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    Spanish Grammar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 views9 pages

    Chapter Six-Relative Pronouns

    Uploaded by

    nikbel
    Spanish Grammar

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 9
    “UNIT SIX In this Unit, the student will be exposed to the following: ¢ Relative Pronouns > Concept > Forms >» Uses [epartment of Foreen Lang.ages(COSTAATT). Advanced Spanish Sts [SPAN 120) RELATIVE PRONOUNS: QUE, QUIEN A series of short sentences in a row sounds choppy; often there are no smooth transitions from one idea to another. By linking several short sentences together to form longer ones, you can form sentences that have a smoother, more interesting sound, A. Simple Versus Complex Sentences A simple sentence consists of a subject and a verb. David comié el flan, David eat the flan (custard). El flan estaba en la mesa. The flan was on the table, Esta mujer es mi hermana, This woman is my sister, Esta mujer esta aqui, This woman is here. La pelicula gané un Oscar. The movie won an Oscar. Vimos la pelicula. We savy the movie. ‘A complex sentence is really two sentences: a main sentence (oraci6n principal) plus a second sentence: (oracién dependiente/subordinada) that is set inside (embedded in) the main sentence. The two sentences are joined by a relative pronoun (pronombre relativo). TWO SENTENCES, David comié el flan. EI flan estaba en la mesa. ¥ J EMBEDDED ELEMENT que estaba en la mesa, 4 que estaba en la mesa COMPLEX SENTENCE David comié el flan A David ate the flan that was on the table, ‘TWO SENTENCES Esta mujer es mi hermana, Esta mujer esta aqui. J 4 EMBEDDED ELEMENT que esté aqui. + que esté aqui. COMPLEX SENTENCE Esta mujer 4S es mi hermana, This woman who is here is my sister. ‘TWO SENTENCES La pelicula gand un Oscar. Vimos la pelicula. J u EMBEDDED Boe que vimos. que vimos COMPLEX SENTENCE La pelicula ‘ sgan6 un Oscar. The movie that we saw won an Oscar. Note that the same noun is present in both sentences. When the two are joined, the Fepeated noun is replaced by a relative pronoun. The embedded sentence is then inserted into the main sentence next to the noun to which it refers, Department of Foreign Languages (COSTAATT) Aanced Spanish Syste (SPAN 120] 93 DE PASO 7 ‘When two simple sentences are combined, the speaker chooses which of the two Is of greater importance. The most important sentence will be the main clause, with the other sentence embedded in it. Each of the preceding sentence pairs coull e combined in another way. Here is the first pair, combined to produce a different focus. TWO SENTENCES, El flan estaba en la mesa, David comié el flan. EMBEDDED ELEMENT que David comié.. ‘COMPLEX SENTENCE El flan que David comié estaba en la mesa. The flan that David ate was on the table. B. QueVersus quien There are three principal relative pronouns in English: that, which, and who/whom. The choice between that and which depends primarily on personal preference; who is used only if the replaced element is a person. In Spanish, that and which are expressed by the relative pronoun que. Laura leyé el libro que compré. Laura read the book that she bought. Los estudiantes dieron una fiesta que The students gave a party which lasted all night. duro toda la noche. Este es el articulo de que te hablé, This Is the article that I spoke to you about. English wito is frequently expressed by que. Vial hombre que estaba aqui ayer, T saw the man who was here yesterday, However, who(m)is expressed by quien(es) in the following cases. 1. when who(m) introduces a nonrestrictive clause Nonrestrictive clauses are embedded in sentences almost as an after-thought or an aside. They are always set off by commas. When the replaced element is a Person, either que or quien(es) is used to introduce the clause. Quien(es) is preferred in writing, while que is more common in the ‘spoken language. Julia, quien (que) no estuvo ese dia, —_Julls, who was not there that day, fue el lider del grupo. was the leader of the group. Carmen y Loren, quienes (que) hoy Carmen and Loren, who today live in viven en Newark, son de Cuba, Newark, are from Cuba. eparumer of Foren Lanouanes (COSTAATT) Advanced Sponsh htc (SPAN 120) a 2. when whom follows a preposition or is an indirect object No conozco al hombre de quien Icon know the man (whom) he hablaba. was talking about, La persona a quien vendimos el auto ‘The person (whom) we sold the car nos lo pagé en seguida. to pai us for it immediately. When whom refers to a direct object, quien can be used, but it is more common in contemporary speech to omit the object marker and introduce the embedded element with que: La persona a quien vimos alli es muy famosa, > La persona que vimos alli es muy famosa. C. Nonom n of Relative Pronouns The relative pronouns are never omitted in Spanish. In contrast, their omission in English is common. El coche que compramos no vale nada: The car (that) we bought isn’t worth anything. He doesn't know the man (that) we are talking to. No conoce al hombre a que hablébamos, MORE USES OF QUE The expressions que si and que no are used after verbs of of pinion, declaration, and emotion. They correspond to English so or not. Creo que I think so. Decidié que no. He decided no (not). Parece que si. It seems 50, Esperamos que no. We hope note 2. In English, an infinitive can directly follow and modify a noun or pronoun: Ihave a ‘book to read. This construction is expressed in Spanish by que + infinitive, ‘Tengo un libro que leer. ‘Tenemos mucho que hacer, Hay algunos amigos que visitar alli T have a book to read. We have a lot to do. There are some friends to visit there. Department of Foren Langsage>(COSTAATT) Advanced Spenish Sls (SPAN 120] 95 ‘A. Complete las oraciones con queo quienes) segtin el contexto. 1. Aqui esté el sefior trabaja en ese edificio. 2. La fruta compramos en esa tienda es excelente. 3. Los sefiores Ramirez, con vivo, no hablan inglés. 4. El sefior Gémez, tiene tres hijos, no puede sostenerlos. 5. éEs ella la profesora a ofendiste? 6. a 8 . David es el chico lastim6 a nuestro hijo. . La espafiola con voy al cine no es amiga suya. . iDame el dinero me hace falta! . Vamos a hablar con el mecanico sabe arreglar bicicletas. 10.Tengo que hablar con tu padre, no sabe nada de tus problemas, 11.La pobreza es un problema no va a resolverse pronto. 12. Acabo de hablar con el planificador conociste anoche, B. Exprese las siguientes oraciones en espafiol. 1. I didn’t know the architect who was coming. 2, We don't like the girl you plan to travel with, 3. The man I work with has a lot.of common sense. 4. The new president, who was from the capital, wanted to build a bank here. 5. I hope to see the people that you know. 6. I believe so, 7. He has nothing to do. 8. They told me so, Can you believe that? 9. It seems so, although it doesn’t make sense. 10.1 have no letters to answer. C. Junte las oraciones, omitiendo la repeticién innecesaria. MODELO Ese muchacho no estudia, Ese muchacho es inteligente, — Ese muchacho que no estudia es inteligente. ~~ Ese muchacho que es inteligente no estudia, Cecilia gasté el dinero. EI dinero estaba en la mesa. El libro es muy largo. La nifia quiere leer el libro. Esa sefiora es de Venezuela. Vemos a esa sefiora con frecuencia. Maria es mi prima. Maria juega al béisbol. Ese profesor es muy listo. Admiramos mucho a ese profesor. pawn Department of Foreign Languopes(COSTAATT) Advanced Spanish tists [PAN 120) % D. Empiece las siguientes oraciones con Pronto vas a ver... y la palabra en /etras cursivas. MODELO — £V/ibroesté en la mesa > Pronto vas a ver el libro que esta en la mesa, 1. El hombre juega al tenis. 2. La tumba éstd en el centro del jardin, 3. El profesor ensefia antropologt 4. Traen el libro para mi viejo amigo. 5. Cenamos con el arquitecto esta noche. 6. Manejan el nuevo coche. E. Con un compajiero de clase, siga planeando la ciudad del provenir, completando estas oraciones. 1, No va‘a haber contaminacién porque habra (there will not be any) vehiculosque 2. Los desperdicios quimicos (chemical wstes) no van a representar un problema porque i 3. Los miembros del gobierno van a ser personas que 4. Para evitar el problema de la sobrepoblacién, recomendamos que. 5. La tecnologia (no) va a ser importante porque 6. Los ciudadanos van a gozar de buena (mala) salud porque En nuestra ciudad no va a haber ningiin edificio que a En la plaza central de nuestra ciudad, va a haber un (una) porque MORE RELATIVE PRONOUNS Remember that complex sentences are frequently formed in Spanish with the relative pronoun que and quien. The second occurrence of a noun is replaced by a relative pronoun where the two simple sentences are joined, David comié el flan, El flan estaba en la mesa. > David comié el flan que estaba en la mesa. No conocen al hombre. Hablaban del hombre. ‘No conocen al hombre de quien hablaban. English that/which/who are generally expressed by Spanish que; quien expresses who/whom in nonrestrictive clauses (those set off by commas), and after prepositions. Department or Foregn Languages(COSTAATT) Advanced Spanish iiss (Sent 120) The simple relative pronouns que and quien are preferred in ‘speaking in most Parts of the Hispanic world. But English that/which/who can also be expressed by compound forms, which are preferred in writing and in more formal situations by many native speakers. There ate two sets of compound forms: the que forms and the cual forms. el que, la que el cual, la cual los que, las que los cuales, las cuales lo que lo cual A. Queand cualForms These forms, with the exception of the neuter lo que/lo cual, can refer to both people and things. Through the definite article they show gender and number agreement with the noun to which they refer. Lo que and lo cual refer only to entire statements or ideas; they are invariable in form. Like the relative pronoun quienes), the que/cual forms have two main uses: after prepositions and in nonrestrictive clauses, 1. After prepositions Que (for things) and quien(es) (for people) are preferred after the short Prepositions a, de, en and con; but the que/cual forms can also be used with these prepositions, especially in writing and in formal situations. Los problemas de que (de los que, de los The problemas they spoke to us about cuales) nos hablaron son realmente graves. are really serious. Indicé a las monjas con quienes (con las She pointed to the nuns with whom her ue, con las cuales) iba a estudiar su hija. daughter was going to study. Following prepositions of more than one syllable (cerca de, durante, and so on), the cual forms are preferred for things, and quien(es) or cual forms for people. Use of the que forms is infrequent in this context. Este es el monasterio cerca del cual vivian This is the monastery near which the los paganos. Pagans used to live. El dictador contra quien (contra el cual) The dictator against whom we fought luchamos durante tantos afios murié por fin. for so many years finaly died. Hablaron del asunto durante varias horas, They alscussed the problem for several después de Io cual llegaron a una decision. ours, after which they came to a decision. So that there is no confusion with the conjunctions porque, para que, and sin que, the cual forms also appear after the short prepositions por, para, and sin. Quien(es) can also be used to refer to people. Department Foreign Languages (COSTAATT) Avance Spanish Sts [SPAN 120) Me robaron los documentos, sin los cuales no They stale my papers, without which I puedo salir del pats. can't leave the country. Queria hablar primero con los campesinos, He wanted to speak first with the ara quienes (para los cuales) tenia una peasants, for whom he had a lot of gran admiracién, admiration. Mataron a varios hombres, por lo cual los They killed several men, for which they condenaron a morir. were condemned to dle. 2. In nonrestrictive clauses When there are two possible antecedents for a nonrestrictive clause and the intended antecedent is the first noun, the que/cual forms are used. It the intended antecedent is the second noun, que is used for things, que or quien(es) for people. Compare these sentences, Visitamos la biblioteca del obispo, la cual (la We visited the bishop's brary, which que) tiene también una buena coleccién de also has @ good collection of paintings. pinturas. Visitamos la biblioteca del obispo, que (quien) We visted the library of the bishop, who tiene también una buena coleccién de also has a good collection of paintings, pinturas, When the antecedent is a whole statement or an idea, lo que/la cual is used. Se hizo de noche, lo que (lo cual) nos obligs It got late, which made us go back. a regresar. 8. Other Uses of the que Forms The que forms can also express he who, she who, those who or the ones who. As such, they function as subjects or as predicate nominatives in a main clause, rather than as relative pronouns. EI que habla mucho poco dice, He who talks a lot says litte. Ellas son las que lo compraron, They are the ones who bought it. Lo que can also be used as a subject, predicate nominative, or direct object. As such, it expresses that which or nonintetrogative what. Remember that interrogative what is expressed by équé?, écual?, or écémo?. Lo que Us. dice es verdad. What you say is true. Es lo que ella me escribio, Its what she wrote me. eQué es esto?

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