Escuela Polit

ecnica Nacional
Facultad de Ingeniera Mec
anica

Turbomachinery Slides
Dr. Esteban Valencia, PhD, MSc, Eng
Semester 2016-A

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CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS

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Outline of the lecture

Introduction, definitions and applications of laws of
thermodynamics.
Diffuser performance parameters
Inlet velocity limitations at the eye
Optimum design of a pump inlet
Optimum design of a centrifugal compressor inlet
Head increase of a centrifugal pump
Homework(Slip Factor,Performance of centrifugal compressors)
Turbocharger:
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZafgeCBSHjI)

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INTRODUCTION
Radial efect is considered.
In 1945 was in Turbojet Engine.
Better Performance for small
compresor & low speeds than
axial compressor
Aplications:Small gas turbins, Turbochargers, air
conditionig plant, etc.
Compressor ranging from below 1MW
Eefficiency reachs 80 %

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SOME DEFINITIONS

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SOME DEFINITIONS
About Before Picture:
Compresor or Pump consist: Rotated Impeller followed
Difusser
Fluid is through inlet casing into the eye of the impeller
Impeller increases energy level of fluid
Difusser convert Kinetic Energy Pressure Energy
Scroll or Volute collects the flow from difusser and deliver
outlet pipe
Hub is the curved surface of revolution of the impeller .ab
Shroud is the curved surface c-d
Inducer section turned flow into axial direction

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SOME DEFINITIONS

Simplify Manufacture and cost, many fans and pumps are

confined to a two-dimensional radial section

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THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS: COMPRESSOR

The impeller
c 2 = cr2 + c2 + cx2
I = h + 12 (cr2 + c2 + cx2 2Uc )
Operating and using velocities diagrams:
I =h+

1 2
1
(w U 2 ) = h0rel U 2
2
2

For I1 = I2 :




1
1
U 2 2 U 2 1 +,
w 21 w 22
h2 h1 =
2
2
{z
}
{z
}
|
|
Centrifugal

For

Action

c1 = 0; W = U2 c2 = h02 h02

W = U2 c2 = gHi ;

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Difussion

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS

Hi :

ideal

31 de mayo de 2016

head
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THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS: COMPRESSOR

The Diffuser

For high difussion rate boundary layers

For too low difussion rate excesive losses
Optimun rate difussion is for = 7o , 8o

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THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS: COMPRESSOR

Occurrence of flow
unsteadiness or non-uniform
flow
Line marked aa will be of
most interest for
turbomachinery diffuser
applications
Sharply marked transition
line is not necessarily attends
the occurrence of first
stall.

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DIFFUSER PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

h2 = h1 =

1
2

c 21 c 22 ;

h2s h1 =

1
2

h01 = h02

2
c12 c2s

2 / c2 c2
D = c12 c2s
1
2
D = (T2s T 2 1)  (T2 T 1 1)
In terms of pressure ratios:
D =

(p2 p1 )(y 1)/y 1

[(p01 p02 )(p2 p1 )](y 1)/y 1

For incompressible flow:

Cp = (p2 p1 ) q1 ;

q1 = 12 c12

c1 c2 = A2 A1 = AR
Cpid = 1 (c2 c1 )2 = 1 (1AR )2

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D
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS

= Cp Cpid
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INLET VELOCITY LIMITATIONS AT THE EYE

 inlet velocities (Pumps:Cavitation), (Compressor: M efects increase)

2
2
Q = cx1 A1 = rs1
rh1



2
ws1
2 r s1

1/2

(i): if rs1 axial velocity and U

(ii): if rs1 axial velocity and U
For maximum volume flow:
2c 2x1 = kU 2s1

= c x1 Us1 = cot s1 = (k/2)1/2

Typical values of this ratio (i.e., 0,3 6

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rh1
rs1

6 0,6); and 56o 6 s1 6 60o

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OPTIMUM DESIGN OF A PUMP INLET

For analisis insert the blade cavitation coefficient 0,2 6 b 6 0,4
p1 = p01

gHs = (p01 v )/ =

1 2
1
c = v + b ( w12 )
2 x1
2

1
1 2
1
1 2
2
c + b ( w12 ) = cx1
(1 + b ) + b Us1
2 x1
2
2
2

So :

2
Q = cx1 A1 = krs1
cx1


=

b
2 (1 + b )

gHs =

ss 2 =

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3
b
2

2k(2/3)1,5
b (1 + b )2

1/2

1 2
U
2 s1

3,420k
b (1 + b )0,5

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