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22
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Linnaeus (classification)
Hutton (gradual geologic change)
Lamarck (species can change)
Malthus (population limits)
Cuvier (fossils, extinction)
Lyell (modern geology)
Darwin (evolution, natural selection)
Wallace (evolution, natural selection)
American Revolution
French Revolution
U.S. Civil War
1800
1900
1750
1850
1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism.
1798 Malthus publishes Essay on the Principle of Population.
1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution.
1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.
18311836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.
1837 Darwin begins his notebooks.
1844 Darwin writes essay on descent with modification.
1858 Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin.
1859 The Origin of Species is published.
Scientisits
Carolus Linnaeus was the founder of taxonomy, the
branch of biology concerned with classifying
organisms.
Paleontology, the study of fossils, was largely
developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier.
The study of fossils helped to lay the groundwork for
Darwins ideas.
Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the
past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which
appears in layers or strata.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fossils
Layers of deposited
sediment
Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Older stratum
with older fossils
GREAT
BRITAIN
EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
AFRICA
Pinta
Marchena
Santiago
Fernandina
Isabela
Genovesa
Daphne
Islands
Pinzn
Santa
Santa
Cruz
Fe
Florenza
PACIFIC
OCEAN
San
Cristobal
Espaola
Equator
SOUTH
AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
Andes
The
Galpagos
Islands
Cape of
Good Hope
Tasmania
Cape Horn
Tierra del Fuego
New
Zealand
Darwins Focus on
Adaptation
Darwins interest in geographic distribution of
species was kindled by a stop at the
Galpagos Islands near the equator west of
South America.
Darwin perceived adaptation to the
environment and the origin of new species as
closely related processes.
Recent biologists have concluded that
speciation is indeed what happened to the
Galpagos finches.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
(a) Cactus-eater
(c) Seed-eater
(b) Insect-eater
Fig. 22-6a
(a) Cactus-eater
Fig. 22-6b
(b) Insect-eater
Fig. 22-6c
(c) Seed-eater
The Origin of
Species
Darwin developed two main ideas:
Descent with modification explains lifes
unity and diversity.
Natural selection is a cause of adaptive
evolution.
Descent With
Modification
Hyracoidea
(Hyraxes)
Sirenia
(Manatees
and relatives)
Moeritherium
Barytherium
Deinotherium
Mammut
Platybelodon
Stegodon
Mammuthus
Elephas maximus
(Asia)
Loxodonta
africana
(Africa)
Loxodonta cyclotis
(Africa)
34
24
5.5
2 104 0
Years ago
Natural Selection: A
Summary
Survival of the Fittest: Individuals with
certain heritable adaptive characteristics
survive and reproduce at a higher rate than
other individuals.
Natural selection increases the adaptation of
organisms to their environment over time.
Speciation: If an environment changes over
time, natural selection may result in adaptation
to these new conditions and may give rise to
new species.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
EXPERIMENT
Predator: Killifish; preys
mainly on juvenile
guppies (which do not
express the color genes)
Experimental
transplant of
guppies
Pools with
killifish,
but no
guppies prior
to transplant
RESULTS
12
12
Number of
colored spots
Area of colored
spots (mm2)
Natural
Selection
10
8
6
4
2
0
Source
population
Transplanted
population
10
8
6
4
2
0
Source
population
Transplanted
population
Fossil
Evidence
of Change
Over Time
0
2
4
Depth (meters)
4 Bristolia insolens
3 Bristolia bristolensis
10
12
14
2 Bristolia harringtoni
16
18 1 Bristolia mohavensis
3
2
Paleontologists
study fossils of
possible
transitional forms:
Whale
Ancestors
Pelvis and
hind limb
(c) Dorudon (fully aquatic)
Pelvis and
hind limb
(d) Balaena
(recent whale ancestor)
Homologous Structures
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Human embryo
Amnion
Lizards
and snakes
3
4
Crocodiles
Ostriches
6
Feathers
Hawks and
other birds
Birds
Homologous
characteristic
Amniotes
Tetrapod limbs
Mammals
Tetrapods
Amphibians
Convergent
Evolution
Convergent evolution is the evolution of
similar, or analogous, features in distantly
related groups.
Analogous traits arise when groups
independently adapt to similar
environments in similar ways.
Fig. 22-20
Sugar
glider
NORTH
AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
Flying
squirrel
Biogeograph
y
Darwins observations of biogeography, the
geographic distribution of species, formed an
important part of his theory of evolution.
Islands have many endemic species (found
Inferences
Individuals that are well suited
to their environment tend to leave
more offspring than other individuals
and
Over time, favorable traits
accumulate in the population.