, 27. 2015.

(. IDN-Internationalized Domain Names)
IDN
.
.
.rs .
.
.


10
,
,
1993.
, ,
.

.
2010.

(Internet) -
,
.
(IP - Internet protocol) -
.
IP (IP address) -
, IP .
IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) - 32- IP
.
(. 91.199.17.1).
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) - 128 IP IP , IPv4
.
(. 2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334).
(Internet domain) -
- , DNS .
, (www, mail, ftp),
DNS , DNSSEC .
DNS .
(Internet address) -
URL -.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) ,

, .
- (E-mail address) - ,
, @ (. info@rnids.rs).
DNS (Domain Name System) - ,
. DNS
, IP
. 2/4
DNS (DNS Server) -
IP
. DNS IP
, DNS DNS .
DNSSEC (DNS Security Extensions) -
DNS .
(Internet domain name) -
, -
. ,
, .
, DNS
, DNS DNS

(ASCII ), IDN
.
, , .
(TLD - Top-level domain) -
DNS . TLD - . (DNS
root zone), (ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). TLD
. ,
rnids.rs, bg.ac.rs, google.com... ".rs" ".com" TLD-. ICANN
TLD- .
TLD (gTLD), (ccTLD) ( .ARPA).
(SLD - Second-level domain) -
TLD- . , rnids.rs, "rnids"
.RS. 3/4
(gTLD - generic Top-level domain) -
, .
gTLD- ,
(.COM, .ORG, .NET, .EDU, .GOV, .MIL .INT).

2000. . gTLD, ,
(.AERO, .BIZ, .COOP, .INFO, .MUSEUM, .NAME, .PRO,
.TRAVEL, .CAT, .TEL, .JOBS, .ASIA, .MOBI, .POST .XXX). 2013.
gTLD, ,
IDN gTLD.
(ccTLD - country code Top-level domain) -
. ccTLD
, ISO 3166-2,
( .RS ). IDN ccTLD
( . ).
(ccSLD - country code Second-level domain) -
ccTLD- (.
beograd.org.rs, ".org.rs" ccSLD). ccTLD-
ccSLD-,
(, , , , ,
...). .RS ccSLD-,
: .CO.RS, .ORG.RS, .EDU.RS, .IN.RS, .AC.RS
.GOV.RS. , . ccSLD-,
: .., .., .., .., .. ..).

(IDN - Internationalized Domain Name) -

. IDN ccTLD
, .
, , .
(Central Registry database) -
TLD- ,
.
DNS
.
(Internet Domain Registry) -
. .RS .
( ).
(Registrant) -
. ,
.
WHOIS (WHOIS service)
.
, WHOIS
, ,
.

(Registrar) -

, .
(Administrative contact) -

,
.
(Technical contact) -

(. DNS ).

.

 ()
()
(. Label ) ,
, , :
, , , ,
. a ,
,
(Unicode)
(Domain Name System, DNS)
(ASCII)

(Punycode) .
.

Punycode
.
.xn--90a3ac
..
.xn--o1ac.xn--90a3ac
..
.xn--c1avg.xn--90a3ac

 ()
1996, 1998. ,
()
, (Top Level Domains TLD)

Bcher.ch.
"Bcher" "", .ch ccTLD .
, Bcher ch. ASCII, .
Nameprep bcher, bcherkva.
xn-- xn--bcher-kva.
-, xn--bcher-kva.ch.

( . ICANN ) 2009.
, ,

,
-
.

test . e
, , .

IDN

(IDN ccTLD) 2010.

, ,
.

2010. ,
.. 2011. ..
.,
, . ( .br).

, , 2010.

.

: ICANN Internationalized Domain Names

. ,
. (Internationalized
Domain Name IDN), .

. 27. 2012. .
.

.
, . ,
,
.
. !.
,
.RS .

 .
2009. (Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers, ICANN )
(Internationalized Domain Name,
IDN), .

() .
2010. ()

.
,
. (.
.) ICANN-.
ICANN - .
.
2011. . .
-
, ..
- . .
- . ,
, 27. 2012.

 .
1.
.
, . , , ,
, .
2.
.
,
,
.
3. e
(, ,
, , ).
4. .
, Google Bing,
.
5. .
. ,
.

 .
. ,
.RS , . TLD
.
(, , )
: .RS .
. .
. (,
.RS ), (first-come, first-served ).
, . ,
.
. :
, ,

. ,

. ,

. ,

. ,
:
.

1. ,
. ?
: IDN ( .) ,
.
(Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Apple Safari, Opera,
Blackberry Browser, Android Browser)
. -, 21. 26.
2. www . ?
: , www .
.
.RS www , ,
DNS .
3. . ?
: , 30
(-), e (0-9) (-).
, . .
63 ASCII ACE (: IDN
).
4. ?
:
IDN
, .

,
. .
,
, .
.

( :
. :) ).
5. ,
?
: ,
, . ,
. ,

.
6. .
?
: .
.RS ,
. .
, , rnids.rs
, . .

7. .?
: ,
16. 2010. ,
.
(: ?)
8. , ?
: , 2010. ,
, .
9. . .RS ?
: . . .
.
10. .RS . .
?
: . domain alias,
. w
.
11. . ?
: . ()
( )
() .
35 .

. , ,
.


: , Lovely BG, , ,
.
: www.tipometar.org/aktuelno/akcija!/PlatanBG/Index.html

, MS Office
, .
: www.praktikum.rs/office/download/default.asp#cnv

Microsoft Office 2003 Transliterator
MS Word 2003 MS PowerPoint 2003
. Word 2007 PowerPoint 2007.
: www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=1438
.
. , .RS
. ,
.
. ,
. .

IDN e
Unicode IDN ,
(. Internet Explorer), ACE (ASCII Compatible
Encoding) , DNS ,
IDN e.
.
- 2011.
. , :
.
.
DNS
.

.
-

. ( , ), PDF, 1,52 MB

( , ) , PDF, 335 KB

: .. ..
:




-

ASCII vs Unicode
( : Punycode)
Spoofing / Phishing (ebay.com vs .)
-

Punycode

Punycode

.xn--90a3ac

..

.xn--o1ac.xn--90a3ac

..

.xn--c1avg.xn--90a3ac

..

.xn--90azh.xn--90a3ac

..

.xn--d1at.xn--90a3ac

..

.xn--80aug.xn--90a3ac

..

.xn--b1as.xn--90a3ac

BIND: , (idnkit,
libidn)
Microsoft DNS: ,

Apache:
Microsoft IIS: ! ( 7)
cPanel:

 (browsers)

Mozilla Firefox:
MS Internet Explorer:
Google Chrome:
Apple Safari:
Opera:

Apple Safari:
Blackberry Browser:
Google Android Browser: , .

. -

:

. @ .

MS Exchange: ,
Exim:
Exim + cPanel: (Punycode)

MS Outlook:
MS Outlook Web Access: ,
MS Hotmail: ()
Google Gmail: , ( )
Yahoo Mail: !
Horde, RoundCube, Squirrel Mail: ;
Mozilla Thunderbird: ,

Apple Mail (iOS):

Blackberry Mail: ,
Android Mail: , (. )
Google AdWords: 2011.

-
.

. -