EarthSystems3209FinalReviewSheet

CircleY(Yes)ifyouunderstandtheoutcome,N(No)ifyoudo
notunderstandtheoutcome,or?ifyouareunsurewhetherornot
youunderstandtheoutcome(i.e.review/studyrequired).

Unit1

WhatmakesEarthSciencedifferentfromotherscience?
YOrNOr?
WhatarethemajorbranchesofEarthScience?
YOrNOr?
WhataretheminorbranchesofEarthScience?
YOrNOr?
GiveexamplesofhowEarthScienceisrelatedtoothersciences.
YOrNOr?
DrawdiagramsofthefourstagesoftheNebularHypothesis.Beableto
explaineachdiagram.
YOrNOr?
STSE1
TheSearchForOtherSolarSystems.(SolarSystem,
ExtrasolarPlanets,HabitableZone,MicrolensingMethod,Transit
PhotometryMethod,RadialVelocityMethod,AstrometryMethod,Direct
Imaging,GoldilocksZone,GeminiNorth,KeplerMission).
YOrNOr?
Describetheprocessofsegregation.
YOrNOr?
Whichfactorsallowedforsegregationtooccur?
YOrNOr?
WhatthreesourcesofheatcausedEarthtomelt?
YOrNOr?
WhatarethelayersofEarth?Knowthephysicalandcompositional
propertiesofeachlayer.
YOrNOr?
Whathappenstodensity,temperature,andpressurewithprogression
fromthelithospheretotheinnercore?
YOrNOr?
GiveexamplesofhowEarthisadynamicplanet.
YOrNOr?
Describethefourspheres.Giveexamplesthatdemonstratetheinteraction
ofthefourspheres.(E.g.,earthquakes,volcaniceruptions,watercycle.)
YOrNOr?
Definesystem.
YOrNOr?
Knowtheorderinwhichthefourspheresoriginated.(GAHB)
YOrNOr?

Unit2

Defineuniformitarianism.
YOrNOr?
Distinguishbetweenuniformitarianismandcatastrophism.
YOrNOr?


Useuniformitarianismtoexplainwhycertaineventswilloccuragainin
thefuture.
YOrNOr?
Distinguishbetweenrelativetimeandabsolutetime.
YOrNOr?
Understandrelativedatingtechniques/principals/laws,whichinclude:
superpositioncrosscuttingrelationsinclusionshorizontalityfossil
succession(indexfossils)andunconformities(angularunconformity,
disconformity,andnonconformity).
YOrNOr?
Beabletointerpretthestepsintheformationofgeologic
crosssectionsusingtechniques/principals/laws(SeePointAbove).
CoreLab1.
YOrNOr?
Knowyourcrosssectionsymbols(i.e.rocksymbols).
YOrNOr?
Understandburiedlavaflowsversusmagmaintrusions.
YOrNOr?
Understandabsolutedatingtechniques/processes/features,whichinclude:
varvesgrowthringsandradioactivedating.
YOrNOr?
Definehalflife,isotope,parentelements,anddaughterelements.
YOrNOr?
Knowtheisotopepairs(e.g.U238decaystoPb206).
YOrNOr?
STSE2
LabradorZirconsandtheirLinktoRadiometricDatingand
AbsoluteDating.(Geochronology,isotopepairs,limitationsof
radioactivedating,zircon,UPbsystem.)
YOrNOr?
Knowhowtodothedifferentradioactivedatingproblems.(THERE
AREFIVEDIFFERENTTYPESOFPROBLEMS).
YOrNOr?
Knowthesourcesoferrorandlimitationsofradioactivedating.
YOrNOr?
Beabletousearadioactivedecaycurve.
YOrNOr?
WhatistheageofEarth?
YOrNOr?
Understandtheimportanceoffossilsindeterminingthegeologictime
scale.(e.g.,evolutions,extinctions).
YOrNOr?
WhyisPrecambriantimeconsideredtobeaveryuncertaintime?
YOrNOr?
Knowtheimportanceofthefollowingdates:4.54Ba545Ma248Ma
and65Ma.
YOrNOr?
Definefossil.
YOrNOr?
Whatthreeconditionsarenecessaryforfossilization?
YOrNOr?
Describethedifferenttypesoffossilization?

YOrNOr?
CoreLab2
EstimatingDinosaurSizeandSpeedfromTrackways.
(Trackway,gait,footlength,leglength,bodylength,stridelength,
relativestride,herbivore,carnivore,dimensionlessspeed,movement
type.)
YOrNOr?
Knowthedivisionsofthegeologictimescale.(eons,eras,periods,
epochs).
YOrNOr?
WhydidthePrecambrianhavetheleastamountoflifeforms?
YOrNOr?
RecognizethatthePhanerozoiceonrepresentstheemergenceofcomplex
lifeforms.(Startsat545Ma).
YOrNOr?
WhatarethethreeerasthatcomprisethePhanerozoiceon?
YOrNOr?
Listthelifeformsthatdominateeachera.SinceIFoundFlyingAngels
RidingBroomsForgetMedicine.
YOrNOr?
KnowtheAgesastheyrelatetothedifferenteras.
YOrNOr?
Knowthetwomassextinctionevents,whichinclude:PermianPeriod
TriassicPeriod(248MaExtinctionoftrilobitesandothermarine
species)andCretaceousPeriodTertiaryPeriod(65MaExtinctionof
dinosaurs).
YOrNOr?

Unit3

Understandthefollowingterms:atomionelementcompoundand
molecule.
YOrNOr?
Describehowatomscombinetoformcompounds,whichinclude:ionic
(ionicbonds)molecular(covalentbonds)andmetallic(metallicbonds).
YOrNOr?
Knowtheabundanceofelementsthatcomprisethecrust.(Ottawa
SenatorsAreInsane..)
YOrNOr?
Defineamineral(5Points).
YOrNOr?
Knowthesevendifferentmineralgroups(Rules).
YOrNOr?
Basedonformulas,beabletoclassifymineralsintermsofmineral
groups.
YOrNOr?
Knowthetwosubgroupsofthesilicateminerals.
YOrNOr?
Knowwhichelementsmakemineralsdarkincolourandwhichelements
makemineralslightincolour.
YOrNOr?
Knowthebasicstructureofthesilicatemineralgroup.
YOrNOr?

 CoreLab3
SpecificGravityandMineralIdentification.
YOrNOr?
Understandthedifferentmineralproperties,whichinclude:crystalshape
colourstreakcleavagefracturehardnesslusterspecificgravity
odouracidtesttastemagnetismtenacitydoublerefractionand
fluorescence.
YOrNOr?
Explaintheprocessindeterminingthespecificgravityofanunknown
mineral.
YOrNOr?
Explainwhythespecificgravityvaluewillbethesamefortwo
differentsizedsamplesofthesamemineral.
YOrNOr?
Explainwhymineralsexhibitdifferentmineralproperties?(Three
Reasons).
YOrNOr?
Giveonesimilarityandtwodifferencesbetweenthemineralsgraphite
anddiamond.
YOrNOr?
Compareandcontrastminerals(e.g.quartzandmica).
YOrNOr?
Knowtherolesofmineralogists,crystallographers,geochemists,and
gemologists.
YOrNOr?
Knowtheusesofdifferentminerals.
YOrNOr?
Whichmineralpropertiesareuseful?
YOrNOr?
Whichmineralpropertiesarenotasusefulastheothers?
YOrNOr?
Whyiscolournotagoodpropertytousewhentryingtoidentify
minerals?
YOrNOr?
UnderstandMohsHardnessScale.
YOrNOr?
Understandwhichmineralshavespecialproperties.
YOrNOr?
Understandhowtousethepercenterrorformula.
YOrNOr?
Definethetermrock.Distinguishrocksfromminerals.
YOrNOr?
Listmineralsthatmakeuprocks.(e.g.,granite,gabbro).
YOrNOr?
Beabletodrawandexplaintherockcycle.
YOrNOr?
Whichtwoprocessesareinvolvedintheprocessoflithification?
YOrNOr?
Whichthreeconditionsarerequiredformetamorphismtooccur?
YOrNOr?
Knowwhichmetamorphicrockswouldbeclassifiedaslowgrade,
mediumgrade,highgrade,andextremelyhighgrade.
YOrNOr?

 Distinguishbetweenmagmaandlava.
YOrNOr?
Giveexamplesofdarkcolouredminerals.
YOrNOr?
Giveexamplesoflightcolouredminerals.
YOrNOr?
Understandthedifferencebetweenultramafic,mafic,intermediate,and
felsicigneousrocks.
YOrNOr?
UnderstandBowensReactionSeries.(Determineswhichmineralsyou
willgetindifferentrocks).
YOrNOr?
Knowwhichelementsmakerockslightandwhichelementsmake
minerals(rocks)dark.
YOrNOr?
KNOWTHEBROTHERSISTERIGNOEUSROCKS.
YOrNOr?
Knowthatigneousrocktexturesaredeterminedbycoolingrate.
YOrNOr?
Distinguishbetweenplutonicandvolcanicigneousrocks.
YOrNOr?
Distinguishbetweenintrusiveandextrusiveigneousrocks.
YOrNOr?
Knowthedifferentigneousrocktextures,whichinclude:aphanitic
phaneriticporphyritic(twostagecooling)vesicularandglassy(frothy
andcompact).
YOrNOr?
Whichigneousrocksgiveyouwhichigneousrocktextures?
YOrNOr?
CoreLab4
Igneous,SedimentaryandMetamorphicRocks.
YOrNOr?
STSE
3DiamondsTheirFormationandProperties.(Kimberlite,
carat,cratons,kimberlitepipes,indicatorminerals,propertiesof
diamonds.)
YOrNOr?
Distinguishbetweenweatheringanderosion.
YOrNOr?
Whateffectdoesincreasedburialandcompactionhaveontheporosity
andpermeabilityofsedimentaryrocks?
YOrNOr?
Givesexamplesofcementsthatcouldexistinsedimentaryrocks.
YOrNOr?
Describethethreeclassesofsedimentaryrocks.
YOrNOr?
Whatisanotherwordforclastic?
YOrNOr?
Giveexamplesofclasticsedimentaryrocks.
YOrNOr?
Whichfactordistinguishesamongtheclasticsedimentaryrocks?
YOrNOr?
Distinguishbetweenconglomerateandbreccia.
YOrNOr?

 Relateparticlesizetocurrentvelocity.(BrecciaCong.Sst.Silt.
Sh.).
YOrNOr?
Understandverticalsortingandhorizontalsorting.
Contrastamongtheclastic,chemical,andbiochemicalsedimentary
rocks.
YOrNOr?
Describethedifferentsedimentaryenvironmentsandtheclastic
sedimentaryrocksthatrelatetoeachenvironment.
YOrNOr?
Defineturbidites.Describehowtheyform.
YOrNOr?
Beabletolistsedimentaryrocksthatareevaporatesandprecipitates.
YOrNOr?
Understandtheprocessesofevaporationandprecipitation.
YOrNOr?
Describethedifferentsedimentaryenvironmentsandthechemical
sedimentaryrocksthatrelatetoeachenvironment.
YOrNOr?
Contraststalactitesandstalagmites.Definetravertine.
YOrNOr?
Beabletolistsedimentaryrocksthatarebiochemicalinnature.
YOrNOr?
Describethesequenceofformationofcoal.
YOrNOr?
Describethedifferentsedimentaryenvironmentsandthebiochemical
sedimentaryrocksthatrelatetoeachenvironment.
YOrNOr?
Whichrocktypescouldbemetamorphosed?
YOrNOr?
Describetheprocessofmetamorphism.
YOrNOr?
Describethethreepossiblechangesthatresultfrommetamorphism.
YOrNOr?
Explainwhychemicallyactivefluidsaresoimportanttothe
metamorphismprocess.
YOrNOr?
Distinguishbetweenthemetamorphicrocktexturesfoliatedand
nonfoliated.
YOrNOr?
Listexamplesofrocksthatarefoliatedandrocksthatarenonfoliated.
YOrNOr?
Knowwhichigneous,sedimentary,ormetamorphicrocksbecome
metamorphosedintowhichmetamorphicrocks.
YOrNOr?
Distinguishbetweencontactmetamorphismandregionalmetamorphism.
YOrNOr?
Understandwhichagentsdominateinrelationtocontactmetamorphism
andwhichagentsdominateinrelationtoregionalmetamorphism.
YOrNOr?
Understandatwhichlocationsitisappropriatetoexpectforcontact
metamorphism.

YOrNOr?
Understandhowraftsforminrelationtoburiedlavaflowsandmagma
intrusions.
YOrNOr?
Understandatwhichlocationsitisappropriatetoexpectforregional
metamorphism.
YOrNOr?
Understandthesequenceofchangeexperiencedbythesedimentaryrock
shaleasitisburieddeeplyalongasubductionzoneinaregional
metamorphismenvironment.
L3?
YOrNOr?
Explain,usingadiagramordiagrams,howbothtypesofmetamorphism
canexistatconvergentplateboundaries.
L3?
YOrNOr?
Identifycareersthatrelatetorocks.
YOrNOr?

Unit4
DescribetheTheoryofContinentalDrift.Besuretounderstandhow
Wegenerthoughtthatthecontinentsweremoving.Whatwerethecauses
ofthedriftingcontinentsasproposedbyWegener?
YOrNOr?
UnderstandtheevidencethatsupportstheTheoryofContinental
Drift.
YOrNOr?
DefinePangaeaandknowwhenitexisted.
YOrNOr?
DescribetheevolutionoftheTheoryofPlateTectonics.Besureto
understandthecontributionsofthevariousscientistsinvolved.
YOrNOr?
Understandhowconvectioncurrentsareresponsibleforthemoving
continents.
YOrNOr?
UnderstandtheTheoryofSeafloorSpreading.
YOrNOr?
Distinguishbetweenoceaniccrustandcontinentalcrustandrelatebothto
platetectonics.
YOrNOr?
Understandhowplatesmoveinrelationtocrustandmantleconvection.
YOrNOr?
Describeandgiveworldwideexamplesofplateboundaries.
YOrNOr?
Distinguishbetweenconstructiveanddestructiveplatemargins.
YOrNOr?
Describethethreetypesofcollisions(i.e.convergentplate
boundaries).Understandthemoltencompositionthatrelatestoeach
collision.
YOrNOr?
Describeariftvalleyandhowitevolvesintoadivergentplate
boundary.
YOrNOr?
UnderstandtheevidencethatsupportstheTheoryofPlateTectonics.

YOrNOr?
UnderstandthethreecontributionsofJ.TuzoWilson.
YOrNOr?
Beabletodrawadiagramtohelpexplain
hotspotvolcanism.
YOrNOr?
Recognizethatdivergentplateboundariesareoftenoffsetovershort
distancesbytransformfaults.
YOrNOr?
STSE4
TheGeologyofNewfoundlandandLabrador.(Western
Zone,CentralZone,EasternZone,CapeRayBaieVerteLineFault,
HermitageDoverFault,GrosMorneNationalPark.)
YOrNOr?
DescribethegeologyoftheislandofNewfoundland.
YOrNOr?
Definecrustaldeformation.
YOrNOr?
Defineforce.
YOrNOr?
Definestress.
YOrNOr?
Describethethreetypesofforces/stressesthatproducecrustal
deformation.
YOrNOr?
Describethethreetypesofdeformation.
YOrNOr?
Describethefactorsthataffectdeformation.
YOrNOr?
Definefaultingandrelateittothefactorsthatareresponsibleforit.
YOrNOr?
Understandthetwocategoriesoffaulting,thespecifictypesoffaults,and
theforces/stressesinvolved.
YOrNOr?
Definefolding.
YOrNOr?
Relatefoldingtothefactorsthataffectdeformation.
YOrNOr?
Describethetwocommontypesoffolds.
YOrNOr?
Defineearthquake.
YOrNOr?
Describethethreecausesofearthquakes.
YOrNOr?
Defineseismicwaves,focus,epicentre,foreshock,andaftershock.
YOrNOr?
Understandatwhichlocationsearthquakesoccur.
YOrNOr?
Relateplatetectonicstoearthquaketypes(shallow,intermediate,and
deep).
YOrNOr?
Describethepropertiesofearthquakewaves.
YOrNOr?
Explainhowscientistsknowthattheoutercoreisaliquid.

YOrNOr?
DistinguishbetweentheRichterscaleandModifiedMercalliscale.
YOrNOr?
UnderstandtherelationshipbetweenRichterscaleandamplitudeon
Swaves.
YOrNOr?
UnderstandtherelationshipbetweenRichterscaleandenergyreleased
fromearthquakes.
YOrNOr?
CoreLab5
LocatinganEarthquakeEpicenter.
YOrNOr?
Describetheprocessinvolvedinlocatingtheepicentreofan
earthquake.
YOrNOr?
Beabletounderstandfromseismogramsifearthquakesarelarge(or
small)orclosetoastation(orfarfromastation).
YOrNOr?
Describefactorsthataffectthenatureofvolcaniceruptions.
YOrNOr?
Definevolcano.
YOrNOr?
Describethethreetypesofvolcanoes.
YOrNOr?
Describetheeruptiontypethatrelatestothethreedifferenttypesof
volcanoes,andrelateeachtothedifferentplateboundaries.
YOrNOr?
Understandwhichrocksformateachoftheplateboundaries.
YOrNOr?
Distinguishbetweenthetwotypesoflava.
YOrNOr?
CompareandcontrastYellowstoneNationalParkfromtheHawaiian
IslandChain.
YOrNOr?
Describetheformationofalavaplateauasaresultofafissureeruption.
YOrNOr?
Describesomeshorttermglobaleffectsofvolcanicactivity.
YOrNOr?
Describesomelongtermglobaleffectsofvolcanicactivity.
YOrNOr?

Unit5

Defineeconomicminerals.
YOrNOr?
Understandfactorsthatdetermineifamineralisaneconomicmineral.
YOrNOr?
Defineore.
YOrNOr?
Describethedifferenttypesofeconomicmineraldeposits.Beableto
drawandlabeldiagramsofeachoftheeconomicmineraldeposits.
YOrNOr?

 Distinguishbetweenopenpitminingandundergroundmining.Besureto
understandtheadvantages(pros)anddisadvantages(cons)ofeachtype
ofmining.
YOrNOr?
Listtechniquesforexploringforeconomicmineraldepositsand
petroleum.
YOrNOr?
CoreLab6
GeologicMappingandCrosssections.
YOrNOr?
CoreLab7
SeismicReflectionImaging.
YOrNOr?
Describetechniquesforprocessingoredeposits.Beabletodrawand
labeldiagramsforfloatation,gravityseparation,andheapleaching.
YOrNOr?
Definepetroleum,crudeoil,naturalgas,hydrocarbons,wetgases,and
drygas.
YOrNOr?
Knowexamplesofhydrocarbons.
YOrNOr?
Describetheoriginandtheprocessofformationofpetroleum.Be
suretoinclude(1)organicmatterand(2)andpreservationpotential.
YOrNOr?
Understandthetwoconditionsthatarenecessaryfororganicmattertobe
preserved.
YOrNOr?
Inrelationtopetroleum,beabletoexplainhowEarthsspheresare
interconnected.
YOrNOr?
Definekerogen.
YOrNOr?
Understandhowkerogenevolvesintopetroleumasaresultof
diagenesis,catagenesis,andmetagenesis.
YOrNOr?
Giveexamplesofsourcerocks,reservoirrocks,andcaprocks.
YOrNOr?
Understandcharacteristicsofsourcerocks,reservoirrocks,andcap
rocks.
YOrNOr?
Understandthetermsporosityandpermeabilityastheyrelatetoreservoir
rocks.
YOrNOr?
STSE5
WellLogging
YOrNOr?
Drawanddescribethefourdifferentpetroleumtraps.Oneachtrap
beabletoidentifysourcerocks,reservoirrocks,caprocks,gooddrill
locations,presenceofgas,presenceofoil,andpresenceofwater.
YOrNOr?
KnowthatGOWoccursinpetroleumtrapsduetodensitydifferences.
YOrNOr?
DescribethetwodifferentmeansofextractingpetroleumfromEarth.
YOrNOr?
Understandthatpetroleumexistsinthesubsurfaceundernaturalpressure.

YOrNOr?
Knowtwowaysofgettingtheremainingpetroleumoutofatrap.
Examplesincludepumpinginwaterandfillingthereservoir
.
YOrNOr?
UnderstandtheformationofAlbertasoilsands(tarsands)andknow
somecharacteristicsofthecrudeoil.
YOrNOr?
Howisthecrudeoilextractedawayfromthesedimentsinrelationtothe
tarsandsinAlberta?
YOrNOr?
Describethethreemethodsofrefiningpetroleum.
YOrNOr?
Definesustainabledevelopment.
YOrNOr?
Beabletoidentifysomeenvironmental,economic,political,social,and
culturalfactorsthatareinvolvedinextractingresourcesfromtheEarth.
YOrNOr?

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