Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kâpung Introduction
Rawang låga nö English Lågasè pñn lîë nô mðnyângâ. Wervt låga vrulðm
vtêng ku nö Romanize Writing System alëe. Lågasè yalîngç Rawang mvdërè,
ângwâ xèwânñng xônè kârèsñng sânë nô vru lðm rvt çe.
Dvtí we (Instruction):
Vdåpñn kâ, låga nñng wðngzârèë kâ, låga åsvnxè dvgvp yarè zómdñnge.
Orthography Phonemes
Grapheme
Phonetics
I. *Rawang Kâru Ângkäcñngla (Alphabet):
i e a v ö u o
g k h j c d t
x f s z n b p
l r m w y
I E A V Ö U O
G K H J C D T
X F S Z N B P
L R M W Y
Note: [Darè nö Kâru Ângkäcñngla (Alphabet) mâdáyângè.]
II. Ânggí nñng Ângmâcñngla
( Consonants and Vowels): [Phonemes of Rawang Language.]
1. Ângmâcñngla (Vowels):[From Mr. Robert H. Morse, Sr.,]
i e
a v ö
u o
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RAWANG Kàru Àngké Dvbóng
3. Wurç vrulðm gâr pñn (Cursive Alphabet):
[--] [ ] [¯ ] [ ` ] [ ´ ] [ -q ]
I, i i é è ç iq
E, e e æ å ä eq
A, a a ã â á aq
V, v v- -ò- -ñ- -ð- (-vq)
Ö, ö ö õ ô ó öq
U, u u ï î í uq
O, o o ì ë ê oq
Kâxvbêng: èçèe, Kr., yè yèèe, Mw., çaëa ça, çaç (Rvxóm) çaë we ç we tiqlëng in Mw.
Note: Xaq nö ângmâcñngla mvdñmmö wa zðng râe. Xaq tiq cângç lvjöm
rçë we ç rvt, xaq mâzðng mvdaq. Hweram xaq nñng xèwânñng xaq
nö tiqdvcá góng rvt, hweram xaq måzángënè gö daqe. Çwe, sñmrärè
xångötlíngë ke, hweram xaq vlle, wa xñngönt râe.
Note: [“v” cñng mvlðngxè. Kâxvbêng, vnç, vxôm, vcuq, vxvt, Vpong,
Vdó etc.., article ç rvt mvlðngxè we çe.]
2. Xèwânñng Nvmbvt rölëng (Ordinary Number):
[Naqtë dvtiq rö we] [Naqtë rölëng]
1st Mätiq Dvngtiq Ditjëy
2nd Mänç Dvngnç Mâjëy
3rd Mäxôm Dvngxôm Jèngnñm
4th Mäbè Dvngbè Kvknñm
5th Mängâ Dvngngâ Xixawt
6th Mäcuq Dvngcuq Lapeq
7th Mängit Dvngngit Kokdáwng
8th Mäxvt Dvngxvt Lângprâ
9th Mägô Dvnggô Magëy
10th Mäsä Dvngsä Xupxç
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RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng SAMUEL
A. Ângmâcñngla (Vowels):
1. Xaq yvngcñngla (Long Vowels):
i e a ö u o
[ i /ai ] i, Start with the jaw open wide for the /a / sound and closed
part way for the / i / sound. Two Vowels together, making
compound sound. Say: ça, çe – yes, i, è, ç, iq, etc..,
[ e / i / ] e, The lips are drawn back the jaw is dropped slightly as that
the teeth are a part. The tongue is raised midway.
Say: åç, ee, åä, åçe, e, å, ä, eq, etc..,
[a /e / ] a, The jaw are opened about half an inch. The tongue is
down. Say: âa, a kind of bamboo, âe- to boast, aâ! to be
surprise, a, â, á, aq, etc..,
[ö / eu /] ö, The lips are in an opened position. The tongue is down.
Say: öë, cover with dirt, óe, smoking, ö, ô, ó, öq, etc..,
[u / yu /] u, The sound of /yu / is necessary. The jaws are slightly
lowered. The lips are in smiling position, moving to a whistle
position. The tongue is down. Say: íë, spinning, u, î, í, uq,
etc..,
[o / o / ] o, The lips are rounded. The jaw is dropped about one inch.
Say: o!, surprise, ëä, yes, agree to someone. o, ë, ê, oq,
etc..,
2. Xaq tôcñngnç (Short Vowels):
[v / a / ] -v- The jaws are opened by one inch. The tongue is down.
Say: -v-, -ñ-,-ð-,vq?, etc. Vzñngkaq nñng måpvnglap
ânggícñng mvrvmxè kvt kånç nö kâkôm lvjöm mâvl. “a”
cñng nö Long Vowel ç nô, “v” cñng nö Short Vowel çe.
Vrá, Gvnông kâtaq, kâxvdín: “xñ”, “xð” nñng Dèngraq
kâtaq “lñ” wa lðng xvlae.
Note: “v” cñng nö English kârutaq ânggícñng (Consonant) çaëe. Rawang kârutaq
ângmâcñng (Vowel) ku lángèe. Gvlômxöl, gvlexölsårè lingxèdvr má? wa
dvdvm lðm vlle. Rawang kâtaq “v” cângç pðngxè we (Initial) vl rvt “a”
xaq, tôcñng (short “a”) cñng dö tvle râlong má?
[aw / / ] oo=aw, The jaw is down, the lips are rounded. The tongue is
in the middle back position. Say: awng, passed examination,
not ong (for 1st person Singular dvpvt)
lo - lawng, not long, gone.
të - tawng, not tong, to carry in a cart. [tawngxônge]
tëng - tâwng, not tëng, to kick, or to play a ball.
kê - káwngëe, not kêngëe, to preach.
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SAMUEL RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng
3. Dvgá cñngnç (Other Vowels):
[w, y,] w, y cñngnç nö ângmâcñngla nñng wa lðng xvlae. English kâtaq
semi vowels alëe. “w” is equal to o / u, kâxvbêng, åwíë, åíë,
etc.., “y” sometimes take the /ai, oi, öi position. ai= ay, oi=oy,
öi=öy, etc..,
4. Vowel Shifts:
[Rawang kâru ângmâcñngla nö dvgá pñn kâ nñng mâbêng.
Ângmâcñngla tiqmaq nö xôngósñng sânë nô vlçnge. Welëngsñng
ângmâcñngla (Vowel Shifts) vpovmme, alëe. Werè nö;
Kâxvbêng:
i =ö, di = dönge, v =a, kðng = kángëe, u=o, tu =tongëe, oo=aw,
të=tawngxônge, lo=lawnge, kê = káwngëe, = káwngangëe, etc..,
Kâxvbêng:
1. a – i, “a” cñngsñng “i” rvmxèvm kvt, “ai” çe. Çwe, “i” tvle nö
“y” ç rvt, “ai” nö “ay” vpovmme. Vkây, the 5th daughter, áy,
áygê- goodbye! in Krvngkí. Háy- to arrive in Dèngsâ,
Xèlâ, hays’dông, hçpa, in Mvrangdîng.
2. v – a, “v” cñngsñng “a” rvmxèvm kvt, “va” çe. Çwe, “a” tvle nö
“y” ç rvt, “va” nö “vy” vpovmme. Kðy, bite, kä, tðy, big, tä.
3. ö – i, “ö” cñngsñng “i” rvmxèvm kvt, “öi” çe. Çwe, “i” tvle nö
“y” ç rvt, “öi” nö “öy” vpovmme. Töy- splite, söy, blood, sóy,
comb, vgöy, dvgöy, dog, söqóy, bear, etc.., Mvdërèë kâsñng
sñn nô vru lðm vlle.
4. o – i, “o” cñngsñng “i” rvmxèvm kvt “oi” çe. Çwe, “i” tvle nö “y”
ç rvt, “oi” cñng nö “oy” vpovmme. Vgëy- monkey, këy, loan,
joy, viss, Vdêy, mètádêy, etc..,
5. u- i, “u” cñngsñng “i” rvmxèvm kvt, “ui” çe. Çwe, “i” tvle nö
“y” ç rvt,“ui”cñng nö “uy”vpovmme. Vlä kîy, kwå, tape kîy, kuyyë,
kweë in Mw. etc..,
6. e - i, “e” cñngsñng “i” rvmxèvm kvt, “ei” çe. Çwe, “i” cñng tvle
“y” ç rvt, “ei” nö “ey” vpovmme. Vtäy má ç?
7. Au, aw cñngnç nö ângmâxvgömp ç we, “y” cñng tvle nô lðng
mvrâ. Nènggrau, paqdñng in Mw., graînôngê, vlínnöng, praí,
jikraí, grauwa, täwa, Mw. etc..,
b b, Lips together, hum as you blow lips opened. Say: ba, jump
over. Kâxvbêng: ba, bâ, bá, baq, etc..,
p p, Lips together, blow them open with a puff of air. Say: pa- side.
Kâxvbêng: pa, pâ, pá, paq, etc..,
d d, With tongue touching the gum ridge behind the teeth, lips
6
RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng SAMUEL
slightly parted. Say: da, vda, to welcome. Kâxvbêng: da, dâ, dá,
daq, etc..,
t t, Touch together to the gum ridge behind the upper teeth. Say: ta,
tun ta [to catch a fish with a basket]. Kâxvbêng: ta, tâ, tá, taq,
etc..,
g g, Tip the back of the tongue quickly against the soft palate as
before. Hum as you send your breath out. Say: ga. to break glass.
Kâxvbêng: ga, gâ, gá, gaq, etc..,
k k, Tip the back of the tongue quickly against the soft palate as you
send your breath out. Say: ka- chicken. kw, sound “k” and “w” closed
together as (qua) kwa, kwá. Kâxvbêng: ka, kâ, ká, kaq, etc..,
h h, Part lips and breath out with sigh. ha, to be cursed.
hw, round lips as if to blow out a candle. Say: hwa, vgo hwaxèe.
Kâxvbêng: ha, hâ, há, haq, etc..,
w w, Round lips as if to blow out a candle. Say: wa, to speak.
Kâxvbêng: wa, wâ, wá, waq, etc..,
j j, Place tongue tip on the gum ridge as the tongue drops.
Say: ja, to plan. Kâxvbêng: ja, jâ, já, jaq.
c c, Slide the sound of “ch” or “t” sound of “x” together. Say: ca,
bird in Kr, cá, drunkard. Kâxvbêng: ca, câ, cá, caq, etc..,
z z, Hold the teeth together with tip of the tongue up but not
touching the gum ridge, as you blow air past the tongue. Say: za,
to understand. Kâxvbêng: za, zâ, zá, zaq, etc..,
(ts) ts, Push lips (forward, or backward) lift tongue slightly, without
touching roof of the mouth, blow out the air with a hum.
Say: tsa, to wait in Kr. Kâxvbêng: tsa, tsâ, tsá, tsaq, etc.
s s, Hold the teeth together with tip of the tongue up but not touching
the gum ridge. Blow air past tongue with a heavy sound. Say: sa- bird
in Mw. Kâxvbêng: sa, sâ, sá, saq, etc..,
x x,(sh)Push the lips (backward, or forward). Lift the tongue slightly
without touching the roof of the mouth, blow it.
Say: xa- flesh in Mw. Kâxvbêng: xa, xâ, xá, xaq etc..,
m m, Lips together as for “p” and “b”. Say: ma- to deny.
Kâxvbêng: ma, mâ, má, maq, etc..,
n n, With tongue touching gum ridge behind the teeth.
Say: na – to accuse. Kâxvbêng: na, nâ, ná, naq, etc..,
l l, With tongue tip on the gum ridge, keep the tongue up and let
the breath flow around the side of the tongue as you hum. Say: la,
unreap. Kâxvbêng: la, lâ, lá, laq, etc..,
r r, Shift tongue back slightly from the position for / l / with
tip upward, touching the upper teeth, make sounds in the throat.
The air comes along the roof of the mouth over the tip of the tongue.
Say: ra, hit the target. Kâxvbêng: ra, râ, rá, raq, etc..,
y y, Place the tongue against your teeth at the tip of the mouth so that
it is flat on each side pass air over the tongue. Say: ya- addicted.
Gani ya. Kâxvbêng: ya, yâ, yá, yaq, etc..,
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SAMUEL RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng
f f, With lower lip slightly against the upper teeth, blow out gently.
Say: fa, fax, faro. Falong, fitnëe. Kâxvbêng: fa, fâ, fá, faq, etc..,
(ng) ng, Make the back of the tongue touch the soft palate. Force air
through the nose, make the sound in the nose. Say: nga, fish.
Kâxvbêng: nga, ngâ, ngá, ngaq, etc..,
(ny) ny, Make the forward of the tongue touch the soft palate. Force
back, air through the nose. Say: nya, to feed a baby.
Kâxvbêng: nya, nyâ, nyá, nyaq, etc..,
ey öy
ay vy uy
au aw oy etc..,
high i ö
mid e v u
low a aw o
()
8
RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng SAMUEL
3. Ânggíxvgömprè (Double Consonants) Nñmlat pñn
gl kl ml bl pl
gr kr mr br pr
gw kw mw bw pw
gy ky my by py
9
SAMUEL RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng
my, dvmyaq, dvmyaqç myaqðmbóâ. Vmyat mvzðn mâmyat
by, Pîngbyá, Pîngbyáá, nñm byâbö má? pvyñnggä! Tobya
rvp, Lvbyen, sabya, byo, etc..,
py, Pyakngë, vpyaq, Pyu Kingdom, pyëyå, etc. (loan word)
Kh, hk, Ní nñng Vnîng kâtaq lángëe. [See, Vnîng version.]
ch, Chiang Mai, Chiang Tein [loan word, Alphabetyðng Single
Consonant ç rvt, “ch” cñng initialtaq mvlðngxè.]
th, (Rawang mvdëtaq vl má?)
sh Mashawng, Brangshawng, Mashaw, Dvgárèë bông vrualðm
wa vlle. [Alphabetyðng Single Consonant ç rvt, “sh” cñng
initialtaq mvlðngxè]
ts, “ts” cñng nö Mw. kâtaq “s” ç bônne. Çwe, dvgá mvdërèë kâtaq
mâlðng mvdaq we tiq cñng çe. Tsonuq, tsñn, tsñl, tsa, tsêna!
f, fitnëe. fçfç wa dvfçxèe., Faro, Falong, Fax etc..,
ng, nga, ngâ, ngá (mvdñmyðng vbábóè, ng ( ),
ny, nya, nyaq, nyut, nyuq, ny, ( ) etc..,
Note: Ângmâxvgömpcñngla nö Xânxär Låga kâtaq tiqmaq wa lðngxèe. Täwa
nö, mvdërèë kâtaq lðng dñnge.
10
RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng SAMUEL
Note: -“ng” cñng nö “D” ng (double) pñn ç we, tiq cñng wa lðngxèe.
Kâxvbêng: ngangnge > ngange. ngöngnge >ngönge, etc..,
4. Kâkömtaq mvlðngxè we Ânggícñngla:
-g, -h, -j, -c, -x, -d, -s, -z, -b, -w,* -f, -ny ( ).
-nt is nasal dental, -nk is nasal velar and –mp is nasal bilabial.
1. -nt, gönt, könt, hönt, jönt, cönt, dönt, tönt, sönt, zönt, nönt, bönt,
pönt, lönt, rönt, mönt, wönt, yönt, xönt, fönt.
2. -mp, gömp, kömp, hömp, jömp, cömp, dömp, tömp, sömp, zömp,
nömp, bömp, pömp, lömp, römp, mömp, wömp, yömp, xömp,
fömp.
3. -nk, gönk, könk, hönk, jönk, cönk, dönk, tönk, sönk, zönk, nönk,
bönk, pönk, lönk, rönk, mönk, wönk, yönk, xönk, fönk.
Note:Kâkômrè yadö zçxènè gö, 1st Person, Singulartaq wa lðngxèe. Dvgá gólataq
nö xôngósñng sânë nô vlçnge. Yadö bônlëng nö xèwânñng xônkâ ç rvt,
wedö vrua râe. [“Nönt” wa cñngni vl kvt kånç nö dvgárè,“bönt”, “lömp”,
“lönk” etc., wa cñngla gö dvtç (rule) tiq pñn wa çe.] Çwe, -nk cñng nö
“ö” cñngtaq wa lðngxèe. (i, e, a, v, u, o yðng lðng mvrâ.)
Kâxvbêng: Kârö, “Nönt” xvná xaq. Xôngó dvtç ku vrvngxèe.
Singular Dual Plural
Ngâç nöntnëe. Ngânçç nöntxëe. Nöngmaqç nötnèe.
I We, two We
Nâç ånötnëe. Nânçç ånöntxëe. Nâmaqç ånöntnônge.
You (single) You, two You (plural)
Ângç nötnëe. Ângnçç nötnëe. Ângmaqç nötnëe.
He / She They, two They (plural)
Note: Dvgá pñn dvsè kâtaq ângmâ tiq cângç wa kâ mvbôn. Çwe, Rawang
kâtaq ângmâ tiq cângç wa gö kâ lvjöm vlle. “C” nö Consonant,
“V” nö Vowel wa lvjöm çe. Yalëngsñng, “V”, “VC” & “CV” pattern
alëe.
order 2. pattern [vc ] order 3. Pattern [ vcv ]
ip
ap vtuq
ep vbuq
up
öp Vpuq
ut vpiq
ön vhaq
or
íl vmaq
äm
vt
öt
öm
Note: Yadö cv, vc, patternrè nö, tiq kånç - yvng vtvng 28 höq vlle. Pattern
tiq pñn nö ângbok vru lðm vlle.
dvlönkngangðmdakngënöng - 23
damvlönkngangðmdakngënöng – 25
damvlönkngangðmmanglêngënöng-28
13
SAMUEL RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng
Chart of the
A a a a ay, au, aw
B b b b
C c c c
D d d d
E e e e ey
F f f f
G g g g
H h h h
I i i i ii
J j j j
K k k k
L l l l
Mm m m
N n n n
O o o o oy
P p p p
Q q q q
R r r r
S s s s
T t t t
U u u u uy
V v v v vy
Ww w w
X x x x
Y y y y
Z z z z
Ö ö ö ö öö
Õ õ õ
Note: Kâru Ângkäcñngla xvngbe nö xôngday (single) wa çe. [Mënggângtaq Romanize Writing
Systemç Alphabet lvngxèrè, English, French, German nñng Russia xvngbe nö Ângkäcñngla xôngdây
wa çaëe.]
14
RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng SAMUEL
rawang alphabet
-w
-y
( ) Neutral tone
(-) Mid-tone
-ö (öö)Mid-long
[double “ö” lðng xvlae]
(`) Low-tone
(´ ) High-tone
15
SAMUEL RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng
POINTS OF ARTICULATION
(Doing Phonetics)
14
ng ()
8 9
x, ny ()
7
r, t , z, ts,
n , l, z , j , y 10
6
c, s, d
{
5
w, m, p, b, Mid
1 2 3 4 Blade Ba
ck 11
Tip g, k, h
Tongue
f, i, e, a, v, ø, u, o,
Roo
t
õ
12
1. bilabial
2. labio-dental
3. inter-dental
4. dental
5. alveolar Glottal Stop
6. retroflexed q
13
7. palato-alveolar
8. alveolo-palatal } Alvelopalatal
9. palatal
10. velar
11. uvular
12. phryngeal
13. glottal
14. nasal
16