ng t khuyt thiu (Modal verbs)

Ngoi nhng c tnh nh tr ng t, ng t khuyt thiu cn c thm mt s c tnh ring nh sau:

1.
Khng c TO nguyn mu v khng c TO khi c ng t theo sau.
They can speak French and English.
2.
Khng c S ngi th ba s t th Hin ti.
He can use our phone.
3.
Ch c nhiu nht l 2 th: Th Hin ti v th Qu kh n.
She can cook meals.
She could cook meals when she was twelve.
Trong nhng trng hp khc ta s dng nhng ng t tng ng.
I.ng t khuyt thiu CAN
1.CAN l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n ch c 2 th Hin ti v Qu kh n. Nhng hnh thc khc ta dng
ng t tng ng be able to. CAN cng c th c dng nh mt tr ng t hnh thnh mt s cch ni
ring.
a. CAN v COULD c ngha l "c th", din t mt kh nng (ability).
Can you swim?
She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old.
b.
Trong vn ni (colloquial speech), CAN c dng thay cho MAY din t mt s cho php
(permission) v th ph nh CANNOT c dng din t mt s cm on (prohibition).
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you cant smoke downstairs.
c.
CAN cng din t mt iu c th xy n (possibility). Trong cu hi v cu cm thn CAN c ngha l
Is it possible...?
Can it be true?
It surely cant be four oclock already!
d.
CANNOT c dng din t mt iu kh c th xy ra (virtual impossibility).
He cant have missed the way. I explained the route carefully.
e.
Khi dng vi ng t tri gic (verbs of perception) CAN cho mt ngha tng ng vi th Tip din
(Continuous Tense).
Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea. (khng dng I am hearing)
2. COULD
a.
COULD l th qu kh n ca CAN.
She could swim when she was five.
b.
COULD cn c dng trong cu iu kin.
If you tried, you could do that work.
c.
Trong cch ni thn mt, COULD c xem nh nhiu tnh cht lch s hn CAN.
Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please?
Could you tell me the right time, please?
d.
COULD c dng din t mt s ng vc hay mt li phn khng nh nhng.
His story could be true, but I hardly think it is.
I could do the job today, but Id rather put it off until tomorrow.
e.
COULD - WAS/WERE ABLE TO
*) Nu hnh ng din t mt kh nng, mt kin thc, COULD c dng thng hn WAS/WERE
ABLE TO.
He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match.
The door was locked, and I couldnt open it.
*) Nu cu ni hm mt s thnh cng trong vic thc hin hnh ng (succeeded in doing) th
WAS/WERE ABLE TO c s dng ch khng phi COULD.
I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends.
II. MODAL VERBS MAY - MIGHT
1.
MAY v dng qu kh MIGHT din t s xin php, cho php (permission).
May I take this book? - Yes, you may.
She asked if she might go to the party.
2.
MAY/MIGHT dng din t mt kh nng c th xy ra hay khng th xy ra.
It may rain.

He admitted that the news might be true.

3.
Dng trong cu cm thn MAY/MIGHT din t mt li cu chc.
May all your dreams come true!
Trong cch dng ny c th xem MAY nh mt loi Bng Thi cch (Subjunctive).
4.
MAY/MIGHT dng trong mnh theo sau cc ng t hope (hy vng) v trust (tin tng).
I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction.
He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction.
5.
MAY/MIGHT dng thay cho mt mnh trng ng ch s nhng b (adverb clauses of concession).
He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor...)
Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though he tries hard...)
Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Though he tried hard...)
6.
MAY/MIGHT thng c dng trong mnh trng ng ch mc ch (adverb clauses of purpose).
Trong trng hp ny ngi ta cng thng dng CAN/COULD thay cho MAY/MIGHT.
She was studying so that she might read English books.
7.
MIGHT (khng dng MAY) i khi c dng trong cu din t mt li trch mng c tnh hn di
(petulant reproach).
You might listen when I am talking to you. (Lm n rng m lng nghe ti ni)
You might try to be a little more helpful.(Lm n rng m t ra c ch mt cht)
8.
Trong trng hp cn thit ngi ta dng be allowed to, permit... ty theo ngha cn din t thay
cho MAY v MIGHT.
I shall be allowed to go to the party.
III. MODAL VERB MUST
MUST l mt ng t khuyt thiu v ch c hnh thc hin ti.
1.
MUST c ngha l "phi" din t mt mnh lnh hay mt s bt buc.
You must drive on the left in London.
2.
MUST bao hm mt kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi
ni.
Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad!
You have worked hard all day; you must be tired.
3.
MUST NOT (MUSTN'T) din t mt lnh cm.
You mustnt walk on the grass.
4.
Khi mun din t th ph nh ca MUST vi ngha "khng cn thit" ngi ta s dng NEED NOT
(NEEDNT).
Must I do it now? - No, you neednt. Tomorrow will be soon enough.
5.
CANNOT (CANT) c dng lm ph nh ca MUST khi MUST din t ngha kt lun ng
nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni nh cp trong im 2 trn y.
If he said that, he must be mistaken.
If he said that, he cant be telling the truth.
6.
MUST v HAVE TO
a) HAVE TO dng thay cho MUST trong nhng hnh thc m MUST khng c.
We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve oclock train.
b) HAVE TO khng th thay th MUST khi MUST mang ngha kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii
thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni nh cp trong im 2 trn y. Ngi ta phi din t bng
nhng cch khc.
He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad)
c) MUST v HAVE TO u c th dng din t s cng bch, bt buc (compulsion). Tuy nhin
MUST mang ngha s cng bch n t ngi ni trong khi HAVE TO mang ngha s cng bch n t
hon cnh bn ngoi (external circumstances)
You must do what I tell you.
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lnh ca Cc ng St)
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (V khng cn ng no khc)
IV. MODAL VERBS SHALL - SHOULD
1. SHALL c th l:
Mt tr ng t gip hnh thnh th Tng lai (Simple Future) ngi th nht s t.

I shall do what I like.

Mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu SHALL din t mt li ha (promise), mt s qu quyt
(determination) hay mt mi e da (threat) theo ngh ca ngi ni.
If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday. (promise)
He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you. (threat)
These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it. (determination)
2. SHOULD c dng trong nhng trng hp sau:
Lm mt ng t khuyt thiu c ngha l "nn" v tng ng vi ought to.
You should do what the teacher tells you.
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (proverb)
Dng thay cho must khi khng mun din t mt ngha qu bt buc vi must.
Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the Secretary.
Dng thay cho th Hin ti Bng thi (present subjunctive).
MODAL VERBS WILL - WOULD
1. WILL c th l:
Mt tr ng t. Dng lm tr ng t WILL gip hnh thnh th Tng lai (simple future).
Mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu WILL din t mt s mong mun (willingness), mt
li ha (promise) hay mt s qu quyt (determination).
All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask. (willingness)
I wont forget little Margaret's birthday. I will send her a present. (promise)
Trong cch din t s qu quyt (determination) c SHALL ln WILL u c th s dng nhng mi t
mang mt ngha ring. Vi SHALL, s qu quyt l ngi ni.
Vi WILL, s qu quyt ch t (subject) ca ng t. So snh hai th d sau:
(a) George shall go out without his overcoat.
(b) George will go out without his overco
cu (a), ngi ni nht nh bt George phi i ra ngoi m khng c mc o khoc. cu (b) George nht
nh i ra ngoi m khng thm mc o khoc.
2. WOULD c th l:
Mt tr ng t. WOULD gip hnh thnh mt Tng lai trong qu kh (future in the past) hay cc th trong
cu iu kin.
He said he would send it to me, but he didnt.
If she were here, she would help us.
He would have been very happy if he had known about it.
Khi dng nh mt ng t khuyt thiu, WOULD din t mt thi quen trong qu kh.
Vi ngha ny, WOULD c th dng thay cho used to.
Every day he would get up at six o'clock and light the fire.
V. MODAL VERBS OUGHT TO - DARE - NEED
ng t khuyt thiu OUGHT TO
OUGHT TO l mt ng t khuyt thiu ch c th Hin ti (simple present). N c ngha l "nn", gn ging
vi should. Trong hu ht cc trng hp OUGHT TO c th c thay th bng should.
They ought to (should) pay the money.
He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself.
1.
OUGHT TO cng dng din t mt s gn ng, rt c th ng (strong probability).
If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now.
2.
OUGHT TO c th dng trong tng lai vi cc t xc nh thi gian tng lai nh tomorrow, next
Tuesday...
Our team ought to win the match tomorrow.
3.
OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle din t mt s khng tn ng v mt hnh ng lm trong
qu kh.
You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing.
ng t khuyt thiu DARE
DARE c ngha l "dm, c gan" c th c xem nh mt ng t khuyt ln ng t thng. Khi l mt ng
t khuyt thiu, n c y c tnh ca loi ng t ny.
Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t khuyt thiu)
You darent climb that tree, dare you? (ng t khuyt thiu)

He doesnt dare to answer my letter. (ng t thng)

She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng)
Thnh ng I daresay c ngha l "c th, c l" ng ngha vi cc t perhaps, it is probable. Thnh ng ny
thng khng dng vi ch t no khc ngoi ngi th nht.
He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later.
VI. ng t khuyt thiu NEED
C hai ng t NEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu NEED ch
c hnh thc Hin ti v c y c tnh ca mt ng t khuyt thiu. N c ngha l "cn phi", tng t
nh have to. V th n cng c xem l mt loi ph nh ca must.
Need he work so hard?
You neednt go yet, need you?
C mt iu cn nh l ng t khuyt thiu NEED khng dng th xc nh. N ch c dng th ph
nh v nghi vn. Khi dng th xc nh n phi c dng vi mt t ng ph nh.
You neednt see him, but I must.
I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday.
VII. MODAL VERB USED TO
ng t khuyt thiu USED TO
USED TO l mt hnh thc ng t c bit. N c th c xem nh mt ng t thng hay mt ng t
khuyt thiu trong vic hnh thnh th ph nh v th nghi vn.
You used to live in London, usednt you?
He usednt to smoke as much as he does now.
He didnt use to smoke as much as he does now.
Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden?
Ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng dng did v didnt lp th ph nh v th nghi vn cho USED TO.
Trong nhiu trng hp th ph nh c th c hnh thnh bng cch s dng never.
You never used to make that mistake.
USED TO c dng ch mt hnh ng lin tc, ko di, lp i lp li trong qu kh m nay khng cn
na.
People used to think that the earth was flat.
Vi th Qu kh n ngi ta ch bit hnh ng xy ra. Vi USED TO ngi ta thy c tnh cht ko di
ca hnh ng y.
He was my classmate. (khng r trong thi gian bao lu)
He used to be my classmate. (trong mt thi gian kh lu)
Phn bit USED TO v mt s hnh thc khc
1.
USED TO + infinitive: hnh ng lin tc trong qu kh
2.
(be) USED TO + V.ing: quen vi mt vic g
3.
(get) USED TO + V.ing: lm quen vi mt vic g.
He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesnt)
It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now hes used to it.
VIII. COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT + HAVE + P.P
Hnh thc ny c dng ch kh nng trong qu kh.
Ex:
It may have rained last night, but Im not sure.
John might have gone to the movies yesterday.
IX. SHOULD + HAVE +P.P
Hnh thc ny ch mt bn phn, trch nhim c cho l xy ra qu kh, nhng v mt l do no
khng xy ra.
Ex: John should have gone to the post office this morning. (He did not go to the post office)
Maria shouldnt have called John last night. (she did call him)
X. MUST + HAVE + P.P: ch mt s suy lun hp l trong qu kh.
Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied hard.
Mary looks very tired. She must have stayed up late last night.
XI. MODALS IN PASSIVE
In the present: MODAL +BE + P.P
In the past:
MODAL + HAVE + BEEN + P.P

EXERCISES
I. Underline the best answer from each group in italics
1. Bookings need/ must be made at least seven days before departure.
2. In most developed countries, people mustnt/ dont need to boil water before they drink it.
3. You neednt/ mustnt go on the beach when the tides coming in. Its very dangerous.
4. I often have to/ must work at the weekend to get everything done.
5. Changes in technology mustnt / neednt be a problem, but could be seen as a great opportunity.
6. Weve been told that we dont have to/ mustnt be at work until 10:00 tomorrow.
7. When you have time, we must/ have to get together for a weekend.
8. We mustnt/ neednt allow our speed of production to drop.
9. As you worked late yesterday you neednt/ mustnt come until 10:00 tomorrow morning.
10.Employees will have to/ have got to accept the new conditions or be dismissed.
11. Of course the first thing I did was to call the police and I mustnt/ didnt have to wait very long for them to
get there.
12. You mustnt/ neednt have a university degree to become a police officer.
13. Nowadays it neednt/ mustnt cost a fortune to own a powerful computer.
14. I dont have to/ mustnt remind you that we are competing with two other companies.
II. Change the following active sentences to the passive
1. People should save pandas from extinction.
2. People must obey all traffic laws.
3. Someone ought to repair this broken window.
4. Someone should have supplied the hotel guests with clean towels.
5. Soneone had better take this gabbage to the dump soon.
6. People can pick tomatoes before they are completely ripe.
7. Someone is supposed to divide the profits among the shareholders.
8. Someone must have hurt Peters feelings.
9. Someone has to finish this work today.
10. Someone ought to have reported the accident to the police.
III. Choose the correct answer:
1. Have you seen John? No. But he _________ be studying in the library.
A. will
B. should
C. neednt
D. may
2. As I wont be at home tonight, I ____ my homework during my lunch break.
A. neeed to do
B. have to do
C. can do
D. might do
3. Passengers ___ smoke until the signs have been switched off.
A. mustnt
B. cant
C. neednt
D. mightnt
4. There are a lot of tickets left, so you ___ pay for the tickets in advance.
A. mustnt
B. wont
C. shouldnt
D. dont have to
5. You ___ put anything on the shelves until the glue has set hard.
A, couldnt
B. muctnt
C. dont have to
D. neednt
6. I ___ my best suit to the party yesterday; everyone else was very casually dressed.
A. neednt wear
B. mustnt wear
C. neednt have worn D. mustnt have worn
7. I didnt meet him yesterday. He ___ on business.
A. must go
B. should go
C. must have gone
D. should have gone
8. What are you doing this weekend? I havent decided yet. I ____ go on a picnic with my family.
A. may
B. may not
C. must
D. neednt
9. You ___ wash the car. I just had it done yesterday.
A. mustnt
B. neednt
C. must
D. may not
10. Its a secret. You ___ let anyone know about it.
A. mustnt
B. neednt
C. mightnt
D. may not
11. Im not sure. I ___ come a few minutes late.
A. may
B. must
C. mightnt
D. may not
12. Bring your umbrella. It may rain later today.
A. cant
B. may
C. might
D. B & C
13. Secondary school students nowadays ____ wear uniform.
A. have to
B. need to
C. should
D. could

14. We have some days off after the exam. ___ spend some time together?
A. let
B. Shall I
C. Shall we
D. Would you like
15. John isnt in his office. He ___ at home today.
A. may staying
B. may have stayed C. may be stayed
D. may be staying
16. The best way will ___ after all.
A. find
B. be finded
C. be found
D. be founded
17. What he has done to me cannot ___.
A. forgive
B. forgiven
C. be forgave
D. be forgiven
18. It ____ that to be a good musician, you have to learn to play when you are stll young.
A. is said
B. says
C. is saying
D. has said
19. A lot of things ____ at the same time.
A. must do
B. must have done
C. must be done
D. must been done
20. Do you believe that such a problem can ____?
A. solve
B. be solving
C. is solved
D. be selved
21. He is not in town. He ___ on a special mission.
A. is sending
B. will send
C. has sent
D. has been sent
22. The treasure must have ___.
A. be hidden
B. been hid
C. been hide
D. been hidden
23. There are different kind of materials ___ from various sources.
A. to be collected
B. will be collected C. collecting
D. being collecting
24. Some products can hardly ____.
A. sell
B. B. to sell
C. be sold
D. be sell
25. ___ that the hope for cancer con trol may lie in the use of vaccine.
A. to believe
B. It is believed
C. Believing
D. The belief