Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The details of
ACID
Acid,
Base,
or Neutral
BASE
=
pH
+]
H
g[
-lo
Chemical Analysis
Acids in the
Environment
and, revise & practice
Mole
Calculations
HSC Chemistry Topic 2
Esterification
Copyright 2006
Indicators
&
Colour Changes
Le Chateliers
Principle
Dynamic
Equilibrium
Acid, Base
& Neutral
Acids, Bases
&
Indicators
Acidic Oxides
in the
Environment
Acids as Proton
Donors
Acids
in our
Environment
Acids
&
the pH Scale
THE
ACIDIC
ENVIRONMENT
Self-iionization
0f Water
pH Scale
&
pH Calculations
Esterification
Acid-B
Base Theory
&
Titration
Alkanols
&
Alkanoic Acids
Occurrence
&
Uses
of Esters
Strong v. Weak
Acids
Bronsted-L
Lowry
Theory
Proton Transfer
&
Conjugate Species
Esterification Reaction
&
Reflux Technique
Acid-B
Base
Behaviour of
Water.
AMPHIROTIC
Neutralization
&
Titration
Standard Solutions,
Choosing Indicators
Buffers
Titration
Graphs
Copyright 2006
NEUTRAL
pH
BASE
11
13
Acid
pink
Colour in
Water
purple
Base
blue
Phenolphthalein
clear
clear
red/pink
Methyl Orange
red
yellow
yellow
yellow
green/blue
blue
Bromothymol blue
The word acid comes from the Latin for sour, and
refers to the fact that natural, acidic chemicals (e.g. vinegar)
are sour-tasting.
Choosing an Indicator
Why are so many indicators needed?
Indicators
A good example is
the common
garden plant
Hydrangea.
If you collect a
flower head and
put it through a
blender with a little
water and ethanol,
the filtered liquid
extract will work as
a simple indicator.
Indicator
Litmus
NEUTRAL
Salt
Sugar
Shampoo
Milk
Liquid detergent
BASIC
Soap
Floor cleaner
Drain cleaner
Worksheet 1
Part A Fill in the Blanks
Solution A:
Solution B:
Solution C:
Solution D:
Solution E:
Phenolphthalein is clear.
Methyl orange is red.
Phenolphthalein is pink.
Methyl orange is yellow.
Phenolphthalein is clear.
Methyl orange is yellow.
Bromothymol blue is blue.
Methyl orange is yellow.
Phenolphthalein is clear.
Litmus is pink.
Copyright 2006
Solution of
H+(aq)+ Cl-(aq)
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4
2H+(aq)+ SO4
HNO3
H+(aq)+
Nitric acid
-2
(aq)
Oxide of hydrogen
is water; neutral
NO3 (aq)
tals
me
e
h
of t es...
des s bas
i
x
a
O
act
ES
XID
O
C
I
BAS
Formula
NaOH
Solution of
Na+(aq)+ OH-(aq)
Potassium hydroxide
KOH
K+(aq)+ OH-(aq)
ACID + METAL
OXIDE
WATER + A SALT
Example:
sulfuric + potassium
acid
hydroxide
H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq)
2H2O(l) + K2SO4(aq)
2(aq)
water +
H2O(l)
copper(II)
sulfate
+ CuSO4(aq)
If you study this equation you will see that the potassium
and sulfate ions are spectators. You can leave them out to
form the net ionic equation:
+
water + magnesium
chloride
H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq)
sulfuric + copper(II)
acid
oxide
H2SO4(aq+ CuO(s)
Ionic equation:
2+
+
2H (aq)+ SO4 (aq)+ 2K (aq)+ 2OH (aq)
WATER + A SALT
Examples:
hydrochloric + magnesium
acid
oxide
2HCl(aq) + MgO(s)
water + potassium
sulfate
Non-m
metal oxides
(incl. semi-m
metals)
are usually ACIDIC
Inert Gases
No oxide compounds
Name
Hydrochloric acid
2H2O(l)
H2O(l)
Examples:
carbon dioxide + water
CO2(g)
+ H2O(l)
carbon + sodium
dioxide
hydroxide
CO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)
carbonic acid
H2CO3(aq)
water
2H2O(l)
sodium
carbonate
+ Na2CO3(aq)
Chemical Equilibrium
Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
NaCl(s)
Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Start mass
= 536.9g
Final mass
= 535.8g
mass loss = 1.1g
+ H2O(l)
moles of CO2:
n = m/MM
= 1.1/44.01
n(CO2) = 0.025 mol.
H2CO3(aq)
Shifting an Equilibrium
CO2(g)
Pressure
If a reaction involves a gas, (as in the example at left) any
change in the pressure of that gas will shift the equilibrium.
With soft drinks, increasing the pressure of CO2 drives the
equilibrium to the right; decreasing CO2 pressure, shifts it
to the left.
Temperature
If you kept the gas pressure constant, but raised the
temperature, you would find this equilibrium would shift
left. (i.e. less carbonic acid) Lowering the temperature
would shift it to the right (more carbonic acid).
+ H2O(l)
Concentration
The equilibrium could also be shifted by altering the
concentration of (say) the carbonic acid. If you added extra
H2CO3(aq) somehow, the equilibrium would shift left. If
you reduced the concentration, (e.g. by adding an alkali
which would react and destroy it) the equilibrium would
shift towards the right.
H2CO3(aq)
Copyright 2006
Effect of Concentration
Le Chateliers Principle
Le Chateliers Principle:
If a system in equilibrium is disturbed,
the system will adjust itself in the direction which
counteracts the disturbance
CO2(g)
+ H2O(l)
H2CO3(aq) +
Equilibrium
Shift
heat
energy
Extra H2CO3
injected into
solution
H2CO2(aq)
+ H2O(l)
H2CO3(aq) +
CO2(g)+ H2O(l)
heat
energy
H2CO3(aq)
CO2(g)
Sealed
H2CO3(aq)
H2CO3(aq) concentration
increases as equilibrium
shifts right, attempting
to use up the extra CO2
CO2(g)+ H2O(l)
H2CO3(aq)
7
H2CO3(aq) concentration
decreases as equilibrium
shifts left, attempting to
make more CO2
CO2(g)+ H2O(l)
Copyright 2006
H2CO3(aq)
Carbon Dioxide
carbon dioxide
CO2
sulfur dioxide
NO2
O2
SO2
CO2 is also released into the air by natural bush fires, and
by volcanic eruptions, but generally theres a balance.
carbonic acid
H2CO3(aq)
sulfurous acid
H2SO3(aq)
nitrogen + water
dioxide
2NO2(g)+ H2O(l)
Plants.
Photosynthesis
Geyser erupting,
Yellowstone NP
Nitrogen Dioxide
also occurs naturally in extremely small quantities due to the
reaction between O2 and N2 when lightning provides the
necessary energy:
nitrogen + oxygen
N2(g) + O2(g)
Photo by Diana
High temperature
combustions (especially
coal-burning power
stations and vehicle
engines) produce large
amounts of NOx gases.
sulfur dioxide
SO2
nitrogen dioxide
2NO2(g)
nitric oxide
2 NO(g)
Copyright 2006
Environmental Impacts
carbon dioxide
CO2
SO2
nitrogen dioxide
NO2
Photo by Diana
and
Acid Rain
sulfurous acid
H2SO3(aq)
Deforestation
6
1 Tonne = 1,000 kg = 1.00 x 10 gram
moles of Cu2S:
n = m/MM
(MM = 159.2g)
= 1.00x106/159.2
= 6.28 x 103 mol.
mole ratio in equation is 1:1
moles of SO2 produced = 6.28 x 103 mol.
Photo by Diana
mass(SO2):
volume(SO2):
(at SLC)
9
m = n x MM
(MM = 64.07g)
= 6.28x103 x 64.07
= 4.02 x 105 g (402 kg)
V = n x VM
= 6.28x103 x 24.8
= 1.56 x 105 L (156,000 litres!!)
Copyright 2006
Worksheet 2
4. Le Chateliers Principle
a) NO2(g) reacts with itself: 2NO2(g)
Carbon dioxide is a natural part of the p).............................................................. cycle in nature. Human activities have
increased the CO2 levels mainly from q)................................
........................................ The major problem arising is
r).................................
warming
due
to
the
s)..............................................................
N2O4(g) + heat
i) Increase in temperature.
ii) Compress the mixture, therby increasing pressure.
iii) Injecting extra N2O4, without changing pressure.
iv) Decrease the temperature.
v) Spray in a little water. (NO2 dissolves, N2O4 does not.)
vi) Decreasing the total gas pressure.
continued...
N2O4(g)
10
Volume of Gases
under Different Conditions
You already know that the conditions known as SLC
(Standard Laboratory Conditions) means
25oC
and
1 atmosphere of pressure ( = 100 kPa)
At SLC, 1 mole of any gas occupies 24.8
Litres
Litres
Notes:
1. You do NOT need to remember these values. They are
always given in the Data Sheet in tests/exams.
2. There is a formula for calculating the volume at any
temperature and pressure, but its use is not required in
this course.
HSC Chemistry topic 2
More examples:
Nitric acid:
HNO3(l)+ H2O(l)
2H3O+(aq) + SO4
Phosphoric acid:
H3PO4(l)+ 3H2O(l)
3H3O+(aq) + PO4
2-
3-
(aq)
(aq)
Sulfuric acid:
H2SO4(l)+ 2H2O(l)
H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
HCl(g)
molecule
O-H
H
C
O
Cl
+
This group is
usually
abbreviated as
-COOH and
is always acidic.
These C-H
H bonds are non-p
polar, and never ionize.
H+(aq)
CH3COOH(aq)+ H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
ethanoic
acid
+ water
H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq)
hydronium + ethanoate
ion
ion
12
Citric Acid
The pH Scale
ACID
H
H
H-O
O
H
COOH
COOH
COOH
pH
11
13
Notes:
1. You must know that [square brackets] around any
chemical species means molar concentration of .
Example Calculations:
pH and [H3O+]
+ Cl (aq)
= -log10[0.500]
= -(-0.301)
pH = 0.301
2. If the concentration of hydronium ions is
+
-1
[H3O ] = 0.00252molL , what is the pH?
+
Solution:
pH = -log10[H3O ]
= -log10[0.00252]
= -(-0.2.60)
pH = 2.60
+
3. If the pH = 3.75, what is [H3O ]?
+
Solution:
pH = -log10[H3O ]
so [H3O+] = Inverse(log(-3.75))
[H3O+] = 0.000178 molL-1.
pH = -log10[H3O+]
CH3COOH(aq)+ H2O(l)
BASE
HCl(g) + H2O(l)
NEUTRAL
Copyright 2006
More about pH
Measuring pH
pH = 5
pH = 3
pH = 2
or
Neutral (pH = 7)
or
H2SO4(l)+ 2H2O(l)
H3O+(aq)+ Cl-(aq)
pH = -log10[H3O ]
= -log10[1.00]
pH = 0
H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq)
CH3COOH(aq)+H2O(l)
2-
2H3O+(aq)+ SO4
and
pH = -log10[H3O+]
= -log10[2.00]
= -(0.301)
pH = -0.30
14
(aq)
Copyright 2006
Proton transfer
Hydroxide
Ion
2 H2O(l)
Hydronium
Ion
-
OH (aq) +
H3O+(aq)
o
In pure water, at 25 C, it turns out that the concentration
of hydronium ions, [H3O+] = 1.00 x 10-7 molL-1.
Flavour. Many foods, such as jams, sauces and fruitflavoured drinks will taste better if they have that sharp
or sour effect that acids give.
Acids commonly used are citric and ethanoic acids.
Copyright 2006
Worksheet 3
Part A Fill in the Blank Spaces
b) HBr (hydrobromic)
d) HCN (hydrocyanic)
Diprotic acids
e) H2SO4
f) H2CO3 (carbonic)
Triprotic acids
g) H3PO4 (phosphoric)
h) C6H8O7 (citric)
a) 0.0675
c) 2.50
e) 3.5 x 10-3
b) 0.000840
d) 2.50x10-12
f) 1.50 x 10-8
b) pH = 11.5
c) pH = 4.85
e) pH = 0
16
CH3COOH(aq)+ H2O(l)
H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq)
ethanoic
acid
hydronium + ethanoate
ion
ion
+ water
Acid
Base
Conjugate
Acid
Conjugate
Base
HCl(g)
molecule
H2O(l)
molecule
+
Acid
Cl-(aq)
ion
ClBase
H3O+(aq)
ion
Conjugate Conjugate
Acid
Base
You will soon learn that the main reason for all these
deficiencies was that Arrhenius failed to consider the role
of the solvent itself, and in water solutions this is critical.
17
Acidic Salts
hydrogen +
sulfate ion
NH3(g)
NH4+(aq)
H2O(l)
ion
OH-(aq)
Acid
ion
SO4
2-
(aq)
+ H3O+(aq)
Conjugate Conjugate
Acid
Base
Basic Salts
dissolve in water and react as bases, forcing the water
molecule to be the acid. An example is the carbonate ion:
carbonate + water
ion
CO3
2(aq)
hydrogen + hydroxide
carbonate ion
ion
-
+ H2O(l)
Basic Salts
Na2CO3
CH3COONa
(sodium ethanoate)
sulfate + hydronium
ion
+
Base
water
Typical Results
Salt
pH
NaCl
Na2CO3
11
NaHSO4
Conclusion
Neutral
Basic
Acidic
18
Copyright 2006
Neutralization
Salts
from Different Acid-Base Neutralizations
WATER + A SALT
Example
hydrochloric + sodium
acid
hydroxide
water +
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
sodium
chloride
Strong
Base
H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
Strong
Acid
H3O
+ OH-(aq)
e.g. HCl,
HNO3,
H2SO4
water
2H2O(l)
e.g.
CH3COOH
H2CO3
... and this is the net reaction for ALL the simple acid-alkali
reactions, regardless of which acid or which alkali are used.
Heat of Neutralization
If you carried out the reaction
above in a calorimeter, you will
quickly find that the temperature
rises... the reaction is exothermic.
Energy Content
forms
NEUTRAL salts
forms
ACIDIC salts
e.g. NH4Cl, NH4NO3
(NH4)2SO4
forms
BASIC salts
forms
NEUTRAL salts
e.g. CH3COONa,
Na2CO3
e.g. CH3COONH4,
(NH4)2CO3
Simple!
Because when it reacts with water, the reaction
does NOT ionize fully, but reaches an equilibrium
with a significant concentration of un-ionized
molecules present.
NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
NH4
+
(aq)
+ OH-(aq)
H
negative
hydrogen + ammonia
chloride
HCl(g) + NH3(g)
-1
2H2O(l) H= -56kJmol
ammonium
chloride
NH4Cl(s)
Proton transfer
+
e.g. NH3
Ea
H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
e.g. KOH,
NaOH
Weak
Acid
Weak
Base
19
Copyright 2006
Titration
Titration has been one of the most important techniques in Chemical Analysis for over a century.
Its use has diminished as electronic probes have become more widespread,
but it remains a must-know part of Chemistry.
Titration can be used for any reaction
for which you can determine the endpoint. Acid-base neutralizations are
ideal because indicators (or pH probes)
can identify the end-point.
Burette
measures the volume of
standard solution needed
to reach the end-point.
Burette tap
controls the addition of
standard solution to the
unknown solution
Titration Technique
you must have a standard solution (see next page)
the burette should be rinsed with small quantities of the
standard solution, then filled with it. The level is then
adjusted to the zero mark, ensuring that there are no air
bubbles (especially in the tap and delivery spout).
an exact, measured volume of unknown solution is
placed in the reaction flask by pipette.
1-2 drops of suitable indicator are added to the flask.
(Choosing the Indicator, next page)
the reaction proceeds by careful addition, with mixing,
of solution from the burette. Add drop-by-drop
approaching the end-point, until the indicator just
changes colour.
record the volume of solution delivered by burette.
repeat 3 times, and average the titres (= burette
volumes). It is common to discard any values which are
not in close agreement.
The rest is calculation.
Conical flask
holds a measured volume of
unknown solution, plus indicator
Filter Paper
under flask allows
better seeing of
indicator colour
H2SO4 + 2KOH
Ca x Va
a
Cb = b x Ca x Va
a x Vb
= Cb x Vb
b
= 2 x 0.04252 x 33.90
1 x 25.00
2H2O + K2SO4
= 0.1153
Concentration of KOH solution = 0.1153 molL-1.
20
Copyright 2006
Indicator
The common acids like H2SO4, and bases like NaOH,
cannot be obtained in the pure state due to the way they
rapidly absorb water and/or CO2 from the atmosphere.
Litmus
Bromothymol
blue
Methyl orange
Phenolphthalein
Colour in
Acid
Base
Changes
at pH
red
6-8
blue
yellow blue
red
yellow
clear
pink
6.2 - 7.6
3.1 - 4.4
8.3 - 10.0
No, its not! Remember (see p.19) that the salts formed
by different combinations of strong or weak acids and
bases may have acidic or basic properties. This means that,
at the exact end point, the pH might not be neutrality.
Examples:
Volumetric Flask
21
Copyright 2006
12
10
pH
To start with,
adding base has
little effect
on pH
Titration
end-p
point
12
10
Weak Acid
&
Strong Base
Connection to
computer or
pH meter
pH
10
12
pH probe electrode
Titration
end-p
point
pH
Flask contains
unknown acid
solution
The end-point is at
pH<7 because the
salt is acidic...
must choose methyl
orange, or similar.
Weak Acid
&
Weak Base
Titration
end-p
point
The end-point is
theoretically at pH=7
but is hard to find by
indicator because each
drop of base is causing
less pH change
pH
10
Magnetic
Stirrer
???
Volume of Base Added
Strong Acid
&
Weak Base
22
Copyright 2006
Buffers
HCO3 is Amphiprotic
CH3COOH(aq)+ H2O(l)
weak acid
proton transfer
proton transfer
H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq)
conjugate base
2-
CO3
(aq)+
H2O(aq)
H2CO3(aq)+ H2O(aq)
H2CO3
- H+
+H
+
- -H
HCO3
+
+H
CO3
2-
Photo by connman21
23
Copyright 2006
Worksheet 4
Part A Fill in the blank spaces
ad).................................... is a technique used for chemical
analysis. A measured ae)........................ of unknown
solution is reacted with a af).................................... solution
until the ag)......................................... point is reached. The
main piece of equipment involved is a ah)..............................
It is important to choose the ai)................................... which
will change aj)............................ at the pH of the end-point,
depending on the nature of the salt formed.
2. Amphiprotic Substances
Each of the substances below is amphiprotic.
For each, write TWO equations to show its reaction
i) with H3O+
ii) with OH-
(continued...)
24
Worksheet 4
Part B (continued)
25
5. ESTERIFICATION
Differences Between these
Functional Groups
Alkanols
Alkanoic Acids
General Formula
General Formula
(starting at n=1)
(starting at n=0)
CnH2n+1OH
O-H
H
H
H
Ethanol
CH3CH2OH
Polarity of the
Alkanol
Functional Group
Common name
Formic acid
O-H
H
The most
important
member of both
Homologous
Series is the 2carbon Eth-
compound
O-H
H
O H
Common name
Acetic acid
Ethanoic acid
CH3COOH
O
CH2
Methanoic acid
HCOOH
O-H
H
C
CnH2n+1COOH
Methanol
CH3OH
H
Both these
bonds are
polar
O -
-H
O
3
CH
2
CH
Each pair of
molecules can form
one hydrogen bond
Hyd
rog
en
bon
d
-
O-H
H +
CH3 CH2
O-H
H
O-H
H
Each pair of
- O-H
H
molecules can
Hydrogen bonds
CH3 C
form two
hydrogen bonds.
O
Butanol
CH3(CH2)2CH2OH
Butanoic acid
CH3(CH2)2COOH
Pentanol
CH3(CH2)3CH2OH
Pentanoic acid
CH3(CH2)3COOH
CH3
-
...and so on.
For comparison:
O-H
H
Propanoic acid
CH3CH2COOH
Propanol
CH3CH2CH2OH
Boiling Pt (oC)
26
Ethane
-89
Ethanol
+78
Ethanoic acid
+118
The Esters
Naming Esters
H
O H
H
H-O
O
O-H
H
R1
Alkanol
R2
Water
+
H Ester
Alkanoic acid
R1
butyl ethanoate
R2
ethanoic + butanol
acid
OH
HO
CH3COOH + C4H9OH
H H
C H
CH3COOC4H9 + H2O
Remnant of C4H9OH
27
Copyright 2006
Occurrence of Esters
Esters occur widely in nature, especially in fruits and
flowers. Esters are largely responsible for the smell and
taste of many foods.
Reflux condenser
is open to the atmosphere at
the top.
This is vital to avoid any
dangerous build-up of
pressure which would occur
in a sealed flask.
Some examples:
Strawberry
ethyl butanoate, C3H7COOC2H5
Orange
Reaction Flask
is heated to speed up the
otherwise very slow reaction.
Heating Element
Uses include:
conc. H2SO4
ester + water
28
Copyright 2006
Worksheet 5
Part A Fill in the Blanks
1. Names of Esters
Name the ester formed from
a) ethanol & propanoic acid
b) propanol & ethanoic acid
c) pentanol & methanoic acid
d) methanol and pentanoic acid
e) hexanoic acid and butanol
f) ethanoic acid and octanol
a) HCOO(CH2)3CH3
b) CH3CH2COO(CH2)3CH3
c) CH3(CH2)3COO(CH2)4CH3
d) C4H9COOCH3
e) C5H11COOC7H15
29
THE
ACIDIC
ENVIRONMENT
30
Copyright 2006
6.
In the reaction
Practice Questions
Multiple Choice
7.
A significant natural source of sulfur dioxide in the
environment is:
A. lightning storms.
B. volcanic eruptions.
C. burning of fossil fuels.
D. forest fires.
1.
The colour changes for some common indicators are
shown:
Colour in
Changes
Indicator
Acid
Base
at pH
Bromothymol
blue
yellow blue
6.2 - 7.6
Methyl orange
red
yellow
3.1 - 4.4
Phenolphthalein clear
pink
8.3 - 10.0
8.
The major environmental impact of NOx gases is:
A. Global Warming.
B. Acid Rain.
C. Ozone depletion.
D. Smog.
O-H
H
9.
The diagram shows a molecule of
the weak acid, methanoic acid.
2.
A household substance most likely to be very basic is
A. vinegar.
B. soap.
C. sugar.
D. milk.
3.
The salt formed when nitric acid reacts with calcium
hydroxide would be:
A. calcium nitrate
B. nitric hydroxide
C. water
D. calcium nitric
10.
In the reaction
+
HBr + NH3
NH4 + Brit is true to say that:
A. NH3 is the base, because it has accepted a proton.
B. HBr is the acid, because it has accepted a proton.
+
C. NH4 is the conjugate acid of HBr.
D. Br is the conjugate acid of HBr.
4.
An oxide compound, MO2 (M is not the correct symbol) is
found to react as follows:
MO2 + 2NaOH(aq)
2H2O(l) + Na2MO3(aq)
11.
If an undissociated molecule of an acid is represented
by
H-A, and the ionized acid by separate H+ and A-
symbols, which diagram could show a dilute solution of a
strong acid?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A+
H-A
A
H-A
A
31
A-
H+
H-A
A
5.
According to Le Chateliers Principle, a chemical system in
equilibrium, which is then disturbed, will adjust itself
A. so that the disturbance is amplified.
B. in the direction that releases energy.
C. so that the disturbance is counteracted.
D. in the direction that releases the pressure.
HSC Chemistry topic 2
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
NH3(g) + heat
A-
H+
H+
A-
A-
H+
H-A
A
H+
H-A
A
A-
H-A
A
H-A
A
H+
A-
18.
An appropriate material to use in case of an acid spill is:
A. an amphiprotic substance, like sodium bicarbonate.
B. a strong base, like sodium hydroxide.
C. a buffer solution, like methanoic/methanoate mixture.
D. a weak base, like ammonia.
12.
In a solution of pH= 10, the concentration of hydronium
ions is:
A. 10 molL-1.
B. 1010 molL-1.
-10
-1
C. 10 molL .
D. 1 molL-1.
13.
If you had 4 solutions of different acids
Hydrochloric
Nitric
Ethanoic
Sulfuric
all with exactly the same molar concentration of acid,
which two only would you expect to have the same pH?
A. sulfuric and ethanoic
B. hydrochloric and nitric
C. nitric and sulfuric
D. ethanoic and hydrochloric
19.
The ester shown is:
A. butyl propanoate
B. ethyl butanoate
C. butyl ethanoate
D. propyl butanoate
20.
Of these compounds, which would you expect to have the
highest m.p. & b.p.?
A. ethane B. ethene C. ethanol D. ethanoic acid
14.
2The hydrogen phosphate ion, HPO4 is an amphiprotic
species. If it were to act as a base, then its conjugate acid
would be:
33A. H2PO4
B. H3PO4
C. PO4
D. HPO3
15.
An ionic salt is found to be acidic in water solution.
It is likely that this salt is the product of the reaction
between:
A. a strong acid and a strong base.
B. a weak acid and a weak base.
C. a weak acid and a strong base.
D. a strong acid and a weak base.
22. (7 marks)
a) Write a balanced, symbol equation for the reaction
between hydrochloric acid and magnesium oxide.
b) Explain how this equation supports the classification of
magnesium oxide as a basic oxide.
c) Write a balanced, symbol equation which shows that
carbon dioxide may be considered as an acidic oxide.
16.
The salt mentioned in Q15 was formed during a titration.
The most appropriate indicator for the titration would be:
(hint: refer to the list given for Q1)
A. bromothymol blue.
B. methyl orange.
C. phenolphthalein.
D. universal indicator.
23. (8 marks)
a) Explain why a sealed bottle of fizzy lemonade shows no
signs of bubbles within the liquid, yet bubbles form
immediately the lid is removed.
Include a relevant chemical equation in your answer.
17.
Which of the following graphs might be the titration
curve for the titration described in Q15-16?
Vol Base
12
D.
24. (8 marks)
a) Name a significant natural source of sulfur dioxide gas.
b) Use a balanced, symbol equation to explain how the
smelting of some metal ores can produce sulfur dioxide.
c) Name a serious environmental effect that can be caused
by sulfur dioxide, and describe a possible environmental
impact it causes.
d) Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide gas (measured at
SLC) that can be formed from 1.00 tonne of sulfur.
pH
2
pH
pH
7
pH
2
Vol Base
C.
12
B.
12
12
A.
Vol Base
Vol Base
32
29. (8 marks)
A diluted vinegar sample (CH3COOH solution) was
analysed by titration with a standardized solution of KOH
with concentration of 0.008263 molL-1.
25. (7 marks)
A certain diprotic acid can be represented by the formula
H2A. (A is not the correct symbol)
a) Write a balanced equation for the complete ionization of
H2A when added to water.
Label each species in the equation as acid or base, including
conjugate species.
26. (4 marks)
Explain 2 different reasons for adding acids to processed
foods. For each reason given, name a (different) acid used
for that purpose.
30. (4 marks)
a) What are the characteristics of a buffer solution?
27. (7 marks)
a) Give the definition of an acid according to the
Arrhenius Theory.
b) Write an equation which Arrhenius might have used to
explain why hydrogen chloride gas is an acid when
dissolved in water.
c) Give the definitions for acid and base according to the
Bronsted-Lowry Theory.
d) Write an equation to show why hydrogen chloride gas in
water is an acid according to the B-L Theory.
28. (7 marks)
2a) A solution containing carbonate ions (CO3 ) is found to
be quite strongly basic.
33
Answer Section
4. Le Chateliers Principle
a) i) Left, to try to use heat & reduce temp.
ii) Right, to reduce the pressure again.
iii) Left, to decrease concentration of product.
iv) Right, to release heat & increase temp.
v) Left, to make more reactant & increase pressure.
vi) Left, to increase pressure again.
b) i) Equilib. shifts left, to decrease conc. of iodide ion.
ii) Equilib. shifts right, to increase conc. of hydrogen ion.
iii) Equilib. shifts right, to decrease conc. of HI.
iv) Endothermic (heat is a reactant), since higher temp
causes shift to right to consume heat.
c) i) High pressure causes equilibrium to shift right to
reduce the total moles of gas and pressure.
ii) Shifts equilibrium to left.
iii) Removing product & adding reactant keeps shifting
equilib. to right, so yield is maximized.
Worksheet 1
Part A
a) opposites
c) pH
e) basic
g) change colour
i) plants / lichens
j) pink
l) clear, clear, pink/red
n) yellow
p) soil testing
r) effluents
b) neutralize
d) 7
f) acidic
h) pH (acidity)
k) blue
m) red, yellow, yellow
o) blue
q) water testing
Part B
A = acid. B = base. C = neutral. D = base. E = acid.
Worksheet 2
Part A
a) water
b) salt
c) neutralize
d) bases
e) water and a salt
f) acids
g) acid solution
h) neutralize
i) equilibrium
j) rate
k) products
l) dynamic
m) temperature, concentration or gas pressure
n) Le Chateliers
o) counteracts the disturbance
p) carbon-oxygen
q) burning fossil fuels
r) Global
s) Greenhouse Effect
t) volcanic
u) hot springs/geysers
v) fossil fuels
w) smelting
x) Acid Rain
y) NOx
z) lightning
aa) power stations & engines
ab) smog
ac) Rain
6. Mass-Vol of Gases
a) i) n(CO2) = 5.00/24.8 = 0.2016 mol
m(CO2) = n x MM = 0.2016 x 44.01 = 8.87g.
ii) n(H2) = 5.00/24.8 = 0.2016 mol
m(H2) = n x MM = 0.2016 x 2.016 = 0.406g.
iii) n(Ne) = 100/22.7 = 4.405 mol
m(Ne) = n x MM = 4.405 x 20.18 = 88.9g.
iv) n(O2) = 0.0250/22.7 = 0.001101 mol
m(O2) = n x MM = 0.001101 x 32 = 3.52x10-2g.
b) i) n = m/MM = 100/44.01 = 2.272 mol
v = 2.272 x 24.8 = 56.4L
ii) n = m/MM = 100/4.003 = 24.98 mol
v = 24.98 x 24.8 = 624L
iii) n = m/MM = 1.50/28.02 = 0.05353 mol
v = 0.05353 x 24.8 = 1.33L
Part B
1. Simple Acid-Alkali Reactions
a)
i) calcium chloride
ii) magnesium sulfate
iii) barium nitrate
b) i) HCl + LiOH
H2O + LiCl
ii) H2SO4 + 2NaOH
iii) 2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2
2. Basic Oxides
a)
H2SO4 + FeO
b)
2HCl + MgO
c) 2HNO3 + CuO
3. Acidic Oxides
a)
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
b)
P2O5 + 3H2O
c)
SO3 + H2O
7. Problems
a) i) CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq)
H2O(l) + CaCO3(s)
2H2O + Na2SO4
2H2O + Mg(NO3)2
H2O + FeSO4
b) i) 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g)
H2O + MgCl2
2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
6
2H2O + Cu(NO3)2
H2O + CaCO3
2H3PO4
34
Copyright 2006
Worksheet 3
Worksheet 4 (continued)
q) water
r) any ammonium salt
s) sodium carbonate
t) sodium chloride/sulfate
u) strong
v) strong
w) strong
x) weak
y) weak
z) strong
aa) hydronium & hydroxide ab) water
ac) exoad) Titration
ae) volume
af) standard
ag) equivalence (end)
ah) burette
ai) indicator
aj) colour
ak) pH
al) near-vertical
am) weak acid and its conjugate base
an) shifts
ao) Le Chateliers
ap) pH
aq) living
ar) constant chemical conditions
as) in the blood
at) bicarbonate & carbonate
Part A
a) donate protons
b) hydrogen
c) hydronium
d) monoprotic
e) diprotic
f) triprotic
g) CH3COOH
h) 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
i) ionizes completely in water solution
j) only partially ionizes
k) -log10[H3O+]
l) powers (index numbers) m) 10
n) preserve
o) bacteria & fungi
p) SO2 and ethanoic
q) flavour
r) sour
s) ethanoic & citric
t) nutritional
u) ascorbic
v) formic (methanoic)
w) calcium oxide
Part B
1. Acid Ionization in Water
a) HCl(g) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
H3O+(aq) + Br-(aq)
b) HBr(g) + H2O(l)
c) HCOOH(l) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + HCOO-(aq)
H3O+(aq)
d) HCN(g) + H2O(l)
+ CN (aq)
e) H2SO4(l)+ 2H2O(l)
2SO4 (aq)
f) H2CO3(l)+ 2H2O(l)
2H3O+(aq)+
2CO3 (aq)
g) H3PO4(l)+ 3H2O(l)
3H3O+(aq)+
3PO4 (aq)
h) C6H8O7(s)+ 3H2O(l)
a) 1.17 (acidic)
c) -0.398 (acidic)
e) 2.46 (acidic)
3H3O+(aq)
c) HPO4
e)
+ C6H5O7(aq)
PO4
2(aq)
+ H2O(l)
S2-(aq) + H2O(l)
HS-(aq) + OH-(aq)
HCN(aq) + OH-(aq)
g) H2S(aq) + H2O(l)
HS-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
+
(aq)
HNO2(aq) + OH-(aq)
NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
+ H2O(l)
2-
SO3
2. Amphiprotic Substances
a) H2PO4 (aq) + H3O+(aq)
-
c) HS-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
-
HS (aq) + OH (aq)
3. Acidic & Basic Salts
a) CH3COO-(aq)+ H2O(l)
+
(aq)
b) NH4
+ H2O(l)
35
(aq)
+ H3O+(aq)
H3PO4(aq) + H2O(l)
HPO4
+
(aq)
b) hydrogen
d) Arrhenius
f) hydroxide or oxide
h) Bronsted-Lowry
j) proton acceptor
l) protons
n) conjugate acid
p) amphiprotic
+ H3O+(aq)
f) CN-(aq) + H2O(l)
i) NH4
Worksheet 4
(aq)
-
4. [H3O ] from pH
use inverse (or 2nd function) log (-pH) on calculator
a) 5.01 x 10-6 molL-1.
b) 3.16 x 10-12 molL-1.
-1
c) 2.51 molL .
d) 3.00 x 10-9 molL-1.
-1
e) 1.00 molL .
3-
+ OH-(aq)
+ H2O(l)
in each case
b) 3.08 (acidic)
d) 11.6 (basic)
f) 7.82 (just barely basic)
NH4
2(aq)
d) HPO4
Part A
a) oxygen
c) metals
e) hydrogen ions
g) the solvent (water)
i) proton donor
k) transfer
m) conjugate
o) acid or base
+
(aq)
b) NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
2H3O+(aq)+
2. pH from [H3O+]
use pH = -log[H3O+]
Part B
1. Reactions of Acids & Bases with Water
In each case the conjugate is in bold print.
H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq)
a) CH3COOH(aq)+ H2O(l)
2(aq)
+ H2O(l)
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
2(aq)
CO3
+ H2O(l)
H2S(aq) + H2O(l)
2(aq)
+ H2O(l)
OH-(aq)+ CH3COOH(aq)
NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
-
HNO2(aq) + OH (aq)
2(aq)
+ H3O+(aq)
C2O4
e) CN-(aq) + H2O(l)
HCN(aq) + OH-(aq)
Copyright 2006
Worksheet 4
Part B
Worksheet 5
Part A
a) alcohols
b) -OH
c) CnH2n+1OH
d) polar
e) hydrogen
f) alkanes
g) COOH
h) hydrogen
i) m.p. & b.p. is even higher than
j) alkanols with alkanoic acids
k) water
l) alkanol
m) -yl
n) alkanoic acid
o) -oate
p) reflux
q) pressure
r) condensed
s) reflux condenser
t) Sulfuric acid
u) equilibrium
v) odours and tastes
w) fruits
x) fats and oils
y) artificial flavourings
z) solvents
aa) shampoo/cosmetics/plastics
(continued)
4. Titrations
a) 23.10 omitted
Average titre = (22.50+22.45+22.50)/3 = 22.48mL
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
Ca x Va = Cb x Vb
a
b
Cb = b x Ca x Va/(Vb x a)
= 1 x 0.09255 x 22.48/25.00 x1
= 0.08322
c(NaOH) = 0.08322 molL-1.
b) i) H2SO4 + 2NH4OH
2H2O + (NH4)2SO4
ii) Ca x Va = Cb x Vb
a
b
Ca = a x Cb x Vb/(Va x b)
= 1 x 0.05025 x 28.32/(25.00 x 2)
= 0.02846
c(H2SO4) = 0.08322 molL-1.
iii) L is best choice because stong acid-weak base titration
has end-point at acidic pH. L changes colour at 4.2.
Part B
1. Names of Esters
a) ethyl propanoate
c) pentyl methanoate
e) butyl hexanoate
Practice Questions
Part A
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. A
Ca x Va = Cb x Vb
a
b
Cb = b x Ca x Va/(Vb x a)
= 2 x 0.02500 x 31.45/25.00 x1
= 0.06290
c(KOH) = 0.06290 molL-1.
Multiple Choice
5. C
9. C
6. B
10. A
7. B
11. D
8. D
12. C
13. B
14. A
15. D
16. B
17. C
18. A
19. C
20. D
b) propyl ethanoate
d) methyl pentanoate
f) octyl ethanoate
36
Copyright 2006
22.
a) 2HCl(aq) + MgO(s)
H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq)
b) It has neutralized an acid, forming water and a salt.
Therefore it is a base.
c) CO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)
2H2O(l) + Na2CO3(aq)
Carbon dioxide has neutralized a base, therefore it is acidic.
28.
2a) CO3 (aq) + H2O(l)
HCO3 (aq) + OH-(aq)
Water acts as an acid and donates a proton to the carbonate
ion. This forms a hydroxide ion, which explains why the
solution is basic.
b) If the environment is acidic, HCO3 acts as a base:
+
H3O (aq) + HCO3 (aq)
H2CO3(aq)+ H2O(aq)
23.
a) Carbon dioxide reacts with water as follows:
CO2(g)
+ H2O(l)
H2CO3(aq)
29.
a) A weak acid-strong base titration has an end point
about pH = 8-10, so phenolphthalein is best.
H2O + CH3COOK
b) CH3COOH + KOH
c) The first titre should be discarded because it does not
agree closely with the others. The remaining 3 should be
averaged. Average = (26.70+26.75+26.65)/3 = 26.70mL
d)
Ca x Va = Cb x Vb
a
b
Ca = a x Cb x Vb/(Va x b)
= 1 x 0.008263 x 26.70/(25.00 x 1)
= 0.008825
c(CH3COOH) = 0.08322 molL-1.
24.
a) volcanic eruptions, hot springs, geysers.
b) example: smelting of lead sulfide ore:
Pb + SO2
PbS + O2
c) Acid Rain can acidify lakes and streams, killing the
living things. Forests can die-back due to soil acidity.
d)
S + O2
SO2
n(S) = m/MM = 1.00x106/32.07
= 31,182 mol
n(SO2) = 31,182
m(SO2) = n x MM
MM = 64.07g
= 31,182 x 64.07
= 2.00 x 106 g ( = 2.00 tonne)
25.
a) H2A + 2H2O(l)
2H3O+(aq) + A2-(aq)
acid
base
conj.acid
conj.base
b) if [H2A] = 0.0250, then [H3O+]= 0.0500 moL-1
pH = -log10[H3O+]
= 1.30
c) H2A must be a weak acid and has only partially ionized.
The [H3O+] is lower and pH higher than predicted.
30.
a) A buffer can maintain a constant pH despite addition of
acid or base.
b) A (roughly equal) mixture of a weak acid and its
conjugate base, such as ethanoic acid plus sodium
ethanoate (which provides ethanoate ions).
c) Our blood is buffered by a mixture of bicarbonate ions
and carbonate ions. The blood pH remains quite constant,
despite constant changes occurring as gases dissolve, food
is absorbed, etc.
31.
H
ii)
H
CH3CH2COOCH3
O-H
H
26.
Acids may be added to preserve the food. By lowering the
pH, it becomes more difficult for microbes to grow in the
food and cause it to spoil. Ethanoic acid (vinegar) is
commonly used for this.
C
O
O-H
H
a) i)
Copyright 2006