3.

DESIGN CONSIDERATION
3.1

Site Investigation

For site investigation the things that need to be consider during design consideration for
port such as location, the depth of sea level to be construct and the wind or wave forces.
3.1.1

Location

The location to build port must be in strategic place. This is because to attract
more tradesmen come to rest awhile waiting for monsoon wind shifted or trade at
port. The location for Dermaga Tanjung Lembung is very strategic as the port is
protected from wind monsoon which have a few island in front of port to protect it.
3.1.2

Depth of sea level

The need to consider the depth is to know the minimum or maximum depth of
sea level area port so that before construct can know the depth suitable to be suit
with the condition of port. Besides that, when to install bored pile for retain the
soil, the contractor need to know the maximum depth the bored pile can reach.
For this case study the depth is 5m. The depth for ports bulk cargo is 50m. The
depth for general cargo ports is 480m and maximum DWT is 5000. For examples
the entry of cargo or the ship is a maximum of 5000 tonnes. If more than 5000
tonnes are not allowed because the draft depth is maximum 5m.
3.1.3

Wind and wave forces

The wind and waves need to be considers which is whether to build coastal
protection or not. For the Dermaga Tanjung Lembung the port no needs to build
coastal protection because it has natural breakwater. The water in area port is
always calm due because have protection comes from island near port. The
island is also protecting the port from heavy wind during rain or wind monsoon.

3.2 Follow the procedure, operation and coordination by Jabatan Kerja Raya
(JKR).

According to the Shaari (2015) who is the person in charge talk about design
consideration during last site visit at port Langkawi said that the route for a ship must get
input operation information from JKR. Besides that, the design of ship must follow the
needs by JKR if not maybe have problems in future. The need of the final design by
design team must follow the needs by coordination JKR and input from the operator. In
addition, for specification of design depends on design of the structure itself. The
communication two way between the construction team by port and JKR must be clear
and understand so that the design of ships and shipping routes going smoothly.
3.3 Load consideration

The first thing that's taken into account the workload is piling. The distance of piling
effect the load that needs to consider in the design. The workload from cargo also takes
into consideration. Besides that, the engineer needs to calculate and consider dead
load, superimposed dead load and live load in design consideration. According to Diacos
(n.d) the dead load is the weight of the structural elements of the structure, including any
substructure, piling and superstructure. The superimposed dead load is the weight of all
materials imposing loads on the structure that are not structural elements, and should
include surfacing, fixed equipment, fenders, bollards, handrails, ladders, walkways,
stairways, services, fittings and furniture. For all loading conditions, the possibility of any
of the superimposed dead loads being removed should be considered. The imposed live
loads include all loads which the structure has to withstand except dead, superimposed
dead, hydrostatic, soil, vessel-imposed and environmental loads, and should be the
greatest applied load likely to arise from the intended use or purpose of the structures.

3.4 Design for wharf

According to the Shaari (2015) the design for wharf depends on the maximum of cargo
and types of vessel enter. Take into account the length of the wharf which is to estimate
how many wharfs can parks. The average of receiving ship usually 8 ships, but not
simultaneously. For example operation in Port Dermaga Tanjung Lembung, Langkawi,
Kedah during evening session the ship will be docked from Thailand and for morning
session the ship from Indonesia take part. For the Dermaga Tanjung Lembung the
operation team start work from 4.00 a.m.
3.5 Environmental Consideration

According to Diacos (n.d) when considering any port development, the potential impact
upon water quality, coastal hydrology, noise, vibration, air quality, existing development
and habitation should be assessed. All of these factors must be considered as part of the
design process. These factors may be influenced by the construction techniques
required to implement the proposed design or the operation of the port. Constructability
reviews should therefore encompass consideration of these factors. Pile driving may
have a negative effect on aquaculture while the piles themselves provide a new habitat
for example. For this case study the port constructions use sheet pile and bored pile.

3.6

Access for Emergency Vehicles and Emergency Escape

The consideration should be given to the precautions that should be taken at port since
there may be a number of different authorities which may have a controlling influence.
Considerations may be needed in respect of other port in the vicinity and the impact on
management arrangements in the case of interaction arising from domino effect or
communication links. In addition, the correct design of port installation the facility should
also be subjected to an adequate maintenance and inspection programs designed to
ensure that the integrity of the facility is maintained during operation.