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3 Phases
AB
- lag phase or latent phase
- (shortest) 0.00sec, usually
less than 0.01sec
- brief period that exists
between the application of the
stimulus and the start of
contraction
BC
- contraction, 0.05sec
- peak
- shortening of the muscle occur
CD
- relaxation period, 0.05 sec
- Occurs when Ca+ is transported back in the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Single muscle contraction= 100vib/sec (tuning fork)= 0.10 sec
10vib (result)
Neuromuscular junction
- formed when several branches of axons form a single
muscle fiber
- also called synapse
- connection between a muscle fiber and nerve
"All or none" law of muscle contraction
- refers to the action potential that influences a muscular
fiber to stimulation
Exercise 9 Summation
A- First baseline
B- Second baseline; first
peak
C- Second peak
AB- first
contraction
BC- second
contraction
CD- relaxation
Summation
- a result of addition of the excitatory and inhibitory
effects of many stimulus applied to a neuron
- when a stimulus is applied in rapid succession, increase
strength of muscle contraction occurs
- what happens during summation?
o When you apply a single stimulus, Ca+ ions
are released causing the muscles to contract
but when two rapid successive stimuli are
applied before relaxation occurs, the muscle
again will contract
Treppe
- forms a staircase muscle contraction
Tetanus
- sustained contraction when the muscle is stimulated
repeatedly such that the interval between the stimuli is
less than the contraction time
1.
complete/fusedsustained contraction
without partial
contraction, 80100times per sec
2.
incomplete- sustained
contraction with partial
relaxation, 20-30times
per sec contraction
contraction
Refractory period
- time which an excitable cell cannot respond to a
stimulus that is usually adequate to evoke an action
potential
Absolute refractory period
- time during which a second action potential cannot be
initiated, even with a very strong stimulus
Relative refractory period
- period which a second action potential can be initiated
but only on a supramaxinal stimulus
Exercise 10 Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
A. Isometric contraction (equal distance)
o length of muscle does not change but the
amount of force increases as contraction
occurs
o eg. holding an object, standing
B. Isotonic contraction (equal tension)
o length of the muscle changes but force is
constant
o eg. walking, running, dancing: movements of
the upper limb exhibit predominant isotonic
contractions
1. Concentric isotonic contraction
o contractions in which muscle tension increases
as the muscle shortens
o eg. bicep curling, straightening the arm,
moving the hand from side to side
2.
Exercise 11 Pithing
Pithing
- destruction of CNS to render the frog free from pain
Signs of successful pithing
- needle has destroyed branches of the sciatic nerve
1.
Subthreshold stimulus
- does not cause action potential and no contraction occurs
Threshold stimulus
- produces action potential, contraction occurs
Spasmodic movement
- strychnine solution: destroys enzyme
acetylchlorinesterase
- acetylchlorinesterase: stimulates excitatory
neurotransmitter inhibitor, binds with amino acid
glycine which is another neurotransmitter for relaxation
and contraction equilibrium hence the muscle will
remain contacted in the diaphragm
Complex reflexes
- both flexors and extensors may be stimulated hence
also sends signals to the other unit which is
contralateral to extend for the preservation of life