Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MANAGEMENT& RESEARCH
(NICMAR) PUNE.
By
ASSIGNMENT 4
In general, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the above
L.S.Items Even if sub-estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the
actual cost should not exceed the L.S.amounts provided in the main estimate.
WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT:
During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors,
work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis. The salaries of
these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards the work charged
establishment. That is, establishment which is charged directly to work. An
L.S.amounts of 1 to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards the work
charged establishment.
ANALYSIS OF RATES
In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of
that item are studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This
process of determining the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate
analysis. The rates of particular item of work depend on the following:1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and
constructional operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit
Cost of materials at source and at site of construction
The costs of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport local
taxes and other charges. Purpose of Analysis of rates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the
particulars item.
3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract bond,
but are to be done as per the directions of the department.
4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and labour
or due to change in technique
In order to make the base more plastic, about 10% of hydrated lime by
volume of cement shall be added while prepare mortar.
3 Depeter Plaster:
This is just another form of rough cast finish.
The rendering coat of 12 mm thick is prepared as in case of pebbled dash
finish.
While this coat is wet, pieces of gravel are pressed with hand on the surface.
Thus it is possible to have beautiful patterns and ornamental designs on the
surface by selecting materials of different colors.
4 Pebbled dash plaster:
It is similar to rough cast finish except clean pebble of size from 6 mm to
12.5 mm are dashed against the surface so that there are laid in position by
mortar applied already.
5 Smooth cast plaster or plain face plaster:
This finish is just similar to sand faced finish except fine grained sand is
used instead of coarse sand.
No sponging is done to expose the sand grain.
It is normally done on internal walls.
Defects in Plaster
The following defects may arise in plaster work.
Blistering of plastered surface:
This is the formation of small patches of plaster swelling out beyond the
plastered surface, arising out of late slaking of lime particles in the plaster.
Cracking:
Cracking consists of formation of cracks or fissures in the plaster work
resulting from the following reasons.
1. Imperfect preparation of background
2. Structural defects in building
3. Discontinuity of surface
4. Movements in the background due to its thermal expansion or rapid
drying
5. Movements in the plaster surface itself, either due to expansion or
shrinkage.
2 Sand
3 Water
Nos.
Nos.
Nos
4
2
2
Rate
450
350
250
Amount in
Rs.
1800
700
500
Amount required for labours= Rs. 1800 + 700 + 500 =Rs. 3000/-
Now,
Total amount required for pointing = Rs. 3300+ 3000 = 6300/Add for Scaffolding 1 % @ Prime Cost = Rs. 63/Add for Water Charges 2% @ Prime Cost = Rs. 126/Add for Contractor Profit 15 % @ Prime Cost = Rs. 945/Hence,
Total Amount required for Pointing of 10mm thick of 100 Sqm.
= 6300 + 63 + 126 +945 = Rs. 7434 /-
Quantity and Rate Estimation for 12 mm plastering in ceiling 1:4 with coarse
sand unit 1 sqm Take 100 sqm.
Major Material Requirement:1 Cement
2 Sand
3 Water
Quantity required for - 100 Sqm.
For 12 mm of plastering
Quantity estimation of pointing for 100 Sqm of plastering
So,
Quantity in cum=100 Sqm x 0.012 m = 1.2 cum
Hence to execute quantities of material for 1.2 cum
Assuming 20 % voids and 30% wastage of material
Hence,
The required quantity for plaster is = 1.2 x 1.5 = 1.8 cum
Cement Required = {1.8 / (1+4) x 1)}= 0.36 cum
No of bags of cement required= (0.36 x 1440)/50 = 10.36 =App. 11 Nos of bag
Rate
450
350
250
Amount
450
700
500
Amount required for labours - Rs. 1650.00/Total amount required for Plastering is = Rs. 5074 + 1650 = Rs. 6724 /Scaffolding 1 % @ Prime Cost = Rs.67 /Water Charges 2% @ Prime Cost = Rs. 134.48/Contractor Profit 15 % @ Prime Cost = Rs. 1008.6/Total Amount required for Plastering of 12mm thick of 100 Sqm.
= 6724 + 67 + 134.48 + 1008.6 = Rs. 7934.08/-
BIBLOGRAPHY / READINGS