RachelVance

5/16/16
DeterminingtheEffectivenessofTUMSthroughTitration
INTRODUCTION
Atitrationis
atechniquewhereasolutionofknownconcentrationisusedtodetermine
theconcentrationofanunknownsolution(WhatisTitration).Theequationforthisis:
n
bM

aV

a=n

aM

bV

b
(Eq.1)
Inthisequation,n
representsthemolesofbase,n
representsthemolesofacid,M
standsfor
b
a
a
themolarityorconcentrationoftheacid,M
representsthemolarityofthebase,V
standsforthe
b
a
volumeofacid,andV
isthevolumeofbase.
b
WhenfindingwhetherTUMSRegularStrength,ExtraStrength,orUltraStrengthwere
themosteffectivebasedoncost,rateofreaction,amountofhydrochloricacid(HCl)used,and
pHchangevariousequationswereused.Theequationusedforrateofreactionwas:

]
r = [H+
t = M /s

(Eq.2)
+
+
Inthisequationristherateofreaction, [H
]isthechangeinH
,and tisthechangeintime.

Thebalancedchemicalequationusedfortheantacid(TUMS)was:
CaCO
(s)+2HCl(aq)CaCl
(aq)+H
O(l)+CO
(g)
3
2
2
2
(Eq.3)
Thisequationshowswhencalciumcarbonate(CaCO
)(theactiveingredientofTUMS)reacts
3
withHCl(stomachacid).
+
Inordertofindthe[H
]fromthepHvalue,thefollowingequationwasused:


pH=log[H+
]

(Eq.4)
OthermathwascompletedinordertofigureoutthepredictedamountofHClneededfor
eachstrengthofTUMS.Thiswasdonebyusingthefollowingbasicequationandtweakingthe
valuesofeachofthevariablesuntilthevolumeoftheacid(V
)waslessthan50mL.
a
n
bM

aV

a=n

aM

bV

b
(Eq.1)
InordertofigureouthowtocreatethestocksolutionneededforProcedureA,the
followingequationwasused:
M
V
=M
V
1
1
2
2
(Eq.5)
InthisequationM
istheinitialmolarityofthesolutionandV
isthevolumeused,whileM
was
1
1
2
theendingmolarityofthesolutionandV
wastheendingvolume.
2
TheindependentvariableinthisexperimentwasthestrengthofTUMSusedwhilethe
dependantvariablesweretheamountofHClusedtoneutralizetheTUMSandthereactionrate.
Theconstantsoftheexperimentincludedtheequipment,thedosageofTUMS,theprocessofthe
titration,andtheprogramwhichtrackedthedata(LoggerPro).IfthestrengthofTUMSused
increased,thentheoveralleffectivenessoftheantacidwillincreaseaswellbecausethepredicted
volumeofHClneededtoneutralizetheTUMSwashigherwithastrongerstrength.
TheobjectiveofthisexperimentwasthediscoverwhetherTUMSRegularStrength,
ExtraStrength,orUltraStrengthwerethemosteffectivebasedoncost,rateofreaction,
effectivenessinbothtimeandamountofhydrochloricacid(HCl)used,andchangeinpH.This

wasachievedusingseveraldifferentequations(Eq.13)andconductingtitrationsinthelab.
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
Tocompletethisexperimentseveraldifferentprocedureswereconducted.Thefirstpart
oftheexperimentwascreatingtheHClstocksolution(ProcedureA).Thiswouldactasthe
stomachacidintheexperiment.Inordertocreatethestocksolutionsseveralmaterialswere
obtainedincludinga100mLgraduatedcylinder,dropper,500mLvolumetricflask,cap,funnel,
distilledwater,andstoragebottle.Firstmathwasconductedtofigureouthowtocreatea0.50M
solutionfroma3Mstocksolution.Afterthemathwasconducted,83.3mLofthe3Msolutionof
HClwasmeasuredintoagraduatedcylinderusingadropper.Thiswasthenfunneledintoa500
mLvolumetricflask.Thecylinderandfunnelwasrinsedwithdistilledwatertoensureallthe
HClwastransferredintotheflask.Distilledwaterwasaddedtoaboutthehalfwaypointofthe
flask,thecapwasplacedon.Thesolutionwastheninverted.Afterbeinginverted,waterwas
addedupuntilthebottomofthemeniscuswasonthe500mLlineoftheflask.Theflaskwas
recappedandthesolutionwasinvertedseveraltimestoensureitwascompletelymixed.Finally,
thesolutionwasplacedintoalabeledbottleforstorage.
AfterthefirstpartoftheexperimentwasconductedandtheHClstocksolutionwas
made,thenextpartoftheexperimenttookplace.Thisportionoftheexperimentwasdissolving
theantacidsintosolution(ProcedureB).Forthispart,weighingpaper,amortarandpestle,
distilledwater,graduatedcylinder,andlargebeakerwereallobtained.Afterthematerialswere
obtained,asheetofweighingpaperwasplacedinthemortar,aTUMtabletwasplacedonthe
centerofthepaper,andanothersheetwasplacedontop.Thissandwichliketechniqueof
weighingpaperandTUMSwasusedtoensurenonetheantacidwaslostinthemortar.Thetablet

wasthencrushedusingthepestle.Thiscrushedtabletwasthenplacedintoalargebeaker
(around200mL)and25.0mLofdistilledwaterwasadded.Thissolutionwasthenstirredwitha
stirroduntildissolved.
Oncetheantacidshadbeendissolved,thetitrationportionoftheexperimentwas
conducted(ProcedureC).Aburettube,thepremadeHClsolution,premadeCaCO
solution,pH
3
sensor,ringstand,stirringrod,andLoggerProprogramwereallobtainedforconductingthe
titrations.TheutilityclampwasusedtosuspendthepHsensoronaringstand.ThepHSensor
wasthenpositionedintheantacidsolution.Autilityclampwasusedtoattachtheburettothe
ringstand.Thisisshownbelow:
SetUpofTitration

(Figure1)
Theburetwasthenfilledwithalittleabove0.00mLleveloftheburetwithHClsolution.
AsmallamountofHClsolutionwasthendrainedintoabeakersoitfilledtheburettipandleft

theHClatthe0.00mLleveloftheburet.ThepreciseconcentrationoftheHClsolutionwasthen
recordedinadatatable.Alargebeakerwasusedasawastebuckettocollectallofthesolutions.
Thisbeakerwasneutralizedattheendoftheexperimentbeforebeingdisposedofdownthesink.
ThepHSensorwasthenconnectedtothecomputerinterface.ThepHvaluewasthencheckedto
makesureitwasaround8or9.Afterthisfirstdatapointwaskept,thetitrationreallybegan.The
nextincrementofHClwasadded(enoughthatitdroppedthepHbyabout0.15units).Thiswas
thenmadeintoadatapoint.TheHClsolutioncontinuedtobeaddedinincrementsthatraisedthe
pHbyabout0.15unitsandtheburetreadingwasenteredaftereachincrement.Again,theHCl
solutionwasaddedinincrementsthatraisedthepHbyabout0.15unitsandtheburetreading
wasenteredaftereachincrementuntilthepHwasabout7.OncethepHreachedavalueofabout
7,theHClstartedtobeaddeddropbydrop.AfterthepHvalueofabout2wasreached,larger
incrementsoftheHClstartedtobeaddedagain.TheHClsolutioncontinuedtobeaddeduntil
thepHvalueremainedconstant.Thecontentsinthebeakerweredisposedofandthewaste
beakerwasneutralizedandthendumpeddownthesink.Finallythedatatablewassaved(The
ComputerBasedLaboratory).
Thefinalpartoftheexperimentconductedwasinordertofindtherateofreaction.The
materialscollectedbeforetheexperimentincluded,pHSensor,computer,HClsolution,CaCO3
solutions,largerbeaker,stopwatch,stirringrod,indicator,graduatedcylinder,anddropper.First,
theantacidwasplacedintosolutionexactlylikedonepreviouslyinProcedureB,buta25mL
beakerwasusedinstead.ThepHprobewasthenputintheCaCO
solutionandconnectedtothe
3
computer.ThentheactualamountofHClacidneededtoneutralizetheCaCO
,basedonthedata
3
fromProcedureC,wasmeasuredintoagraduatedcylinder.TheinitialpHoftheCaCO
solution
3

wasthenrecorded.AlltheHClwasthenpouredintothebeakerandtimingandstirringbegan
immediately.OncethesolutionspHstabilized,thetimerstoppedandthetimeandpHwas
recorded.Thisprocesswasrepeatedfortheremainingtrials.
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
Figure2showsthedatatablecollectedduringthefirsttitrationoftheUltraStrength
TUMS.
Titration1ofUltraStrengthTUMS

(Figure2)
Oneimportantnumberinthedatatabletopayspecialattentiontoiswhenthesecondderivative
(d2)changedfromanegativevaluetoapositivevalue.Thischangeisalsoknownasthe
equivalencepointwheremolesofacidequalmolesofbase.Theequivalencepointcanbeseenat
thehighlightedportionofthegraph.Forthistitration,thathappenedat44.1mLofHCl.
Figure3showsthedatatablecollectedduringthesecondtitrationoftheUltraStrength
TUMS.
Titration2ofUltraStrengthTUMS


(Figure3)
Oneimportantnumberinthedatatabletopayspecialattentiontoiswhenthesecondderivative
(d2)changedfromanegativevaluetoapositivevalue.Thischangeisalsoknownasthe
equivalencepointwheremolesofacidequalmolesofbase.Theequivalencepointcanbeseenat
thehighlightedportionofthegraph.Forthistitration,thathappenedat44.1mLofHCl.
Figure4showsthedatatablecollectedduringthefirsttitrationoftheExtraStrength
TUMS.
Titration1ExtraStrengthTUMS

(Figure4)

Oneimportantnumberinthedatatabletopayspecialattentiontoiswhenthesecondderivative
(d2)changedfromanegativevaluetoapositivevalue.Thischangeisalsoknownasthe
equivalencepointwheremolesofacidequalmolesofbase.Theequivalencepointcanbeseenat
thehighlightedportionofthegraph.Forthistitration,thathappenedat32.1mLofHCl.
Figure5showsthedatatablecollectedduringthesecondtitrationoftheExtraStrength
TUMS.
Titration2ExtraStrengthTUMS

(Figure5)
Oneimportantnumberinthedatatabletopayspecialattentiontoiswhenthesecondderivative
(d2)changedfromanegativevaluetoapositivevalue.Thischangeisalsoknownasthe
equivalencepointwheremolesofacidequalmolesofbase.Theequivalencepointcanbeseenat
thehighlightedportionofthegraph.Forthistitration,thathappenedat32.3mLofHCl.
Figure6showsthedatatablecollectedduringthefirsttitrationoftheRegularStrength
TUMS.
Titration1RegularStrengthTUMS

(Figure6)

Oneimportantnumberinthedatatabletopayspecialattentiontoiswhenthesecondderivative
(d2)changedfromanegativevaluetoapositivevalue.Thischangeisalsoknownasthe
equivalencepointwheremolesofacidequalmolesofbase.Theequivalencepointcanbeseenat
thehighlightedportionofthegraph.Forthistitration,thathappenedat21.3mLofHCl.
Figure7showsthedatatablecollectedduringthesecondtitrationoftheRegularStrength
TUMS.
Titration2RegularStrengthTUMS

(Figure7)

Oneimportantnumberinthedatatabletopayspecialattentiontoiswhenthesecondderivative
(d2)changedfromanegativevaluetoapositivevalue.Thischangeisalsoknownasthe
equivalencepointwheremolesofacidequalmolesofbase.Theequivalencepointcanbeseenat
thehighlightedportionofthegraph.Forthistitration,thathappenedat21.7mLofHCl.
Figure8isatableofdatacollectedduringtitrations1and2oftheUltraStrengthTUMS.
DataCollectedRegardingUltraStrengthTUMS

ULTRA

[CaCO
]
3
(M)

Volume
CaCO
(mL)
3

VolumeofHCl pHofendpoint VolumeofHClUsed

predicted(mL)
(pH)
(mL)

Titration
#1

0.40

25.0

40.0

3.20

44.1

Titration
#2

0.40

25.0

40.0

3.29

44.1
(Figure8)

TakespecialnoteoftheVolumeofHClUsedcolumn.NoticethemLofHClusedto
neutralizetheUltraStrengthTUMSwasthesamebothtitrations.
Figure9isatableofdatacollectedduringtitrations1and2oftheExtraStrengthTUMS.
DataCollectedRegardingExtraStrengthTUMS

EXTRA

[CaCO
]
3
(M)

Volume
CaCO
(mL)
3

VolumeofHCl
predicted(mL)

pHof
endpoint(pH)

VolumeofHClUsed
(mL)

Titration
#1

0.30

25.0

30.0

3.36

32.1

Titration
#2

0.30

25.0

30.0

3.52

32.3
(Figure9)

PayspecialattentiontotheVolumeofHClUsedcolumn.NoticethemLofHClusedto
neutralizetheExtraStrengthTUMSduringeachtrialwaswithin0.2mLofeachother.
Figure10isatableofdatacollectedduringtitrations1and2oftheRegularStrength
TUMS.
DataCollectedRegardingRegularStrengthTUMS

REGULAR

[CaCO
]
Volume
VolumeofHCl
pHof
3
(M)
CaCO
(mL)
predicted(mL)
endpoint(pH)
3

VolumeofHClUsed
(mL)

Titration#1

0.20

25.0

20.0

2.59

21.5

Titration#2

0.20

25.0

20.0

3.64

21.7

(Figure10)

TakenoteoftheVolumeofHClUsedcolumn.NoticethemLofHClusedtoneutralizethe
RegularStrengthTUMSduringeachtrialwaswithin0.2mLofeachother.
Figure11displaysthedatacollectedduringtherateofreactiontestsfromUltra,Extra,
andRegularStrengthTUMS.

RateofReaction

Volume Initial
HCl
pH
added
(mL)

Final
pH

Time
(sec)

Initialhydrogen
Final
concentration
hydrogen
+
[H
](M)
concentration
+
[H
](M)

+
Delta[H
]
(M)

Reaction
Rate
(M/sec)

Trial1
Ultra

44.1

9.95

3.45

73.35

10
1.12202x10

4
3.54813x10

0.00036

0.00000049
or
7
4.908x10

Trial1
Extra

32.1

6.69

3.82

48.62

2.0417379x
7
10

4
1.51356x10

0.00015

0.0000031
or
6
3.085x10

Trial1
Regular

21.5

9.81

3.17

35.48

1.54881662x
10
10

6.76083x
4
10

0.00068

0.000019
or

5
1.9166x10

(Figure11)
Payspecialattentiontothereactionratecolumn.TheUltraStrengthTUMShadthefastest
+
reactionrateoutofallthestrengthsofTUMS.InordertogofrompHto[H
]thefollowing

equationwasused:
pH
+
10
=[H
]

(Eq.6)
+

Aftertheinitialandfinal[H
]concentrationsweredetermined,therateofreactionwas
mathematicallyfiguredusingthefollowingequation.

]
r = [H+
t = M /s

(Eq.2)
+
+
Inthisequationristherateofreaction, [H
]isthechangeinH
,and tisthechangeintime.

Figure12displaysthecostoftheTUMStestedthroughoutthelab.
CostofTUMS

UltraStrength

ExtraStrength

RegularStrength

CostofBottle

$7.28

$3.84

$1.84

AmountofTablets
perBottle

160

96

150

CostperTablet

$0.0455

$0.0400

$0.0123
(Figure12)

TakespecialnoteoftheCostperTabletrow.FromthisitcanbedeterminedthattheRegular
StrengthTUMSarethecheapest.
Somepotentialsourcesofexperimentalerrorincludequantitativetransferandtheamount
oftimeeachTUMSsolutionwasstirredbeforetitrating.Foreachtitrationofeachstrengthof

TUMS,theamountoftimespentstirringanddissolvingtheTUMSintothewaterwasdifferent.
ThiscouldbeasourceoferrorbecauseifalltheTUMSwerentdissolvedeverytrial,itcould
havechangedtheresultsthatwerefound.
CONCLUSION
ThroughoutthisexperimentitwasdeterminedthatRegularStrengthTUMSarethemost
effectiveoutofUltra,Extra,andRegularStrengthTUMS.Thisprovesthehypothesisincorrect
sinceitstatedthehigherthestrengththemoreeffectivetheantacidwouldbe.Effectivenesswas
determinedbasedonrateofreaction,cost,andamountofHClneutralized.Whenlookingatrate
ofreactionandfigure11,itcanbeseenthatRegularStrengthTUMShavethefastestreaction
ratewitharateof0.000019M/sec.Bylookingatfigure12,itcanbedeterminedthatRegular
StrengthTUMSarethecheapestwithacostof$0.0123pertablet.TheamountofHCl
neutralizedcanbeseenbyexaminingthetitrationdatatablesandgraphs(figures210).Ultra
StrengthTUMSneutralizedthemostHCl,neutralizing44.1mLofHClwithonetabletof
TUMS.Overall,RegularStrengthTUMSaremosteffectivedespiteneutralizingslightlyless
HClpertabletthantheotherstrengths.
Somepossiblewaystofurtherexperimentbasedonthedatacollectedwouldbetotest
differentbrandsofRegularStrengthantacidstofindoutwhichbrandisthemosteffective.
Anotherpossiblefurtherexperimentcouldbetotestdifferentamountsofantacid.Insteadof
testingjustonetabletofantacid,awholedosecouldbetested.

TheComputerBasedLaboratory,
JournalofChemicalEducation:Software
,1988,Vol.1A,
No.2,p.73.
WhatisaTitration,PurdueScience,2005