IA Guide

This guide will walk you through each stage of a full IA. Use it each
time you complete an IA, especially during your final IA. It is
suggested you use similar subheadings so examiners can easily
locate information and award marks where you deserve them.

Personal Engagement
This will be the opening paragraph of your report and should be written in the 1st person.

Include

I have
included

I have
checked
prior to
submission

Prove personal engagement with the topic by showing own

interest. Do this by giving details of why you wish to develop
your knowledge of this area of Biology.
Justify your reason for choosing your RQ but demonstrating
your curiosity.
Give clear evidence of your personal engagement and initiative
in your design, implementation and presentation. (Therefore
you should stick to the suggested layout of the report but you
should show initiative when it comes to presenting your work in
the most suitable way.)

Example of personal engagement

When studying the Human Physiology topic I became fascinated by the structure and
function of the heart. Being such an integral organ of the body and having myogenic
rhythm i found it intriguing. I became passionate about learning more about its role and
the changes that occur in different situations. Because the circulatory system and
respiratory system are interdependent I wondered how much their changes were linked
to one another. This led me to my general research questions.

Research Question
This can also be written in the first person if appropriate.

Include

I have
included

I have
checked
prior to
submission

State the topic from the IB course that your investigation

relates to.
State the general research question.
Include a general aim.
Include the fully focussed research question. This will probably
be in a similar format to How does a change in IV affect DV

Example of a research question

In this investigation I will be considering the following general research question:
Does increased exercise affect the ventilation rate and heart rate in mammals?
I have decided to test a range of amounts of activity and record the ventilation and heart
rates before and after exercise. This will allow me to evaluate whether a correlation
exists between increased exercise and the heart rate and ventilation rate of individuals.
The following is my focused research question:
Does a change in the amount of intensive exercise have an effect on the heart and
ventilation rates of 17 year old humans, where these rates are measured prior to and
immediately following exercise?

Hypothesis

This can be written in the first person.

Include

I have
included

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checked
prior to
submission

State what you think will happen. Include a sketch graph if

relevant.
Ensure your hypothesis is supported by the background
information (see next section)
If you are going to carry out a T test you should have an
Hypothesis and a Null hypothesis. (T
(The Null hypothesis always
states H0 = there is no significant difference between
population 1 and population 2.)
If you are not carrying out a T test then you just state the
hypothesis.

Example of a hypothesis
For this investigation, I expect to find that as duration of exercise increases, so too will
heart rate and ventilation rate. I predict that both of these values will increase in a linear
fashion and then plateau at a certain level of exercise. I think thi
this
s because the heart and
lungs cant continue to get faster and faster with no limit.
I predict the graph for both variables will look similar to this.

Background information
This should not be written in the first person. IB are not expecting you to spend hours on
background reading. Your IA should be a slight extension of ideas covered in class and
therefore your textbook should/can form the majority of your information for this section.
Remember to save any details of sources so you can reference appropriately using the APA
system. Dont forget word can organise this information for you, just use the References tab.

Include

I have
included

I have
checked
prior to
submission

Background information is entirely appropriate and relevant.

(Lots of irrelevant information will reduce the quality of your
report. Remember quality not quantity.)
All information should enhance the understanding of the
context of the investigation.
Information in background information must support your
hypothesis.
All sources must be referenced using APA. So citations should
be included in the body of the text.
Bibliography will be in alphabetical order at the end of the
report.

Example of Background information

During exercise, the partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide at the tissues is greater than at
rest due to an increase cell respiration where Carbon Dioxide is produced as a byproduct in both the Link Reaction and Krebs cycle (Clegg et al., 2007). As more ATP is
required, the more times the cell respiration process must take place, which produces
both more ATP and Carbon Dioxide. In order for cell respiration to take place in the
tissues, oxygen is required there to act as the final electron acceptor in chemiosmosis
where it is reduced to form water (another by-product). In exercise, more ATP is
required, so the rate of cell respiration is increased and therefore more oxygen is
required to prevent anaerobic respiration from taking place.
Partial pressures of carbon dioxide at the tissues are relatively high due to the
aforementioned reasons, while the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is low.
Carbon dioxide in the tissues displaces the oxygen within the haemoglobin in the blood,
resulting in the oxygen diffusing into the tissues and the carbon dioxide combining with
haemoglobin to be transported back to the lungs, in the blood (Clegg et al., 2007). The
oxygen within the tissues is then used in cell respiration, as previously explained.

Partial pressures of oxygen at the lungs are relatively high upon inspiration, whereas in
the blood at the lungs the partial pressure of oxygen is low due to the presence of
carbon dioxide within the haemoglobin (Clegg et al., 2007). As a result, oxygen
displaces carbon dioxide from the haemoglobin, which can then be transported to the
tissues. Carbon dioxide diffuses across the basement membrane, into the alveoli and is
expelled from the lungs upon expiration. Ventilation is required for the inhalation of
oxygen and the exhalation of carbon dioxide in this process.

Choosing a Statistical Model

You will not write about the statistical model yet in your report, however, in order for you to plan
your investigation you must first know what analysis you are going to do. Dont forget the
number of repeats and range of IV will vary depending on the statistical model you chose. Also
your RQ will lend itself to some statistical models more than others. Use the following
information to select the appropriate model.
STATS ROUTE PLANNER

Are you testing

for a difference?

OR

Are you testing for

an association?

Does your data

show (is it likely
to show) normal
distribution?

Categoric
measurements

Interval
(Continuous)

T- test

Chi Squared Test

STDEV or
standard error

T- test requires at least 10 readings for each set of data. E.g is there a difference between
the mass of M and Ms and Smarties? You must measure the mass of at least 10 M and
Ms and 10 Smarties.
Chi squared test requires as many collected results as possible to compare observed
results and expected.
STDEV requires a range of at least 5 intervals. Each interval should be equal in value.
Each interval should be repeated at least 5 times.

Variables
State your independent and dependent variable. Ensure you include ranges and units. Record
your control variables in a table stating the variable, describing how it will be controlled and why
it needs to be controlled.

Include

I have
included

I have
checked
prior to
submission

IV correctly identified with units/range

DV (as directly recorded) correctly identified
with units. Statement made if further calculations need to be
performed on DV
State each control variable- you should have 4 at the very least
Explain how each control variable will be controlled and include
any measurements and equipment
Describe why it is important to control each of these variables
to make the practical more valid

Example of Variables
The Independent Variable is the amount of exercise, as it is as a result of a change in
this variable that leads to a change in my dependant variables, the ventilation rate and
heart rate. As the duration of exercise increases, the heart rate and ventilation rate are
required to respond similarly in order for gas exchange to occur at the required rate. The
amount of exercise will be varied by climbing a different number of stairs each time.

Participants will run up 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and finally 6 flights of stairs. Each flight of stairs will
be 10 steps high.
The Dependent Variables will therefore be the ventilation rate and heart rate, as
according to my hypothesis, both rates are affected by a change in my independent
variable exercise. As the independent variable either increases/decreases, ventilation
rate and heart rate is required to respond similarly due to a need for the exchange of
these gases between the bloodstream and the tissues/alveoli to occur at a greater rate.
In order to record these two measurements the following procedures will be used (more
details given in method).
Measuring heart rate- Using a stethoscope and counting how many beats are heard in 1
minute.
Measuring ventilation rate- With the individual lying down, ventilation rate will be
measured by counting the number of times the chest rises in a minute.
Control Variables
Variable to control

Excursion
experiment

Rest period

prior

to

How it will be controlled

Why it needs
controlled

to

be

The experiment will be

carried out in the morning
and the participants will be
asked to not take part in
any physical activity on the
morning of the test.

Depending on how recent

the exercise was, it might
affect the starting heart
rate and ventilation rate
that we measure. Or more
likely it could affect the
performance
of
the
participant. We want to be
able to compare rates
before and after exercise
but the difference in these
may not be as great if the
participant
is
already
exhausted and cannot fulfil
the test appropriately.

To ensure each participant

is starting the exercise
with resting heart rate they
will be seated for 10
minutes after arriving at
the test area.

There is a measurable
difference between the
heart rate of an individual
fully rested, standing and
after
doing
physical
exertion. For the sake of
this experiment the resting
heart rate will be measure

when the participant is

seated. This will remove
any variation in heart and
ventilation rates due to
increased respiration, due
to muscles being used to
support the body.

Preliminary experiment
You may need to carry out preliminary experiments to ascertain certain measurements. For
example if you are investigating osmosis and you plan to dissolve different masses of salt into
100ml of water, it might be necessary to find out the saturation point to determine the different
masses of salt youll use. If preliminary experiments are relevant, make sure you record what
you did and learnt from them.

Include

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included

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checked
prior to
submission

Describe fully what you investigated in your preliminary tests

(include diagrams if relevant).
Describe why you carried out this preliminary experiment.
Explain what you found out.
State how it has had an impact on your choice of final method.
Example of Preliminary experiment
I was unsure of how many flights of stairs to ask participants to climb. I therefore
attempted to run up as many flights as possible as fast as possible. My upper limit for
this was 6 flights of stairs. As a person of what I would consider average fitness
(exercising on average 2/3 times a week) I thought this number appropriate.

Safety and ethical considerations

Dont just state that you must take care. List the things you will do to take care for example
wear goggles. However, in addition to this you must state what you need to do if an accident
happens for example what action must be taken if the substance you are using gets in the eyes

or on the skin. Hazcards can be obtained from the technicians which list care and action
instructions for all chemicals we use in school.
Ethical considerations must be taken into account if living organisms are being used. You need
to state how you are taking into account the welfare of the organism.
Include

I have
included

I have
checked
prior to
submission

List and describe fully all safety consideration that are relevant.
(Do not say- we will take care when... Describe how care will
be taken e.g ventilated room, using tongs, wearing goggles,
incinerating waste.)
Describe what action you will take if an accident happens e.g
use sand to soak up spilt liquids, use an eye wash to rinse the
eye for a minimum of 10 minutes.
List/describe fully all ethical considerations that are relevant.
List/describe fully any environmental issues that are relevant.
Include reference to these, where appropriate, in the
methodology. (See method.)

Example of Safety considerations

In order to ensure the safety of participants the following things have been taken into
consideration.
1. All participants will carry out physical activity at least once a week so will be used to
carrying out strenuous exercise.
2. Most accidents happen when individuals descend stairs so participants will use the lift
to return to the ground floor. (www.auburn.edu/cws)
3. Participants will be encouraged to eat their normal breakfast on the morning of the
experiment.
4. Water will be readily available throughout the duration of the experiment.
5. Participants will be allowed to stop if they feel unwell at any point.
6. The school nurse is on call if medical attention is required.

Apparatus

This is simply a list of all the equipment you will use. State sizes, for example 250ml beaker and
the precision of the instruments e.g +/- 0.5 ml
Include

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prior to
submission

A list of all equipment being used even if it is shown in a

diagram
Sizes of equipment to be mentioned where relevant
Precision of all relevant equipment to be stated

Example of equipment
One digital stopwatch (to nearest millisecond) (+/- 0.5ms)
Six flights of stairs (x60 steps in total)
Method
Your method may be divided into 2 or 3 sections if appropriate. For example- Before the
experiment, During the experiment, Collecting the data. Aim to begin each sentence with a verb,
for example: Pour, Clamp, Measure, Hold, Weigh. In most cases a diagram is the best way to
show the setup of equipment. This can be in the form an image found online (cited) or a photo
of your work. Ensure that your method includes reference to your control variables and safety
and ethical considerations.

Include

Number stages in the correct order

Show set up of equipment in a diagram if it is easier than using
an explanation
Include reference to all your control variables in your method
and present them in a table

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Include health and safety considerations and ethical and

environmental awareness, where relevant, within the method
Divide your method into sections if it is easier. For example
Before the experiment, During the experiment
Include units and range/increments of IV and a description of
how the range was chosen
Include DV as it is directly recorded with correct units.
Statement included if further calculations need to be performed
Include any descriptions relevant to collecting the data in the
same manner each time
Fully cited published protocols if used
Minimum of 5 increments over a suitable range for the IV
(unless comparing populations)
Sufficient repeats at each increment to ensure reliability and to
allow for your chosen stats analysis
The method can be easily and specifically replicated by the
reader
Choice of data presentation method stated and explained
Explain how raw data will be transformed into processed data
for plotting and analysis
Choice of statistical test stated and explained

Example of a method
1. Participant 1 to rest in a seated position for 10 minutes.
2. After 10 minutes measure their resting heart rate and ventilation rate.
3. Before starting the exercise participants are reminded to use the lift to come downstairs to the
original floor.
4. Participant 1 to run as fast as they can up 1 flight of steps (10 stairs in total).
5. Immediately after participant 1 is to lie on the floor. The two individuals recording data will
measure both heart rate and ventilation rate over the course of 1 minute (uncertainty +/-1
beat/breathe)

6. Participant 1 to rest for 10 minutes in the seated position.

7. Participant 1 to run as fast as they can up two flights of stairs, 20 steps in total.
8. Immediately after participant 1 is to lie on the floor and the measurements of both heart rate
and ventilation rate are recorded again (using method described earlier).
9. This is repeated a further 4 times until the participant has climbed 30, 40, 50 and 60 steps,
each time having their heart rate and breathing rate recorded immediately after.
10. This whole procedure is then repeated with 4 different participants.

Collecting the data

You may not pool data. You must be carrying out your own research which is different to
everyone elses in the class. You may however, enrol volunteers to assist in your data
collection. Their names must be included in your report if you do have assistance.

Things to do

Follow your method exactly making sure you stick to the control
variables you have described.
As you carry out your practical check your method makes
sense and is in the correct order.
As you become aware of difficulties and things that could be
improved, record them, this will be helpful later when you write
your evaluation.
Record any observations you make that are not quantitative.
These might help you to analyse and conclude data later on.
Ensure you are collecting enough data to carry out the
appropriate statistical analysis.
Methodology is highly appropriate because it takes into
consideration all, or nearly all, significant factors which affect
the relevance, reliability and sufficiency of the data collection.

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Data
All raw data must be included in your report. You must then process this data suitably, including
some statistical analysis and a suitable graph.
Things to do

Sufficient relative quantitative raw data that could support a

detailed and valid conclusion to the research question
Sufficient relative and qualitative raw data that could support a
detailed and valid conclusion to the research question
Relevant raw data and processed results in a single table.
Independent variable in 1st column. At least one control
measurement indicated.
Associated qualitative data must be recorded
Units if IV and DV present and correct
Uncertainties stated and correct
All data recorded correctly and honestly
Decimal points are consistent throughout and consistent with
the precision of the measuring equipment
Raw and processed data clearly distinguished
Calculations to determine DV if necessary
Calculations and statistical tests appropriate to the
investigation and RQ
Mathematics is correctly applied
Worked example calculations are given
Standard deviation or other statistical analysis included where
appropriate
Processed data consistent with precision of instrument
Titles self-explanatory and complete
Appropriate choice of graph
Axes are labelled clearly with SI units and uncertainties
Axes scaled appropriately

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Error bars included unless insignificant

Error bar source (e.g SD) stated
Appropriate best fit or trend line
Tables and graphs do not break across pages
Effective use of space for clarity of presentation
Graphs clear with appropriate use of colouring
Example - See table and graph included in The perfect IA

Analysis
This section requires you to make general comments about the trends and patterns in your
data. Essentially you are using your graph to describe any relationships that are suggested by
the shape of your graph. Use specific data points to support the statements you are making.

Include

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included

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checked
prior to
submission

Patterns and trends in data suggested with reference to

graphs/tables
Comparisons made within and between data sets
The mention of specific data points

Example of analysis
The overall trend suggests that as exercise increases both heart rate and ventilation rate
increases (Figure 1). The independent and dependent variables show a positive
correlation. There also appears to be a correlation between the two sets of data. Both
appear to have a similar upward trend in terms of rate of change. This can be seen
overall by similar gradients of both lines on the graph. There are data points that do not
fit the overall upward trend. Amount of exercise 2 and 3 had the same affect, on
average, on ventilation rate. And amount of exercise 5 had a lesser effect on ventilation
rate that amount of exercise 4. A similar inconsistency can be seen with heart rate.
Amount of exercise 6 has a lesser effect on heart rate than amount of exercise 5. The
rate of change also differs depending on amount of exercise. Ignoring point 6, there is a
greater rate of change in heart rate the more exercise is carried out. The gradient of the
graph between points 3 and 5 is much steeper than it is between points 1 and 3. This is

not so true of ventilation rate. if points 3 and 5 were to be ignored then each section of
the graph appears to have a similar gradient suggesting the rate of change of ventilation
rate is fairly linear. As suggested previously in the analysis, I believe the following
highlighted data points to be anomalies.
Conclusion

This section requires you to use statistical analysis to prove or disprove your hypothesis if you
can. This section is different to the analysis section. Here you are trying to ascertain if you can
categorically say if there is a relationship between your IV and DV. You will look more closely at
specific data points and your error bars and make more direct comments rather than the more
general comments made in the analysis.

Include

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included

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checked
prior to
submission

A scientific explanation of your results. In most cases this will

relate back to facts in your background information
Comparisons made between your data and published data
Associated qualitative data to add value to your conclusions
Data related to RQ and hypothesis
Appropriate language used supports my hypothesis. Not
proves
Reference to error bars to support validity of your conclusion.
Variability of data will alter your confidence in that data
Anomalous points identified and explained
Example of a conclusion
The aim of the experiment was to prove a correlation between change in heart rate and
ventilation rate when there is a change in the amount of exercise. My hypothesis stated
that I expect to find that as duration of exercise increases, so too will heart rate and
ventilation rate. The data supports this hypothesis. Although some points appear to be
anomalies there is an overall positive correlation between exercise and heart rate and
ventilation rate. Using Spearmans rank I can also conclude there is a correlation
between heart rate and ventilation rate with a change in amount of exercise. The
correlation calculated using Spearmans Rank gave a value of 0.79. A value of 1 would
suggest a strong positive correlation and 0 no correlation. Therefore, 0.79 gives me
confidence concluding that there is a strong correlation between the effect of exercise

on these two body systems. This is to be expected, based on background knowledge.

The more exercise a person carries out the more their muscle cells respire to allow for
the contraction of muscles fibres. A difference in partial pressure of gases must be
maintained in order to keep carbon dioxide and oxygen flowing out of and into the cells
respectively. This is achieved by blood flow caused by cardiac contractions. In order for
the blood to be full of oxygen in the first place ventilation must occur and if muscle cells
are using this oxygen up more quickly ventilation must also, therefore, happen quicker.
A study was carried out to investigate the effects of physical exercise on ventilation.
Rather than the rate of ventilation being measure the study used the volume of exhaled
air per minute in litres as an indication of amount of ventilation. The results support the
findings made in this investigation. The relationship here is much more linear and there
is little variability between results collected in different studies. Although my investigation
may be deemed less reliable the overall trend is the same. (Graph of this secondary
data would then be included).
The error bars (1 STDEV) show great variation in data repeats which suggests the data
to be unreliable (Figure 2.). The difference between exercise 2 and 3 and 5 and 6
can not be classed as significantly different in terms of a change in heart rate. The range
in % change increases as heart rate increases. There is a difference of 7% after
exercise 1 compared to 55% after exercise 5 (exercise 6 appears to be an anomaly
so has been left out of this example).
For ventilation rate the results are even less reliable. It can be considered that exercise
1 and 2 are significantly different. However, exercises 2 to 5 can not be concluded
as significantly different to one another. However data points 5 and 6 are (Figure 3.).
Even though some data points are unreliable the Spearmans Rank calculation suggests
a strong correlation.
The scientific justification for my findings is that during exercise, cell respiration rate
increases, requiring both more oxygen and producing more carbon dioxide. As a result,
heart rate must increase upon exercise in order to both continue to provide the gradient
for gas exchange to occur at the tissues and at the lungs, and to provide sufficient
amounts of haemoglobin for the transport of these gases through the provision of
erythrocytes containing haemoglobin. Ventilation rate must also increase, in order for
this greater concentration of carbon dioxide to be removed from the blood stream (and
expelled from the body) and to provide a greater volume of oxygen to be transported to
the tissues (through the bloodstream) for cell respiration. Ventilation rate also increases
upon exercise to maintain the difference in partial pressures of carbon dioxide and
oxygen between the bloodstream and the alveoli, so that gas exchange can occur
between these areas, when volumes of these gases increase due to increased activity,
and hence increased heart rate.
Despite participant 2 having had caffeine before the experiment he did not have the
highest heart rate. It is impossible to tell from my data whether or not it affected the
results. What was interesting was that participant 4 was one of the individuals which
appeared flushed after the experiment and they had one of the highest heart rates.
Possible these factors are linked.

Evaluation
In this section you will discuss the limitations of your experiment and make suggestions for
improvements. You will also suggest further development of your investigation. You must make
reference to reliability, precision, validity and accuracy as separate entities and with respect to
different parts of the methodology.

Include

Analysis of the appropriateness of the range in relation to the

RQ. (Validity)
Random biological variation highlighted
Measurement and instrument errors. (Accuracy)
Systematic errors (problems with the method). (Validity)
Limitations of precision of instruments. (Precision)
Suitable number of repeats. (Reliability)
Any other limitations of the practical
Based on the limitations mentioned above, suggest
improvements for each of them
Improvements must be achievable and realistic
Improvements are specific and explained
Improvements are cited when linked to published protocols
Further investigations are suggested
Dont forget to finish with an alphabetised list of references

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Example of an evaluation
Limitation
Using
stethoscope

Why it is a limitation

How it will be improved

a There is too much room for human error Use a digital heart rate
and it considerable affected the precision monitor
of results. There was a lot of background
noise from the participants which made it
difficult to hear the heartbeats. As the
frequency of heartbeats increases the
error seems to increase as shown by the
error bars on the graph.

Participants
stimulant intake

One participant admitted to having had a

coffee 1.5 hours before the experiment.
Caffeine acts as a stimulant raising heart
rate which would have affected the validity
of the results as the subjects were not as
similar in their starting states as planned.

As caffeine takes more than

6 hours to fully leave the
system (Neuroscience for
kids- caffeine, n.d.) this
participant should not have
been allowed to participate.
Or their data should have
been collected the following
day.

Measuring
ventilation

The method used for ventilation was Use a spirometer which

rather rudimentary affecting the precision. measures the volume of
Also people were conscious of their inhaled and exhaled air.
breathing and may have controlled their
breathes. This would affects the accuracy
if the results.

Using
different Different subjects were used as a means
participants
to repeat data. The reason we did this
was to save time. If we had used the
same individual to complete all test it
would have taken many hours to complete
the study. This reduced reliability of our
data.

Use just one participant to

complete all data to make
the results more reliable.
Other subjects could then
carry out the full test as a
means
to
compare
individuals.This would then
ensure that exercise has a
similar effect on all humans.

Number of repeats

Carrying out more repeats

will improve reliability. The
more repeats that are
similar gives confidence that
these similar results are
correct. Any that are too far
from these similar data
points can be excluded from
calculated means.

Suggested anomalies have been made,

however, because there is so much
variability in data it has been hard to
identify which results are anomalous. For
example, when the data ranged from a
change in ventilation rate from 19% to
34%, with most data in the mid 20s, it was
impossible to decide whether to exclude
19%, 34% or both. Because there was no
way of answering this question all data
was included in the average.

Using number of
flights of stairs
climbed as the
independent
variable

Other studies I have since looked at

changed the intensity of the exercise by
measuring the power output of the
individual. This is a much better measure
of doing more exercise. Although we
asked participants to run up the stairs as
they became more fatigued they ran
slower.

Power calculations take into

account work done and the
time taken. This would give
us a much more accurate
measurement of the amount
of exercise done.

Fatigue

Participants were enthusiastic at the

beginning of the experiment but they
noticeably tired throughout the morning.
By the time they were completing their
final sets their enthusiasm dwindled.

Each change in exercise

could be carried out on a
separate day so fatigue
didnt affect the results
collected later on in the
experiment.

Heart rate when Some of the change in heart rate is not

seated
and due to the exercise but instead due to the
standing
is change in position from sitting to standing.
different

Resting heart rate might be

better measured after the
participant has rested for 10
mins but is standing rather
than seated.

Range
independent
variable

of In the published data it appears that heart If I increased the range of

rate and ventilation rate start to plateau or number of flights of stairs
certainly reduce in rate of increase. I did climbed it may allow me to
not collect a significant range of data to also witness this.
see this effect.

I would be interested in further developing this investigation to see if there is a link

between an increase in heart rate and heat emitted from the body. As i recorded in my
observations people became visibly red in the face which suggests vasodilation as the
body attempts to radiate heat away. I would expect to see a correlation between these
two variables.

Communication
Marks are awarded for your report being easy to follow and its relevance.
Include

The presentation and layout is clear.

The written work is concise and clear.
The report is relevant and concise facilitating a full

I have
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understanding of focus, processes and outcomes.

Subject specific terminology and convention are appropriate
and correct.

(Strongly) Suggested layout

Follow the guidelines to produce a report that an IB examiner will enjoy marking.
1. Cover sheet- Use the one shared with you, do not change font style or size Just fill in the
gaps
2. Use one standard font style and size throughout.
3. Include a contents page.
4. Pages must be numbered, starting from the introduction.
5. Second line of all references should be indented.
6. All graphs, charts, diagrams must be labelled starting with Figure 1.
7. APA reference system to be used.