Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Processes:
Q.1) Use find to compile a list of all directories in the system, redirecting th
e output so that the list of directories ends up in a file called directories.tx
t and the list of error messages ends up in a file called errors.txt?
A.) First Making a Directories.txt File:
asif@asifiqbal: echo so many directories
so many directories
asif@asifiqbal: echo so many directories > directories.txt
t file created in home folder
Output of the Directories.txt File:
asif@asifiqbal: find / print > directories.txt &
[2] 6534
// Job Number and PID
// directories.tx
// "&" appending
Directories Output:
/
/usr
/usr/src
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/usr
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/m68knommu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/crypto
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/lguest
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Kconfig.cpu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/math-emu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kvm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/lib
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/ia32
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/oprofile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Makefile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/include
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mach-default
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Kconfig.debug
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/power
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/vdso
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Makefile_32.cpu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/.asm-offsets.s.cmd
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/cpu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/asm-offsets.s
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/acpi
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/video
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mach-voyager
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/boot
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mach-rdc321x
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Kconfig
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/xen
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/pci
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mach-generic
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/ia64
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/m68k
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/m32r
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/frv
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/sparc64
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/mips
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/s390
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/mn10300
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/avr32
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/sparc
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/sh
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/h8300
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/powerpc
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/cris
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/alpha
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/xtensa
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/um
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/Kconfig
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/parisc
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/arm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/blackfin
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/crypto
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/ubuntu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/lib
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/Documentation
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/init
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/sound
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/samples
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/mm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/.config
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/Makefile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/security
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/.missing-syscalls.d
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/crypto
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/asm-arm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/pppoe.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/skisa.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/eeprom
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/eeprom/93cx6.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/qsemi
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/qsemi/phy.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/zeroplus
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/zeroplus/ff.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/atl1.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/wdt.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/reed
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/reed/solomon.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/reed/solomon
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/reed/solomon/dec16.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/ipw2200
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/ipw2200/monitor.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/ipw2200/radiotap.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/ipw2200/promiscuous.h
Now Making a Errors.txt file:
asif@asifiqbal: echo errors and errors
errors and errors
asif@asifiqbal: echo errors and errors > errors.txt
created in home folder
asif@asifiqbal: find / print > errors.txt &
[3] 5642
// Job Number and PID
// errors.txt file
Output Directories:
/usr
/usr/src
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/usr
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/m68knommu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/crypto
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/lguest
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Kconfig.cpu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/math-emu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kvm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/lib
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/ia32
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/oprofile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Makefile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/include
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mach-default
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Kconfig.debug
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/power
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/vdso
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Makefile_32.cpu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/.asm-offsets.s.cmd
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
Q.3) Try the command sleep 5. What does this command do?
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 5
// will sleep for five seconds and then return bac
k
Q.4) Run the command in the background using &?
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 5 &
[3] 6661
// Prints The Job Number
Q.5) Run sleep 15 in the foreground, suspend it with Ctrl-z and then put it into
the background with bg. Type jobs. Type ps. Bring the job back into the foregro
und with fg?
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 15
rl + Z
^Z
[3]+ Stopped
sleep 15
vi errors
sleep 15
sleep 15 &
5289
6442
6881
6884
pts/0
pts/0
pts/0
pts/0
00:00:00
00:00:00
00:00:00
00:00:00
sleep
vi
sleep
ps
Q.6) Run sleep 15 in the background using &, and then use kill to terminate the
process by its job number. Repeat, except this time kill the process by specifyi
ng its PID?
Killing a process by its job Number:
// we use a "%" si
gn and the job number
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 15 &
[3] 8401
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill %3
// Process Terminated
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill %3
// Confirming the process termination
bash: kill: (8401) - No such process
[3] Terminated
sleep 15
Killing a process by its PID:
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 15 &
[3] 8668
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill 8668
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill 8668
bash: kill: (8668) - No such process
[3] Terminated
Q.7) Run sleep 15 in the background using &, and then use kill to suspend the pr
ocess?
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 5 &
[3] 8875
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill %3
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill %3
bash: kill: (8878) - No such process
[3] Terminated
sleep 5
Q.8) Startup a number of sleep 60 processes in the background, and terminate the
m all at the same time using the killall command?
Creating processes Sleep 60 in the Background:
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[3] 9248
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[4] 9249
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[5] 9250
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
// created 8 processess of sleep 60
[6] 9251
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[7] 9252
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[8] 9253
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[9] 9254
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[10] 9255
22
23
24
25
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
662
1168
1
796
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00:00:00 pdflush
00:00:00 pdflush
00:00:00 kswapd0
00:00:00 aio/0
00:00:00 ecryptfs-kthrea
00:00:00 scsi_eh_0
00:00:00 scsi_eh_1
00:00:00 kstriped
00:00:00 kmpathd/0
00:00:00 kmpath_handlerd
00:00:00 ksnapd
00:00:00 kondemand/0
00:00:00 krfcommd
00:00:00 kjournald
00:00:00 kpsmoused
00:00:01 init
00:00:00 udevd
dbus-daemon
avahi-daemon
avahi-daemon
dbus-daemon