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EarthSystems3209FinalExamTermsandpracticeconceptQuestions

Unit1
Definitions
EarthScience
Geoscience
Astronomy
Geology
Oceanography
Meteorology
BigBangTheory
nebularhypothesis
innercore;
outercore;
mantle(asthenosphere);
lithosphere(continent)hydrosphere
lithosphere(Oceanic)
atmosphere

ReviewQuestions
1.ExplainhowtheEarthisdifferentiatedintolayers,andidentifyeachlayer.
2.DescribetheformationoftheuniverseusingtheBigBangTheory
3.Describethefourstagesofthenebularhypothesisthatledtotheformationoursolarsystem
4.Describetheinteractionamongthehydrosphere,lithosphere,andatmosphere,usingonemajorevent.

Unit2
Definitions(Termstoknow)
Uniformitarianism
Catastrophism
absolute(dating)time
relative(dating)time
principle
law
Superposition
Crosscuttingrelations
Horizontality
Inclusions
Fossilsuccession(indexfossils)
Unconformities
Varves
Growthrings
Radioactivedating
halflife
isotope
parentelements
daughterelements
radiometricdata
sourcesoferror
geologictimescale
fossil
petrifactionbyreplacement
carbonization
mouldandcast
preservedintact(frozen,amber)
imprints(softtissue)
tracefossils
eons
eras
periods
epochs
Precambrian
Phanerozoic
Palaeozoic
Mesozoic
Theory
Hypothesis

ReviewQuestions
1.Explainhowtheideasofcatastrophismanduniformitarianismaredifferent.Inyouranswer
includewhatthesetwophilosophieswouldhavebelievedaboutgeologictime.
2.ExplainwhatJamesHuttonmeantwhenhesaid
,
thepresentisthekeytothepast.
3.Withtheaidoflabeleddiagrams,describethe
three
typesofunconformities.
4.Describehowvarvesformandareusedtodeterminetheageofaglaciallake
5.Explainthreeproblemsassociatedwithradioactivedating
6.Whycan'tcarbon14beusedtodatedinosaurbones?Explain
7.Usingexamples,explainthedifferencebetweenrelativetime,andabsolutetime.
8.a)Howarehalflivesinradioactiveisotopesusedtodeterminetheageofsomething?
b)Isthereanytimewhenthesecantbeused,orwillgivefalsedatesforrocks?Explainusing
examples.

9.a)Youhavearockwithahalflifeof200,000yearsandthereis40gramsofa160gram
samplethatisparent.Howoldisthesample?
b)ThehalflifeofelementXis200000years.Ifasampleoriginallyheld256gofparent
isotopeandtherocksamplehasbeendeterminedtobe1millionyearsold,whatmassofparent
nowremains?Showcalculations.
c)Anorganismcontained28kgofcarbon14.Ifthehalflifeofcarbon14is5730years,what
massofcarbon14remainsinafossilofthisorganismthatisapproximately22920yearsold?
Showallworkings.
10.Usethefollowingdiagramtoanswersomequestionsaboutrelativeageandtheagesoflayers.

a)Labeltheagesoftheidentifiedlettersfromtheoldesteventtotheyoungest.
Oldest________________________________________Youngest
b)AccuratelynamethefeaturethatisidentifiedbytheLetterY
c)WhatPrinciplehelpstotellushowoldZmaybe?
d)IsletterDaburiedlavafloworanintrusion?Howdidyoudeterminethat?
11.Describethethreeconditionsnecessaryforfossilization,andexplainwhyyouwouldneverfindfossilsofa
worm.
12.Listandexplainthreetypesoffossilformation.
13.Onwhatbasesisthegeologicaltimescaledividedintodifferentunits?
14.Brieflydescribetheevolutionoflifethroughgeologicaltime.
15.Whyisn'tPrecambriantimedividedintosmallerunits?
16.Usingthetwolargestmassextinctionsasexamples,explainwhythedominantlifeonearth
haschangedovergeologictime.
17.StudytheTimescale.


Unit3
Terms/minerals/rockstoknow:
atom
ion
element
Molecule
ionic
molecular
Mineral
silicates
carbonates
Sulfides
sulfates
oxides
Silicates
carbonates
halides
Sulfates
oxides
Silicatetrahedron
cleavage
fracture
Hardness
colour
streak
Luster
taste
magnetism
doublerefraction
mineralogy
crystallography
geochemistry
Rock
rockcycle
igneous
Felsic
rhyolite
granite
Diorite
basalt
gabbro
coarsegrain(aphanitic)
finegrain(phaneritic)
porphyritic
BowensReactionSeries
Kimberlite
Metamorphism
contact
Regional
Texture
chemicalchange
buriedlavaflow
SedimentaryRocks clastic(detrital)
chemical
shale
siltstone
sandstone
breccia
sediment
sorting
Evaporites
halite
gypsum
coquina
Chaulk
chert
foliated
nonfoliated
highgrade
parentrock
Shale
Slate
Gneiss
Marble
Quartzite

PracticeReviewQuestions:
1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetermssilicateandsilicon?
2.Howaremuscoviteandbiotitesimilaranddifferent?
3.Describethebasicstructureofallsilicateminerals?
4.Howdoyoudetermineifamineralispartofthefollowinggroups?
Oxides
Sulfides
Halides
Sulfates
Carbonates
Native
5.Listtheeightmostcommonmineralsintheearthscrustinorder.
6.Whatarethefivecharacteristicsthatallmineralsmustpossess?(32)
7.Whyissomeiceconsideredamineralbutwaterisnot?
8.Whyisstreakbetterthancolour?P.40

compound
metallic
halides
nativeelements
sulfides
crystalshape(form)
specificgravity
acidtest
fluorescence
gemology
mafic
andesite
vesicular
glassy(compactandfrothy)
Diamond
volumechange
subductionzones
biochemical
conglomerate
particlesize
Limestone
coal
lowgrade
Schist


9.Whatarethehardnessofthefollowingcommonobjects?P.42
FingerNail

CopperPenny
Glass
10.Whydosomemineralsexhibitcleavage?P.42
11.Howarefractureandcleavagedifferent?P.43Whatisconcoidal?
12.Definespecificgravity.WhatdoesitmeanwhenwesayGoldhasaspecificgravityof19.3?
13.Useanexampletodescribeeachofthefollowingpropertiesamineralcanshow?P.44
Magnetism
Double
Refraction
Feel
Acidtest
14.Describehowtherateofcoolinginfluencesthecrystallizationprocess.
15.Theclassificationofigneousrocksisbasedlargelyontwocriteria.Identifyandbrieflydescribeeachbelow.
16.Brieflyidentifythethreemetamorphicthatagentsthatchangerocks.
17.Whyisheatsuchanimportantagentofmetamorphism?
18.Howarethedegreesofsortingandtheamountofroundingrelatedtothetransportationofsandgrains?
19.

20.

Unit4
Definitions(Termstoknow)
Continentaldrift
Platetectonictheory
Convergentboundary
DivergentBoundary
TransformBoundary
RiftValley
CrustalDeformation
Force
Stress
Compressional
TensionalShearing
Elastic
Brittle
Ductile
Faulting
Dipslip
Strikeslip
Folding
Anticline
Syncline
Earthquake
Seismicwave
Focus
Epicentre
Foreshock
Aftershock
Surfaceswaves
Primarywaves
Secondarywaves

Richter
ModifiedMercalli
Amplitude

Intensity
Volcano
Shield
AshandCinder
Composite
Pahoehoe
AA

ReviewQuestions
1.Describethetheoryofcontinentaldriftanddescribetheevidencetosupportthetheoryofcontinentaldrift
3.Describetheevolutionofplatetectonictheorythroughthecontributionsofvariousscientists
4.ContrasttheexplanationsprovidedbyWegenerandHolmesforthemechanismofcontinentalmovement
5.Describethetheoryofplatetectonics
6.Describeandgiveexamplesofconvergent,divergentandtransformplateboundaries
7.Describeandgiveexamplesofthedifferenttypesofconvergentplateboundaries
8.Describeariftvalleyandhowitevolvesintoadivergentplateboundary
9.Describetheevidencewhichsupportsplatetectonictheory
10.DescribethegeologyoftheislandofNewfoundland,andhowitwasformed.
11.Describethetypesofforcesstressesthatproducecrustaldeformation
12.Describethetypesofdeformationanddescribethefactorsthataffectdeformation
14.Relatefaultingtothefactorsthataffectdeformation
15.Describethetwomajortypesoffaultsandassociatedforces/stresses
16.Relatefoldingtothefactorsthataffectdeformation
17.Describethetwocommontypesoffolds
18.Describethecausesofanearthquake
19.Identifythelocationofearthquakesandrelatethemtotheirplateboundary
20.Describepropertiesofthedifferentseismicwaves
21.Distinguishbetweenearthquakescales
22.Describehowseismographsandresultingseismogramsareusedtomeasureseismicwaves
23.Describefactorsaffectingthenatureofvolcaniceruptions
24.Describethethreetypesofvolcanoes
25.Describethetypeoferuptionforeachvolcanotypeinrelationtothedifferentplateboundaries
26.Identifytherocksthatforminrelationtoeachtypeofvolcano
27.Distinguishbetweenthetypesoflava
28.Describeintraplatevolcanismasitrelatestohotspots

29.Describetheformationofalavaplateau
30.Explaintheglobaleffectsofvolcanicactivity

Unit5

Definitions
Economicmineral
Ore
Magmaticdeposit
Hydrothermaldeposit(vein)
Placerdeposit
Secondaryenrichment(sedimentation)
Metamorphism
Diamond
Kimberlite
Openpitmine
Undergroundmine Petroleum
Crudeoil
Hydrocarbons
Kerogen
Diagenesis
Catagenesis
Metagenesis
Anticlinetrap
Faulttrap
Saltdometrap
Stratigraphictrap

ReviewQuestions
p.580581:Understandthatmineralresourcesarethebasisofmoderncivilization:everythingthatdoesnot
comefromalivingthinghastoberemovedfromthesolidEarth.SeeFig.21.2foralistofthemostcommonly
usedmineralsbyallCanadians.
p.583:Understandwhatismeantbythetermoreandwhyfindingoredepositsisthekeytothemining
industry.
p.585:Explainhow
magmaticdeposits
formandthetypesofmineralsthatcanbefoundinthem.
p.587590:Explainhow
mineralveins
formfrom
hydrothermaldeposits
andthetypesofmineralsthatcanbe
foundinthem.
p.594:Explainhow
placerdeposits
formandthetypesofmineralsthatcanbefoundinthem.
p.595596:Explainhow
metamorphicdeposits
formandthetypesofmineralsthatcanbefoundinthem.
p.598600:ExplainhowdiamondsarefoundindepositsofKimberlite.
p.602603andnotes:Explaintheformationofpetroleumfromancientorganicmatterincluding:kerogen,
diagenesis,catagenesis,andmetagenesis.
p.603604:describethecomponentsinvolvedintheformationofpetroleumtraps.Include:
A. sourcerock
B. reservoirrock
C. caprock
p.603609andnotes:describetheprocessesandtechniquesinvolvedinextractingandrening
hydrocarbons.describethemethodsofreningpetroleum.Include:(i)distillation(ii)cracking
(iii)reforming