ENGLISH-CHINESE PETROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

ILLUSTRATED VOCABULARIES

1.
1.1.

Contents

Process Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Column ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1.

1.1.1.1.

1.1.1.2.

1.1.1.3.

Valve Trays

1.1.1.4.

Sieve Trays

1.1.1.5.

1.1.1.6.

1.1.1.7.

1.1.1.8.

1.1.1.9.

Plate Column and Packed Column

Liquid Flow Patterns

Bubble Cap Trays

Dual Flow Trays and Jet Trays

Supports of Tray

7
8

Bottom Structures and Reboilers

Feed and Draw Off

9
10

Packings

12

1.1.1.10.

1.2.

Liquid Distributors, Redistributors and Support Plates

13

1.1.1.11. Tower Attachments

14

1.1.1.12.

15

Stair and Platform

1.1.2.

CO2

1.1.3.

/CO2

1.1.4.

1.1.4.1.

1.1.4.2.

CO2 Absorber

16

Regenerator / CO2 Stripper

Prill Tower

17
18

General Assembly and Prill-Spray Assembly

Prill tower Reclaimer

18
20

Reactor.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22

1.2.1.

Ammonia Converter

22

1.2.2.

Polymerizer

24

1.2.3.

Cell

26

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1.3.

1.2.3.1.

Diaphragm Cells

26

1.2.3.2.

Mercury Cells

27

Storage Tanks ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28

1.3.1.

1.3.1.1.

Floating Roof Types

32

1.3.1.2.

Seal Types of Floating Roof Tank

34

1.3.2.

Covered Floating Roof Tanks

35

1.3.3.

36

Floating Roof Tanks

30

Refrigerated Storage Tanks

1.4.

Evaporators ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37

1.5.

Heat Exchangers ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38

1.5.1.

Nomenclature of Heat Exchanger

1.5.1.1.

1.5.1.2.

1.5.1.3.

1.5.1.4.

1.5.1.5.

1.5.2.

1.5.3.

1.5.4.

1.5.5.

1.5.6.

1.5.6.1.

1.5.6.2.

1.5.6.3.

1.5.6.4.

1.5.6.5.

Components of Heat Exchanger

40
40

Types of Stationary Head, Shell and Rear End Head

Tubesheets

42
43

Tube-Tube Sheet Joints, Expansion Join ts and Other Parts

Transverse Baffles and Longitudinal Baffles

Double-Pipc Heat Exchanger and Scraped-Surface Exchanger

Double Pipe Longitudinal Finned Exchanger

Plate-Type Exchangers
Steam Surface Condensers
Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
Bay Arrangements of Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger
Typical Construction of Tube Bundles and Headers

Drive Arrangements for Air Cooler

Fins

44
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

Temperature Control of Air Cooler

56

1.5.7.

2
1.6.

1.7.

Cooling Towers()

Cooling Towers()

57
58

Furnace.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 60

1.6.1.

1.6.1.1.

1.6.1.2.

1.1.6.3.

1.1.6.4.

1.1.6.5.

1.6.2.

1.6.3.

1.6.4.

1.6.5.

1.6.5.1.

1.6.5.2.

CO

1.6.5.3.

Primary Waste Heat Boiler

71

1.6.5.4.

Secondary Waste Heat Boiler

72

1.6.6.

1.7.1.

Pipe Heater
Types of pipe Heaters (pipe Still Heater)

Heaters

60
62

Burners

63
Tube, Headers and Return Bends

Tube Supports

64
65

Reformers (Reforming Furnaces)

Secondary Reformer

66
67

Shift Converter

68

Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boiler

Heat Recovery

69
69

CO Firing Waste Heat Boiler

Flare Stacks

70

73

Mixing Equipment............................................................................................................................................................................................ 74

60

Types of Agitator()

Types of Agitator()

74
76

1.7.2.

1.7.3.

Line Mixers (Flow Mixers)

78

1.7.4.

Static Mixers

79

1.7.5.

1.7.6.

Mixing Tanks

77

Paste and Viscous-Material Mixing Equipments

Solids Mixing Machines

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80
82

1.7.7.
1.8.

1.9.

1.8.2.

Continuous Contact (Differential Contact) Equipments

Leaching Equipments

84
86

Cyclone, Decanter, Filter and Centrifuger............................................................................................................. 87

Cyclone Separators ()

Cyclone Separators ()

87
88

1.9.2.

1.9.3.

1.9.4.

Filter

93

1.9.4.1

Pressure Filters

93

1.9.4.2

Pressure Leaf Filters

1.9.4.3

1.9.4.4

1.9.5.

1.9.5.1.

1.9.5.2.

1.9.5.3.

Gas Scrubbers

90

Gravity Settlers (Decanters)

Bag Filters

92

94
95

Rotary-Drum Vacuum Filter

Centrifugal Separator
Double-Bowl Vacuum Centrifuge

Centrifuges

96
97
97
98

Stationary Vane Type Centrifugal Separators

100

Dryers .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 101

1.10.1.

Indirect Dryers

101

1.10.2.

Direct Dryers

102

1.10.3.

Spray Dryers

1.10.3.1.
1.10.4.
1.11.

83

Extractors ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84

1.8.1.

1.9.1.

1.10.

Double Screw Continuous Mixer

1.11.1.

()

104
Spray Nozzles (Atomizers)

Pneumatic Conveyor Dryers

105
106

Miscellaneous ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 107

Fluidization Processes in Petroleum Refinery

107

1.11.1.1.

Fluidization

1.11.1.2.

Distributors for Fluidized Bed

1.11.2.

108

Demister and Its Applications

1.11.2.1.
1.11.3.

1.11.4.

2.
2.1.

2.2.

Installation of Mesh and Fiber Mist Eliminator

Supports and Heads of Equipments

External Thermal Insulation for Vertical Vessel

109
110
111
112
113

Pump ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 114

(1)

Various Types of Pump () ................................................................................................................................................................. 114

(2)

Various Types of Pump ()

116

(3)

Various Types of Pump ()

117

(4)

Various Types of Pump ()

118

(1)

Centrifugal Pump() ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 119

(2)

Centrifugal Pump()

120

(3)

Centrifugal Pump()

121

2.3.

2.4.

2.5.

2.6.

Mixed-Flow Pump ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 126

2.7.

Metering Pumps ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 127

2.8.

Jet Pumps ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 128

2.9.

2.9.1.

Inline Pump ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 122

Double Action Reciprocating Pump, Bucket Type .......................................................................................................................... 124

Ejector Units ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 129

3.

Duplex Acting Steam-Driven Reciprocating Pump ............................................................................................................................. 123

Ejector Structures

130

Compressors Blowers and Fans ........................................................................................................................................................ 131

3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

Screw Compressors................................................................................................................................................................................... 131

Rotary Helical Screw Compressors .................................................................................................................................................. 132

Piston Compressors ............................................................................................................................................................................... 133

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3.4.
3.5.

Reciprocating Compressors .................................................................................................................................................................... 134

()
3.5.1.

3.5.2.

3.6.

3.7.

3.8.

3.9.

4.1.

4.2.

4.3.
4.4.

High-Pressure Cylinder and Central Valve

Unloading Valve and Other Valves

138
140

Horizontally Split Centrifugal Compressor .................................................................................................................................. 142

Blowers .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 144

Fans .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 146

4.

High Pressure Compressor for Low Density Polyethylene Process .................................................................................... 136

Typical Compressor Installation ................................................................................................................................................. 148

Conveyor and Elevator.................................................................................................................................................................................. 149

()

Vertical Elevator (Conveyor) .............................................................................................................................................................. 149

4.1.1.

4.1.2.

4.1.3.

Bucket Elevator

149
Vertical Rising Conveyor and Case Elevator

Twin Riser

150
151

Band (Belt) Conveyor ................................................................................................................................................................................. 152

4.2.1.

4.2.2.

Conveyor Systems

153

4.2.3.

Band Conveyor

154

4.2.4.

600

4.2.5.

4.2.6.

Band Conveyor Sketch

4.5.

4.6.

()
4.6.1.

Take-up Unit for Single Drum Drive Belt Conveyor Exceeding 600 Feet Centres

Take-up Unit for Dual Drum Drive Belt Conveyor

Pre-built Sectional Belt Conveyor and Mobile Belt Conveyor

155
156
157

Screw Conveyor ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 158

4.4.1.

152

Chain Trolley Conveyor and Vibrating Conveyor .............................................................................................................. 159

Units of Chain Trolley Conveyor

160

Roller Conveyors ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 162

Types of Idlers ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 163

()

Construction of Iders

164

5.

Crushing and Screening Equipment ............................................................................................................................................................. 166

5.1.

5.2.

Impact Jaw Crusher ............................................................................................................................................................................ 168

5.3.

Gyrasphere Crusher............................................................................................................................................................................ 169

5.4.

Tray Type Gyratory Crusher ................................................................................................................................................................ 170

5.5.

()

5.6.

5.7.

5.8.

5.9.

5.10.

5.11.

Vibrating Screen ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 179

5.12.

Classifiers ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 180

Jaw crusher ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 166

Roller Mill .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 173

Double Shaft Hammer Mill ................................................................................................................................................................... 174

Ball Mill ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 176

Dryer-Pulveriser ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 177
Layout of Backmixing Equipment ............................................................................................................................................................ 178

6.
6.1.

6.2.

6.3.

6.4.

Forming Machine For Plastics and Rubber ................................................................................................................................... 181

Extruder ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 181

Screw Injection Moulding Machine.............................................................................................................................................................. 182

7.1.

7.2.

Calender Line for PVC Production ............................................................................................................................................. 183

Four-Roll Calender..................................................................................................................................................................................... 184

7.

Hydraulic Cone Crusher and Impact Crusher (Impeller Breaker) ................................................................ 172

Feeder, Weighing and Bagging Machine ........................................................................................................................................ 186

Vibrating Feeder ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 186

Electric Vibrating Feeder ......................................................................................................................................................................... 188

7.3.

7.4.

()

7.5.

Dosing Belt Weigher .................................................................................................................................................................................. 191

7.6.

Constant Feed Weigher ............................................................................................................................................................................. 192

7.7.

Automatic Bagging System ........................................................................................................................................................................ 193

Apron Feeder ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 189

Smooth Auto-Feeder .................................................................................................................................................................. 190

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8.
8.1.

Steam Turbine .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 194

(1)

Classification of Steam Turbines ()................................................................................................................................................... 194

(2)

Classification of Steam Turbines () ................................................................................................................................................... 196

8.2.

8.3.

8.4.

8.5.

8.6.

8.7.

8.8.

8.9.

Turbine Governor ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 208

8.10.

() Overspeed Tripping Device............................................................................................................................................................ 210

8.11.

Installation of Steam Turbine ....................................................................................................................................................................... 211

Steam Turbine Cycles ............................................................................................................................................................................. 197

Methods of Steam Supply to a Turbine ............................................................................................................................................... 198
Single Stage Steam Turbine ....................................................................................................................................................................... 199
Impulse Turbines .................................................................................................................................................................................... 200
Turbine Glands and Gland Sealings ........................................................................................................................................................... 202
Lubrication of Steam Turbine .................................................................................................................................................................. 204
Governors and Governing of Steam Turbine.................................................................................................................................. 206

Boiler .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 212

9.
9.1.

Basic Patterns for Fire and Water Tube Boiler.................................................................................................................. 212

9.2.

9.3.

Cooling Tubes and Jacket Heat Exchanger .......................................................................................................................................... 214

9.4.

(1)

Steam Purification and Drum Internals () ................................................................................................................................... 215

(2)

Steam Purification and Drum Internals () ................................................................................................................................... 216

(3)

Steam Purification and Drum Internals () ................................................................................................................................... 218

(4)

Steam Purification and Drum Internals () ................................................................................................................................... 219

Ellipsoidal Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.............................................................................................................................................. 213

9.5.

Superheater ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 220

9.6.

Attemperators ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 221

9.7.

9.8.

Grates ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 224

9.9.

Underfeed Stoker.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 225

Air Preheater ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 222

9.10.

Burners .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 226

9.11.

Economizer.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 228

9.12.

Spreader Feeders ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 229

9.13.

Pulverizers........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 230
Machine Element ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 231

10.
10.1.

FUniversal Joints ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 231

10.2.

Couplings ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 232

10.3.

(1)

Fluid Couplings () .................................................................................................................................................................................. 234

(2)

Fluid Couplings ()................................................................................................................................................................................... 235

10.4.

Circumferential Seals....................................................................................................................................................................... 236

10.5.

Face Seals, Shaft Sealings and End Fittings ....................................................................................................................... 237

10.6.

Roller Bearings ................................................................................................................................................................................ 238

10.7.

Ball Bearings ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 239

10.8.

Oiling Devices .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 240

10.9.

Fastener .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 241

10.9.1.

Bolts and Studs (stud bolts)

241

10.9.2.

Heads and Points of Screw

242

10.9.3.

Nuts

243

10.9.4.

Non-threaded Fasteners

244

() Piping and Fitting ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 245

11.
11.1.
11.2.

Valve Stem and Bonnet Designs ............................................................................................................................................................. 245

(1) Valves() ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 246
(2) Valves() ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 248
(3) Valves() ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 249
(4) Valves() ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 250

11.3.

Gate Valve .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 251

10

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11.4.

Globe Valve ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 252

11.5.

Ball Valve ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 253

11.6.

11.7.

Spring Safety-Relief Valve....................................................................................................................................................................... 255

11.8.

Pilot Operated Ball Float Valve................................................................................................................................................................ 256

11.9.

Bellows Sealed Gate Valve.................................................................................................................................................................. 257

11.10.

Thermo Expansion Valve .................................................................................................................................................................................. 258

11.11.

Valve Operating Mechanisms ..................................................................................................................................................................... 259

11.12.

()()

11.13.

Pipe Line Fitments ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 262

11.14.

11.15.

Packings ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 266

11.16.

Pipe Fitting .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 267

Check Valve......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 254

Steam Traps and Air Traps ............................................................................................................................................. 260

Flanges, Flange Facings and Gaskets ....................................................................................................................................... 264

11.16.1.

Flanged Fittings

11.16.2.

Threaded Fittings

268

11.16.3.

269

Steel-Welding Fittings

267

11.17.

11.18.

Fabricated Pipe Bends and Expansion Joints....................................................................................................................................... 271

11.19.

Joints in Tubing and Pipe .................................................................................................................................................................................. 272

11.20.

Piping Insulation ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 273

11.21.

Pipe Hangers and Pipe Supports................................................................................................................................................................ 274

11.22.

Safety Shower and Eyewash Station

Plastics Compression Joints ................................................................................................................................................................... 270

Hose Station ................................................................................................. 276

Instrumentation......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 277

12.
12.1.

() Level Gage .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 277

12.1.1.

12.1.2.

Displacement Type Level Gages

Locally Mounted Direct Reading Level Gages

277
278

11

12.1.3.
12.2.

12.3.

Level Controllers and Switches

279

Pressure Instruments ................................................................................................................................................................................. 280

12.2.1.

Manometers

282

12.2.2.

New Developments in Pressure Measurements

283

12.2.3.

Installation of Pressure Guage

284

Flow Measuring Element ............................................................................................................................................................................ 285

12.3.1.

Inferential Meters (Fluid Velocity Meter)

285

12.3.1.1. Turbine Meter

285

12.3.1.2. Vortex flow meter

286

12.3.1.3. Vortex Flow meter Measurement System

287

12.3.2.

Primary Flow Elements

12.3.3.

Positive Displacement Type Flow Meters

290

12.3.4.

() Variable Area Type Flow Meters

292

12.3.5.

294

12.3.6.

Area Meters and metering pumps

296

12.3.7.

(1) Other Flow Meters()

297

288

Installation of Head Meters

(2) Other Flow Meters() ........................................................................................................................................................................ 298

12.4.

Thermometer ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 299

12.4.1.

Thermocouple

299

12.4.2.

Liquid Expansion and Bimetallic Thermometer

300

12.4.3.

Resistance Thermometer and Thermistor

302

12.4.4.

Filled System Thermometer

303

12.4.5.

Radiation Pyrometer

304

12.4.6.

Optical Pyrometer

305

12.4.7.

Electritic Indicating Controller

306

12.4.8.

Pneumatic Indicating Controller

307

12

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12.4.9.

12.4.10.
12.4.11.

Multi-Point Long Chart Temperature Recorder

Control Station

308
309

Charts

310

Transmitter ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 311

12.5.

12.5.1.

Pressure Transmitter

311

12.5.2.

Differential Pressure Transmitters

312

12.5.3.

12.5.4.

()

12.6.

Pneumatic Temperature Transmitter

Level Transmitters

314
315

Controller .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 316

12.6.1.

Liquid Level Controller

316

12.6.2.

Pneumatic Controller

317

12.6.3.

Bourdon Tube Controller

12.7.

318

Control Valve ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 319

12.7.1.

12.7.2.

12.7.3.

(1)

Control Valve Bodies ()

(2)

Control Valve Bodies ().................................................................................................................................................................... 323

12.7.4.

Diaphragm and Piston Actuators

Bonnets of Control Valve

320
321
322

Valve plugs and Cages

324

12.7.5.

() Components Valve Trim

12.7.6.

12.7.7.

Positioner of Control Valve

327

12.7.8.

Handjack Assembly of Control Valve

328

12.7.9.

Pneumatic Piston Positioner

329

Acting and Guiding of Control Valve

325
326

12.8.

Oxygen Analysis Equipment .............................................................................................................................................................................. 330

12.9.

12.10.

PH

Carbon Dioxide Analyzer ........................................................................................................................................................................ 332

pH meters ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 333

13

12.11.

Viscosity Measuring Instruments ................................................................................................................................................................ 334

12.12.

Specific Gravity Instrument................................................................................................................................................................................ 336

12.13.

Speed Measurement and Control ............................................................................................................................................................ 337

12.14.

Instrument Panels ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 338

12.15.

Temperature Control ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 340

12.16.

Annunciators Systems ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 341

12.16.1. Integral Annunciators

342

12.16.2. Remote Annunciator and Semigraphic Annunciator

343

12.17.

Relays ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 344

12.18.

Instrumentation Tube Fittings and Housings ......................................................................................................................................... 346

12.19.

Instrumentation Symbols and Identifications ..................................................................................................................................... 348

12.20.

(1) Total Distributed Control System() ................................................................................................................................................ 350

12.21.

(2) Total Distributed Control System() ....................................................................................................................................................... 351

12.22.

(3) Total Distributed Control System() ....................................................................................................................................................... 352

12.23.

(4) Total Distributed Control System() ....................................................................................................................................................... 353

12.24.

(5) Total Distributed Control System() ....................................................................................................................................................... 354

12.25.

(6) Total Distributed Control System() ....................................................................................................................................................... 355

Electrical Engineering ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 356

13.
13.1.

Electrical Rotating Machine ............................................................................................................................................................................... 356

13.1.1.

Direct-Current Machine

356

13.1.2.

Direct-Current Generator

357

13.1.3.

AC AC Commutator Machine

358

13.1.4.

Alternating-Current Motor

359

13.1.5.

Slip-ring Type Induction Motor

360

13.1.6.

Brushless Synchronous Motor

362

13.1.7.

Brushless Excitation of Synchronous Motor

363

14

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13.1.8.
13.2.

13.3.

13.5.

13.6.

13.7.

Slots and Windings

364

Transformer ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 365

13.2.1.

Oil Immersed Transformer Front View

365

13.2.2.

Oil Immersed Transformer Side View

366

13.2.3.

Oil Immersed Transformer Exterior

367

Rectifier and Battery .................................................................................................................................................................................. 368

13.3.1.

13.3.2.

(1)

(2)
13.4.

Rectifier

368

Primary Batteries()

Primary Batteries()

369
370

High Voltage Switchgear ............................................................................................................................................................................ 372

13.4.1.

13.4.2.

Metal-Clad High-Voltage Cubicle

373

13.4.3.

SF6 Circuit-Breaker

374

13.4.4.

13.4.5.

Metal-Enclosed Switchgear

T-Breaker

Motor Drive

372

376
377

Low-Voltage Switches ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 378

13.5.1.

Currentt-Limiting Air-Break Circuit-Breaker

378

13.5.2.

379

13.5.3.

Control Switches

Moulded Case Circuit-Breaker

380

13.5.3.1. Pushbutton Switches

382

13.5.3.2. Cam Switches

384

Electromagnetic Apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................................... 386

13.6.1.

13.6.2.

13.6.3.

Electromagnetic Mechanism and Devices

Electromagnetic Relays
Voltage Regulating Relay

386
388
390

Electrical Explosion-proof.................................................................................................................................................................................. 391

15

13.8.

13.7.1.

Power and Lighting Installation in Hazardous Location

391

13.7.2.

Explosion-proof Apparatus

392

Power Supply System ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 394

Thermal Power Plant

394

13.8.1.1. Energy Saving Power plant

396

13.8.1.

13.9.

13.8.2.

Indoor Installations of Electric Substation

398

13.8.3.

Towers and Poles

399

13.8.4.

Electrostatic Precipitator

400

Interior Wiring.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 401

13.9.1.

Cables

401

13.9.2.

Fuses

404

13.9.3.

Connectors and Terminals

406

13.9.4.

Lamps

407

13.9.5.

Electroheating Devices

408

Construction Equipment and Tool .................................................................................................................................................................... 409

14.
14.1.

Hoisting Machinery ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 409

14.1.1.

Derricks

409

14.1.2.

Erecting Cranes

410

14.1.3.

Hoisting Devices

412

14.1.4.

(1)

Cranes()

413

(2)

Cranes() ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 414

(3)

Cranes() ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 415

14.1.5.

Chain Hoists and Jacks

416

14.1.6.

Hemp Ropes, Cable Wires, Knots and Sling Chains

418

14.1.7.

Lifting Attachments for Crane Use

420

14.1.8.

Fork-Truck Attachments

421

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 Tools ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 422

14.2.

14.2.1.

Wrenches

422

14.2.2.

Adjustable Wrenches and Pipe Wrenches

423

14.2.3.

Pliers and Nippers

424

14.2.4.

425

14.2.5.

Taps

426

14.2.6.

Reamers

427

14.2.7.

428

14.2.8.

Wood Working Tools

429

14.2.9.

Inspection Gages

430

Shanks, Sockets and Sleeves

Twist Drills

14.2.10. Measuring Tools

431

Welding........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 432

15.

15.1.

Welding of Metals ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 432

15.2.

Welding Symbols .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 434

15.3.

Principles of Shielded Arc Welding....................................................................................................................................................... 435

15.4.

Welding Positions, Types of Joints and Welding............................................................................................................... 436

15.5.

Grooves .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 437

15.6.

Detail of Grooves .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 438

15.7.

Defects of Welding............................................................................................................................................................................................ 439

15.8.

Fillet Welding ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 440

15.9.

15.10.

Gas-Shielded Arc Welding ...................................................................................................................................................................... 442

15.11.

Gas Metal-Arc welding ................................................................................................................................................................. 444

15.12.

15.13.

Conventional Electroslag Welding .................................................................................................................................................................. 446

15.14.

Electroslag Welding by Consumable Guide Tube ........................................................................................................................................... 447

Automatic Submerged Arc Welding ................................................................................................................................................................ 441

Electrode Guns of Gas Metal-Arc Welding ................................................................................................................................... 445

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15.15.

Electrogas Welding .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 448

15.16.

Flux-Cored Arc Welding .......................................................................................................................................................................... 450

15.17.

Gas Welding Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................... 451

15.18.

Portable Acetylene Generators ............................................................................................................................................................ 452

15.19.

Basic Types of Acetylene Generators ............................................................................................................................................ 453

15.20.

(1) Welding of Plastics().................................................................................................................................................................................. 454

(2) Welding of Plastics().................................................................................................................................................................................. 455

No-Destructive Testing .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 456

16.
16.1.

Non-Destructive Testing Method ................................................................................................................................................................. 456

16.2.

Borescope and Microscope..................................................................................................................................................................... 458

16.3.

X X-ray Tube and Its Circuit.............................................................................................................................................................. 459

16.4.

Photoradiography and Electroradiography ........................................................................................................................................ 460

16.5.

X Mobile X-ray Unit and Penetrometer ............................................................................................................................................. 461

16.6.

Ultrasonic Test Methods and Search Units .................................................................................................................................... 462

16.7.

Ultrasonic Transducer and Refraction..................................................................................................................................... 463

16.8.

Ultrasonic Testing of Weld in Tubing.............................................................................................................................................. 464

16.9.

Liquid Penetrant Test ................................................................................................................................................................................. 465

16.10.

Methods of Magnetization..................................................................................................................................................................................... 466

Civil Engineering and Building ................................................................................................................................................................................... 467

17.
17.1.

Topographical Map and Subsoil Profile ............................................................................................................................................. 467

17.2.

Soils and Foundations ................................................................................................................................................................................... 468

17.3.

Types of Pile..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 469

17.4.

Foundations for Equipment ............................................................................................................................................................................... 470

17.5.

(1)

Anchorage of Heavy Machine() ....................................................................................................................................................... 471

(2)

Anchorage of Heavy Machine() ....................................................................................................................................................... 472

17.6.

Road and Paving........................................................................................................................................................................................... 473

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17.7.

Types of Roof ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 474

17.8.

Shell Roofs....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 475

17.9.

17.10.

Reinforced Concrete Construction........................................................................................................................................................... 476

Steel Construction ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 478

17.10.1.

Structural Steel Connection Details

480

17.10.2. Connection of Steel Members

481

17.10.3.

482

Steel Balustrade

17.10.4. Steel Stairs and Ladders

483

17.11.

Multistory Industrial Buildings ..................................................................................................................................................................... 484

17.12.

Types of Doors ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 485

17.13.

Types of Windows ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 486

17.13.1. Components of a Window

17.14.

17.14.1.

Pipe Supports

17.14.2.
17.14.3.
17.14.5.

Types of Water Towers

Cooling Towers

488
490
491
492
493

17.14.6. Galleries and Trestles

494

17.14.7.

495

18.1.

Types of Chimneys

Vent Stacks

17.14.4.

18.

487

Industrial Structures....................................................................................................................................................................................... 488

Silos and Bunkers

Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments ................................................................................................................................................................... 496

(1) General Apparatus and Instruments() .............................................................................................................................................. 496

(2) General Apparatus and Instruments() .............................................................................................................................................. 498

18.2.

18.3.

18.4.

Distillation of Petroleum Products............................................................................................................................................................ 499

Viscometer........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 500
Specific Gravity Balance (Westphal Balance) .................................................................................................................................... 501

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18.5.

Flash and Fire Points Apparatus .......................................................................................................................................................... 502

18.6.

Carbon Residue and Water Content ........................................................................................................................................................... 503

18.7.

Freezing Point, Pour Point and Melting Point ....................................................................................................................................... 504

18.8.

Breaking Point, Cone penetration and Softening Point ............................................................................................................... 505

18.9.

Absorption Column............................................................................................................................................................................................... 506

Flow Diagram and piping Layout .............................................................................................................................................................. 507

19.
19.1.

Master Plot Plan ................................................................................................................................................................................. 507

19.2.

(1)

Diagrammatic Flow Sheet of Petroleum Refinery() ........................................................................................................................... 508

(2)

Diagrammatic Flow Sheet of Petroleum Refinery() ........................................................................................................................... 510

19.3.

Ammonia Plant Process Flow Diagram ......................................................................................................................................... 512

19.4.

Ethylene Plant Process Flow Diagram .............................................................................................................................................. 514

19.5.

- Piping Layout-Installation Piping ......................................................................................................................................................... 516

19.6.

() Piping Drawing ................................................................................................................................................................................. 517

19.6.1.

Plan View

19.6.2.

Front View

517
518

19.7.

() Pipe Line Isometric Diagram (Erection Diagram)..................................................................................................... 519

19.8.

Piping Arrangement of Steam Tracing Lines ......................................................................................................................................... 520

19.9.

Process Piping and Instrument Flow Diagram ............................................................................................................................... 521

19.9.1.

Piping Code

521

19.9.2.

Line Symbols

522

19.9.3.

Meanings of Identification Letters in Instrument Symbols

524

19.9.4.

- Illustrative Drawing-Ammonia Storage Facility

525

19.10.

() Abbreviations for Use on Drawings (in Alphabetical Order) .......................................................................................... 526

Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 536

20.
20.1.

Steel Sections, Pipes and Tubes .................................................................................................................................................................... 536

20.2.

Manufacturing Methods of Steel Pipe ...................................................................................................................................................... 538

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