Liquefaction of Gasses

Maryambanoo Mollaei

10A

Keep in Mind
Critical pressure: The minimum pressure required to liquefy a
gas at its critical temperature.
Critical temperature: the temperature at and above which vapor
of the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much
pressure is applied.

Processes
1.Compression
The application of pressure to cause a gas to change to a
liquid

2.Making a gas work against an external force.

Lowering its energy and then changing its temp
First, water is boiled and steam is produced. That steam is then sent into a cylinder.
Inside the cylinder, the steam pushes on a piston. The piston, in turn, drives some kind
of machinery, such as a railroad train engine. As the steam pushes against the piston, it
loses energy. Since the steam has less energy, its temperature drops. Eventually, the
steam cools off enough for it to change back to water.

3. Using the Joule-Thomson effect.

Depends on the relationship of volume, pressure, and temperature in a gas. Change any one of
these three variables, and at least one of the other two will also change.

Why become Liquid?

It takes up less space
The most common practical applications of liquefied gases are the
compact storage and transportation of combustible fuels used for
heating, cooking, or powering motor vehicles.

Usage
LPG is a mixture of gases obtained from natural gas or petroleum that has been
converted to the liquid state. The mixture is stored in strong containers that can
withstand very high pressures. It is used as a fuel in motor homes, boats, and homes that
do not have access to other forms of fuel.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is similar to LPG, except that it has had almost everything
except methane removed. LNG and LPG have many similar uses.
Liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen are used in rocket engines.
Liquefaction of gases is also important in the field of research known as cryogenics.
Liquid helium is widely used for the study of behavior of matter at temperatures close to
absolute zero

History
Pioneer work on the liquefaction of gases was carried out by the English scientist
Michael Faraday (1791-1867) in the early 1820s. Faraday was able to liquefy gases
with high critical temperatures such as chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen
bromide, and carbon dioxide by the application of pressure alone. It was not until a
half century later, however, that researchers found ways to liquefy gases with lower
critical temperatures, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. The French
physicist Louis Paul Cailletet (1832-1913) and the Swiss chemist Raoul Pierre Pictet
(1846-1929) developed devices using the nozzle and porous plug method for
liquefying these gases. It was not until the end of the nineteenth century that the
two gases with the lowest critical temperatures, hydrogen (-399.5F [-239.7C;
33.3K]) and helium (-449.9F [-267.7C; 5.3K]) were liquefied by the work of the
Scottish scientist James Dewar(1842-1923) and the Dutch physicist Heike
Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926), respectively.