TERMINOLOGY

EPIDEMI
C

Large scale, temporary

increase in the
occurrence of a disease
in community of region

PANDEMI
C

Occurrence of
disease
widespread over a
geographical area

ENDEMI
C

Epidemic become
endemic when disease
constantly present within
given location

VACCINE

Preparation of killed or weakened

microorganism, inactivated toxins or
components of microorganism that
administered to stimulate an immune
response

VACCINE
S
LIVE,
ATTENUATE
D

INACTIVAT
ED

SUBUNI
T

TOXOID

CONJUGA
TE

DNA

RECOMBINA
NT VECTOR

LIVE, ATTENUATED VACCINE

Contain live microbe which has been weakened
People who have damaged immune system (undergoes chemotherapy/
HIV)
Confers lifelong immunity

INACTIVATED VACCINE

Contains killed microbe-causing disease with chemical , heat, radiation

More stable and safer than live vaccine because killed microbes cannot mutate back to its
disease causing state
Stimulates weaker immune response
Booster shots are needed
SUBUNIT
VACCINES

Contain antigens which stimulate immune system

RECOMBINANT VECTOR VACCINE

Contain attenuated virus or bacterium to introduce microbial DNA to cells of body

 Contain
genes that
code for all
important
antigens

DNA VACCINE

Contain
polysacchari
de which
disguise as
bacterium
antigens
Example:
Haemophilus
influenza
type B (Hib)

CONJUGATE
VACCINE

TOXOID VACCINE

Contain
detoxified
toxins
Used to treat
disease
caused by
bacterial
toxin
Examples:
vaccines
against
Diphtheria,
Tetanus

Transmission of
HIV

Via direct
contact with
bodily fluid

Sexual
intercourse
Virus enter via lining of
vagina , penis , rectum and
mouth
- Anal sex
- Oral sex
- Vaginal sex

Direct contact
with infected
blood

- Spread through injection

(drug users) sharing
contaminated syringe
- In health care setting
( health care worker handling
equipment)
- Blood transfusions

From mother to
unborn child

- Occur in Utero during

pregnancy
- Child birth ( during
labour)
- Through breast feeding

HEPATITIS

Acute /
Chronic

Hepar -liver

Titisinflammation

Viral & Nonviral Hepatitis

Alcohol
abuse

CAUSES
OF
HEPATITI
S
Drug
Heredity
abuse

Virus

DIAGNOSIS
FOR
HEPATITIS
Liver
biopsy

Blood test

Ultrasound

TREATMENT
FOR
HEPATITIS
Do not
consume
alcohol

Interferon

Liver
transplant

NON-VIRAL
HEPATITIS

ALCOHOLIC

Due to
alcohol
consumptio
n

TOXIC / DRUG
INDUCED
Caused by
excess
inhalation or
digestion of
toxins and
drugs

ISCHEMIC
Less oxygen
and blood
supply to
liver

AUTOIMMUNE
Bodys immune
system attacks
bodys own
cells

GRANULOMATO
US
Condition

of
abnormal
collection
of white
blood cells
in liver

NONALCOHOLIC
STEATOHEPATIT
Caused
IS

by fatty
acids in
liver due
to
obesity

TRANSMISSION OF DENGUE

Mosquito
es

Human

Mosquito
es

Human