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1.1.
Tipo de proceso
El proceso a que se requiere dimensionar es para un sistema de generacin
de electricidad producida por un turbogenerador alimentado con vapor,
quemando la fibra de mesocarpio de palma africana. Los datos de placa
proporcionados son los que se muestran en la tabla 1.
TABLA 1.DATOS DE PLACA DE LA TURBINA A 8303 R.P.M.
Condiciones de operacin
Relacin
normal
Vapor
lb/kWh
kg/h
kW
60000
Condiciones de Vapor
Entrada
Presin (Bar)
Temperatura (C)
Normal
32
330
Mximo
40
330
Salida
Normal
144
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Tubera
Entrada
53
Salida
16
58
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Temperatura(F)
Entalpia (Btu/lbm)
600
1290.3
626
H1(x)= 1306.3
700
1351.8
292.69
Hg(x)= 1177.8
h1(x)=1306.3 Btu/lbm
h=128.5 Btu/lbm
= 128.5
Btu
lb
Btu
1kW
132277.4 16997645.9
4981.4kW
3412.2Btu
lbm
h
h
h
Como la turbina tiene una eficiencia del 80% entonces se hace un trabajo de:
%=
3600
100 = 72.3%
4981.4
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Datos requeridos:
Los
40
bar
de
la
presin
de
funcionamiento de la caldera
1.5.1.
1000
= 42000
Flujo requerido:
25000
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285
0.07031
= 20.0
Factor de evaporacin
15.8
1.126
17.6
1.128
20.0
1.130
Caballos caldera
63 658 .474
34.51
=
1.13
= 2084.44
Fabricante Babcock&Wilcox
Tipo
Towerpack
Diseo
2 Domos
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Aplicacin
Variaciones de la presin
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Las trampas de vapor recomendadas para el caso de vapor sobrecalentado, que es el que
se emplea en la entrada de la turbina de vapor en el proceso de generacin de electricidad,
es la de tipo termodinmico.
Y para las lneas de distribucin segn el manual de SpiraxSarco las de balde invertido de
pueden emplear.
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1.6.1.
Tipo de trampa.
sobrecalentado. Una trampa bimetlico est configurado para no abrir hasta que el
condensado se enfra a una temperatura por debajo de la saturacin. Para la
presin existente, permanecer cerrada siempre vapor de cualquier temperatura es
en la trampa. A medida que la temperatura del vapor se eleva, el tirn del elemento
bimetlico se hace mayor, proporcionando una mayor fuerza de cierre hermtico
en la vlvula. Adems, el vapor sobrecalentado tiende a sellar la vlvula mejor. La
trampa bimetlica tambin tiene la capacidad de manejar grandes cargas de puesta
en marcha. Por estas razones, esta trampa es una buena eleccin para
recalentamiento. La trampa seleccionada para la tubera de distribucin principal es
del modelo Spirax Sarco SM43.
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1.6.2.
Cantidad de trampas
De acuerdo al criterio de que se debe colocar 1 trampa por cada 100 pies
tendran que colocarse dos trampas para el trayecto de tubera de esta aplicacin.
1.6.3.
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TABLA 9.CARGA DE CONDENSADOS DE TUBERA AISLADA POR CADA 100 FT A 70F DE TEMPERATURA
AMBIENTE. EN LB/H.
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principal.
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1.6.5.
turbina
La lnea de salida de la turbina es la que corresponde al llamado
vapor muerto esta lnea trasiega el vapor eliminado por la turbina,
tiene una menor temperatura y por supuesto una menor presin que
el caso de Palma Tica es de aproximadamente 4 barg, de acuerdo a
los datos tcnicos de la turbina y los requerimientos de los autoclaves.
El proceso que se realiza en Palma Tica incluye varias etapas, sin
embargo, la etapa inicial es la que se encuentra en los denomina tres
Autoclaves que son los esterilizadores.
El fin de los autoclaves es inactivar las enzimas que causan el
desdoblamiento del aceite y en consecuencia el incremento del
porcentaje de cidos grasos libres.
2- Acelerar el proceso de ablandamiento de la unin de los frutos
con su soporte natural (raquis o tuza).
3- Disminuir la resistencia de los tejidos de la pulpa para lograr el
fcil rompimiento de las celdas de aceite durante los procesos de
digestin y prensado.
4- Deshidratar parcialmente las almendras contenida en la nuez,
para facilitar su recuperacin posterior.
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depende
del
estado
de
los
racimos
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Tubera
Dimetro (pulg)
Longitud
(mm)
Entrada de
la turbina
300
Salida de la
turbina
10
685
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Parmetro
Presin Normal de Operacin
Presin Mxima de Trabajo
Valor
588 psig
676.2 psig
20.286 psi
Presion reset
696.48 psi
78900 kg/h
Flujo Msico
35864 lb/h
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(pulg)
100.5 ALTA
4.18 BAJA
1/2
Q=
Tsat-Ta
2
r2*In
1 +1
1
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56 m
Dimetro tubera
8pulg
Tsat
490F
75,7F
6,81pulg
4,31pulg
1.65 Btu/pie2F
R1
0,39 pulg
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2 pulg
Nota: Espesor recomendado para aislamiento de fibra de vidrio. Ver la siguiente tabla.
Clculos
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Q=
490-75,74
= 41.24
6,81
6,81*In
1
4,31
+
0,33
1,65
= 41,24
2 2
3,57
1
=
12
2 6,81
183,7
6480
1
10
1
= 3.57
12
6336
1
= 171.4
10
2,2567
2 1
1
= 2,2567
12
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= 3272.01
183,7
6336
1
= 3808.4
10
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Q=
Tsat-Ta
2
r2*In
1 +1
1
TABLA23.TABLA RESUMEN.
15m
Dimetro tubera
16pulg
Tsat
292F
76F
11,425pulg
8pulg
1.65 Btu/pie2F
R1
0,39pulg
Grosor recomendado
3,5pulg
Clculo
Q=
292/490-76
= 23.33/44,72
10,5
10,5*In
8 + 1
0,33
1,65
= 23,33
2 2
5,5
1
=
12
6336
2 10,5
49.21
1
10
1
= 5,5
12
6336
/
1
= 40
10
/
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=
=
= 3,5
2 1
4,19
1
= 4,19
12
Q= Energa perdida.
A= rea superficial externa sin aislante
U= Coeficiente de transferencia de calor
A= rea superficie externa, sin aislar (ft2 lineal).
T= Diferencia de temperatura de Tsat y Ta
E= Energa perdida por ao.
Igual que anteriormente se calcula las prdidas de energa para cada ao.
= 6075.12
49.21
6336
1
= 1894.2
10
/
1.6.11. Chimenea.
1000
3,2808
1
= 78.74
60
Dimetro:
Con la razn de flujo de salida de la chimenea es de 19,5 toneladas
por hora, pasndolo a pie cbico por min se obtiene 474,67 pie cubico
por minuto.
(2.1 ) = 1,128
474.67
= 6,8
78.74
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79000
1,1 1,05
1
15,6
= 5850
5850
0,069
1
= 404
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Tramo
Hacia Suavizador
SuavizadorTanque
TanqueDesaireador
Desaireador Bombas
Hacia la Caldera
Distancia
Dimetro
Prdidas
Velocidad
(m)
(pulg)
(ft/100ft)
(m/s)
65
3,25
5,56
15
3,25
5,56
50
3,25
5,56
10
3,25
5,56
30
0,78
2,54
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1,5 606
+ (
) +
Donde:
=
=
=
(
)=
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6,8948
1
= 4054
7
= 4730
6
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Frecuencia
(Hz)
60
RPM
Dimetro Entrada
Dimetro Salida
(pulg)
(pulg)
3550
60
1
= 24240
Luego este dato se pasa a galones por da, teniendo en cuenta que la
caldera funciona por 16 horas diarias:
24240 24 = 581760
ECUACIN 8: GALONES DIARIOS DE AGUA DE RETORNO.
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1
17,1
=4
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581760
= 2327040
20000
= 133.80
20
= 8080
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El tanque nunca deber de estar sin agua por lo tanto se procede a dividir entre
0,7.
8080
0,7
= 11543
1
0,4536
= 175926
A partir del catlogo vemos que el modelo ms conveniente es el SM280, que entrega 176000 lb/h; y una capacidad de 560 GPM, satisfaciendo los
404 GPM calculados a partir de la capacidad de la caldera.
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Seleccin de vlvulas.
El cdigo de calderas menciona en su artculo 27 de los sistemas de
alimentacin de agua, que la tubera de alimentacin debe de tener una vlvula
de cierre y una de retencin entre la vlvula de cierre y la caldera, se decidi
seguir el mtodo utilizado en el anexo A del diagrama de tubera e
instrumentacin pid de la sala de caldera.
Se seleccionan vlvulas de cierre a partir del catlogo de Spirax Sarco,
modelo BSA3T (acero fundido), segn el dimetro de la tubera requerido.
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Tramo
Entrada a la turbina 56
227.14
Salida de la turbina
14.97
10
Soportes
La seleccin del tipo y la cantidad de soportes que se utilizarn se realiz
por medio del catlogo de Dinatecnica Juntas de Expansin y Amortiguaciones
Metlicas incluida en la versin digital de este informe.
Primero se selecciona el soporte que ser de tipo patn con abrazadera,
como el mostrado en la ilustracin 24.
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Solamente queda definir la distancia entre cada uno de los soportes para
eso se utiliza la siguiente tabla para la distribucin de soportes y juntas de
expansin.
TABLA 29.DISTANCIAS MXIMAS ENTRE SOPORTES (MM). .
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