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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONTRUCTION

MANAGEMENT& RESEARCH
(NICMAR) PUNE.

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION


(SODE)

By

ASSIGNMENT 4

1: COURSE NO: - PGCM 14

2: COURSE TITLE: - ESTIMATION AND QUANTITY


SURVEYING.

3: SCOPE OF WORK: - DO THE RATE ANALYSIS OF


FOLLOWING MATERIALS?
a] Cement Pointing 1:4 unit 1 sq.m-take 100 sq.m
b] 12 mm cement plastering in ceiling 1:4 u with course sand unit 1 sq.m
Take 100 sqm.

ESTIMATION & QUANTITY SURVEYING

Estimating is the technique of calculating or computing the various quantities and


the expected expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or project. In case the
funds available are less than the estimated cost the work is done in part or by
reducing it or specifications are altered, the following requirement are necessary
for preparing an estimate.
a) Drawings like plan, elevation and sections of important points.
b) Detailed specifications about workmanship & properties of materials etc.
c) Standard schedule of rates of the current year.
NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING
The purpose of cost estimating is to forecast the cost of a project prior to its actual
construction. Cost estimating is a method of approximating the probable cost of a
project before its construction. The exact cost of a project is known after
completion of the project. Cost estimate is prepared at various stages during the
life of a project on the basis of the information available during the time of
preparation of the estimate. For preparation of cost estimates, the estimator
performs quantity take-off to quantify each item of work by reviewing the contract
drawings and specifications. In cost estimation, quantity take-off is an important
task that is carried out before pricing each item of work and quantities should be
represented in standard units of measure.
1. Estimate gives an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be
determined i.e whether the project could be taken up with in the funds available or
not.
2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work.
3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange contract.
4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of
work.
5. Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or not.

PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING

Estimating involves the following operations:1. Preparing detailed Estimate.


2. Calculating the rate of each unit of work.
3. Preparing abstract of estimate.
DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE
1. Drawings i.e. plans, elevations, sections etc.
2. Specifications.
3. Rates
1. DRAWINGS
If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation of
estimation become very difficult. So, it is very essential before preparing an
estimate.
2. SPECIFICATIONS
a) General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and
materials in general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a
general idea of building.
b) Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various
items of work laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their
proportions, the method of preparation workmanship and execution of work
3. Rates
For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.
1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.
2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. The wages of labour, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Mazdoor, etc.
LUMPSUM:
While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to workout in detail in case of petty
items. Items other than civil engineering such items are called lump-sum items or
simply L.S.Items. The following are some of L.S. Items in the estimate.
1. Water supply and sanitary arrangements.
2. Electrical installations like meter, motor, etc.
3. Architectural features.
4. Contingencies and unforeseen items.

In general, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the above
L.S.Items Even if sub-estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the
actual cost should not exceed the L.S.amounts provided in the main estimate.
WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT:
During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors,
work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis. The salaries of
these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards the work charged
establishment. That is, establishment which is charged directly to work. An
L.S.amounts of 1 to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards the work
charged establishment.
ANALYSIS OF RATES
In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of
that item are studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This
process of determining the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate
analysis. The rates of particular item of work depend on the following:1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and
constructional operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit
Cost of materials at source and at site of construction
The costs of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport local
taxes and other charges. Purpose of Analysis of rates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the
particulars item.
3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract bond,
but are to be done as per the directions of the department.
4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and labour
or due to change in technique

Cost of labour -types of labour, standard schedule of rates


The labour can be classified in to
1) Skilled 1st class
2) Skilled IInd Class
3) un skilled
The labour charges can be obtained from the standard schedule of rates 30% of the
skilled labour provided in the data may be taken as Ist class, remaining 70% as II
class. The rates of materials for Government works are fixed by the superintendent
Engineer for his circle every year and approved by the Board of Chief Engineers.
These rates are incorporated in the standard schedule of rates.
Lead statement:
The distance between the source of availability of material and construction site is
known as "Lead and is expected in Km. The cost of conveyance of material
depends on lead. This statement will give the total cost of materials per unit item. It
includes first cost, conveyance loading, unloading stacking, charges etc.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS:
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size
and for making payments to the contractor and also. The principle of units of
measurements normally consists the following:
a) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., is expressed in numbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand
rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running metres (RM)
c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white
washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., are expressed in square meters (m2)
d) Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work, cement
concrete, Masonry etc are expressed in Cubic metres.

PLASTERING AND POINTINGPLASTERING


Plastering is done to achieve the following objects
1 To protect the external surfaces against penetration of rain water and other
atmospheric agencies
2 To give smooth surface in which dust and dirt cannot lodge
3 To give decorative effect
4 To protect surfaces against vermin.
5 To conceal inferior materials or defective workmanship
Requirements of good plaster:
1. It should adhere to the background and should remain adhered during all
variations of the climatic changes.
2. It should be cheap and economical
3. It should be hard and durable.
4. It should be possible to apply it during all weather conditions
5. It should be effectively check the entry or penetration of moisture from the
surface
6. It should possess good workability.
Types of Plaster:
1 Sand faced plaster:
The first coat of sand faced cement plaster is done with cement mortar in 1:4
with coarse sand after curing the plaster for seven days the second coat of
cement plaster 1:3 ratio will be done on the first coat.
Sponge is used in the second coat and it is applied when the second coat is
wet, it is thus worked that the density of sand grain appear on surface is
equal and uniform.
The surface is kept well watered at least for 15 days.
2 Rough Cast Plaster:
This plaster is a mixture of sand and gravel in specified proportion dashed
over a freshly plastered surface.
The plaster base consists of two coats, under layer 12 mm thick and top
layer 10 mm thick having the cement mortar ratio 1:3.

In order to make the base more plastic, about 10% of hydrated lime by
volume of cement shall be added while prepare mortar.
3 Depeter Plaster:
This is just another form of rough cast finish.
The rendering coat of 12 mm thick is prepared as in case of pebbled dash
finish.
While this coat is wet, pieces of gravel are pressed with hand on the surface.
Thus it is possible to have beautiful patterns and ornamental designs on the
surface by selecting materials of different colors.
4 Pebbled dash plaster:
It is similar to rough cast finish except clean pebble of size from 6 mm to
12.5 mm are dashed against the surface so that there are laid in position by
mortar applied already.
5 Smooth cast plaster or plain face plaster:
This finish is just similar to sand faced finish except fine grained sand is
used instead of coarse sand.
No sponging is done to expose the sand grain.
It is normally done on internal walls.
Defects in Plaster
The following defects may arise in plaster work.
Blistering of plastered surface:
This is the formation of small patches of plaster swelling out beyond the
plastered surface, arising out of late slaking of lime particles in the plaster.
Cracking:
Cracking consists of formation of cracks or fissures in the plaster work
resulting from the following reasons.
1. Imperfect preparation of background
2. Structural defects in building
3. Discontinuity of surface
4. Movements in the background due to its thermal expansion or rapid
drying
5. Movements in the plaster surface itself, either due to expansion or
shrinkage.

6. Excessive shrinkage due to application of thick coat


7. Faulty workmanship.
Efflorescene
It is the whitish crystalline substance which appears on the surface due to
presence of salts in plaster making materials as well as building materials
like bricks, sand, cement etc and even water.
This gives a very bad appearance. It affects the adhesion of paint with wall
surface.
Efflorescence can be removed to some extent by dry bushing and washing
the surface repeatedly.
Flaking
It is the formation of very loose mass of plastered surface, due to poor bond
between successive coats.
Peeling
It is the complete dislocation of some portion of plastered surface, resulting in the
formation of a patch. This also results from imperfect bond.
Popping
It is the formation of conical hole in the plastered surface due to presence of some
particles which expand on setting
Rust Stains
These are sometimes formed when plaster is applied on metal laths
Uneven surface
This is obtained purely due to poor workman ship.
POINTING
Finishing of mortar joints in masonry.
In exposed masonry joints are weakest parts.
Pointing consists of raking of joints to a depth of 10 to 20 mm.
Rate analysis of Cement pointing 1:4 unit 1 Sqm Take 100sqm
Quantity and Rate Estimation for Cement Pointing of 1:4
Basic Material Requirement:1 Cement

2 Sand
3 Water

Assuming quantity required for - 100 sq.m


Assuming 10 mm of Pointing
Quantity estimation of pointing for 100 sq.m of pointing
Hence quantity for 1 cumec=100 sq.mx 0.01m=1cum

Now to execute quantities of material for 1 cum of pointing


Assuming 20% for wastage and voids,
Hence Quantity = 1.2 cumec
1 cement= (1.2/1+4) x 1 = 0.24 cumec
No of bags of cement required= (0.24 x 1440)/50 = 6.912 = App. 7 Bags
Current Rate of cement = 350/- per bag
Amount for cement required= 7x350 = 2,450/2 Sand= (1.2/1+4) x 4 = 0.96 =App. 1 cumec
Rate for 1 cumec sand = 850/Amount for sand required= 850x1 = 850/Total Amount required for material= 2450+850= Rs.3300/-

Labour requirement for pointing


Specifications as per: IS (7272-1) 1974
Description
Unit
QTY
Mason
Mazdoor
Bhisti

Nos.
Nos.
Nos

4
2
2

Rate
450
350
250

Amount in
Rs.
1800
700
500

Amount required for labours= Rs. 1800 + 700 + 500 =Rs. 3000/-

Now,
Total amount required for pointing = Rs. 3300+ 3000 = 6300/Add for Scaffolding 1 % @ Prime Cost = Rs. 63/Add for Water Charges 2% @ Prime Cost = Rs. 126/Add for Contractor Profit 15 % @ Prime Cost = Rs. 945/Hence,
Total Amount required for Pointing of 10mm thick of 100 Sqm.
= 6300 + 63 + 126 +945 = Rs. 7434 /-

Quantity and Rate Estimation for 12 mm plastering in ceiling 1:4 with coarse
sand unit 1 sqm Take 100 sqm.
Major Material Requirement:1 Cement
2 Sand
3 Water
Quantity required for - 100 Sqm.
For 12 mm of plastering
Quantity estimation of pointing for 100 Sqm of plastering
So,
Quantity in cum=100 Sqm x 0.012 m = 1.2 cum
Hence to execute quantities of material for 1.2 cum
Assuming 20 % voids and 30% wastage of material
Hence,
The required quantity for plaster is = 1.2 x 1.5 = 1.8 cum
Cement Required = {1.8 / (1+4) x 1)}= 0.36 cum
No of bags of cement required= (0.36 x 1440)/50 = 10.36 =App. 11 Nos of bag

Rate of cement = 350/- per bag


Amount for cement required= 11 x 350 =Rs. 3850 .00 /Quantity of Sand required = {1.8 / (1+4) x 4} = 1.44 cum
Rate for 1 cum sand = Rs. 850/Amount for sand required= 850 x 1.44 = Rs. 1224/Now, Total amount required for material= 3850 + 1224 = Rs. 5074 .00 /Labour requirement for plastering
Description
Unit
QTY
Mason
Nos
1
Mazdoor
Nos
2
Bhisti
Nos
2
Specifications as per: IS (7272-1) 1974

Rate
450
350
250

Amount
450
700
500

Amount required for labours - Rs. 1650.00/Total amount required for Plastering is = Rs. 5074 + 1650 = Rs. 6724 /Scaffolding 1 % @ Prime Cost = Rs.67 /Water Charges 2% @ Prime Cost = Rs. 134.48/Contractor Profit 15 % @ Prime Cost = Rs. 1008.6/Total Amount required for Plastering of 12mm thick of 100 Sqm.
= 6724 + 67 + 134.48 + 1008.6 = Rs. 7934.08/-

BIBLOGRAPHY / READINGS

NICMAR ESTIMATION & COSTING BOOK


BOOK OF ESTIMATION & COSTING BY B. N. DATTA
IS CODES
PWD CSR

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