Professional Documents
Culture Documents
. #~O~=
Hi#O`\ *HHx
g JOkOK
Ju H=O`"#
HO
J^` *HH
. #~O~=
January
February
March
June
December
July
February
1998
1998
1998
1998
2000
2002
2004
Publishers:
NANI INTERNATIONAL
408, Vijayatowers, Shanthi Nagar, Hyderabad-500 028,
Ph 55665146, 23313224, 31038388
Printed at:
Sai Ram Process
114, Sovereign Shelters, lakadi-ka-pool,
Hyderabad-500 004 ph 23307622
Copies available at:
all branches of
Visalandhra Book House
J^` *HH
. #~O~=
*H QoH
JO`~OQ ^~#O........................................6..
" ^ \ J^O
1. *HH JO> Uq\?
2. qq^ JO# U ~O Z *HO
=OKO\=?
3. =#O U JO< Z <~HO\= ?
4. J=~O, J=Q# <~H=_xH
ZO`=~ `__`~ ?
5. <~H# q+# ZO^=#
Z =~z`O\= ?
6. =~z=_xH ^^O K =H~} Uq\
7. g ij<H ZO`\ xt`OQ =Ok ?
8. J"@ JO>< Jk =# *HH!
9. H` q+ <~H<C_
Z^~ W|O^q\ ?
10. =OQ J=Q# KHO><
*HO =OKH=_O ^=`Ok
11. *HO =OKH=_xH J#=Q
~O< K^"e ?
12. =#O Q~OKH# su<
*HO KHH`=
13. *HH J<H W`~ JO P^~_ LO@Ok
14. qq^ q+# *H
Z ^~KHO@O\=?
15. *HO =OKH# q+
~@ Z ```O\~ ?
J^` *HH
...12
...13
...15
...17
...19
...21
...23
...27
...30
...32
...34
...37
...39
...41
...43
. #~O~=
...45
...47
. .50
...56
~O_= J^O
19. g *HHx Fi sHOKHO_ ?
20. *HHH ^, PH = O
21. J#O^#O K_O ^~
*HHx OOkOKH=_" ?
22. Q ^u ^~ *HO =OKH=_" ?
23. *HHx OOkOK ~O_ ^`
24. ij< Hx =iO`Q OOkOKH=_" ?
25. J=~O =z#C_ =~zO_ *Q`__" ?
26. H=H ^~ *HHH =iO`\ ^# @=K
27. Zx JOH =# OY<< g~
Ju `eHQ *HO =OKH=K
28. U `sY# U "~O =O^ Ju OQ K=K
29. iK"# u XHix "i
~` Q~OKH=_O Z?
30. JO^i ~ *HO =OKH=K
31. g~ Zx >e# #O|~~<
*HO =OKH=K
32. x` rq`O *HHH ZO` ^#` =Ok
33. ~^#OQ =O__xH J"@ _=^
34. ` \#~A =Y"# `n
Jh *HO =OKH=K
...58
...62
...67
...73
...81
...87
...92
...98
...103
...107
...114
...119
...125
...129
...132
...138
*H..............................................................................................141
J^` *HH
. #~O~=
JO`~O Q ^~ #O
=#
J^` *HH
. #~O~=
. #~O~=
qQ `
XH
J^` *HH
. #~O~=
*H
J^` *HH
. #~O~=
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
10
. #~O~=
"^\
J^O
J^` *HH
11
. #~O~=
12
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
13
. #~O~=
qq^ JO#
U ~O, Z *HO
=OKO\= ?
JH ~ ~ O =# q+ # Z * H O
=OKHHQ`=# JOO< i^# Z=Q
[iQ~. =#O ^^ =O^k ~H "## Ju OQ
QiOKQ =. JQ H =O ~ ^~, ~z^~ J<H ==
J^` *HH
14
. #~O~=
15
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
16
. #~O~=
=#O U JO<<
Z <~HO\=?
17
. #~O~=
18
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
19
. #~O~=
J=~O, J=Q#
<~H=_xH ZO`=~
`__`~ ?
20
. #~O~=
21
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
22
. #~O~=
=# rq` O Z \ H C_ H` H ` q+
<~HO@O\O. D q+h XH ^u H~O =# =#
XH H=x U~~KHO\~.
<~H# q+#
ZO^=#, Z =~z
`O\= ?
23
. #~O~=
24
. #~O~=
=i=_xH ^^O
K =H~} Uq\?
H` q+ < ~ HO@# C_ Jq =z
WO`=O^ =#O <~HO@# q+# HH
<\ "_O [~Q`O^x WO`=O^ KCH<=. `
q+# H <\ "#C_ "\x =#O qiOK_O
[~Q`O@Ok. ~` Hey# qq^ q+# <~HO@#C_
=`" W@=O\ W|Ok Z=Q Z^~`O@Ok. XH`# XH _>H"
J^` *HH
25
. #~O~=
26
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
27
. #~O~=
g ij< H ZO`\
xt`OQ =Ok?
28
. #~O~=
29
. #~O~=
30
. #~O~=
31
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
32
. #~O~=
J"@ JO><
Jk =# *HH!
33
. #~O~=
34
. #~O~=
35
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
36
. #~O~=
H` q+#
<~H<C_
Z^~ W|O^q\?
37
. #~O~=
38
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
39
. #~O~=
=OQ J=Q#
KHO>< *HO
=OKH=_O ^=`Ok
40
. #~O~=
41
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
42
. #~O~=
*HO =OKH=_xH
J#=Q ~O<
K^"e?
43
. #~O~=
44
. #~O~=
45
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
46
. #~O~=
=#O Q~OKH#
su< *HO
KHH`=
47
. #~O~=
48
. #~O~=
49
. #~O~=
50
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
51
. #~O~=
qq^ q+#
*H
Z ^$=~KHO@O\=?
52
. #~O~=
53
. #~O~=
=OKH=_O _ H+`~=xOk.
WH =# `e# q+# Q~KH=_O _ OuHOQ
J<z`OQ [iy^. XH =_ O=`~ H`O q`` He
q~` "o=O\=. JC_ "oOk W~"=Ok x Yz`OQ
`. JO^ JO^i ~ Q~ KH<H W^i ~ ZO`Q yOA<
Q~~=. JC_ P q~` O|OkOz# *HxO\x ~}
`KHO\=. U Qk Z=~<~? Z=~=~ ZH_ OK~? =O\ =#
*H# #iOKH=_O ^~ ` q+# Q~ `KH=_O
[~Q`Ok.
=# "tOz# *Hh ~O_~H =~ #=`~.
Jq H=OQ H}Oz JO`iOz`~. ^ i+OQ, xt`OQ
~O^`~. J i+OQ ~O^`#_ Jq =# PK#`
=# *#O` HQ~ =# =# "tOz#\ ~x H`~.
=#O XH ^$x Hx, XH ~x Hx, J#"xHx, =# *H
W=_H< uiy ^xx =@~O< =HO K=. u q+x W
+ ~O J#=kOKH< O^~ O Hk\ ~ @ K@K HO\~.
+# iq` =# *H iq`Q =~`~.
J^` *HH
54
. #~O~=
*HO =OKH#
q+ ~@ Z
```O\~?
55
. #~O~=
56
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
57
. #~O~=
*HO =OKHHQ_O
=# W~ `
ZO` =O@Ok ?
58
. #~O~=
59
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
60
. #~O~=
UHQ` *HHx
ZO`Q< OOkOk.
XH =^ =_# q^"` `# *H H H}
O^x
"`_. `# Ju H+"# JO# _ J=bQ
* H O =OK HH ` <#x Hx Ju ^ ~ } q+
=i`<#x P# K|`_. u~A `O K= HO
"`H= =#^x, >e# <O|~ HO ZH_ =O^ Q~~^x,
W\=~ ZH_ =i~ J~^ H*#, P~_ Q_Q#
Q@H<#x P# "`_. JQ WO`=~ `<< ^, H
^~OQ K HeQ "_#x WC_ "\ K QO =i#x K|`_.
ZO^H [~Q`Ok?
P =H K# L^QO J^# ^` =z _@O =# W`~
q+ "\ < P# UHQ`# H#~K H `<_. J "\x *H O
=OKH"x J#HH=_O =# "\x =~z=_O [~Q`Ok.
J^` *HH
61
. #~O~=
62
. #~O~=
63
. #~O~=
q^~ `=
Kkq# "\x Q *HO
=OKH=_"?
64
. #~O~=
65
. #~O~=
66
. #~O~=
67
. #~O~=
68
. #~O~=
69
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
70
. #~O~=
*H ^O`~
J
=# *HH Z xKO^, qq^ q+#
<~Hx "\x *HO =OKH=_O, J=~"#C_ "eHf
qxyOK H=_O ZQ, =#O qq^ q+# U H~}
=# =~z`O\" WO`=~ q=iOK_O [iyOk.
J
U JO# =#O O Q * H O
=OKHHQ`O? U JO *HO =OKH=_O Ju H+=x
qO\O? J H+^=x qOK "\x _ OQ
*HO =OKH< ^`q\? P ^`< WC_ D ~O_=
J^O q=iOK_O [iyOk. WO^x ^`, L^~}
`.K. `O_ J#iOK#=~O ^. g\ i` =iO`\
`eH# ^`# ~OkOKH=_O Z=iH< ZO` ^O.
~O K# "\x *HO =OKH#O`\
+OQ, JO`\ |OQ- q# "\x, <~H# "\x *HO
=OKH=. JQ ==Q =# ^$O HO>, qs`OQ,
qH}OQ =# ^$O =iO`\ |OQ *HO =O_`Ok.
=#== xH O|OkOz# F HH~ O P^~OQ< *H H x
Hi#O`\ ~H =$kiK ^`x ~OkOK_O
[iyOk. Z@=O\ J~O ~O zOKx OY#, ^#,
q# _ qH} ^$ ~` J#O^#O K Ju
OQ *HO =OKHQ ^`# =#=O^Q PHoO
KH"e. P `~"` "\x PK~} @QQe. JC_ =`"
J^`"# *HHx O^_O ^_`Ok.
@# sH [~ q^~, HO\\"
sH, WO@~ " = qq^ q+# *HO
=OKH=_O Z ^ _ `O^ `eH uH=H #=`O\~.
u XHi J=~ `y# a# ~H ^`# q=iOK_O Z=iH
^O H^. *HHx Jq`OQ =$k ~KHQ = `#
=`" WH_ q=iOK_O [iyOk. D = ` P^~OQ Z=iH
"~ `=H#"# ^`# ~OkOKHHQe.
^$
ZO
J^` *HH
71
. #~O~=
^# ije` QO^
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Remembering/BARTLETT, F.C.
8.
9.
J^` *HH
72
. #~O~=
~O_=
J^O
J^` *HH
73
. #~O~=
g *HHx
F i sHOKHO_?
74
. #~O~=
sH <O.1
WH_ ~# k# ==e XHi K^=O_. gHk F ~O_
x= @=K. WC_H D HO" K_O_ "\x "O_.
JO`H^. WH_ U H=O =<, g~ J^ H=O "\x uiy "e.
g~ =^ XH ^x "O_ =^e"<- `~"` ^ H=O
^|uO@Ok. H#H "@x\h `CQ< iQ}OKe =O@Ok. `~"`
D sH =~i g~ #= =O@Ok. P q+ O *H O =OKHO_.
(=m ZC_ < z#.) u ~# =^<xH g~ J~^
=~ O^`~.
H O , +>, P=, H@, Jy , ~ [~, P, ~ , Q_, "_ #O,
Q_~O, H*_, `Q_, , ~Q.
J^` *HH
75
. #~O~=
sH <O.2
D HO^ ~# W~" ==e Kkq *HO =OKH=_xH =_
x= "zOKO_. D ==e g~ "\H=O^ =# JOH`
*HO =OKH"e. P `~"` D HO" K_O_ "@x\h uiy
"_xH uOKO_. D sH =m WOHi g zOK|_`Ok.
g~ u XH ~# =^<xH J~^ =~ O^=K.
1) ~_
6) >e#
11) ^
16) ~>
2) q=#O
7) s
12) +O
17) x
3) nO
8) Q~O
13) H\ H
18) `~
4) Q~@
9) H_Q_ 14) QO^O 19) QO_k
5) z`O
10) HHC 15) HO
20) \
WC_ g~ Zx =~ OkOKHQeQ~ QiOKO_. uiy "=
zOz#C_ Zx =~ = QiOKO_.
sH <O.3
D HO^ W~" JOH OY XH@Ok. ^x ~O_#~ x=@
ijeOKO_. P `~"` XH Hy`O D OY# "O_. D JOH#
~# H=O "H` "\ q" =i`O^x "~ K#=~O
^# HO\=. U JOH<< ~ # #O " He# C_ g~ J~^ =~
O^H`~. D sH `~"` "O zOz#C_ g~ uiy #=
=O@Ok.
72443278622173987651
sH <O.4
H "`O ~O_ H~ =O\~. "\x Q He"#
`~"` Z=~ XH J~^ H~ fH<~. WH qye# H~q\ XH
=H g Kkq qxOK~. WH WC_ g# *HH`- P H x
H~q\ KQ~? D HO^ P # U_ H~# W=_O [iyOk. "\x
H=O XHi =`" K^=O_. XHi Kkq# `~"` x fHx
"\ x H~q\ F Hy`O "O_. gi "_xH LHqOz
#C_ g\" uiy K_=^. D HO^ x H~# QiOz "_xH
J~^ x=HO> Z= =O fH=^. uiy D sH ZC_
J^` *HH
76
. #~O~=
sH <O.5
D HO^ k=Ok ~, "i >e# <O|~ W=_O [iyOk. Wk K^=_xH
F U_xqk x= g~ fHO_. P `~"` F Hy`O P ~h
"HO_. WH D HO" K_O_ u ~ Z^~Q ~# >e#
#O|~ "O_. D >e< #O|~ XH\ `< [#O =O_^x g
J^` *HH
77
. #~O~=
78
. #~O~=
*HHH ^,
PH =O
. #~O~=
80
. #~O~=
81
. #~O~=
82
. #~O~=
83
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
84
. #~O~=
J#O^#O K_O
^~ *HHx
OOkOKH=_"?
WH * H t H } q^ #O `e q^ <x
K i OK HO^=. D ~ H O Q giO` =O^ Ug
QiOKH=_xH uOz =O_~. D q^#O` O|O^O
O_ Z=iH< W~" a#^#, XH^x` XH\ O|O^O x
J^` *HH
. #~O~=
85
86
. #~O~=
87
. #~O~=
88
. #~O~=
89
. #~O~=
90
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
91
. #~O~=
Q ^u ^~
*HO =OKH=_"?
^# ZQ *H=OKH=KQx JOH#
*HO =OKH=_O K H+`~=x JO^~ J#HO@O
J^` *HH
92
. #~O~=
93
. #~O~=
94
. #~O~=
9462 "*
1892 ~[H=
3671 P"=
W\H gH ^u Q J~" =O@O^#HO@<=. XH\ #O_
< =~ Q JOH XHH ^xH XHH x H Hx #
W=_O [iyOk. giH WC_ U OY<< Q =~H`~. L^~}
'21 J< OY# |~OH =~=O> g~ #`, <u, <_,#@, <^O
=O\ # Ju `eQ =~H`~. JQ 14 J< OY# Q
=~O> g~ Ju `eQ, '^, '>~, '`~ - '`~ '_~ =O\ ^#
~OkOKH`~. D ~ JH~` =# xq`O ^x, P
^#"#=x =~i Q~K#=~O ^#HO\=. D ~ ^#
g~ P JOH |^Q *HO =OKHHe`- WH HO^\ OzH
q=iOz#@ P ^# Ju `eQ g~ *HO =OKHH`~.
XH\ J< JOH (1) <Q ~H ux^O =O@Ok.
g\ @,_ Qx H `,^ Qx XH ~H"# x Hey~. D JH~
O` XH ^x ~OkOKHO_. '`@ J< ^O XH@= JOH ux^ O
=O@Ok. `@Q =O> K"# h\x TOKHO_.
JQ 'Lx J< ^O 'L J< JH~ O U JOH ux^ O =OK^ .
Hx '# J< JH~O =`O '2 JOH ux^O =Ok. JO^H g~
'Lxx ~O_ (2) |^ *HO =OKHO_. Lx J#Q< Q |#
Q~# TOKHO_.
JQ 'L= J< ^O '= J< JH~O =`" '3 JOH ux^O
=Ok. L= J< ^O K^=Q< t=_ ~# TOKHO_.
WH ~~ J< ^O <Q (4) JOH ux^O =Ok. XH
|O_~~x TOKHO_.
J~^ (5) JOH# *H = OKH=_xH ' J< WOw+ ^x *H O
=OKHO_. ' J#Q< XH =~_# b JkHix TOKHO_.
'*+ J< ^x P~ (6) JOH |^ TOKHO_. '*+ JO>
^ Jx _ XH J~O =Ok. g J#^= g~ ^"~ =O>- D
^xH |^Q q=e TOKHO_.
'HOQ J< ^xH |^ '7 JOH# TOKHO_. U_ J#Q<
HOQ[O Q~~"e.
'8 JOH |^ '" J< POQ ^ x *H = OKHO_. '" J#Q<
XH Qo~ g *HO ~"e.
J^` *HH
95
. #~O~=
96
. #~O~=
97
. #~O~=
98
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
99
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
100
. #~O~=
*HHx OOkOK
~O_ ^`
WO` = ~ g~ [` K _x,'Q ^ u x
<~H<~. JO> D *HH J^`OQ OOkOK
101
. #~O~=
g~ D ~A U" Hx == H#~"e. g ~
W~" == ~# " F Hy`x g WOk. g~ Hy`x Fi
K^=O_. J Kk" =O< XH ==# =~H ==` qs`"#,
JO^~ " # su [`K
O_. WO` =O^ W [`K
_" Q q=iOK_O
[iyOk. "^\ == #O_ W~== == =~ W [`KO_. P
`~"` P Hy`x g ~H Wz"O_. g~ "\ K ==
=~z`~x g ~ J#=~HOQ Z^~KOk. Hx g~ "\
XH\ _ =~zO_ Jh f~`~. P" P~KH` ~=`Ok.
F "~O ~A ~# `~ "` g P" =~H *a` WO k. *a`#O`\h
XHi K^=O_. WH ^x Ju `eQ Q~@HH`~. JO`H^. g~
XH =O Zx *a`~< W^H= Q~OKH=K. XH =H ^^
~O_=O^ ^ H=x *HO =OKH<_. =~H =H XH |s
=# ~O_ "Hx *HO =OKH<_. D q+ q#C_W^O` H+ ` ~ " # x Jx g Q~ JxOK=K. Hx Hk\ `O
WO`\ J^`*HH gH J=_`Ok. D HO K^=H=O^-J
WO`\ *HH =# J=_`O^ Jx g~ J#=xOz =O_=K.
=# "^_ XH J^`"# O`O xKOk. XH^xHH\
J#O^#iK q^#O` g~ Z<x q+<< *HO =OKH=K.
Q~O KH"x x~OKHO> g~ Zx O=`~~< Q~O KHH`~.
^ =~z~< ~"^#HO> g~ `~< =~z`~. g~
Q~OKH"#H< *a`#-^ == =^x J<H~ *HO
K H< J=~O g U~_`Ok. e `OQ g\x =iO`\ |bOQ *H O
=OKH`~. W\ LQO HxOKH~< q+` qxyOK
H=_xH _ g~ D ~ *a`# JO> Hx == H ^
=^x *HO =OKH=_O ZO` ^"! Hx WO^H g~
HO` tH} O^e. W" Q~OKHuOz# *a`#-g~ =~\ ~A
Fi =##O KHO_. P `~"` =_ ~A `~"` Fi, =m "~O
~A `~"` Fi =##O KHO_. WH g~ =~z"#H< nxx
=~z~. g q+` J=~"#C_ W^O` `H}" Q~=Ok.
[`i K q^#O g~ Z<x q+ #~< *H O =OKH=K.
"#, L<#, =O^k =OQ#, *e Ju `eQ
Q~OKH=K. W [`iK q^#O qq^ JO# XH H=O
Q~OKH=_O ^_`Ok. WH 'Q ^u U q+<< XH H=O
J^` *HH
102
. #~O~=
103
. #~O~=
104
. #~O~=
4) O "e
5) H*_ `KH"e
6) qO^ "e
7) J>O_~# WO\H OOKe
8) ~ \H@ |H K~OKe
9) x= i[~ K~OKe
10) >eq[< Q K~OKe.
11) \ _ "e
12) #
13) _~
14) _ H"e.
15) |s HO WKe
16) q`x =^ _| = Ke
17) ~O\OQ Zya+< "e.
^O`"^x =^ g~ # f"e. JO> D "H#O`\ h
g~ *HO =OKHuOK#=~O ^. H=O ^O`"^x Q~OKHO>
K. W P "H O|OkOz# = q+x *HO =OKH=_O
^~ "`O g~ K=# #xO\h `eQ *HO =OKHH`~.
g~O` _q_Q "o`#C_ g ~ K# xx `O Yz`OQ
*HO =OKHH`~.
Hx D q^#O =# W|Ok _ =#@ gHxOK=K. U x
`~"` Ux K Yz`OQ x~~OKH#C_ D q^#O =# i
[#O HxOk. JHO_ g~ P ~A Ke# # U"
x~~ OKHO\~. g g#|\ u xx ZC_ XHi K~ . XH H=O
g~ KH=K. JC_ `O W [`iK q^#O` WOH K=#
## Q~OKH=K. Hh D H@#O`\ h g~ =##O KH"e
=O@Ok. W^ =x JxOz` D q^#O ^~< Q~OKHO_. J
H#C_ 'Q ^u ^~ D q+# Q~OKH=_xH uOKO_.
# k_ # XH\ #O_ k_=~ JOH "_O
[iyOk. XH\ (1) JOH `=OQ g~H ^x TOKHQ~.
L^~} g~ '^_ Jx =OKHO\~. D '^_H P `~"` "Hx
(JO> g~ K=# xx) [`K~. ~ +#H "_xH gO_
K@ ^_H\ " =O@Ok.
J^` *HH
105
. #~O~=
106
. #~O~=
W 50 =~ =# JOHx\h g~ ^Q =~HH~. WH
D JOH =O^ =O_ ^` g\x JO^~"#, qs`"# su
[`~z`K. L^~} 47 =O^ L`~O J< ^O =O_=K. 47 J<
JOH g~ ~QO J< ^x WK~. WC_ P L`~ " ~Q=OK`#@
TOKHO_. WH D ~O_ g =# [`_`~. 47 JOH ~}
~Q< g ~QO *HO =Ok. "<O@< L`~O g =<HO
"^_`Ok. JQ 36 =O^ 'K J< ^O =O_=K. JC_ XH
^ K (36) =OKO _Hx Q~H_`#@ g~ =OKHO_. P
`~"` 36 JOH# `KHQ< g =OKO *HO =Ok. "<O@< K
*HO =z f~`Ok.
^^ g XH q+x QiOz Ki<#. uiy =~i
KiOK`<#. D JOH U # `=OQ ZOKH<",
JQ XH\ #O_ =~ =# JOH U ^# ZOKH<"
g }OQ Q~O_e.
g~ g\x g~#x Z=~ qxyOKe. U JOH U ^x
ZOKH<" `_=HO_ `H}O g *HO ~"e. P JOHe K_Q<
P ^ `>Q g~ g~#x~ Hy`O XH\ #O_ U=~
JOHh " "\H O|OkOz# ^ "O_. JQ JOH# XH =~
HO_ W+O =z#@ " P ^# H# "O_. D tH} g
"~O ~A @=K. D =^< kH~` OkOz` =Oz^! =~i
K|`<#. g~ D JOH# Q, ^Q J#=kOK_O #< g~
O`iOKH J^` *HH P^~_ =O@Ok.
J^` *HH
107
. #~O~=
ij< Hx
=iO`Q
OOkOKH=_"?
P"
=OKOg^
WC_ WC_
xkOk
108
. #~O~=
109
. #~O~=
110
. #~O~=
111
. #~O~=
112
. #~O~=
J=~O =z#C_
=~zO_
*Q`__"?
114
. #~O~=
115
. #~O~=
116
. #~O~=
117
. #~O~=
118
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
119
. #~O~=
H=H ^~
*HHH
=iO`\ ^# @=K
120
. #~O~=
121
. #~O~=
kOKH~#=@.
H=~
P (HA) H>
~O_ (H2) H#
=_ (H3) H=
<Q (H4) H~
J~^ (H5) H
P~ (H6) K
U_ (H7) HH
Zxqk (H8) H=O
`qk (H9) HO
k (H10) Hk
*H (H J) H=~
=^O (HQ) =u
Ps#
P (PA) P@
~O_ (J2) J#
=_ (J3) J=
<Q (J4) J~
J~^ (J5) J
P~ (P6) JK
U_ (P7) P
Zxqk (P8) J=
`qk (P9) JC
k (P 10) P k
*H (P J) Ps#
=^O (PQ) =x`
W@
_=O_
P (A)@
P (_A) _O^O
~O_ (2) #
~O_ (_2) _<
=_ (3) =
=_ (_3) _=
<Q (4) ~
<Q (_4) _~
J~^ (5)
J~^ (_5) _
P~ (6) +
P~ (_6) _+
U_ (7) Q
U_ (_7) _Q
Zxqk (8) ==
Zxqk (_8) _=
`qk (9)
`qk (_9) _C
k ( 10) k
k (_ 10) _C
*H ( J) W@*H (_ J) _=O_
=^O (Q)
=^O (_Q) P_k
~A (_k) =O`~A
~A (k) =~A
# P#O_ k=~ =#O ~OkOz# ^ g~ Ju O Q
*HO =OKHH`~. WH *H P~OQ ~ W=_O [iyOk.
=^O ~^ W=_O [iyOk. ~A =~A, ~~A,
~A, =O`~A J< ^ W=_O [iyOk. "\ QO^~Q _^ g ^ .
J^` *HH
122
. #~O~=
123
. #~O~=
124
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
125
. #~O~=
Zx JOH =# OY<<
g~ Ju `eHQ *HO
=OKH=K.
g~ Zx JO H =# O Y# * H O
=OKHQ~? ==Q =#O # #O|~# *HO
=OKHO\=. Jq_ x`q`q =`" *H=O
J^` *HH
126
. #~O~=
127
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
128
. #~O~=
U `sY# U "~O
=O^ Ju
OQ K=K.
XH #Q~ = XH P ~x U^
KiOKHO@<~. WO` XH`xH P~A U `sM
J^` *HH
129
. #~O~=
130
. #~O~=
131
. #~O~=
132
. #~O~=
1
|=i
4
=i
4
U
0
"
2
E<
5
E
0
PQ
3
O|~
16
JH|~
1
#=O|~
4
_O|~
6
WH D JOH# *H O =OKH=_xH `__Hx K# JOk#.
[#=i O=`~O "^\ <. JO^H P < WK JOH 1
|=i j`HO Z=Q =O@Ok. j`HO <Q JHH
=<~ P < WK JOH 4
=i LQ` JkH==`O@Ok. 'LQ` _ <Q JH~
=<~. P < _ WK JOH 4
U =e~. =O> <=O_^. H#H U
=#O WKQ~ < 0
u O=`~= "_ =. JO> ~ O_= `sY# P xK~.
J^` *HH
133
. #~O~=
134
. #~O~=
1956
1957
1958
1962
1963
1969
1973
1968
1975
1979
1974
1980
1984
1985
1986
1903
1909
1904
1905
1908
1915
1910
1911
1914
1920
1921
1916
1925
1926
1927
1922
1931
1937
1932
1933
1936
1943
1938
1939
1942 3
1948 4
1949 5
1944 6
1953
1954
1955
1950
1959
1965
1960
1961
1964
1971
1966
1967
1970
1976
1977
1972
1981
1982
1983
1978
1987
gHC_ 1946= O=`~O XH ~A H"e. 1948H <O|~ 1.
1946 H=O 46 U ^" g `. '~+O XH\ H g~ '`_
J< ^x HeOKH<~#HO^O. ~x, `_H qs`" # su [`K
O_.
1946= O=`~x K_Q< g '~+O J<^O *HO =Ok. "<O@<
'`_ J< ^O, e`OQ XH\ (1) JOH g *HO =~. D O=`~
H <O|~ 1 Jx g `Ok.
#=# O=`Hx\H H## JOH# O^# ~z
Q~OKH=_xH "\x g `e# ^O` XH\ H k~ K^=O_.
J=h gHH *HO =O_`~.
WC_ <, O=`~ Wz# 'H <O|~ g }OQ *HO
=O> WH P O=`~ U `n# U "~"O^ g `Ok. Hx
b O=`~xH O|OkOz# g~ Hx =~ Ke.
15 |=i 1944 U "~" `H"#HO_.
1944 H <O|~ 6.
D ~O_ He` =K "`O 10
nx 7 f"O_ (7)
J^` *HH
135
. #~O~=
WH qyk =_ 3
k#= `n U_ ~O_~`Ok. +O XH\ (1) qQ`Ok.
D XH\ H #=# =_ HO_. WC_ "`O <Q =Ok.
==Q J~` <Q |^"~O J~=O_e. Hh, b
O=`~ O|OkOz D H XH z# =~Ke. [#=i |=i
< =`O g=K e`O (4) =Ok. JO> ==Q J~` <Q=
~A |^" ~O Hx b O=`~O, [#=i |=i < XH ~A =O^
[~e. Q#H <Q =z#C_ "~O =OQ"~==`Ok.
U O=`~"< b O=`~" H^ K_xH P O=`~Ox
z=i ~O_ JOH# (L^~} 1944 44 JOH#) <Q K` yOz`
+" n qQ^. gHk O Q =O_\xH ~ O_ = ~O@<=.2
E< 1923
1923 q= <, E< q= 5
JO> D ~O_\ "`O J~^
2= `nx J~^ (5) He` U_ =Ok.
U_#O_ U_# f" < =Ok.
< JO> x"~O.
(Pk"~O XH\ , ="~O ~O_ KC# =#O HH_`O\=.)
29 [#=i 1937.
[#=i q= 1.
1937= O=`~O q= 4
D ~O\h He` 5 =Ok.
5# 29 He` 34 =Ok.
34 7 <Q~ `Ok.
6 +O qQ`Ok.
P~ JO> H"~O
W^ H=O g~ D HOk `n U "~O=K KQ~ K_O_.
19 O|~ 1960. 18 [#=i 1916(b O=`~O) 20 PQ
1974, 12 =i 1931, 25 _O|~ 1980. (b O=`~O)
D HO XHi Kkq#O`\ =`< D q^#O }OQ =O^x
<# K=_O ^. gs q^<x J=~KH=_xH HhO "~O ~A
tH} =O_e. XH\ ~O_ ~A< g~ <~H=K. Hx XH"~O ~A
tH} =# g x`` aOk. g~ `~"` Z=~ ZC_ `nH U "~"
K=O> g~ `H}O KH`~. D q^<x XHi J=~O> WH
Z\H *HO =OKH=_O H=O =$^Jx g~ qOK`O>, nx=#
^Q [#= =O_^#HO> <# g` UHqOK`#.
J^` *HH
136
. #~O~=
iK"# u XHix
"i ~`
Q~OKH=_O Z?
137
. #~O~=
138
. #~O~=
139
. #~O~=
140
. #~O~=
141
. #~O~=
JO^i ~ *HO
=OKH=K
142
. #~O~=
143
. #~O~=
144
. #~O~=
145
. #~O~=
146
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
147
. #~O~=
g~ Zx >e#
#O|~~< *HO
=OKH=K.
g~ H =O D H O K i`" # JOxO\h
}OQ Kkq` g *HH J^`OQ ~O^`O^#
J^` *HH
148
. #~O~=
149
. #~O~=
150
. #~O~=
151
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
152
. #~O~=
x` rq`O
*HHH ZO`
^#` LOk.
153
. #~O~=
154
. #~O~=
155
. #~O~=
156
. #~O~=
~^#OQ =O__xH
J"@ _=K.
157
. #~O~=
158
. #~O~=
159
. #~O~=
160
. #~O~=
161
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
162
. #~O~=
` \#~A,
=Y"# `n
Jh *HO =OKH=K
163
. #~O~=
164
. #~O~=
O=`~` *H=OKH=K.
u O=`~= =_ <@ o L^$ `OQ Q`O\~.
JC_ g ~E P# H~O^`O\~. XH "~O g~ k
o [~== =O@Ok. Hx u"~= "\ J~^~ o#
QiOz g~ =~z`O\~. `~"` W =~z~#O^ qKi~.
HhO W@=O\ "\x Yz`OQ *H = OKH=_xH g~ uOK=K.
g P#O =Ok. ^ g~ < =O < K@
"x x~~OKHO\~. JC_ "O@< "\x [`~_O J"@
KH=e. W O^#~_O ^~ g~ u~E- U"O K Ju
`eQ *HO =OKHH`~. W u~E Ke# ##
*H = OKH=_O ZO` `eH Jx Ka` g~ P~`~. g~ =O^Q
u~A XH JOH# W=O_. "~xH U_ ~A =O\~. ="ix
"^\ ~AQ ZOKHO_.
="~O-1
=OQ"~O-2
|^"~O-3
Q~"~O-4
H"~O-5
x"~O-6
Pk"~O-7
gHH U~A U 'JOH# qxyOK `eOk. P `~"` P
~A ZxQO@ g~ ZH_ " QiOKO_. L^~} Q~"~O
~O_ QO@ g `x q"=O@Ok. Q~"~O JOH '4 P ~A
(2) QO@ g~ "e. JO> '42 J< JOH# `=OQ ZOKHO_.
'<O J< ^x WO`=O^ g~ x~~OKH<~.
JQ =OQ"~O 7 QO@ Z=~ q=e \ sH ~.
'27 J< JOH `=^O ''#H Jx g `.
=OQ"~O 7 QOII #H (27)
|^"~O 6 QOII
=OKO (36)
Q~"~O 2 QOII
<O (42)
H"~O 8 QOII
= (58)
x"~O 7 QOII
KH (67)
D ^ P^~OQ P ~A Zx QO@ g~ |@ "e# x
=O^ `eQ *HO =OKH=K.
J^` *HH
165
. #~O~=
*H HH
^^O K JOq\?
HO` = Ok * H H J^ ~ } OQ =#e
OO=Oz `K`Ok. U J~^ O=`~
==# XH iqH "` XH HOhH "<lOQ _~H~.
J`# u O=`~O [iQ "\^~ ="O ^^ k
r x"kH# K^"e =O@Ok.J`# P x"kH# XHi K^=`_.
P `~ "` ^xx K_ O_ XH JH~ O O_ "`O K^ =`_.
JQ J`# P HOh xK "k=Ok L^Q# ~\
HiOK`_. "O^~ HOh ZC_*~~ `_=HO_ K
HQ`_. JQ J`# =O^k >e# <O|~# *H O =OKHH`_.
J^` *HH
166
. #~O~=
u ~E P # ` @ _ =O^ k q+ # P # * H O
=OKHH`_. D# Wx q+# Z *HO =OKHH`<_
J~OHH J`x K~ x"~`~. JQ "*x `O D JOx
iQ J~O KHH`<~. Zx q+<< *HO=OKH=K? H
g\H"< iqu =O^? H` q+ =# *HH =z K~`#Hn
`q+# =~z`O\=? H Jq JQ =O\?
*H H QiOz "*x J<H i^# [~` Hx Hx
JO# x~~}
~K H e Q~. WO`=~ J#=xOz#@ = =# Hn
*HH H}O^#H=_O ~@x D i^# "_Ok. Hx H` H`
q+# <~HO@# Hn ` q+# *HO KH=_xH Wq
J=~^Q qQ`x "_Ok. *HO =OKH=# O *HHx
`x iQ OQnOk. U^< q+O Q~~H` HOQ~ _#=~O
^. ^x QiOz =^#__O =x` Jk *HO~=K.
Hk\ =#H =u_H #~#C_ =# *H H K xt`OQ
~O^`Ok. Hx ~ =#H =u_ =s JkH"` W *HO KHQ
H H}Ok. D =#H =u_ U ~=O> =# *HH xt`OQ
=O@O^# P = P^~_, XHiHHiH "~~Q =O@Ok. JQ
#`# ^xH, #`# i~ =^ "o#C_ =# *HH XHiQ
^|u#=K. ZH_ TOKx K@ Pq`_ K<, J`xx Q~@
H=K.
D *H H H ="# ~<q\ H#Qx, "\x W=_O ^~
*HHx Z OK=K "*x i^# [~`<~. e< J<
~ ^~O D *HHx =$k~O^x "_Ok. ~ ~xH ^~O
Z=Q H_Q_#, z_#=O^x "_Ok. JQ =^xH
J"@_# "i *HH Q =O@O^x _ i^ "_<~.
"^_ \# `~ H~H=xH ~ =^#O q`O HeO^x
"_Ok.
HO`=Ok "*x D ~xH ^~ O` *HH
OOkOKHO> =iHO`=Ok H=O "=O ^~ *H H
OOkOKH =KO@<~. =# *HHx =_ QQ qlOK=K.
1. ij# 2. ^$_~KH=_O 3. #~}.
=#O U JO<~< ijeOK =O< =#O Jq` PHx,
^# H#~e. "\x *H=OKH"# xx OOkOKH"e.
g\x ^$_~KH=@O, #~} [~H=_O QiOz WO`=O^ qOQ
KiOK_O [iyOk.
J^` *HH
167
. #~O~=
= g^ _`<
*HH =iO`
xt`O KH=K.
168
. #~O~=
169
. #~O~=
170
. #~O~=
171
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
172
. #~O~=
=u=~ `Ok!
`= Uq+ h = OQ * H = OK H H
`<=x K=Ok ~O@O\~. =$^OH
"tOK`# = = g^__O =# `= *HH
H} O^x "`O\~. Q$} `# < == ZH_ \O ^
*HO ~H K ~ `=`==`O@Ok. WH "\x QiOz "^`
=qQ KO^`O@Ok. JQ XHi `# `x #<O|~
*HO ~H XH =H A@O\_.
=O^Q g~ *HO =OKH^y# q+# W`~ q+`
J#OkOK_O J"@ KH"e. XH=H ~# *HO =OKH^e ,
J`# He# ^x, J`x iKO K# =Hx _ *HO =OKHO_.
J`x ~ *HO ~#C_ P ^x *HOKHO_. W J#OkOK_O
=# ZO`\ H+"# q+<< Ju`eQ *HO KHH`=.
J^` *HH
173
. #~O~=
174
. #~O~=
*H
K=Ok `= ''=~z `<=x K|`O\~. Wk iH^. x[O
KO> "~ =#O^Q +OQ *HO LOKH=_xH uOK^. J
*HO =OKH=_xH uOKx q+x =~z=_O Z [~Q`Ok. W^
JOx =~H H}O #O_ ijeOz`, J Yz`OQ *H O =OKH# q+ x
=iz=_O Z ^ _ `Ok? JO> =#O`@ =#O uOz U q+ #~<
*HO =OKH=_O [~Q`Ok. ^ *HO =OKHH=_O [~Q`Ok.
D Hx K^=_O iK# `~"` WC_ g~H Ju =Y"#
JOx Q=xOz =O\~. `= *HHx Ju H=O`OQ ~OkOKH<"iH,
=O^H_Q =~H<"iH =^ `eq`@Hx, "^HHx ^ `_ =O_^.
D *HHx OOkOKH=_xH "^H` "O ^. *HHx |OQ
~OkOK ^` # \OK_O ^~< Z=~< `= ==Q =O_ *H H x
=O^k ~@ OKHH`~. rq`O =#O K^=H<k, <~H<k "`O =#
*HH< P^~_ =O@Ok. =#^O sHq^#O JO` _ q^~
*HHx sHOK_xH iq`==`Ok. ~QO^ =O_ JO# Q
*H O =OKHHe# q^~ u=O`Q iQ}O K|_`<~. Z=~< U^<
<~H=@=#k =_ ^#"# JO P^~_ =O@Ok. 1) =K~x
HiOK_O 2) HiOz# =K~x *H=OKH=_O 3) =K~x ZC_,
Z J#~Oz, qxyOKH" x~~OK_O, H =#O UO <~H"
K|`~. ^xx J~O KH=_O, *HO =OKH=_O, ^xx uiy Hi# su
=HO KH_O q^~ ^`. J~O KHO>< *HO =OKH=_O
^_`Ok.
D HO qOz# q^<# U JO *HO =OKH=_xH<
J#=Q fik^H=K. g WO` =O^ `e# q+xH< g~ H`Q
<~H# JOx [`KHe` g~ *HHx "~Q~KH< tH}#
O^HQ`<~x KCH=K. *HtH} q^#O JO` _ W J#O^#O
K _O P^~_ =O@Ok. ZO`\ O Q, ZO`\ "QO Q J#O^#O K He`
*HH JO`Q W#=_Ok. D HO =# ^`. JO> qs`"#,
JO^~ " # su TOKH=_O "^\ J [OQ =#@ JxOK=K. =#
`e# J<H q+# H=|nHiOz, XH ^u U~~KH=_O, O|O^O x
JO# J#O^#~K_O XH Ju ["# ^u. =#^O HkHO H`O
=~ =dH Ki`H~ ^=O`\ ~\O_"~. W~" = `~ KOk#
^ ~[@Oc Ki`#, P @O KOk# "k=Ok Q}Q}#
q=i ~A `~|_ H^ Q^ K"~. g~ XHK@ K#^xH =~H K@
J^` *HH
175
. #~O~=
176
. #~O~=
J^` *HH
177
. #~O~=