PHL - Math 620 hw3

MATH620.
00SequentialMathI
Instructor:PatrickBurke
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
HUNTERCOLLEGEOFTHECITYUNIVERSITYOFNEWYORK
DepartmentofMathematicsandStatistics
Math620:Sec.001Spring2013PatrickW.Burke,Ph.D.
COVERSHEETANDEVALUATIONFORMFORHOMEWORKSET3
PeiHsinLin
Name:______________________________________________________________________________
SECTION
Total
Assigned
Section
Minimum
ExercisesSubmitted
Credits
AP4.1.1
1,2,3,4a,4b,5,9
AP4.1.2
13
10
1,2,3,5,6a,6b,6c,7,
11a,11b,15a,15b,15c
13
AP4.2.1
1a,1b,2,3a,3b,3c,3d
AP4.2.2
15
12
1a,1b,1c,1d,2,3,5a,5b,5c,5d,5e,
7a,7b,8a,(withmatrices),8a(withoutmatrices)
15
AP4.2.3
1a,1b,1c,2,3a,3b,5,6a
4.1
10
4,5,9,11,12,13,19,20,21,22
10
4.3
3,4,9,11,16,18,19,21
4.5
3,4,8,11,14,17,18,21
AP8.1.1
12
1,2,3,4,6a,6b,7,9a,9b,12a,12b,12c
12
TOTAL
88
64
OVERALLPROBLEMSETMINIMUM=75
88
Pointsearned:____________
=StudyGuideProblemsforExam3
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MATH620.00SequentialMathI
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.1.1
1.
Accordingtothesetdefinitionoforderedpair,whatis(b,a)?
Theorderedpair(b,a)definedsolelyintermsofsetsisthesetwhoseelementsarethesingleton
set{b}andtheset{a,b}.Thatistosay,(b,a)={{b},{a,b}}={{b},{b,a}}={{a,b},{b}}=
{{b,a},{b}}.
2.
Extend the definition of ordered pair to create a definition of ordered triple or 3tupleinterms
ofsets.
Definedsolelyintermsofsets,(a,b,c)={{a},{a,b},{a,b,c}}={{c,b,a},{a},{b,a}}=etc.
3.
Use the definitions ofequality ofsetsandequality oforderedpairsto provethat(a,b)= (c,d)if

andonlyifa=candb=d.
The definition of the equality ofsetsisthatifAand Baresets,forAand Bto beequal,Amustbe
a subset of B and B must be a subset of A. That is, every element of A is an element of B, and
every element of B is a element of A, or A = B (A B) (A B). Combined with the set
definition of ordered pair, if (a, b) = (c, d), then {{a}, {a, b}} = {{c}, {c, d}}. Then {a} = {c}
implies a = c. Also, {a, b} = {c, d} = {a, d} implies that b = d. Conversely, if a =cand b =d,
then(a,b)={{a},{a,b}}={{c},{c,d}}=(c,d)bysubstitution.
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PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.1.1
4A. In this section, we noted that the relations is equal to and is congruent to are reflexive,
symmetric, and transitive. The relation is a cousin of is symmetric but neitherreflexivenor
transitive. Give an example of a relation (mathematical or nonmathematical) that is reflexive
andsymmetricbutnottransitive.
The relation hasacommon factorgreaterthan 1 withon thesetofnaturalnumbersgreaterthan
1 isreflexiveand symmetric,butnottransitive. Forexample,2 hasacommon factorgreaterthan
1 with itself (reflexivity). Also, 2 has a common factor greater than 1 with 10, and 10 has a
common factorgreaterthan 1 with 2 (symmetry). However,while2 hasacommon factorgreater
than 1 with 10, and 10 has a common factor greater than 1 with 5, 2 and 5 do not have a
commonfactorgreaterthan1(antitransitivity).
StudyGuideSolution:
On the set of three letter words in the English language, define the relation R as has the same
first or last letter. R is reflexive and symmetric but nottransitive. Forexample,dog Rdoeand
doeRbeebutdogRbee.
4B. Give an example of a relation (mathematical or nonmathematical) that is symmetric and

transitivebutnotreflexive.
The relation is a (full biological) sibling of on the set of all human beings is symmetric and
transitive, but not reflexive. For example, if Jane is a sibling of John, then John is a sibling of
Jane (symmetry). Also, if Jane is a sibling of John, and John is a sibling of Joe, then Jane is a
siblingofJoe(transitivity).However,Janeisnotasiblingofherself(antireflexivity).
4C. Give an example of a relation (mathematical or nonmathematical) that is reflexive and
transitivebutnotsymmetric.
Notassigned.
StudyGuideSolution:
On the set of real numbers, define the relation R as . Then R is reflexive and transitive but
notsymmetric.
3of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.1.1
5.
Calltwopositiveintegerscloseifandonlyiftheirdifferenceislessthan5%ofthesmaller
integer.Forexample,96iscloseto100,but4isnotcloseto8.Isclosenessanequivalence
relation?
Closeness is not an equivalence relation, because itisantitransitive. Forexample,96 iscloseto
100, and 100 is close to 104, but 96 is not close to 104. However, if closeness were defined
asymptotically, for example by saying that two functions fand g areclosenearsomepointifthe
limitof(fg)is0atthatpoint,thenthatdefinitionofclosenesswouldbeanequivalencerelation.
StudyGuideSolution:
Fora,b+,aisclosetobiff|ab|(0.5)min(a,b).
TheReflexivePropertyholds:aisclosetoa.Thatistosay,|aa|=00.5asincea+.
TheSymmetricPropertyholds:Ifaisclosetob,thenbisclosetoa.Thatistosay,
if|ab|(0.5)min(a,b),then|ba|(0.5)min(a,b).
The Transitive Property does not hold. For example,100 iscloseto104 and 104 iscloseto
108,but100isnotcloseto108.
4of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.1.1
9.
Identified are 4 systems, each consisting of a setwith4 elementsand1 operationdefinedonthe

setintheusualway.Whichsystemisnotisomorphictotheothers,andwhy?
a. {1,1,i,i},multiplication
b. {f,g,h,j:f(x,y)=(x,y),g(x,y)=(y,x),h(x,y)=(x,y),j(x,y)=(y,x)},composition
c. setofrotationswithcenter(0,0)andmagnitudes0,90,180,and270,composition
d. {r,s,t,u:r(x,y)=(x,y),s(x,y)=(x,y),t(x,y)=(x,y),u(x,y)=(x,y)},composition
Withtheonetoonecorrespondence,
e=1h=rO,0
a=ig=rO,90
b=1f=rO,180
c=ij=rO,270,
thefirstthreesystemsareallinstancesofthecyclicgroupoforder4,
whereeistheidentityelementande1 =e,a 1 =c,b 1 =b,andc1 =a.
Thefourthsystem<S d ,>isnotisomorphictotheothers,sinceeachelementisitsowninverse.
<Sa ,>
<Sb orSc,>
h=rO,0
g=rO,90
f=rO,180
j=rO,270
h=rO,0
g=rO,90
f=rO,180
j=rO,270
<Sd,>
5of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.1.2
1.
For (x + 1 0) = x2 + 1 00 ,supposethatthereplacementsetforthevariablexis.
a. Tellwhetherthegivenequationistruewhenconsideredasanexistentialstatement.
b. Tellwhetherthegivenequationistruewhenconsideredasauniversalstatement.
c. Justifyyouranswerstopartsaandb.
2
xsuchthat (x + 1 0) = x2 + 1 00 .isatruestatement.
2
(x + 1 0) = x2 + 1 00 x2 +20x+100=x2 +10020x=0x=0Forexample,
2
whenx=0, (x + 1 0) = x2 + 1 00 (0 + 1 0) = 0 2 + 1 00 10 2 =100100=100
2
x, (x + 1 0) = x2 + 1 00 .isafalsestatement.
Thegivenequationisfalseforallx0.Forexample,
2
whenx=1, (x + 1 0) = x2 + 1 00 (1 + 1 0) = 1 2 + 1 00 11 2 =1+100121=101
2.
For siny = cosy tany ,supposethatthereplacementsetforthevariablexis.

ysuchthat siny = cosy tany .isatruestatement,and
ysuchthat siny = cosy tany .isatruestatement.
siny = cosy tany
siny
cosy
= tany tany = tany
Foranyy,thisidentityholdstrue.Specificallywheny=30,
siny = cosy tany becomessin(30)=cos(30)tan(30)
3.
For
10+2z
6+z
1
2
3 3
2 3
1
2
1
2
= 2 ,supposethatthereplacementsetforthevariablexis.
10+2z
6+z = 2 .isafalsestatement,and
10+2z
zsuchthat 6+z = 2 .isafalsestatement.
10+2z
6+z = 2 10+2z=12+2z10=12
Since10doesnotequal12,forallz, 10+2z
6+z = 2 isafalsestatement.
zsuchthat
6of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.1.2
5.
Suppose that the domain of r is the set of real numbers. Is
r6
r2
= r 3 (a) an identity, (b) a false
statement,or(c)neitheranidentitynorfalse?Explainthereasonforyouranswer.
r6
r2
= r 3 r4 =r3 r=1
6
The original statement, rr2 = r 3 , is (c) neither an identity nor false. It is an open statement that
holdstrueforr=1,butisfalseforallrealnumbersr1.
6A. If $5000 is presently in an account that is yielding 4% annual interest compounded
semiannually, then t years from now there will be A = 5000(1.02)2t dollars in the account. In
thissituation,whatisanappropriatedomainfort?
According to the context of this problem, an appropriate domain for t would betheunion ofthe
setofnaturalnumbersandthesetofpositivehalfintegers,or(++).
StudyGuideSolution:t{0.5n|n=
6B. If $5000 is presently in an account that is yielding 4% annual interest compounded

semiannually, then t years fromnowtherewillbeA= 5000(1.02)2t dollarsintheaccount. Ifthe
word semiannually is changed to continuously, what is an appropriate domain for t and
formulaforA?
According to thecontextofthisproblem,an appropriatedomain fortwould bethesetofpositive
realnumbers,or+,andtheformulaforAwouldbeA=5000e.04t .
StudyGuideSolution:
Compoundingntimesperyear,wehave
A = 5 000 (1 +
A = 5 000
[(1
0.04 nt
= 5 000
n
0.04t
h
+ 1n
)
)]
(1 + 1n )
0.04ht
,where h =
n
0.04
andn=0.04h
Compoundingcontinuouslymeansallowingn+.Asn,hand
A = lim 5 000
n
0.04t
[(1 + 1n )h ]
= 5 000
lim (1 +
7of40
1 h
n
0.04t
= 5 000e0.04t t0
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.1.2
6C. If $5000 is presently in an account that is yielding 4% annual interest compounded
semiannually, then t years from now there will be A = 5000(1.02)2t dollars in the account.
Interpretthemeaningof5000(1.02)2t whent=3.5.
Whent=3.5,5000(1.02)2t =5000(1.02)7 =4352.80089...
The value $4352.80 can be interpreted as the amount of money that was initially deposited 3.5
years ago, if given that an account with $5000 in it today has yielded 4% annual interest
compoundedsemiannuallysinceitsinception.
7.
Whichtwoequationsareequivalent?Explainwhytheothertwoarenot.
a. |x|=5
b.x=5
c.|x|=5
d.x=|5|
Theequations(b)and(d)areequivalent,sincetheyhavethesamesolutionset,namely{5}.
Equation(a)hastheemptyset,or{}=,asitssolutionset.
Equation(c)hasyetanothersolutionset,namely{5}.
11A. Write a single equation that describes the coordinates (x, y) of all points that are 4 units from
(3,9)and6unitsfrom(2,5).
(x+3)2 +(y9)2 =16and(x2)2 +(y5)2 =36
2
((x + 3)2 + (y
9)
(x2 + 6 x + y 2
1 8y + 7 4) + (x2
16
) + ((x
2
2 ) + (y 5 )
4x + y 2
36
= 0 or
1 0y 7 ) = 0
11B. DescribethegraphoftheequationfromProblem11A.
The graph consists of theintersection ofpointsofthecircleofradius4 centered at(3,9)and the
circleofradius6centeredat(2,5).Thisgraphconsistsoftwopointsofintersection,since
41 =
((
3 ) 2 ) + (9 5 ) = d (( 3 , 9 ) , (2, 5 )) < r 1 + r 2 = 4 + 6 = 1 0 .
8of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.1.2
15A. Consider the two circles with centers (h, k) and (j, m) and radii r and s, respectively. Deduce
answers to each part algebraically and geometrically. Under whatconditionswillthesecircles
intersectintwopoints?
Given two circles with centers (h, k) and (j, m), the distanced between thetwo centerswould be
d=
(h
2
2
j ) + (k m) .Thetwocircleswouldintersectintwopointswhend<r+s.
15B. Consider the two circles with centers (h, k) and (j, m) and radii r and s, respectively. Deduce
intersectinexactlyonepoint?
d = (h j ) + (k m) . The two circles would intersect in exactly one point when externally
tangent, if d = r + s. The two circles would also intersect in exactly one point when internally
tangent,i.e.,whend=rsandrs(i.e.,d0).
Note that when d = r s and r = s or d = 0, the two circles are identical and have an infinite
numberofpointsincommon.
15C. Consider the two circles with centers (h, k) and (j, m) and radii r and s, respectively. Deduce
havenopointsincommon?
2
2
d = (h j ) + (k m) . The two circles would have no points in common when they are
externally disjoint, when d > r + s. The two circles would also haveno pointsin common when
theyareconcentric,whend<rs
9of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.2.1
1A.
Checkthata+bisasolutiontoa+x=b.
a+x=bandx=a+b
a+(a+b)=b
(a+a)+b=b
I+b=b
b=b
1B.
Checkthata 1 *bisasolutiontoa*x=b.
a*x=bandx=a 1 *b
a*(a 1 *b)=b
(a*a 1 )*b=b
I*b=b
b=b
2.
Given.
Substitution.
ApplytheAssociativePropertyofAdditiontotheleftside.
IfI,substitutetheIdentityElementof+intotheleftside.
Theresultistrue,soa+bisasolutiontoa+x=b
Given.
Substitution.
ApplytheAssociativePropertyofMultiplicationtotheleftside.
IfI,substitutetheIdentityElementof*intotheleftside.
Theresultistrue,soa 1 *bisasolutiontoa*x=b.
Solvey*a=b,indicatingthepropertiesneededateachstep.
y*a=b
(y*a)*a 1 =b*a 1
y*(a*a 1 )=b*a 1
y*I=b*a 1
y=b*a 1
Given.
Ifa 1 ,multiplya 1 ,theMultiplicativeInverseofa,tobothsides.
ApplytheAssociativePropertyofMultiplicationtotheleftside.
IfI,substitutetheIdentityElementof*intotheleftside.
Thusy=b*a 1 ,ifthegivensetisclosedunder*.
10of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.2.1
3A. Suppose a and b are chosen from the set of evenintegersand* istheadditionoperation. Does
the equationa * x = b alwayshavea uniquesolutionset? Ifnot,giveanexampleofanequation
withtheoperationthatdoesnothaveauniquesolutioninS.
Yes,a*x=bhasauniquesolutionseta,b when*is+.
Foralla,b,(a+b) ,a and isclosedunderaddition.(Note:< ,+>isagroup.)
3B. Suppose a and b are chosen from the set of even integers and * isthemultiplicationoperation.
Does the equation a * x = b always have a unique solution set? If not, give an example of an
equationwiththeoperationthatdoesnothaveauniquesolutioninS.
No, a * x = b does not have a unique solution set a, b when * is the multiplication
operation.Forexample,8*x=2doesnothaveauniquesolutionin :
8*x=2x=2*=,but .
(Note:< ,>isnotagroupbecauseanidentityelementI .)
3C. Suppose a and b are chosen from the set of odd integers and * is the additionoperation. Does
the equationa * x = b alwayshavea uniquesolutionset? Ifnot,giveanexampleofanequation
withtheoperationthatdoesnothaveauniquesolutioninS.
No, the equation a * x = b does not have a unique solution set a, b when * is the
multiplicationoperation.Forexample,1*x=3doesnothaveauniquesolutionin :
1*x=3x=3+(1)=2,but2 .
(Note:< ,+>isnotagroupbecause isnotclosedunder+.)
3D. Suppose a and b are chosen from the set of odd integers and * is the multiplication operation.
Does the equation a * x = b always have a unique solution set? If not, give an example of an
equationwiththeoperationthatdoesnothaveauniquesolutioninS.
No, the equation a * x = b does not have a unique solution set a, b when * is the
multiplicationoperation.Forexample,5*x=3doesnothaveauniquesolutionin :
5*x=3x=3*()=,but, .
(Note:< ,+>isnotagroupbecausemostoddnumbershavenomultiplicativeinversein .)
11of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.2.2
1A. < , +, > is not a field. Create an equation of the form ax + b = cx + d,wherea,b,c,d ,
butwhosesolutiondoesnotlieinthesetofintegers.
GivenS={allintegers},verifythat<,+,>isnotafieldwiththeexample
3x+5=7x+2where2,3,5,74x=3x=,but.
1B. The set of square roots of nonnegative integers, with the operations of + and , is not a field.
Create an equation of the form ax + b = cx + d, where a, b, c, and d are in the set of square
roots of nonnegative integers, but whose solution does not lie in the set of square roots of
nonnegativeintegers.
GivenS={x|x2 =n,n,n0},verifythat<S,+,>isnotafieldwiththeexample
2 x + 3 = 5 x + 7 where 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 {squarerootsofnonnegativeintegers}
(2 5) x = 7 3 x = 7
2
6 +15 14 35
3
2 +5
2 +5
14 +35 6 15
2 5
{squarerootsofnonnegativeintegers},i.e.,
6 +15 14 35
,but
3
2
6 +15 14 35
+.
3
1C. The set of complex numbers oftheformki,withtheoperationsof+ and,isnota field. Create

an equation of the form ax + b = cx + d,wherea,b,c,andd areinthesetofcomplex numbers
oftheformki,butwhosesolutiondoesnotlieinthesetofcomplexnumbersoftheformki.
GivenS={ki|k},verifythat<S,+,>isnotafieldwiththeexample
2ix+8i=4ix+6iwhere2i,4i,6i,8i{complexnumbersoftheformki}
2ix=2ix=1,but1{complexnumbersoftheformki}.
1D. The set of integer powers of 2,withtheoperationsof+ and,isnota field. Createanequation
of the form ax + b = cx + d,wherea,b,c,andd areinthesetofintegerpowersof2,butwhose
solutiondoesnotlieinthesetofintegerpowersof2.
GivenS={2 n |n},verifythat<S,+,>isnotafieldwiththeexample
2x+32=8x+16where2,8,16,32{integerpowersof2}
6x=16x= 83 ,but 83 {integerpowersof2}.
12of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.2.2
2.
Prove: Thesetofnumbersoftheform m + n2 ,wheremandnarerationalnumbers,withthe

usualoperationsof+and,isafield.
<{numbersoftheform m + n2 },+,>isafieldbecausethesystem:
1. isclosedunder+
a,b,c,d, (a + b2 ) + (c + d2 ) = (a + c) + (b + d ) 2 ,
where(a+c),(b+d)(isclosedunderaddition)
2. iscommutativeunder+
a,b,c,d, (a + b2 ) + (c + d2 ) = (c + d2 ) + (a + b2 )
3. isassociativeunder+(inheritedfromtherationalnumbers)
4. hasanadditiveidentity(0)
m,n, (m + n2 ) + 0 = m + n2
5. hasanadditiveinverse( m n2 )
(m + n2) + ( m n2) = 0
6. isclosedunder
a,b,c,d, (a + b2 ) (c + d2 ) = (ac + 2 bd) + (ad + b c) 2 ,
where(ac+2bd),(ad+bc)(isclosedunderadditionandmultiplication)
7. iscommutativeunder
a,b,c,d, (a + b2 ) (c + d2 ) = (c + d2 ) (a + b2 )
8. isassociativeunder(inheritedfromtherationalnumbers)
9. hasamultiplicativeidentity(1)
m,n, (m + n2 ) 1 = m + n2
10. hasthemultiplicativeinverseproperty
1
m+n2
mn2
m2 2n 2
m
n
m2 2n 2 m2 2n 2 2
isthemultiplicativeinverseof m + n2 ,
sincem0,n0,andm,nm2 2n 2 .
11. isdistributivefor+over(inheritedfromtherationalnumbers)
3.
SolveinthefieldofProblem2: (3 + 42 ) x + (5 62 ) = (2 + 2 ) x + 32 .
(3 + 42) x + (5 62) = (2 + 2) x + 32
(1 + 32) x = 102 5
x=
10 2 5 3 2 1
3 2 +1
3 2 1
65 252
18 1
65 252
17
65
25
17 17 2
13of40
where
65 25
17 , 17
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.2.2
5A.
Thesalaryscalesinthreeschooldistrictsareasfollows,forateacherwithamastersdegree:
DistrictP:$30,000plus$1500foreachyearofexperience.
DistrictQ:$30,000plus$1750foreachyearofexperience.
DistrictR:$28,000plus$1750foreachyearofexperience.
Giveaformulaforthesalaryineachdistrictforateacherwithnyearsofexperience.
Forn=totalyearsofexperience,
P=30000+1500n
Q=30000+1750n
R=28000+1750n
5B.
UsetheformulasfoundinProblem5Ato indicatethenumberofyearsexperienceteachershave
inDistrictsPandRwhentheyearnthesamesalary.
WhenP=R,30000+1500n=28000+1750n2000=250nn=8years.
5C.
inDistrictsPandQwhentheyearnthesamesalary.
WhenP=Q,30000+1500n=30000+1750n0=250nn=0years.
5D.
inDistrictsQandRwhentheyearnthesamesalary.
WhenQ=R,30000+1750n=28000+1750n2000=0
TeachersinDistrictsQandRneverearnthesamesalary,forallpossibleyearsofexperience.
5E.
If in District T, teachers earn a salary of STdollarsplusETdollarsforeachyearofexperience,

and in District U, teachers earn a salary of SU dollars plus EU dollars for each year of
experience, ST > SU, and EU > ET, how many years willittakeDistrictUteachersto catchupto
DistrictT?
S T+nET=S U+nEUS TS U=n(EUET)n=
14of40
S T S U
E U E T
years.
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.2.2
7A.
Showstepsinsolvingthesystems
wa+xc=1
wb+xd=0
and
ya+zc=0
yb+zd=1
forw,x,y,andzintermsofa,b,c,andd,withoutusingmatrices.
wa+xc=1wad+xcd=d
wb+xd=0wbcxcd=0wadwbc=dw(adbc)=d w = ad dbc
wa+xc=1wab+xbc=b
wb+xd=0wabxad=0xbcxad=bx(bcad)=b x = bcb ad = adbbc
yb+zd=1ybc+zcd=c
ya+zc=0yadzcd=0ybcyad=cy(bcad)=c y = bcc ad = adcbc
yb+zd=1yab+zad=a
ya+zc=0yabzbc=0zadzbc=az(adbc)=a z = ad abc
7B.
ExplainwhyProblem7Adeterminesthemultiplicativeinverseofa22matrix.
Iftheproblemwererewrittenintheformofmatrixmultiplication,thenweknowM1 M=Iand
[ ][ ]=[
wx
yz
ab
cd
wa+xcya+zc
wb+xyb+zd
]=[ ]=I
10
01
Inotherwords,for
M= [ ]
ab
cd
and d et(M) = D = a d b c ,
M =[ ]=[
1
wx
yz
d
ad bc
c
ad bc
b
ad bc
a
ad bc
15of40
]=[
d
D
c
D
D
a
D
]= D1 [
db
ca
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.2.2
8A. Use22matricestosolvethefollowingsystemfor(x,y).
2x5y=11
4x15y=4
Inmatrixform,theproblemcanbestatedasAX=B.
25
415
][ ]=[ ]
x
y
11
4
whereA1 isdeterminedusingtheresultofProblem7B,
andthesolutionofAX=BisgivenbyX=A1 B,and(x,y)=(18.5,5.2).
X=
1
2(15)4(5)
155
42
][ ]= 101 [
11
4
(15)11+5(4)
(4)11+2(4)
8A. SolvethesystemfromProblem8Afor(x,y)withoutusingmatrices.
2x5y=11
4x15y=4
2x5y=116x+15y=33
4x15y=42x=37x=18.5
2x5y=114x+10y=22
4x15y=45y=26y=5.2
(x,y)=(18.5,5.2)
16of40
]=[ ]
18.5
5.2
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.2.3
1A. Findtwonumberswhosesumis10andwhoseproductis5.
xy=5y=5/x
x+y=10x+5/x=10x2 +5=10xx2 +10x+5=0 x = 5 25
5 + 25 and 5 25 haveasumof10andproductof5.
1B. Findtwonumberswhosesumis1andwhoseproductis1.
xy=1y=1/x
x+y=1x+1/x=1x2 +1=xx2 x+1=0 x =
1+i3
2
and
1 i3
2
1 i3
2
haveasumof1andaproductof1.
1C. Findthedimensionsofarectanglewhoseareais60cm2 andwhoseperimeteris200cm.

A=lw=60l=60/w
2(l+w)=20060/w+w=10060+w2 =100ww2 100w+60=0
w = 5 0 2610 l= 5 0 + 2610 99.3964andw= 5 0 2610 0.6036.
2.
ProvetheCorollarytoTheorem4.5:
mandnaresolutionstothequadraticequationax 2 +bx+c=0iffm+n=b/aandmn=c/a.
Proofof():
Givenax2 +bx=c x2 + ba x =
c
a
b
x2 + ba x + 4a
2 =
b
+ 4a
2 ( x +
2
2
b
= b 4ac
x + 2a
= |b2a| 4ac x +
2
4a
2
2
2
b b 4ac
b+b 4ac
x=
m =
and n = b 2ab 4ac
2a
2a
x+
b
2a
m+n =
mn =
b 2 4ac
4a 2
x +
b 2 4ac +
2a
b+
b+
2a
4ac
)(
b
2a
b 2 4ac =
2a
2a
4ac
2b
2a
b
4a 2
=
+
b
2a
b 2
2a
b 2 4ac
4a 2
2
= b2a4ac
and
(b 2 =4ac)
4a 2
4ac
4a 2
c
a
Proofof():
Givenm+n=b/aandmn=c/a,
ax2 +bx+c=0x2 +(b/a)x+(c/a)=0x2 (b/a)x+(c/a)=0
x2 (m+n)x+mn=0bysubstitutionofthegiven
(xm)(xn)=0byfactoringxm=0orxn=0bythezeroproductproperty
x=morx=nmandnaresolutionstoax2 +bx+c=0,asdesired.
17of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.2.3
3A.
ShowthatTheorem4.6bfollowsfromTheorem4.6a.Thatis,if
b,c, x2 + b x + c = 0 x =
b2
,
4 c
thenb,c, x2 + 2 bx + c = 0 x = b b 2
Givenb,c, x2 + b x + c = 0 x =
3B.
(b)
c.
b2
(Theorem4.6a),
4 c
substitutionofb=2byields x2 + 2 b x + c = 0 x =
x2 + 2 b x + c = 0 x = b
2b
(2b ) 2
4 c
c asdesired.
ShowthatTheorem4.6cfollowsfromTheorem4.6a.Thatis,if
b,c, x2 + b x + c = 0 x =
thena,b,c, ax2 + b x + c = 0 x =
Givenb,c, x2 + b x + c = 0 x =
b2
,
4 c
b 2 4ac .
2a
b2
(Theorem4.6a),
4 c
ifb=abandc=acthenbysubstitution x2 + b x + c = 0 x =
x2 + 2 b x + c = 0 x = b
(b)
c asdesired.
18of40
b2
4 c
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION4.2.3
5.
Determinethepositivedifferenceofthesolutionstothequadraticequationax 2 +bx+c=0.
ax2 +bx+c=0 x =
b 2 4ac
2a
| r r | = || b+b 2 4ac
2|
2a
| 1
|
b 2 4ac || = || b 2 4ac || = b 2 4ac

2a
a
|a |
6A. Ifmandnaresolutionstoax 2 +bx+c=0,findaformulaform2 +n2 intermsofa,b,andc.

ax2 +bx+c=0 x =
2
b 2 4ac r + r =
1
2
2a
(r 1 + r 2 ) = r12 + 2 r 1 r 2 + r22
r12 + r22 = (r 1 + r 2 )
2 r 1 r 2 = ( ab )
2 ( ac ) =
and r 1 r 2 =
b2
2c
a2 a
19of40
b 2 2ac
a2
c
a
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.1
4.
Suppose you know the base of a rectangle has a length of 4 inches and a diagonalhasa length
of5inches.Findtheareaoftherectangle.
Givenl=4,d=5,andl2 +w2 =d 2 w2 =5 2 4 2 =2516=9w=3A=lw=43=12in 2
5.
HowdoesthefigurebelowrelatetothePythagoreanTheorem?
The Pythagorean Theorem statesthatthesumoftheareasofthetwo smallersquaresin thefigure

isequaltotheareaofthelargestsquareinthefigure.
9.
On a sunny,warmday,a studentdecidesto fly a kiteonthecollegegreenjustto relax. Hiskite

takes off and soars. He lets all 150 feet of the string out and attracts a crowd of onlookers.
There is a slight breeze, and a spectator 90 feet away from the student notices that the kite is
directly above her. Unlike a real kite, this mathquestion kite hasthestring going ina straight
linefromthestudenttothekite.Howhighisthekitefromtheground?
Givenb=90,c=150,anda 2 +b 2 =c2 a 2 =150 2 90 2 =225008100=14400a=120ft
20of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.1
11.
For his 13th birthday, Adam was allowed to travel down to Sarahs Sporting Goods store to
purchase a brand new fishing pole. With great excitement and anticipation, Adamboardedthe
bus on his own and arrived at Sarahs store. Although the collection of fishing poles was
tremendous, there was only one pole for Adam and he bought it: a fivefoot, onepiece
fiberglass Trout Troller 570 fishing pole.WhenAdamsbusarrived,thedriverreportedthat
Adam could not board the bus with the fishing pole. Objects longer than four feet were not
allowed on the bus. In tears, Adam remained at the bus stop holding his beautiful fivefoot
Trout Troller. Sarah, seeing the whole ordeal, rushed out and said, Dont cry, Adam! Well
get your fishing pole on the bus! Sure enough, when the same bus and the same driver
returned, Adam boarded the buswithhisfishing poleandthedriverwelcomedhimaboardwith
a smile. How was Sarah ableto haveAdamboardthebuswithhisfivefootfishing polewithout
breakingthebuslinerulesandwithoutcuttingorbendingthepole?
Sarah helped Adam to enclose the fishing pole in a box (or rectangular prism) with a length of
less than or equal to 4 feet, and adiagonalofgreaterthan orequalto 5 feet. Forexample,abox
with dimensions of 4 feet 3 feet 2 feet would be permitted on the bus, and its diagonal of
42 + 32 + 22 = 29 feetwouldaccommodateAdamsfivefootfishingpole.
12.
In the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, when the brainless scarecrow is given the confidence to
think by the Wizard (by merely handing him a diploma, by the way), the first words the
scarecrow utters are, The sum of the square roots of any two sides of an isosceles triangle is
equal to the square root of the remaining side. An isosceles right triangle is just a right
triangle having both legs thesamelength. Supposethatanisoscelesrighttrianglehaslegseach
of length 3. What is the length of the hypotenuse? Is the scarecrows assertion valid? This
questionillustratesthetruevalueofadiplomawithoutstudying.
Anisoscelesrighttrianglewithlegsoflength3wouldhaveahypotenuseoflength 32 .
The scarecrows assertion is completely invalid. It is equivalent to stating that for any isosceles
triangle with sidesa,a,and c, a + a = c and a + c = a . Thefirsthalfofthestatement
is false for the given example with a = 3 and c= 32 ,since 23 =/ 32 . Thesecond halfof
thestatementimpliesthatc=0,whereuponthegiventrianglewouldnolongerbeatriangle.
21of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.1
13.
Start with a right triangle with bothlegshaving length1 Whatisthelengthofthehypotenuse?

Suppose we draw a line of length 1 perpendicular to the hypotenuse and then make a new
triangle as illustrated. What is the length of this new hypotenuse? Supposewecontinueinthis
manner.Describeaformulaforthelengthsofallthehypotenuses.
Thelengthofthefirsthypotenuseis h 1 = 1 2 + 1 2 = 2 .
1 + (2) = 3 .
= 1 + (3 ) = 4 = 2 .
2
Thelengthofthesecondhypotenuseis h 2 =
Thelengthofthethirdhypotenuseis h 3
Continuinginthismanner,thelengthofthenthhypotenuseis h n =
19.
+ (n ) = n + 1 .
You have a choice at the local pizza place: For the same price you can get either one large
pizza or both a small and a medium. How canyoudeterminewhichway yougetmoreby using
just the Pythagorean Theorem and knowing the diameters of the different sizes of pizza?
Describeaneasyproceduretofigureoutwhichdealtochoose.
Letd S ,d M,andd Lbethediametersofasmall,medium,andlargepizzarespectively.
LetAS ,AM,andALbetheareasofasmall,medium,andlargepizzarespectively.
Usingtheformulafortheareaofacircle, AS =
Choosethelargepizzaif
Chooseeitheroptionif
dS2
4
dS2
4
2
dM
4
2
dM
4
<
dL2
4
dL2
4
dS2
4
, AM =
2
dM
4
,and AL =
2
,orinotherwords,if dS2 + dM
<
dL2
4 .
dL2 .
2
,orinotherwords,if dS2 + dM
= dL2 .
d 2
d 2
d 2
2
Choosethesmallandmediumpizzasif 4 S + 4M > 4 L ,orinotherwords,if dS2 + dM
> dL2 .
In terms of the Pythagorean Theorem, if the diameters of the three pizzas form a right triangle,
then the two options are equivalent. If the diameters ofthethreepizzasforman obtusetriangle,
then the large pizza is the better deal. Ifthediametersofthethreepizzasforman acutetriangle,
thenthesmallandmediumpizzasarethebetterdeal.
22of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.1
20. Supposerandsareany two naturalnumberswhererisbiggerthans.Using theconverseofthe
Pythagorean Theorem that appears at the end of Problem 22 (If a triangle has sides with
lengths a, b, and c satisfying a 2 + b 2 = c2 , then it is a right triangle.), show that the triangle
having side lengths equal to 2rs, r2 s2 , and r2 + s2 is actually a right triangle. Are there
infinitelymanydifferentrighttriangleshavingallsidesofintegerlengths?
Givenr,s,r>s,andatriangleofsideslength2rs,r2 s2 ,andr2 +s2 :
(2rs)2 +(r2 s2 )2 =4r2 s2 +r4 2r2 s2 +s4 =r4 +2r2 s2 +s4 =(r2 +s2 )2 .
ThenbytheconverseofthePythagoreanTheorem,thegiventrianglemustbearighttriangle.
21. Suppose we have two circles having the same center. The small one has radiusr,andthelarge
one has radius R. Lets now consider two shapes.Thefirstisthedoughnutlikeregionbetween
the two circles. The second is a disk whose diameter is the length of the line segment whose
endpoints are on the large circle and whose center point touches the small circle at its north
pole. What are the areas of these two shaded regions? How do their sizes compare with each
other?(Wenotethattheformulafortheareaofacircleofradiusrequalsr2 .)
Theareaofthedonutshapedregionis Adonut = R2
Theareaofthediskshapedregionis Adisk =
(R2
r 2 = (R2
r2
= (R2
r2 ) .
r2 ) .
Infact, Adonut = Adisk ,orinotherwords,thetwoshapeshavethesamearea.
23of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.1
22. Supposewehaveatrianglethatisnotarighttriangle.Forexample,consider:
Now, if we drop a perpendicular line from the top vertex down to the side of length a and we
cutthatsideintotwopiecesoflengths,aanda,wewouldhave:
It turns out that a 2 + b 2 = c2 + 2aa. UsethePythagoreanTheoremwiththetwo righttriangles

in the preceding picture to produce two equations. Subtract one equation from the other and
notice that the h2 terms drop out. Now, deducethepreceding formula (rememberthata = a+
a, so you can solve for a). Once you have proved this formula, show what happens if the
angle between sides a and b is 90. Noticethatyouhaveactually provedtheconverse ofthe
Pythagorean Theorem: If a triangle has sides with lengths a, b, and c satisfying a 2 + b 2 = c2 ,
thenitisarighttriangle.
BythePythagoreanTheorem,(aa)2 +h 2 =c2
AlsobythePythagoreanTheorem,(a)2 +h 2 =b 2 .
Subtractingthetwoequationsyields(aa)2 +h 2 (a)2 h 2 =c2 b 2
a 2 2aa=c2 b 2 a 2 +b 2 =c2 +2aa.
Astheanglebetweensidesaandbtendstowards90,aapproaches0
a 2 +b 2 =c2 +2a(0)a 2 +b 2 =c2 .
24of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.3
3.
Which of the following objects most closely resembles a Golden Rectangle? A 35inch index
cardan8.511inchpaperan1114inchpaperan1117inchpaper.
5
3
11
17
1+5
= 1 .6 , 8.5
= 1 .2911764705882... , 14
= 1 .6180339887499... ,
11 = 1 .27 , 11 = 1 .54 ,and 2
soa35inchindexcardmostcloselyresemblesaGoldenRectangle.
4.
Whydoestheequation 1 =
havethesamesolutionastheequation
1
1
The two equations have the same solution set because the equation 1 =
transformedintothesecondequation
9.
1
1
bymultiplyingbothsidesby
can be
Suppose you have a Golden Rectangle cut out of a piece of paper. Now suppose you fold it in
half along its base and then in half along its width. You have just created a new, smaller
rectangle.IsthatrectangleaGoldenRectangle?Justifyyouranswer.
Say the original Golden Rectangle has dimensions (1 + 5 ) n 2n for some n . Then the
new, smaller rectangle would have dimensions
( 1+5
2 ) n n. The ratio ofitssideswould stillbe
equaltotheGoldenMean,sothenew,smallerrectanglewouldalsobeaGoldenRectangle.
11.
Take a Golden Rectangle and draw the largest circle inside it that touches three sides. The
circle will touch two opposite sides of the rectangle. If we connect those two pointswitha line
and then cut the rectangle into two pieces along that line, will either of the two smaller
rectanglesbeaGoldenRectangle?Explainyourreasoning.
Say the original Golden Rectangle has dimensions (1 + 5 ) n 2n for some n . Drawing
thelargestcircleinsideofit,whichtouchesthreesidesanddividestherectangleresultsin:
asmallerrectangleofdimensionsn2n
alargerrectangleofdimensions2n n5
The ratio of sides in the smaller rectangle is 2 : 1 , and the ratio of sides in the larger rectangle is
5 : 2 . Therefore neither rectangle is a Golden Rectangle, which by definition has a ratio of
sidesof (1 + 5 ) : 2 .
25of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.3
16. Let G be a Golden Rectangle having base b and height h, and let G be the smaller Golden
Rectanglemadeby removing thelargestsquarepossiblefromG. Computetheratio ofthearea
of G to the area of G. That is, compute Area(G)/Area(G). Does your answer really depend
onbandh(theoriginalsizeofG)?Areyousurprisedbyyouranswer?
GivenGisaGoldenRectanglewithbasebandheighth,withoutlossofgeneralityassumeh<b.
b
h
1+5
2
bydefinitionofaGoldenRectangle.
Thatis,forsomen, b =
( 1+5
2 ) n = n andh=n.
GisthesmallerGoldenRectanglewithbaseh=nandheight(bh)=nn=(1)n.
Area(G)
Area(G)
= 1 / = 2 = 1+5
= 3+5
2
2 .Thisresultisnotsurprising.
We fully expect the ratio Area(G):Area(G) to be the perfect square (2 ) of the ratio of
correspondingsidesofGandG().
= (n)(n) (n)( 1 )n =
26of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.3
18. Lets make a rectangle somewhat like the Golden Rectangle. Starting with a rectangle whose
base is twice as long as its height, connect the midpoint of the base to the upper right vertex
with a line. Use this line as the radius of the circle, and continue as in the construction of the
Golden Rectangle. This produces a new, longer rectangle, as shown in the diagram. What is
the ratio of the base to the height of this new big rectangle (that is, whatisbase/heightforthis
new rectangle)? Now remove the original rectangle. This gives us a new, smaller rectangle.
Are the proportions of the base/height of this smaller rectangle the same as the proportionsof
thebigrectangle?Experimentwithstartingrectanglesofdifferingproportions.
Assume that the originalrectangleR=ABCDhassidesoflength AD=BC=n and AB=CD=

2n forsomen . Then thenew,longerrectangleR=AEFDconstructed asshown hassides
of length AD = EF = n and AE = DF = (2 + 1 ) n . The new small rectangle R =BEFChas
sides of length BC = EF = n and BE = CF = (2 1 ) n . The sides of rectangle R = AEFD
(2 +1 )n
have a ratio of 2 + 1 =
. The sides of rectangle R = BEFC have a ratio of
n
2 + 1 =
1
2 +1
2 1 2 +1
as well. Thus the proportions of the base/height of the two constructed
rectanglesR=AEFDandR=BEFCarealwaysthesame,foralln.
Inthenumericalexampleabove,CD:AD=2:1=2.
Forthegeneralcase,w.l.o.g.letAD=BC=EF=1andAB=CD=b.ThenAB:AD=b:1=b.
ThenAM=BM= b2 andCM=EM=
( b2 )
+ 12 =
b 2 +4
4
2
= b2 +4
TheratioofbasetoheightinAEFDisAE:AD=AE:1=AE=AM+EM=
AlsoBE=EMBM=
b+
+4
b+b 2 +4
2
TheratioofbasetoheightinBEFCis
2
2 ( b+b 2 +4 )
2 ( b+b 2 +4 )
b+b +4
b+b 2 +4
b+b 2 +4
2
BC:BE= 1
=
=
=
=
.
2
2
2
4
2
2
b +(b +4 )
b+b +4
b+b 2 +4
In other words, for the general case where the ratio AB:AD is b, the rectangles iteratively
2
constructedasspecifiedwillexhibitaratioofbasetoheightof b+b +4 .
2
StudyGuideSolution:
AssumesAD=1,thenclaimsAD= b2 andAE:AD=
27of40
b+b 2 +4
b
.Error?
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.3
19. Consider the diagonal in the Golden Rectangle show here and draw in the largest square
possible. Notice thatoneedgeofthesquarecutsthediagonalinto two pieces. Whatistheratio
of the length of the entire diagonal to the length of the part of the diagonal that is inside the
square? That is, compute the length of the entire diagonal divided by the length of thepartof
thediagonalthatisinsidethesquare.Surprised?
Consider the righttriangleT=BCD,and thesmallerrighttriangleT=DFG. SinceTand T

are similar triangles, the ratio of any two corresponding sides is the same. Therefore, by
definition of similar triangles, BD:DF = CD:DG. Since AD = AE = DG=EG=BCby definition
of a square and a rectangle, CD:DG=CD:BCby substitution. Sinceitisgiven thatABCDisa
GoldenRectangle,theratioBD:DF=CD:DG=CD:BC=
21.
1+5
2
,theGoldenMean.
Determine the dimensions of a rectangle such that if you remove the largest square,thenwhat
remains has a ratio of base to height that is twice the ratio of base to height of the original
rectangle.
Suppose a rectangle has base b and height h, where b > h. The largest square that can be
removed from such a rectangle would have dimensions of h h. The rectangle that remains
wouldhavedimensionsofh(bh).
Then bh = 2 b h h bh=2bh2h 2 2h 2 bh=0h(2hb)=02h=b
All rectangles that fulfill the conditions stated have one side that is twice thelength oftheother,
suchas1unit2units,2units4units,3units6units,etc.
28of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.5
3.
Howmanyfaces,edges,andverticesarethereinacube?Howmanyareinatetrahedron?
Acubehas6faces,12edges,and8vertices.
Atetrahedronhas4faces,6edges,and4vertices.
Ingeneral,forallregularpolyhedrons(alsoknownasPlatonicsolids),VE+F=2.
4.
Explainwhythecubeandtheoctahedronareduals(i.e.,amorous)ofeachother.
Polyhedrons that are duals of each other have the property that the number of vertices of one
equals the number of faces of the other. Acubehas8 verticesand 6 faces,whilean octahedron
has6verticesand8faces.
8.
Draw pictures in the plane that show the edges of each of the regular solids in the sense that
each edge in your drawing corresponds to an edge on the solid andeachonejoinsanotherone
whenever the corresponding edges on the solid touch. For example, you could inflate each
regular solid until it becomes a sphere withcurvededgesonitandthendrawthestereographic
projection.
TETRAHEDRON
11.
HEXAHEDRON
OCTAHEDRON
DODECAHEDRON
ICOSAHEDRON
For each of the regular solids, take the number of vertices, subtract the number of edges, add
thenumberoffaces.Foreachregularsolid,whatdoyouget?
POLYHEDRON
VERTICES
EDGES
FACES
VE+F=2
TETRAHEDRON
46+4=2
CUBE
12
812+6=2
OCTAHEDRON
12
612+8=2
DODECAHEDRON
20
30
12
2030+12=2
ICOSAHEDRON
12
30
20
1230+20=2
29of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.5
14. For each regular solid, imagine slicing off a vertex. What shape is the boundary of the cut?
Forexample,slicingavertexoffatetrahedrongivesatriangularcut.
Slicingavertexoffatetrahedrongivesatriangularcut.
Slicingavertexoffacubegivesatriangularcut.
Slicingavertexoffanoctahedrongivesaquadrilateralcut.
Slicingavertexoffadodecahedrongivesatriangularcut.
Slicingavertexoffanicosahedrongivesapentagonalcut.
17. Suppose you have a cube with edges oflength1. Supposeyouconstructanoctahedroninsideit
whose vertices are in the centers of the faces of the cube. How long are the edges of that
octahedron?
The edges of the octahedron are hypotenuses of isosceles right triangles with legs of length .
Thustheedgesoftheoctahedronhavealengthof
30of40
2
2
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.5
18. Suppose you take a cube with edges of length 1 and construct an octahedron around it by
making the center of each triangle of the octahedron hit ata vertex ofthecube. Howlong are
theedgesoftheoctahedron?
Consider the cross section of the given octahedron, in the plan of vertices B, P, and center O.
VertexPisthecentroidofequilateralABC.
LetQbethemidpointofsideAC.ThenBQ=(BQ).
LetRbethecenterofthetopmostfaceofthecube.ThenRO= 12 .
By the definition of similar triangles, BR = (BO) RO = (BO) BO = 3(RO) = 3()= 32 .
By definition of a regular octahedron, AO = BO = CO = DO = EO = FO = 32 and BOC = 90.
ThenBOCisanisoscelesrighttrianglewithlegsoflength 32 BC=
31of40
32
2
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
SECTION4.5
21.
Slice off all the vertices of each of the regular solids to produce new solids that have two
different types of sides. Fill in the chart by counting or computing the number of vertices,
edges, and faces each solid now has. Also describe how many faces ofeachtypethetruncated
solidhas.
TRUNCATEDSOLID
VERTICES
EDGES
FACES
Tetrahedron
12
18
8(4,4)
Cube
24
36
14(8,6octagons)
Octahedron
24
36
14(6,6)
Dodecahedron
60
90
32(20,12decagons)
Icosahedron
60
90
32(12pentagons,20)
TRUNCATED
TETRAHEDRON
TRUNCATED
HEXAHEDRON
TRUNCATED
OCTAHEDRON
32of40
TRUNCATED
DODECAHEDRON
TRUNCATED
ICOSAHEDRON
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION8.1.1
1.
The authors claim that standard fares for a given airline often do not satisfy the criteria fora
distance function. More precisely, if S is the set of all cities served by a certain airline at a
certain time and if d(P, Q) = standard coach airline fare betweencitiesPandQforthatairline
at thattime,thend may havepropertiesD1,D2,andD3 ofa distancefunction,butproperty D4
generally fails for at least one choice of three cities P, Q, and R. Probe the Internetto findan
exampletoverifythisclaim.
N.B.: AdistancefunctionormetriconasetSisafunctionofd:SS,
suchthatforallpointsP,Q,andRinS:
D1:NonnegativityProperty
d(P,Q)0
D2:NondegeneracyProperty
d(P,Q)=0iffP=Q
D3:SymmetricProperty
d(P,Q)=d(Q,P)
D4:TriangleInequality
d(P,Q)+d(Q,R)d(P,R)
Ifd(X,Z)isdefinedasthelowestdailyfarethatJetBlue.comoffersforonewaynonstoptravel
betweenXandZonWednesday,July3,2013,then
d(JFK,BOS)=98,d(BOS,JFK)=98,
d(BOS,SFO)=252,d(SFO,BOS)=284,
d(JFK,SFO)=338,andd(SFO,JFK)=232.
ThesevaluessatisfypropertiesD1,D2,andD4,butfailtosatisfypropertyD3.Alternately,if
d(X,Z)isdefinedasthecostoftravelingnonstopfromXtoZ,andd(X,Y)+d(Y,Z)isdefinedas
thecostoftraveling1stopfromXtoZviaY,thenpropertyD4doesnothold:
d(JFK,SFO)=338
d(JFK,BOS)+d(BOS,SFO)=273
d(JFK,BOS)+d(BOS,SFO)<d(JFK,SFO)
33of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION8.1.1
2.
In this section, formulas for Euclidean distance aregivenfor 2 and 3 . Givena formula fora
distancefunctiond Ein 1 .
In1 ,definethedistancefunctionbetweenP=x1 andQ=x2 as
d E(P,Q)=
3.
(x
1 x2 )
=|x1 x2 |.
Provethattaxicabdistancehasallofthepropertiesrequiredofadistancefunction.
d(P,Q)0
d(P,Q)=0iffP=Q
d(P,Q)=d(Q,P)
d(P,Q)+d(Q,R)d(P,R)
Definetaxicabdistancein2 betweenP=(x1 ,y1 )andQ=(x2 ,y2 )as:

d(P,Q)=|x1 x2 |+|y1 y2 |.
Thentaxicabdistancesatisfies:
D1becausethesumoftwoabsolutevaluesmustbegreaterthanorequaltozero.
D2becaused(P,Q)=0iffx1 =x2 andy1 =y2 .
D3becaused(P,Q)=|x1 x2 |+|y1 y2 |=|x2 x1 |+|y2 y1 |=d(Q,P)
D4because,forP=(x1 ,y1 ),Q=(x2 ,y2 ),andR=(x3 ,y3 ):
|x1 x2 |+|x2 x3 ||x1 +(x2 +x2 )x3 |and|y1 y2 |+|y2 y3 ||y1 +(y2 +y2 )y3 |
(|x1 x2 |+|y1 y2 |)+(|x2 x3 |+|y2 y3 |)|x1 x3 |+|y1 y3 |
d(P,Q)+d(Q,R)d(P,R)
34of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION8.1.1
4.
In Euclidean geometry the set of all points equidistant from two given points P and Q is the
perpendicular bisector of the segment PQ. In the geometry ofthetaxicabmetric,thisisrarely
the case. Construct two examples to show that the set of all points equidistant fromtwo given
pointsPandQwiththetaxicabmetriccanhavemorethanoneshape.
Example1:
ForP(1,0)andQ(3,0),thesetofallpointsequidistantfromPandQisjustthelinex=2:
d T(P,R)=d T(Q,R)|x1|+|y0|=|x3|+|y0||x1|+|y|=|x3|+|y||x1|=|x3|
forx1,1x=3x1=3,falsenopointsequidistant
for1x3,x1=3x2x=4x=2islineofallthepointsequidistant
forx3,x1=x31=3,falsenopointsequidistant
Example2:
ForP(0,0)andQ(2,2),thesetofallpointsequidistantfromPandQis(graphedinorange)
{(x,y)|y=x+2,x[0,2]}{(x,y)|x(,0],y[2,)}{(x,y)|x[2,),y(,0]}:
d T(P,R)=d T(Q,R)|x0|+|y0|=|x2|+|y2||x|+|y|=|x2|+|y2|
forx0andy0,xy=2x+2y0=4,falsenopointsequidistant
forx0and0y2,x+y=2x+2yy=2onx(,0]
forx0andy2,x+y=2x+y20=0,true{(x,y)|x(,0],y[2,)}
for0x2andy0,xy=2x+2yx=2ony(,0]
for0x2and0y2,x+y=2x+2yy=x+2onx[0,2],y[0,2]
for0x2andy2,x+y=2x+y2x=0ony[2,)
forx2andy0,xy=x2+2y0=0,true{(x,y)|x[2,),y(,0]}
forx2and0y2,x+y=x2+2yy=0onx[2,)
forx2andy2,x+y=x2+y20=4,falsenopointsequidistant
35of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION8.1.1
6A. ConstructataxicabcirclewithcenterP=(0,1)andradiusr=1.8.
ThetaxicabcirclewithcenterP(0,1)andradiusr=1.8has:
theequation|x|+|y1|=1.8
thedomainx[1.8,1.8]
therangey[0.8,2.8]
andisboundedby(asgraphedinorange):
thefourvertices(0,2.8),(1.8,1),(0,0.8),(1.8,1)
thefourlinesegments
{(x,y)|y=x+2.8,x[1.8,0],y[1,2.8]}
{(x,y)|y=x+2.8,x[0,1.8],y[1,2.8]}
{(x,y)|y=x0.8,x[0,1.8],y[0.8,1]}
{(x,y)|y=x0.8,x[1.8,0],y[0.8,1]}
36of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION8.1.1
6B. GeneralizetheresultfromProblem6A.
ThetaxicabcirclewithcenterP(h,k)andradiusrhas:
theequation|xh|+|yk|=r
thedomainx[hr,h+r]
therangey[kr,k+r]
andisboundedby:
thefourvertices(h,k+r),(h+r,k),(h,kr),(hr,k)
thefourlinesegments
{(x,y)|y=x+rh+k,x[hr,h],y[k,k+r]}
{(x,y)|y=x+r+h+k,x[h,h+r],y[k,k+r]}
{(x,y)|y=xrh+k,x[h,h+r],y[kr,k]}
{(x,y)|y=xr+h+k,x[hr,h],y[kr,k]}
7.
Identify the centers and radii of two different taxicab circlesthathavemorethantwo pointsin
common.
Anytwotaxicabcirclesthatsharepartofanedgewillhavemorethantwopointsincommon.
Forexample,
{(x,y)||x|+|y|=2}isataxicabcircleTwithcenter(0,0)andradiusr=2
{(x,y)||x2|+|y2|=2}isataxicabcircleVwithcenter(2,2)andradiusr=2
TandVshareaninfinitenumberofpointsalongthelinesegment:
{(x,y)|y=x+2,x[0,2],y[0,2]}
StudyGuideSolution:
{(x,y)||x|+|y|=2}isataxicabcircleC1 withcenter(0,0)andradiusr=2
{(x,y)||x1|+|y|=1}isataxicabcircleC2 withcenter(1,0)andradiusr=1
C1 andC2 shareaninfinitenumberofpointsalongtwolinesegments:
{(x,y)|y=x+2,x[1,2],y[0,1]}and{(x,y)|y=x2,x[1,2],y[1,0]}
37of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION8.1.1
9A.
Let distance be defined for theCartesianplaneusing thefollowing functiond M: GivenpointsP,

Q, with coordinates (x 1 , y1 ) and (x 2 , y2 ), respectively, define d M(P, Q) = max(|x 1 x 2 |, |y1 y2 |).
Interpretd M(P,Q)geometrically.
GivenpointsP(x1 ,y1 ),Q(x2 ,y2 ),considerR(x2 ,y1 )andrightPQR.
IfPR=|x1 x2 |>|y1 y2 |=QR,thend M(P,Q)=PR.
IfQR=|y1 y2 |>|x1 x2 |=PR,thend M(P,Q)=QR.
9B.
Showthatd Misametric.
d(P,Q)0
d(P,Q)=0iffP=Q
d(P,Q)=d(Q,P)
d(P,Q)+d(Q,R)d(P,R)
d MhasD1(nonnegativity):
d M(P,Q)isthemaximumoftwoabsolutevalues.
d MhasD2(nondegeneracy):
d M(P,Q)=0|x1 x2 |=0and|y1 y2 |=0x1 =x2 ,y1 =y2 P(x1 ,y1 )=Q(x2 ,y2 ).
d MhasD3(symmetry):
d M(P,Q)=max(|x1 x2 |,|y1 y2 |)=max(|x2 x1 |,|y2 y1 |)=d M(Q,P).
d MhasD4(triangleinequality):
d M(P,Q)=max(|x1 x2 |,|y1 y2 |)
d M(Q,R)=max(|x2 x3 |,|y2 y3 |)
d M(P,R)=max(|x1 x3 |,|y1 y3 |)
|x1 x3 |=|x1 +(x2 +x2 )x3 ||x1 x2 |+|x2 x3 |d M(P,Q)+d M(Q,R)
|y1 y3 |=|y1 +(y2 +y2 )y3 ||y1 y2 |+|y2 y3 |d M(P,Q)+d M(Q,R)
sinceboth|x1 x3 |and|y1 y3 |arelessthanorequaltod M(P,Q)+d M(Q,R),
max(|x1 x3 |,|y1 y3 |)=d M(P,R)d M(P,Q)+d M(Q,R).
38of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION8.1.1
12A.
In Section 3.1.3, we exhibiteda geometricmodeloftherealnumbersystem ona semicircleof

radius 1 centered at the point C = (0, 1) in the Cartesian plane. In this model (see Figure 5),
each real number r corresponds to thepointronthissemicirclethatisthepointofintersection
withthissemicircleofthelinesegmentjoiningCtothepoint(r,0)onthexaxis.
This model of the real number system is sometimes called the finite semicircle model of .
Given two real numbers rands,definethechordaldistanced C(r,s)to bethelengthofthechord
on the semicirclethatjoinsthepointsrandsrepresenting randsinthefinitesemicirclemodel
of.Explainwhyd Cisadistancefunctiononthesetofallrealnumbers.
d ChasD1(nonnegativity):
d C(r,s)=d(r,s)isanonnegativechordaldistancebydefinition.
d ChasD2(nondegeneracy):
d C(r,s)=0d(r,s)=0r=s(r,0)=(s,0)r=s.
d ChasD3(symmetry):
d C(r,s)=d(r,s)=d(s,r)=d C(s,r).
d MhasD4(triangleinequality):
Thestandarddistancefunctionhastriangleinequality:d(r,s)+d(s,t)d(r,t)
d C(r,s)=d(r,s)andd C(s,t)=d(s,t)andd C(r,t)=d(r,t)
Therefore,bysubstitution,d C(r,s)+d C(s,t)d C(r,t).
39of40
PeiHsinLinsHW3
May21,2013
APSECTION8.1.1
12B.
Howarethevaluesofthechordaldistancefunctionrelatedtotheusualdistancefunction:
d(r,s)=|rs|?
The Euclidean distance between r and s in 2 is always strictly greater than thechordaldistance
betweenrandsinthefinitesemicirclemodel:
d(r,s)=d((r,0),(s,0))=|rs|>d(r,s)=d C(r,s)
StudyGuideSolution:
Claimsd E(r,s)=|rs|<d E(r,s)=d C(r,s).Error?
12C.
Explainwhyd C(r,s)<2forallrealnumbersrands.
As r + and s , r (1, 1)and s(1,1). Thusthelength ofthediameterofcircle
C from (1, 1) to (1, 1), which is 2, represents the upper limit of the chordal distance d C(r, s).
Therefore,d C(r,s)<2forallrealnumbersrands,whicharegreaterthanandlessthan+.
StudyGuideSolution:
r,s,d C(r,s)=d E(r,s)<d E((1,1),(1,1))=2
40of40

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