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PsychosocialTheoryofHumanDevelopmentErikErikson
TheoryofCognitiveDevelopmentJeanPiaget
TheoryofBehaviorismB.F.Skinnerandothers
SocioculturalTheoryLevVygotsky
TheoryofMultipleIntelligencesHowardGardner
MotivationTheoryAbrahamMaslow
Whatarethemainideasofthesetheories?
PsychosocialTheoryofHumanDevelopmentErikErikson
Lifeisaseriesofstages.Eachindividualmustpassthrougheachstage.Thewayin
whichapersonhandleseachofthesestagesaffectsthepersonsidentityand
selfconcept.Thesepsychosocialstagesare:
Newborntrustvs.mistrust
ifthenewbornreceivecarefromthecaregiveris
reliableandpredictablethantheywilllearntotrustthembutiftheneedsarenotmetthen
itsmistrustbetweenthem
Toddlerautonomyvs.shameanddoubt
whenthetoddlerisbecomingmore
mobileandwhenthetimetheymessupcomestheywillcriticizethemselves
Preschoolchildinitiativevs.guilt
whenpreschoolchildreninteractmoreoftenwith
othersandmorelikelytotakedangerousriskandguiltwiththepreschoolersarewhenthe
childstartstointeractmoreslowlyandmayinterferewiththeircreativity
Schoolagechildindustryvs.inferiority
industryiswhentheyarelearningmoreof
writingandreadingthatwillbecomeamajorsourceofselfesteeminferiorityiswhen
theinitiativeisreinforcedandthechildstartstofeelindustriousandfeelmoreconfident
intheirabilitytoachievethings
Adolescentidentityvs.identityconfusion
identityiswhentheteenbecomesmore
independentandknowwhotheyarebutidentityconfusioniswhentheyareconfused
ontooftheirgoals
Youngadultintimacyvs.isolation
begintoshareourselvesmoreintimatelywith
others.Weexplorerelationshipsleadingtowardslongertermscommitmentswith
someoneotherthanafamilymember
Adultgenerativityvs.stagnation
establishourcareers,settledownwithina
relationship,beginourfamiliesanddevelopasenseofbeingpartofthebiggerpicture
Elderintegrityvs.despair
tendtoslowdownourproductivity,andexplorelifeasa
retiredperson.Itisduringthistimethatwecontemplateouraccomplishmentsandare
abletodevelopintegrityifweseeourselvesasleadingasuccessfullife
TheoryofCognitiveDevelopmentJeanPiaget
Thebehaviorofchildrenandthedevelopmentoftheirthinkingcanonlybe
explainedbytheinteractionofnature(intrinsicdevelopment)andnurture(extrinsic
environmentalfactors).
ChildrenpassthroughspecificstagesastheydeveloptheirCognitiveDevelopmentskills:
Sensorimotorbirth2yearsinfantsdeveloptheirintellect
duringthisinitialphaseofdevelopment,childrenexperiencetheworldandgain
knowledgethroughtheirsensesandmotormovements
Preoperational26yearschildrenbegintothinksymbolicallyandimaginatively
Duringthestage,childrenbegintoengageinsymbolicplayandlearntomanipulate
symbols
Concreteoperational612yearschildrenlearntothinklogically
childrenlearntothinklogicallycharacterizedbythedevelopmentoflogicalthought
Formaloperational12yearsadulthoodadultsdevelopcriticalthinkingskills
hypotheticalreasoning
TheoryofBehaviorismB.F.Skinnerandothers
BasedonLockes
tabularasa
(cleanslate)idea,Skinnertheorizedthatachildis
anemptyorganismthatis,anemptyvesselwaitingtobefilledthrough
learningexperiences.Anybehaviorcanbechangedthroughtheuseofpositiveand
negativereinforcement.Behaviorismisbasedoncauseandeffectrelationships.
Majorelementsofbehaviorisminclude:
Positiveandnegativereinforcement
tellthechildthegoodandbadthingstheyare
doing
Useofstimulusandresponse
causeandeffect
Modeling
showthemwhattheycando
Conditioning.
twostimuliarelinkedtogethertoproduceanewlearnedresponseina
personoranimal
SocioculturalTheoryLevVygotsky
Theculturesinwhichchildrenareraisedandthewaysinwhichtheyinteractwith
peopleinfluencetheirintellectualdevelopment.Fromtheirculturalenvironments,
childrenlearnvalues,beliefs,skills,andtraditionsthattheywilleventuallypasson
totheirownchildren.Throughcooperativeplay,childrenlearntobehave
accordingtotherulesoftheircultures.Learningisanactiveprocess.Learningis
constructed.Elementsofsocioculturaltheoryare:
Zoneofproximaldevelopment
isthedifferencebetweenwhatalearnercandowith
andwithouthelp
Scaffolding
seeingwhattheycanlearnbynotgivinganyhelp
TheoryofMultipleIntelligencesHowardGardner
Intelligenceisviewedastheabilitytosolveproblemsandcreateproductsina
specificsituation.Manykindsofintelligencesexist.IQteststendtofocusononly
oneortwooftheseintelligences.Intelligencesmaybeexceptionallywelldeveloped
inindividualsdueeithertowelldevelopedpartsofthebrainortocultural
conditions.Theeightintelligencesthatarewidelyrecognizedare:
Linguistic
language/words
Logicalmathematical
math
Spatial
learningthroughspace
Bodilykinesthetic
learningthroughyourbodyhandson
Intrapersonal
youoryourself
Interpersonal
relatingtootherpeople
Musical
learningthroughmusic
Naturalistic
learningthroughnature
MotivationTheoryAbrahamMaslow
Peoplearemotivatedbyasetofbasichumanneedsthatmaybeorganizedinthe
formofahierarchy,orpyramid,withthemostcriticalneedsatthebottomofthe
hierarchy.Oncetheirmostcriticalneedsaremet,individualscanfocusonachieving
higherandloftierneedssuchaslove,respect,andselfactualization.Thebasic
needs,beginningwiththemostcritical,are:
Physiologicalneedsair,water,food,shelter,clothes,sex
Safetyandsecurity
protectionfromelements,security,order,law,stability,freedom
fromfear
Loveandsenseofbelonging
friendship,intimacy,affection,andlove,fromwork
group,family,friends,romanticrelationships
Selfesteemrespectbyothers
achievement,independence,selfrespect,respectfrom
others,howyoufeeluponyourself
Selfactualization.
realizingpersonalpotential,selffulfillment,seekingpersonal
growthandpeakexperiences