS
printf ( The d r y n e s s o f steam w i t h a combined=% f l b
,D )
20

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w =40 // l b
w1 =380 // l b
t1 =80 // D e g r e e
p =85 // l b / i n 2
p1 =15 // l b / i n 2
W = w + w1 // l b / h r
P = p + p1 // l b / i n 2
T =659.3 //C . H . U/ l b
d =10 // h . p
//CALCULATIONS
H = W *T - w1 * t1 //C . H . U/ h r
H1 =( d *33000*60) /1400 //C . H . U/ h r
T1 = H1 / H *100 // p e r c e n t
D = w1 /( w1 + w ) //C . H . U/ h r
H2 =[ W *(99.6+ D *539.3) - w1 * t1 ] //C . H . U/ h r
T2 =H - H2 //C . H . U/ h r
H3 = T2 - H1 //C . H . U/ h r
E =(1400* H3 ) /(60*33000) // h . p
//RESULTS
printf ( The amount o f r a d i a t i o n s from t h e e n g i n e =%
f h . p ,E )

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w =40 // l b
w1 =380 // l b
t1 =80 // D e g r e e
p =85 // l b / i n 2
p1 =15 // l b / i n 2
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W = w + w1 // l b / h r
P = p + p1 // l b / i n 2
T =659.3 //C . H . U/ l b
d =10 // h . p
//CALCULATIONS
H = W *T - w1 * t1 //C . H . U/ h r
H1 =( d *33000*60) /1400 //C . H . U/ h r
T1 = H1 / H *100 // p e r c e n t
D = w1 /( w1 + w ) //C . H . U/ h r
H2 =[ W *(99.6+ D *539.3) - w1 * t1 ] //C . H . U/ h r
T2 =H - H2 //C . H . U/ h r
H3 = T2 - H1 //C . H . U/ h r
E =(1400* H3 ) /(60*33000) // h . p
//RESULTS
printf ( The amount o f r a d i a t i o n s from t h e e n g i n e =%
f h . p ,E )

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p =120 // l b / i n 2
ts =264 // d e g r e e C
T1 =(273+130.6) //F
v =0.0171 // f t 3/ l b
L1 =518.4 // l b
T2 =(273+171.9) //F
L2 =487.4 // l b
Cp =0.48 // l b
L =0.0894/ Cp // l b
Ts = T2 *1.205 // d e g r e e
ta =536 -273 // D e g r e e C
T =649.9 //C . H . U
S =131.2 //C . H . U
w =(144*40) /1400*(10.49 - v ) //C . H . U
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C =T - S //C . H . U
I =C - w //C . H . U
E =(704.7 -57.8) //C . H . U
E1 =E -606.5 //C . H . U
//CALCULATIONS
E1 =E -606.5 //C . H . U
H =(704.7 - T ) //C . H . U
//RESULTS
printf ( Heat and i n t e r n a l e n e r g y a f t e r e a c h
o p e r a t i o n=% f C . H . U ,H )

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A =28.1 // i n Hg vacuum
a =0.93 // l b / i n 2
T =33 // D e g r e e
p =0.729 // l b / i n 2
P = - p + a // l b / i n 2
p1 =120000 // l b
p2 =28.1 // i n
a1 =0.9 // l n
p3 =1000 // l b
t =15 // d e g r e e C
A1 =[ a1 *( p1 /(60* p3 ) ) ] // l b /mim
v =( A1 *96*306) /(144* P ) // f t 3 o f a i r p e r min
V =37.3+ a1 *610 //C . H . U/ l b
//CALCULATIONS
H =( V - T ) //C . H . U
W =( H / t ) *( p1 /60) // g a l / min
//RESULTS
printf ( The w a t e r p e r m i n u t e i n c u b i c f e e t p e r
m i n u t e p a s s i n g t o a i r e x t r a c t o r=% f g a l / min ,W )
23
Chapter 4
The steam engine

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p =90 // l b / i n 2
x1 =0.9 // l b
p1 =10 // l b / i n 2
x2 =0.81 // l b
s1 =161.5 // l b . i n 2
s2 =89.1 // l b . i n 2
L1 =496.8 // l b . i n 2
L2 =545.5 // l b . i n 2
//CALCULATIONS
bc =( s1 - s2 ) +( x1 * L1 ) //C . H . U/ l b
da = x2 * L2 //C . H . U/ l b
W = bc - da //C . H . U/ l b
R = W / bc *100 // p e r c e n t
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e work done p e r =% f p e r c e n t ,R )

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h =1600 // i . h . p
h1 =20000 // l b
h2 =230 // l b / i n 2
T1 =293.3 // D e g r e e C
x =25.91 // i n
v =30 // i n
T2 =201 // D e g r e e C
T = T1 - T2 // d e g r e e C
x2 =0.845 // l b
L2 =566.51 // l b
s1 =724 // l b
h3 =1400 //C . H . U/ h r
x =33000 // f t 3
//CALCULATIONS
H =671.48 //C . H . U/ l b
ea = x2 * L2 //C . H . U/ l b
W =H - ea //C . H . U/ l b
R = W / H *100 // p e r c e n t
S = h2 * s1 //C . H . U
I =[( h * x *60) /( h3 * h1 * s1 ) ]*100 // p e r c e n t
R1 = I / R *100 // p e c e n t
//RESULTS
printf ( The i n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o =% f
p e r c e n t , R1 )

1
2
3
4
5
6
clc
h1 =180 // l b / i n 2
h2 =3 // l b / i n 2
r1 =60 // p e r c e n t
r2 =90 // p e r c e n t
25
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
p3 =100 // l b / i n 2
p4 =10 // l b / i n 2
v1 =4.4 // f t 3/ l b
v2 =2* v1 // f t 3
p =44 // l b / i n 2
x2 =0.95 // f t 3
s1 =165.9 // l b
s2 =89.1 // l b
L1 =493.4 // l b
H =( s1 - s2 ) + L1 //C . H . U/ l b
W =65.8 //C . H . U/ l b
//CALCULATIONS
R = W / H *100 // p e r c e n t
//RESULTS
printf ( The r a n k i n e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e=% f
p e r c e n t ,R )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
p =85 // l b / i n 2
h =210 // i . p .m
h1 =8 // i n
h2 =2.5 // i n
h3 =20 // i n
x =0.75 // i n
p1 =100 // l n / i n 2
x1 =33000 // i n
p2 =15 // l b / i n 2
v2 = %pi /4*( h1 /12) ^2*( h3 /12) // f t 3
A =144*[29.08*1.6931 -8.724] // f t / l b
d = x * A // f t / l b
v3 =0.5816 // f t 3
P = d /(144* v3 ) // l b / i n 2
26
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
P1 = %pi /4*64 // i n 2
r =25* %pi /16 // i n 2
//CALCULATIONS
H = P *( h3 /12) * P1 * h /( x1 )
I =( P *( h3 /12) *( P1 - r ) * h ) /( x1 ) // I . h . P
T = H + I // I . h . p
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e h . p d i a m e t e r o f t h e p i s t o n and p i s t o n
r o d =% f I . h . p ,T )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clc
a =1.025 // i n 2
h =18 // i n
h1 =24 // i n
x =8.2 // p e r c e n t
v =15 // i n
v2 =6.9 // f t 3
p =0.74 // l b / i n 2
p1 =50 // l b / i n 2
p2 =83 // l b / i n 2
P3 =48.0 // l b / i n
P1 =29.8 // l b / i n 2
P2 =14.6 // l b / i n 2
h2 =29.8 // i n
D =( %pi /4) *(3/2) ^2*2 // f t 3
v1 =23400 // f t . l b
W = a * v1 // f t . l b
V =0.082* D // f t 3
Q =1.530 // f t 3
//CALCULATIONS
I = V + Q // f t 3
P = P3 + P2 // l b / i n 2
27
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
V1 = p * v2 // f t 3
W1 = I / V1 // l b
S = p2 + P2 // / l / i n 2
H =659.06 //C . H . U/ l b
T = W /( H * W1 *1400) *100 // p e r c e n t
//RESULTS
printf ( The t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e=% f
p e r c e n t ,T )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
clc
v =4.6 // f t 3
h =5 // p e r c e n t
p =60 // l b / i n 2
p1 =0.8 // f t 3
p2 =19 // l b / i n 2
a =100 // r . p .m
h1 =5920 // l b
W = h1 /(2* a * p ) // l b
V =(0.25* v ) // f t 3
v1 =21.07 // f t 3
w = V / v1 // l b
H = W + w // l b
v2 = H *7.17 // f t 3
P = w * v2 // f t 3
P1 =0.675* v // f t 3
//CALCULATIONS
DP = P1 / v2 // f t 2
//RESULTS
printf ( The a s s u m p t i o n s do you make i n w o r k i n g o u t
t h e d r y n e s s o f t h e steam=% f f t 3 , DP )
28

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
h =0.08 // l b
p =60 // l b / i n 2
p1 =0.50 // l b / i n 2
v =0.5 // f t 3
v1 =7.17 // f t 3
V = h * v1 // f t 3
//CALCULATIONS
W = p1 / v1 // l b
I = v / v1 // l b
M =h - I // l b
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e d r y n e s s o f t h e steam a t t h i s p r e s s u r e
and m i s s i n g q u a n t i t y =% f l b ,M )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
p1 =120 // l b / i n 2
p2 =15 // l b / i n 2
//CALCULATIONS
v =1.65 // l b
D = sqrt ( v ) // l b
//RESULTS
printf ( The a b o v e p r e s s u r e a r e by g a u g e=% f l b ,D )
29

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
clc
p =150 // l b / i n 2
x =198 // r . p .m
x1 =33000 // l b
h =2700 // l b
h1 =1400 // l b
h2 =51600 // l b
r =165 //C . H . U/ l b
s =60 // l b
t =48 // D e g r e e C
t1 =11 // d e g r e e C
t2 =36 // D e g r e e C
P1 =(40*75* t2 * x ) /(12* x1 ) // l b
P2 =(38*70* t2 * x ) /(12* x1 ) // l b
L1 =( t1 *300* t2 * x ) /(12* x1 ) // l b
L2 =(12*295* t2 * x ) /(12* x1 ) // l b
T = P1 * P2 * L1 * L2 // l b
H =5294 //C . H . U/ min
T1 = h / s // / l b / min
H1 = T1 *663 // l b / min
H2 =( h2 / s *(36 -11) +( h / s ) *( t ) ) //C . H . U
H3 =( h /60) * t //C . H . U
//CALCULATIONS
TE = H / H1 - H3 *100 // p e r c e n t
R = r /(663 - t ) *100 // p e r c e n t
//RESULTS
printf ( The r a n k i n e e f f i c i e n c y =% f p e r c e n t ,R )

1 clc
of variables
30
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
p1 =100 // l n / i n 2
p2 =2.5 // l b / i n 2
p3 =20 // l b / i n 2
d =0.75 // l b
p =0.5 // l b
r =16 // i n
p4 = p1 / r // l b / i n 2
P5 =50 // l b / i n 2
W1 =13960 // f t / l b
W2 =19040 // f t / l b
T =33000 // f t / l b
v =4.43 // f t 3
v1 = v * d // f t 3
W3 = T * v1 // f t / l b
Hp =3416 // f t / l b
Lp =3416 // f t / l b
//CALCULATIONS
W = Lp * v1 // f t l b
//RESULTS
printf ( The t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y o f a compound steam
and work done=% f f t l b ,W )
31
Chapter 5
Air compressors and motors
refrigeration

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc
a =7 // i n
b =10 // i n
c =12 // i n
r =96 // i n
p1 =15 // l b / i n 2
p2 =100 // l b / i n 2
T =16 // D e g r e e C
gama =1.4 // i n
h =120 // r . p .m
T1 = T +273 //C a b s o l u t e
//CALCULATIONS
v1 =( %pi /4) *( a / c ) ^2*( b / c ) // f t 3
w =( p1 *144* v1 ) /( r * T1 ) // l b
w1 = h * w // l b
W =1680*[1.72 -1] // f t l b
I =144* p1 * v1 * log ( p2 / p1 ) // f t l b
E = I / W *100 // p e r c e n t
32
20
21
//RESULTS
printf ( The i d e a l e f f i c i e n c y i s d e f i n e d a s t h e r a t i o
o f t t h i s work=% f p e r c e n t ,E )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
h1 =16 // i . h . p
p1 =100 // l b / i n 2
p2 =15 // l b / i n 2
R =275 //R . p .m
h =550 // f t / min
q =33000 // i n 2
v1 =4.85 // l b
B =8.53 // i n
//CALCULATIONS
M =( p1 / v1 ) - p2 +( p1 / v1 - p2 ) *1/0.2
S = h /(2* R ) // f t
I =( q * h1 ) /( M * S * R ) // i n 2
//RESULTS
printf ( The e f f e c t o f t h e c l e a r a n c e volume=% f i n 2
,I )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
h =100 // f t 3
t =15 // d e g r e e C
p =120 // l b / i n 2
gama =1.3 // i n
t1 =15 // D e g r e e C
33
8 M =[(144* t * h *2.6) /(0.3) *(1.271 -1) ] // f t l b

9 //CALCULATIONS
10 V = sqrt ( p / t ) // f t l b
11 //RESULTS
12 printf ( Compare t h e v a l u e s o f t h e two c y l i n d e r s =% f
f t l b ,V )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
clc
h =0.2 // f t 3
v =10 // p e r c e n t
T =15 // d e g r e e c
p =30 // l b / i n 6 2
t1 =15 // D e g r e e C
p1 =60 // l b / i n 2
v1 =2.2 // f t 3
v3 =0.328 // f t 3
A =( v1 - v3 ) // f t 3
v2 =1.341 // f t 3
V = v2 - h // f t
t2 =288 // D e g r e e C
//CALCULATIONS
T2 =( t2 * p * v2 ) /( t1 * v1 ) // D e g r e e C a b s o l u t e
v5 =( t2 / T2 ) * V // f t 3
v7 =0.164 // f t 3
v8 = v5 -( v7 /11) * v5
v6 = v8 /(1 - v7 /11) // f t 3
//RESULTS
printf ( The r e q u i r e d volume o f t h e H . P c y l i n d e r
i n c l u d i n g c l e a r a n c e=% f f t 3 , v6 )
34

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
p1 =80 // l b / i n 2
p2 =20 // l b / i n 2
//CALCULATIONS
P = sqrt ( p1 * p2 ) // l b / i n 6 2
V = P / p1 // s t r o k e
W = p2 / P // s t r o k e
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e r a t i o o f c u t o f f t o l e n g t h o f s t r o k e=% f
s t r o k e ,W )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clc
p1 =25 // l b / i n 2
p2 =50 // l b / i n 2
p3 =75 // l b / i n 2
p4 =100 // l b / i n 2
v1 =29.2 // f t 3
v2 =28.8 // f t 3
v3 =28.1 // f t 3
v4 =27.2 // f t 3
h =14.7 // l b / i n 2
v =3 // p e r c e n t
s =5 // s t r o k e
//CALCULATIONS
V =( %pi * p1 ) /(4) *4 // i n 3
V1 = v / p4 * V // i n 3
//RESULTS
printf ( The volume o f e f f i c i e n c y o f p r e s s u r e=% f i n
3 , V1 )
35

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
p1 =15 // l b / i n 2
p2 =60 // l b / i n 2
t =16 // D e g r e e C
Ta =273+ t // D e g r e e C a b s o l u t e
T =1.486 // l b / i n 2
Td = Ta / T // D e g r e e C a b s o l u t e
//CALCULATIONS
P = Td /( Ta - Td ) // D e g r e e C a b s o l u t e
//RESULTS
printf ( The l o w e s t t e m p e r a t u r e and c o e f f i c i e n t o f
p e r f o r m a n c e=% f D e g r e e C a b s o l u t e ,P )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
T1 =30 // D e g r e e c
T2 = -10 // d e g r e e C
t1 =263 //F
t2 =303 //F
h1 =20 // U n i t s
h2 =79 //C . H . U/ l b
h =24 // h o u r s
T3 =1 // D e g r e e C
p =2.2046 //C . H . U/ s e c
//CALCULATIONS
P = h1 * p //C . H . U/ s e c
36
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
T = t1 /( t2 - t1 ) //F
H = P *60 //C . H . U
W =( H *1400) / T // f t / l b
hp = W /33000 // h . p
W1 =( H *60* h ) /(80*2240) // t o n s
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e c y c l e i s a p e r f e c t one=% f t o n s , W1 )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
clc
p1 =930 // l b / i n 2
p2 =440 // l b / i n 2
T =268 //F
t1 =25 //F
t2 =5 //F
h1 =19.4 //C . H . U
h2 = -1.8 //C . H . U
h3 =29 //C . H . U
h4 =58.6 //C . H . U
d =0.6 //C . H . U
d1 =0.06 // l b
d2 = -0.01 // l b
c =40 // p e r c e n t
h =24 // h o u r
t3 =10 //C
d3 =15 // l b
h5 =80 //C . H . U
//CALCULATIONS
A =[ h1 -( h2 ) ] -[ d1 -( d2 ) ]* T //C . H . U
FD = A / T // u n i t s o f e n t r o p y
AD =( d * h4 /T -0.07 - A / T ) * T //C . H . U
W =4.28 //C . H . U
T = AD / W //C . H . U
37
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
P =0.4* T //C . H . U
H = P * W * d3 //C . H . U
H1 = P * W * d3 *60* h //C . H . U
H2 = t3 + h5 //C . H . U
W1 = H1 /( H2 *2240) // t o n d
//RESULTS
printf ( The many t o n s o f i c e would a machine w o r k i n g
b e t w e e n t h e same l i m i t and h a v i n g a r e l a t i v e
c o e f f i c i e n t =% f t o n s , W1 )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clc
t1 =20 // D e g e r e e C
t2 = -10 // d e g r e e C
h =0.95 // d r y
t3 =35 // D e g r e e C
h1 =0.066 // l b
h2 =1.089 // l b
v1 = -0.033 // l b
v2 =1.193 // l b
v3 =0.508 // l b
T1 =263 //F
T2 =293 //F
//CALCULATIONS
T = T1 /( T2 - T1 ) //F
E = h1 -( v1 ) // l b
C =0.1079 // l b
CP = E / C // l b
A = CP *( T2 - T1 ) -E * T1 //C . H . U
F = A / T1 // u n i t s o f e n t r o p y
H =254.212 //C . H . U
H2 =274.447 //C . H . U
W =[ CP *( T2 - T1 ) + h *1.023*( T2 - T1 ) -E * T1 ] //C . H . U
38
P = H / W //C . H . U
V = A + v3 *15 - T1 * v3 *0.0507 //C . H . U
H1 = T1 *[ v3 *0.0507+0.05*1.023] //C . H . U
N = H2 /( W + V ) //C . H . U
//RESULTS
printf ( The u p p e r and l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t s
r e s p e c t i v e l y =% f F ,T )
30 printf ( The v a p o u r c o m p r e s s i o n c y c l e work done=% f C
. H . U ,H )
31 printf ( The v a p o u r i s now a d d i t i o n a l work done=% f C
. H . U ,N )
24
25
26
27
28
29

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
h =0.8 // d r y
p =120 // l b / i n 2
p1 =1 // l b / i n 2
t =100 // D e g r e e C
A =99.6 -38.6 -0.178*311.8 //C . H . U
G =311.8 // u n i t s o f e n t r o p y
AF =440.52 //C . H . U
H =399.82 // l b / i n 2
p =307 // l b
//CALCULATIONS
T = H / p //C . H . U
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e o r e t i c a l c o e f f i c i e n t p f p e r f o r m a n c e a s a
r e f r i g e r a t i o r =% f C . H . U ,T )
39
Chapter 6
flow through nozzles steam
turbines

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
p1 =150 // l b / i n 2
p2 =10 // l b / i n 2
n =10 // p e r c e n t
T =183.6+479.4 //C . H . U
x2 =0.852 //C . H . U
H =553.9 //C . H . U/ l b
h1 =T - H //C . H . U/ l b
//CALCULATIONS
V = sqrt (2*32.2*1400* h1 ) // f t / s e c
V1 = sqrt (2*32.2*1400*0.9* h1 ) // f t / s e c
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e n e g l e c t i n g f r i c t i o n =% f f t / s e c ,V )
printf ( t h e f r i c t i o n a l d r o p i n t h e n o z z l e i s 10
r e c e n t o f t h e t o t a l h e a t d r o p=% f f t / s e c , V1 )
40

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
v =((3140* %pi *60*60) /(4*4*144) ) // f t / s e c
v1 =0.852*38.37 // f t 3
//CALCULATIONS
W =( v / v1 ) // l b
V =(2970* %pi *60*60) /(4*4*144) // f t 3
W1 =( V / v1 ) // l b
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e w e i g h t o f steam p e r h o u r=% f l b ,W )
printf ( t h e w e i g h t o f steam p e r h o u r=% f l b , W1 )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc
p1 =300 // l b
p =75 // l b / i n 2
p2 =8 // l b / i n 2
h =90 //C . H . U/ l b
Pt =0.58* p // l b / i n 2 a b s o l u t e
h1 =24 // l b /C . H . U
D =0.968 //C . H . U
D1 =0.886 //C . H . U
v =9.7 // f t 3
v1 =47.24 // f t 3
V = sqrt (2*32.2*1400*24) // f t / s e c
V1 = sqrt (2*32.2*1400*90) // f t / s e c
//CALCULATIONS
H =( p1 * v * D /3600) // f t 3
V2 =( p1 * v1 * D1 /3600) // f t 3
A =0.768 // i n 2
A1 =1.72 // i n 2
41
20 d = sqrt (4*0.768/ %pi ) // i n

21 d1 = sqrt ((4* A1 ) /( %pi ) ) // i n
22 //RESULTS
23 printf ( t h e d i a m e t e r s a t t h e t h r o a t and e x i t
of the
n o z z l e=% f i n , d1 )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clc
d =2.15 // i n 2
a =0.98 // d r y
p =100 // l b / i n 2
p1 =11000 // l b
P =0.58* p // l b / i n 2
H =24 //C . H . U/ l b
D =0.947 // l b
s =7.407 // f t 3
//CALCULATION
V = sqrt (2*32.2*1400* H ) // f t / s e c
V1 = V *( d /144) // f t 3
T = V1 /( s * D ) // l b
A =( p1 /3600) // l b
C = A / T // l b
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e f o r t h e n o z z l e s
=% f l b ,C )

1 clc
3 p =9.5 // l b
of variables
42
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
p1 =120 // l b
e =0.88 // i n
p2 =80 // l b / i n 2
d =25 // i n
d1 =0.125 // i n
t =14 // d e g r e e C
T = e *19 //C . H . U/ l b
D =0.975 // i n
V = sqrt (2*32.2*1400* T ) // f t / s e c
S =5.467 // f t 3
//CALCULATIONS
V1 = p * S * D // f t 3
T1 =( V1 *144/ V ) // i n 2
C =25* %pi // i n
N = C /2.5 // i n
P = C /31 // i n
W = d1 / sind ( t ) // i n
L =P - W // i n
W1 = L * sind ( t ) // i n
T2 =( T1 ) /(31* W1 ) // i n
//RESULTS
printf ( The number o f n o z z l e s t h e i r b r e a d t h and
h e i g h=% f i n , T2 )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
p1 =100 // l b / i n 2
p2 =15 // l b / i n 2
d1 =95 // p e r c e n t
d2 =30 // p e r c e n t
P =0.58* p1 // l b / i n 2
H =0.95*25 //C . H . U/ l b
H1 =0.95*76.5 //C . H . U/ l b
43
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
D =0.97 // i n
D1 =0.905 // i n
V =7.407 // f t 3
V1 = sqrt (2*32.2*1400* H ) // f t / s e c
V2 = sqrt (2*32.2*1400* H1 ) // f t / s e c
//CALCULATIONS
V3 =(2* %pi *1* V1 ) /(64*4*144) // f t 3
W =( V3 *3600) /( V * D ) // l b
K = V2 /(2*32.2) // f t l b s e c
E =[(( V2 ) ^2* W ) /(2*32.2*3600) ] // f t . l b
W1 =( E * d2 ) /( p1 *550) // f t . l b
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e q u a n t i t y o f steam u s e d p e r h o u r and
h o r s e power d e v e l o p e d=% f f t . l b , W1 )

1
2
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clc
d =0.15 // l b
p =20 // l b / i n 2
p1 =100 // l b / iN62
t =200 // d e g r e e C
f =10 // p e r c e n t
Pt =0.5457* p1 // l b / i n 2
x1 =0.996 // i n
x2 =0.952 // i n
h =29 //C . H . U/ l b
h1 =65 //C . H . U/ l b
v =7.73 // f t 3
v1 =20.12 // f t 3
T =0.364 // i n
T1 =0.465 // i n
v2 = sqrt (2*32.2*1400* h ) // f t / s e c
v3 = sqrt (2*32.2*1400* h1 ) // f t / s e c
44
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
//CALCULATIONS
V1 = d * v * x1 // f t 3
V2 = d * v1 * x2 // f t 3
A1 =( V1 / v2 ) *144 // i n 2
A2 =( V2 / v3 ) *144 // i n 2
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e t h r o a t and e x i t d i a m e t e r s o f t h e n o z z l e=
% f i n 2 , A2 )

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18
19
20
21
22
23
24
clc
h =0.5 // l b
p1 =2.5 // l b / i n 2
p2 =100 // l b / i n 2
t =250 // D e g r e e C
pv =1.3 // c o n s t a n t
pt =0.5457* p2 // l b / i n 2
t1 =18 // d e g r e e C
h1 =32 //C . H . U/ l b
h2 =151 //C . H . U/ l b
D =0.887 // i n
V1 = sqrt (2*32.2*1400* h1 ) // f t / s e c
V2 = sqrt (2*32.2*1400* h2 ) // f t . s e c
s1 =8.74 // f t 3
s2 =140.8 // f t 3
T1 =0.687 // i n
T1 =1.77 // i n
V3 = h * s1 // f t 3/ s e c
V4 = h * s2 // f t 3/ s e c
//CALCULATIONS
A1 =( V3 / V1 ) *144 // i n 2
A2 =( V4 / V2 ) *144 // i n 2
//RESULTS
45
25
printf ( t h e s i z e o s n o z z l e=% f i n 2 , A2 )

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2
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19
20
21
22
23
clc
h =500 // g a l l o n s
p1 =150 // l b / i n 2
p2 =0.6 // l b / i n 2
P = p2 * p1 // l b / i n 2
h =25 //C . H . U/ l b
p =62.4 // l b / f t 2
V = sqrt (2*32.2*1400* h ) // f t / s e c
D =0.996 // i n 2
d =4.898 // i n 2
v1 =1.2 // i n
vi =163.2 // f t / s e c
m = V /32.2 // f t . l b . s e c
//CALCULATIONS
W = V / vi -1 // l b
W1 =(5000) /(3600* W ) // f t / s e c
V1 = W1 * d * D // f t 3
A = V1 / V *144 // i n 2
I =(50/36+ W1 ) // l b / s e c
A1 =( I *144) /(62.4* vi ) // i n 2
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e a e r a o f t h e s t r e a m and w a t e r o r i f i c e s =%
f i n 2 , A1 )

1 clc
of variables
46
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
a =50 // d e g r e e c
v =2000 // f t / s e c
p =800 // f t / s e c
b =20 // D e g r e e C
v1 =0.9 // i n 2
v2 =513 // f t / s e c
W =(1/32.2) *[1810 -( -313) ]* p // f t / l b l b s t r e a m / s e c
K =( v ^2) /(2*32.2) // f t / l b s e c
//CALCULATIONS
D =( W / K ) *100 // p e r c e n t / l b
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e work done p e r l b=% f p e r c e n t / l b ,D )

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2
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7
8
9
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12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clc
t =65 //B . Th . U p e r l b
n =0.98 // d r y
p =105 // l b / i n 2
a =14 // D e g r e e C
b =20 // D e g r e e C
p1 =800 // f t / s e c
v =0.80 // f t / l b
p2 =3.5 // l b / s e c
q =1400 // i n
V = sqrt (2*32.2*778* t ) // f t / s e c
W =( p1 ) *(1750 - b ) /32.2 // f t l b / l b s t r e a m / s e c
H =( W * p2 /550) // f t / l b
E =1/64.4*[(1053) ^2 -(825) ^2] // f t . l b steam / s e c
//CALCULATIONS
Hd =( E / q ) //C . H . U
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e steam a s i t l e a v e s t h e b l a d e s and h o u r s e
47
power=% f C . H . U , Hd )
Scilab code Exa 6.18 example 12

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6
7
8
9
10
clc
p =300 // f t / s e c
W =880 // f t / s e c
a =18 // d e g r e e C
g =32.2 // f t
//CALCULATIONS
Wd =( p * W ) / g // f t l b
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e work done / l b steam s e c=% f f t l b , Wd )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
a =35 // D e g r e e C
b =20 // d e g r e e C
f =2 // f t
w =422 // f t
w1 =222 // f t
g =32.2 // f t
s =1500 // r p m
j =0.8 // f t
p =3 // l b / s e c
h =80 // p e r c e n t
i =1400 // f t
P =( %pi *(31/12) *( s /60) ) // f t / s e c
W = P / g *[ w -( - w1 ) ] // f t l b
H =( p * W ) /550 // f t l b
48
17 //CALCULATIONS
18 E = W /( j * i ) //C . H . U
19 //RESULTS
20 printf ( t h e h o u s e power d e v e l o p e d p e r p a i r
of rings
i f t h e steam=% f f t l b ,E )

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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clc
d =7 // f t
h =2 // i n
s =750 // r p m
s1 =31.3 // l b / s e c
h1 =1.5 // i n
a =25 // D e g r e e c
p =5.7 // l b / i n 2
d1 =0.97 // i n
h2 =370 // f t / s e c
j =32.2 // i n
k =1400 // i n
e =0.75 // p e r c e n t
w =326 // i n
p =290 // i n
vi =155 // f t / s e c
//CALCULATIONS
P =( %pi *7.69* s ) /(60) // f t / s e c
H =( P * h2 * s1 ) /(550* j ) // f t / s e c
E =( P * h2 ) /( j * e * k ) //C . H . U/ l b
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e d r o p i n p r e s s u r e w h i l e t h e steam i s
p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e t u r b i n e=% f C . H . U/ l b ,E )
49

1
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
clc
p =300 // l b / i n 2
ab =100 // d e g r e e C
w =26.4 //C
t =40 // l b / i n 2
t1 =180 // D e g r e e C
p1 =0.5 // l b / i n 2
T =732.38 //C . H . U
W =26.2 //C . H . U/ l b
W1 =102 //C . H . U/ l b
x =0.963 // i n
d =335 //C . H . U/ l b
E =743.85 //C . H . U/ l b
//CALCULATIONS
H =T - w //C . H . U/ l b
h =T - W1 //C . H . U/ l b
H1 =E - h //C . H . U/ l b
T1 = H + H1 //C . H . U/ l b
Wd = W1 + d //C . H . U
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e t o t a l work done p e r l b steam=% f C . H . U ,
Wd )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
p =100 // l b / i n 6 2
p1 =0.5 // l b / i n 2
T1 =659.3 //C . H . U/ l b
T2 =26.2 //C H U/ l b
W =181 //C H U/ l b
50
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
H1 =66 //C H U/ l b
H2 =115 //C H U / l b
D =0.912 //C H U/ l b
H3 =533.4 //C H U/ l b
T3 =108.5 // D e g r e e C
T4 =26.4 // D e g r e e C
W1 =82.1/( D * H3 ) // l b
s =1 - W1 // l b
//CALCULATIONS
T = W /( T1 - T2 ) *100 // p e r c e n t
Wd = H1 +( H2 * s ) //C H U/ l b
H = T1 - T3 //C H U// l b
TE = Wd / H *100 // p e r c e n t
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e w i t h o u t b l e e d i n g % f p e c e n t ,T )
printf ( t h e p r o p e r w e i g h t o f steam i s b l e d=% f
p e r c e n t , TE )
51
Chapter 7
Combustion boiler trials

1
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc
C =86 // p e r c e n t
h =4.2 // p e r c e n t
w =20 // l b
a = w +0.902 // l b
C2 =44/12 // l b
N =0.77 // l b
CO2 =3.15
H2O =0.042*9 // l b
N2 = w * N // l b
Ox =a - CO2 - H2O - N2 // l b
//CALCULATIONS
Co2 = CO2 / a *100 // p e r c e n t
H2o = H2O / a *100 // p e r c e n t
n2 = N2 / a // p e r c e n t
o2 = Ox / a *100 // p e r c e n t
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p r o d u c t s o f
c o m b u t i o n s by w e i g h t=% f p e r c e n t , o2 )
52

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc
g =0.05 // p e r c e n t
n =0.35 // p e r c e n t
c =0.5 // p e r c e n t
h =10 // p e r c e n t
m =167 //C H U
h1 =162 //C H U
v =1 // f t 3
H2 =0.5 // f t 3
Co =0.05 // f t 3
v2 =3 // f t
//CALCULATIONS
G =( g * c ) +( n * H2 ) // f t 3
Tv =( g * h1 ) +( n * m ) //C H U
M = Tv / v2 //C H U/ f t 3
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e g a s w i t h t w i c e i t s volume o f a i r =% f C H
U/ f t 3 ,M )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
g =8 // p e r c e n t
f =88 // p e r c e n t
C =12 // p e r c e n t
w =20 // l b
C1 =11/3 // l b
53
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
CO2 =3/11 // l b
e =0.08 // l b
D =0.0218 // l b C
w1 =0.88 // l b
//CALCULATIONS
W1 = w1 / D // l b l b f u e l
T = w1 / D * w // l b / h r
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e t o t a l w e i g h t o f e x a u s t g a s l e a v i n g t h e
e n g i n e p e r h o u r=% f l b / h r ,T )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
clc
a =30 // p e r c e n t
b =20 // p e r c e n t
c =8 // p e r c e n t
h =42 // p e r c e n t
t1 =20 // d e g r e e C
g =0.24 // i n
t2 =320 // d e g r e e c
M =7.654 // l b / l b f u e l
A =3* M // l b / l b f u e l
W =0.08+0.04 // l b
T = A +0.8 // l b
w1 =0.72+0.3 // l b
w =T - w1 // l b
d = w *0.24*( t2 - b ) //C H U/ l b f u e l
H =1.02*(639+0.49*220 - t1 ) //C H U/ l b f u e l
//CALCULATIONS
T1 = d + H //C H U/ l b f u e l
//RESULTS
printf ( t o t a l h e a t c a r r i e d away by f l u e g a s e s=% f C
H U/ l b f u e l , T1 )
54

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
clc
h =40 // p e r c e n t
g =30 // p e r c e n t
c =8 // p e r c e n t
n =10 // p e r c e n t
w =6 // p e r c e n t
g1 =10 // p e r c e n t
g2 =4.14 // f t 3
Ch4 =4.562 // f t 3 o f a i r
Co2 =0.44 // f t
H2o =1.18 // f t 3
N2 =3.7 // f t 6 3
x =41.4/11 // f t 6 3
//CALCULATIONS
T = Ch4 + x // f t 3
v =1+ T // f t 3
V = x + g2 // f t 3
D =v - V // f t 3
P = D / v *100 // p e r c e n t
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e v o l u e m e o f a i r s u p l i e d p e r=% f p e r c e n t ,
P)

1 clc
3 Ox =2.679 // l b
of variables
55
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
O2 = Ox -0.03 // l b O2/ l b f u e l
o2 = O2 *100/23 // l b a i r l b f u e l
E = o2 /2 // l b
a =17.325 // l b / l b f u e l
Co2 =3.294 // l b
H2o =0.315 // l b
N2o =13.34 // l b
O2 =23/100* E // l b
So2 =0.005*2 // l b
//CALCULATIONS
W = Co2 + N2o + O2 + So2 // l b / l b f u e l
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e t o t e l w e i g h t o f d r y p r o d u c t s=% f l b / l b
f u e l ,W )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
l =8.7 // p e r c e n t
Co2 =42 // p e r c e n t
N =28 // p e r c e n t
O2 =32 // p e r c e n t
x =27.65 // l b a i r
W =( O2 /12) *(100/23) // l b
//CALCULATIONS
A =x - W // l b
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e a i r t o f l u e s / l b c a r b o n=% f l b ,A )

1 clc
56
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Co =2420 //C H U
a =3400/6 //C H U
R = Co /3246 //C H U
T =1+0.745 // l b
n =1.12 // l b
O2 =1.33/1.745 // l b
C = O2 *100/23 // l b
CB = n / T // l b
m =1.74 // l b
k =2.33 // l b
l =1.33 // l b
c =77 // l b
d =23 // l b
//CALCULATIONS
Y = l * c / d //N2
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e w e i g h t o f a i r and steam =% f N2 ,Y )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
w =20 // l b
t =320 // d e g r e e C
t1 =22 // D e g r e e C
w1 =0.0807 // l b
A =0.03901 //AH
W =0.07469 //AH
g =5.2 //A
Q =W - A //A
//CALCULATIONS
H =( g *0.625) /( Q ) // f t
//RESULTS
printf ( w e i g h t o f e q u a l column o f e x t e r n a l a i r =% f
57
f t ,H )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
clc
p =120 // l b / i n 2
h =30 // i n
t =48 // d e g r e e C
C =1000 // l b
t1 =26 // d e g r e e C
m =2.2 // p e r c e n t
g =18 // l b
f =127 // l b
j =33000 // i n
q =1400 // i n
L =0.978*8000 //C . H . U
b =50 // i n
t2 =320 // d e g r e e C
g1 =0.24 // i n
d =0.90 // i n
a =0.4912*30 // l b / i n 2
P = p + a // l b / i n 2 a b s
T =178.62+ d *483.45 //C . H . U/ l b
//CALCULATIONS
Wt = C / f // l b
H = Wt *( T - t ) //C . H . U
F =0.022*(638.9+0.48*220 - t1 ) //C . H . U
G = g *0.24*( t2 - t1 ) //C . H . U
E = H / L *100 // p e r c e n t
E1 = b * j *60/( L * f * q ) *100 // p e r c e n t
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e h e a t b a l a n c e f o r t h e b o i l e r and f i n d i t s
e f f i c i e n c y and t h e o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
p l a n t=% f p e r c e n t , E1 )
58

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
clc
v =7950 // l b C . H . U / l b
w =15 // p e r c e n t
c =0.85 // l b
w1 =14 // p e r c e n t
w2 =9 // p e r c e n t
t1 =15 // d e g r e e C
t2 =325 // d e g r e e C
g =0.25 // l b
//CALCULATIONS
H = c * v //C . H . U
H1 =0.15*(638.9+0.48*225 -15) //C . H . U
C = c * c // l b
A =19.2 // l b
Wt = A + C // l b
P = Wt * g *( t2 - t1 ) //C . H . U/ l b c o a l
R =0.14* H //C . H . U
R1 =H - H1 -P - R //C . H . U
B = R1 / H *100 // p e r c e n t
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f a b o i l e r =% f p e r c e n t ,B )
59
Chapter 8
Internal combustion engines
Variable specific heats

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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc
b =6 // i n
b1 =9 // i n
r1 =4 // r a t i o
r2 =1 // r a t i o
p =50 // l b / i n 2
s =300 // r p m
e =30 // p e r c e n t
v =260 //C . H . U
a =1.41
h =0.30 // i n
g =33000 // i n
g1 =1400 // i n
A =1 -( r2 / r1 ) ^0.41 // l b / i n 2
//CALCULATIONS
I =( p * %pi *36/4*9/12* s /2) *1/ g // f t 3
X =( I * g ) /( g1 * v * h ) // f t 3
C = X *60/ I // f t 3
60
20 R = h / A *100 // p e r c e n t
21 //RESULTS
22 printf ( The f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n
f t 3/ h p h r and t h e
e f f i c i e n c y r e l a t i v e t o t h e a i r s t a n d a r d c y c l e=% f
p e r c e n t ,R )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
h =200 // r p m
h1 =50 // i h p
P4 =33.4 // l b / i n 2
W =9000 // f t l b
x =33000 // f t . l b
p =1728 // f t / l b
//CALCULATIONS
w = h1 * x /100 // f t l b
T = w / W // f t 3
V =13/14* T // f t 3
D =(( V * p *8) /(3* %pi ) ) ^(1/3) // i n
//RESULTS
printf ( The d i a m e t e r o f t h e c y l i n d e r o f a s i n g l e
a c t i n g and s w e p t volume=% f i n ,D )

1
2
3
4
5
6
clc
h =12 // i n
h1 =18 // i n
v =19000 //B . Th . U/ l b
T =12600 // l b / i n 2
61
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
m =90 // l b / i n 2
w =120 // g a l
t1 =140 //F
t2 =60 //F
t3 =570 //F
Cv =0.24 // f t / l b
q =810 // f t / l b
n =16.9 // l b
//CALCULATIONS
H =( n / t2 * v ) //B . Th . U
H1 =[ m * %pi *(144/4) *( h1 / h ) *( T / t2 ) ]/(778*2) //B . TH . U/ min
H2 =1750 //B . Th . U
H3 =( H1 - H2 ) //B . Th . U
W =( w *10/ t2 ) *( t1 - t2 ) //B , Th . U
G =(( q + n ) /( t2 ) ) *( t3 - t2 ) * Cv //B . TH . U
//RESULTS
printf ( The h e a t b a l a n c e s h o w i n g h e a t q u a n t i t i e s
r e c e i v e d and t h e d i s c h a r g e d p e r min=% f B . TH . U ,G
)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
v =12.5 // i . p . h
p1 =8.25 // i n
p2 =12 // i n
t =110 // p e r min
g1 =280 //C . H . U/ f t 3
g2 =215 // f t 3
V =25 // p e r c e n t
e =0.875 // i n
T =33000 // i n
v1 =0.4170 // f t 3
//CALCULATIONS
62
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
M =( T * v ) /(( %pi *( p1 ) ^2) /(4) *( p2 / p2 ) *( t ) ) // l b . i n 2

V1 = %pi *( p1 ) ^2/4* p2 /1728* e // f t 3
V2 =( %pi *( p1 ) ^2* p2 ) /(4*4*1728) // f t 3
G =( g2 /60*1/ t ) // f t 3
T1 = G * g1 //C . H . U
T2 =( T1 / v1 ) //C . H . U
F =( M / T2 ) //C . H . U
//RESULTS
printf ( The v a l u e o f t h e Tookey f a c t o r f o r g a s
e n g i n e=%. f C . H . U ,F )

1
2
3
4
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6
7
8
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12
13
14
15
16
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18
19
20
21
22
clc
p1 =140 // l b / i n 2
p2 =6.6 // l b / i n 2
v1 =122 // r . p .m
v2 =1250 // b . h . p
t =1425 // i . h . p
p3 =77.8 // l b / i n 2
h =0.356 // l b
v =10000 //C . H . U/ l b
h2 =2400 // l b
q =33000 // i n
j =1400 // i n
//CALCULATIONS
t =( v2 * q *60) /( j * h * v2 * v ) *100 // p e r c e n t
V =( p3 *144* v1 ) /( q *2) //V
V1 =( p2 *144* v1 ) / q //V
T =24.16 //V
V2 = t / T // f t 3
I = V * V2 // f t 3
I1 = V1 * V2 // f t 3
H =24904 //C / .H . U//mim
63
T =( I * q *60) /( j * h * v2 * v ) *100 // p e r c e n t
T1 =( I1 * q ) /( j * H ) *100 // p e r c e n t
T2 =( h * v2 * v ) /(60) //C . H . U
H1 =( v2 * q ) /( j ) //C . H . U/mim
H2 =H -( I1 * q * v2 ) /( j * t ) //C . H . U/mim
T3 = H1 + H2 //C . H . U/mim
Tn = T2 - T3 //C . H . U/mim
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e o v e r a l l t h e r m a l e f f c i e n c y =% f p e r c e n t ,t
)
32 printf ( t h e c y l i n d e r volume i n f t 3=% f volume ,V )
33 printf ( t h e t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y o f steam e n g i n e=% f
p e r c e n t , T1 )
34 printf ( t o t a l h e a t i n o i l . mim=% f C . H . U/mim , Tn )
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clc
r =14 // i n
r1 =1.8 // i n
t =30.4 // l b
e =0.6 // l b
lam =1.4
d =12 // i n
d1 =18 // i n
v =10000 //C . H . U/ l b
P =200 // r m p
//CALCULATIONS
A =1 -(1/( lam *( r ) ^0.4) ) *(( r1 ) ^ lam -1) /( r1 -1) // p e r c e n t
T = e * A // p e r c e n t
H = t /60* v //C . H . U
H1 = H * T //C . H . U
I =( H1 *1400) /(33000) // l n / i n 2
M =( I *33000) /(2* %pi *144/4* d1 /12* P /2) // l b / i n 2
64
19
20
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e i n d i c a t e d h o u r s e power and t h e mean
e f f i e c t i v e p r e s s u r e o f t h e e n g i n e=% f l b / i n 2 ,M )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
cv =0.1714 //C . H . U
R =100.3 // f t . l b
T =500 // d e g r e e c
J =1400 // i n
Lam = R / J //C . H . U p e r c e n t C
//CALCULATIONS
Cp = Lam + cv //C . H . U p e r c e n t C
//RESULTS
printf ( The s p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume o f a
g a s e o u s m i x t u r e i s =% f C . H . U p e r c e n t C , Cp )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
a =0.124 // i n
b =0.000025 // i n
R =0.0671 // h e a t u n i t s
//CALCULATIONS
Cp =( R + a + b ) + b //T
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t o f a g a s a t c o n s t a n t
volume=% f T , Cp )
65

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
clc
v =18 // f t 3
p =14 // l b / i n 2
p1 =150 // l b / i n 2
Cp =0.242 //T
Cv =0.171 //T
j =1400 // f t
R = j *( Cp - Cv ) // f t . l b
p2 =144 // f t
I1 =137500 // f t / l b
I2 =6.37 // f t / l b
v2 =3.282 // f t 3
//CALCULATIONS
T =( p2 * p * v ) / R // D e g r e e C
T2 =( p2 * p1 * v2 ) /( R ) // D e g r e e c
W = Cp *( T2 - T ) +0.00002*[( T2 ) ^2 -( T ) ^2] //C . H . U/ l b
C = v / v2 // r a t i o
//RESULTS
printf ( The work done t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s a t t h e
b e g i n n i n g and end o f c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o =% f r a t i o
,C )

1 clc
2 // i n i t i a l i s a t i o n o f
3 r =12.5 // r a r i o
4 p =0.39*10^6 // f t . l b
variables
66
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
p1 =14 // l b / i n 2
t =373 // D e g r e e C
g =18 // f t 3
t1 =100 // D e g r e e C
V = g / r // f t 3
I =0.2*10^6 // f t l b / l b
T =0.59*10^6 // f t . l b / l b
D =0.221*10^6 // f t . l b / l b
A =0.095*10^6 // f t . l b / l b
E =0.264*10^6 // f t . l b / l b
E1 =0.390*10^6 // f t . l b / l b
//CALCULATIONS
W =( E / E1 ) *100 // p e r c e n t
M =( E ) /(144*( g - V ) ) // l b . i n 2
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e and t h e m e p
on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t s=% f l b
i n 2 ,M )
67
Chapter 9
Valve Dlagrams and value gears

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
p =20 // i n
l =100 // i n
r =120 // r . p .m
v =3.5 // i n
l2 =1 // i n
l3 =1/8 // i n
v1 =1.44 // umega i n / s e c
//CALCULATIONS
V = p *(1.06/1.166) // umega i n . / s e c
R =( V / v1 ) // umega i n / s e c
//RESULTS
printf ( The r a t i o o f v e l o c i t y o f t h e p i s t o n t o t h e
v e l o c i t y =% f umega i n / s e c ,R )
68
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
v =0.6 // i n
m =1.0 // i n
t =0.75 // i n
p =4 // i n
//CALCULATIONS
D = t / m // i n
A =( p * m / D ) // i n
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e t r a v e l and l a p s o f t h e v a l u e=% f i n ,A )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
l =1.5 // i n
p =4.0 // i n
v =0.98 // i n
//CALCULATIONS
T =( l * p / v ) // i n
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e p a r t i c u l a r s o f a v a l u e and i t e c c e n t r i c =
% f i n ,T )

1
2
3
4
5
6
clc
p =1/10 // i n
v1 =3/4 // i n
v2 =3/5 // i n
m =1*1/2 // i n
69
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
l =4 // c r a n k s
a1 =1.25 // i n
a2 =0.7 // i n
//CALCULATIONS
C = a1 / a2 // i n
A = l * a1 / a2 // i n
S =( A /2 - a1 ) // i n
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e t r a v e l o f t h e v a l u e =% f i n ,S )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
v =3*1/2 // i n
a =30 // d e g r e e
l =0.8 // i n
v1 =0.2 // i n
L =0.13 // i n
m =1.075 // i n
d =0.58 // i n
p =1.875 // i n
//CALCULATIONS
V =( p - d ) // i n
P = V +1.25 // i n
//RESULTS
printf ( t h e main v a l u e and t h e maximum o p e n i n g t o
steam=% f i n ,P )
70

Examples in Thermodynamics Problems - W. R. Crawford

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

1 Heating and expansion of gases entropy

2 Air cycle efficiencies

4 The steam engine

5 Air compressors and motors refrigeration

6 flow through nozzles steam turbines

7 Combustion boiler trials

8 Internal combustion engines Variable specific heats

9 Valve Dlagrams and value gears

List of Scilab Codes

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Example 1

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Example 2

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Example 3

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Example 4

Scilab code Exa 1.8 Example 5

Scilab code Exa 1.9 Example 6

Scilab code Exa 1.11 Example 7

Scilab code Exa 1.13 Example 8

Cp =( h *0.2312) +( n *0.3237) +( c *0.4451) //C . H . U/ l b

Scilab code Exa 1.20 Example 9

Scilab code Exa 1.22 Example 10

Scilab code Exa 1.23 Example 11

18 Fhi =0.1772* log (1.317) // r a n k

Scilab code Exa 1.26 Example 12

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Example 1

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Example 2

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Example 3

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Example 1

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Example 2

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Example 3

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Example 4

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Example 5

Scilab code Exa 3.6 Example 6

Scilab code Exa 3.10 Example 7

Scilab code Exa 3.12 Example 8

Scilab code Exa 3.17 Example 9

Scilab code Exa 4.1 Example 1

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Example 2

Scilab code Exa 4.3 Example 3

Scilab code Exa 4.10 Example 4

Scilab code Exa 4.14 Example 5

Scilab code Exa 4.16 Example 6

Scilab code Exa 4.17 Example 7

Scilab code Exa 4.19 Example 8

Scilab code Exa 4.21 Example 9

Scilab code Exa 4.23 Example 10

Scilab code Exa 5.1 Example 1

Scilab code Exa 5.2 Example 2

Scilab code Exa 5.3 Example 3

8 M =[(144* t * h *2.6) /(0.3) *(1.271 -1) ] // f t l b

Scilab code Exa 5.5 Example 4

Scilab code Exa 5.6 Example 5

Scilab code Exa 5.9 Example 6

Scilab code Exa 5.12 Example 7

Scilab code Exa 5.14 Example 8

Scilab code Exa 5.15 Example 9

Scilab code Exa 5.16 Example 10

Scilab code Exa 5.18 Example 11

Scilab code Exa 6.1 Example 1

Scilab code Exa 6.2 Example 2

Cp =( h 0.2312) +( n 0.3237) +( c *0.4451) //C . H . U/ l b

8 M =[(144* t * h 2.6) /(0.3) (1.271 -1) ] // f t l b

M =( T * v ) /(( %pi ( p1 ) ^2) /(4) ( p2 / p2 ) *( t ) ) // l b . i n 2