10 1 1 633 2062

PRODUCTION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
LIFTED WELLS : A CASE STUDY
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
OF
THE MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
BY
NUR OZAN GLER
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
THE DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM AND NATURALGAS ENGINEERING
APRIL 2004
Approval of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences
Prof . Dr. Canan ZGEN

Director
I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of
Master of Science.
Prof. Dr. Birol DEMRAL

Head of Department
This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully
adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science.
Prof. Dr. A .Suat Bac

Supervisor
Examining Committee Members
Prof. Dr. Birol DEMRAL (Chair Person)
Prof. Dr. A. Suat BACI
Prof. Dr. Fevzi GMRAH
Prof. Dr. Mustafa V. KK
Prof. Dr. Nurkan KARAHANOLU
ABSTRACT
PRODUCTION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR SUBMERSIBLE

PUMP LIFTED WELLS : A CASE STUDY
GLER, Nuri Ozan

M.S. Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. A. Suat Bac
April, 2004, 173 Pages
A computer program has been written to perform production

optimization in submersible pump lifted wells. Production optimization was
achieved by the principles of Nodal Analysis Technique which was applied
between the reservoir and the wellhead ignoring the surface choke and
separator. Computer program has been written according to two lifting
environment, which are: pumping with only liquid and pumping with both
liquid and gas. Program played an important role in the study by overcoming
difficult iterations existing in the pumping liquid and gas case due to
variation of liquid volume between pump intake and discharge pressure.
Hagedorn and Brown vertical multiphase flow correlation was utilized in the
program to determine the pressure at required depth. However, Griffith
Correlation was also used in the program since Hagedorn and Brown
Correlation failed to give accurate results at bubble flow.
iii
A case study was done by evaluating the 10 wells located in

Diyarbakr-GK field which are all submersible pump lifted. Well, reservoir,
fluid and lift-system data was transferred to already written computer
program. Output of the computer program for both cases was used to
calculate accurately the optimum production rates, required horsepower,
number of pump stages and the relation between these parameters with
each other. The sensitivity variable selected is the number of pump stages.
At the end of the study, by comparing the actual operating data and the
computer-based optimized data, it was observed that 3 wells: W-16, W-17,
and W-24 were producing completely within their optimum range, 5 wells:
W-07, W-08, W-25, W-27 and W-28 were not producing at their optimum
range but their production parameters can said to be acceptable , 1 well: W22 was producing inefficiently and should be re-designed to reach optimum
conditions. It was realized that W-15 has insufficient data to make
necessary interpretations.
Keywords: Production optimization, nodal system analysis technique,
electrical submersible pump, artificial lift, Hagedorn and Brown correlation,
Griffith correlation.
iv
ZET
DALGI POMPALARLA RETM YAPILAN KUYULARIN SSTEM

OPTMZASYONU: RNEK SAHA ALIMASI
GLER, Nuri Ozan

M.Sc., Petrol ve Doal Gaz Mhendislii Blm
Danman: Prof. Dr. A. Suat Bac
Nisan, 2004, 173 Sayfa
Dalg pompalarla retim yaplan kuyularn optimizasyonu iin

bilgisayar program yazlmtr. retim optimizasyonu Nodal Analizi
Tekniiyle gerekletirilmi ve rezervuar ile kuyuba arasnda, kuyuba
sonras yzey donanm ve separatr dikkate alnmadan uygulanmtr.
Program iki retim ortamna gre yazlmtr, bunlar: sadece sv ile hem sv
hem gaz retim ortamlardr. Bu bilgisayar program, sz edilen sv ile gaz
pompalanmas srasndaki pompa emi ve k basnc arasnda sistemdeki
gazdan dolay oluan sv hacmi deiimlerinin hesaplamasnda ortaya
kan iterasyonlarn zm asndan nemli bir rol oynamaktadr.
Programda istenilen derinlikteki basn deerlerini hesaplamak amacyla
Hagedorn ve Brown korelasyonu kullanlmtr. Hagedorn ve Brown
Korelasyonunun yetersiz kald ak rejimlerinde Griffith Korelasyonu
kullanlarak sonuca ulalmtr.
Yazlan bu programn pratie geirilmesi asndan Diyarbakr GK

sahasndaki dalg pompalarla retim yaplan 10 kuyu incelemeye
alnmtr. Bu kuyularn rezervuar, akkan ve retim verileri hazr olan
bilgisayar programna aktarlmtr. Daha nce belirtilen iki pompalama
ortamn kapsayan bu programn kts optimum retim debisi, gereken
beygirgc ve pompa kademe saysnn belirlenmesi iin kullanlmtr. Bu
hesaplamalarda hassas deiken olarak pompa kademe says seilmitir.
almann sonunda GK sahas verileri ile programdan karlan optimize
deerler karlatrlm ve dalg pompalarla retim yaplan 10 kuyudan
3nn: W-16, W-17, ve W-24n optimum deer snrlar ierisinde retim
yapt, kuyulardan 5inin W-07, W-08, W-25, W-27, W-28, optimum
deerler ierisinde olmasa bile kabul edilebilir ve geerli saylabilir
snrlarda retim yapt, 1 kuyunun, W-22, optimum snrlar dnda ve
verimsiz bir ekilde retime devam ettirildii saptanmtr. W-15in verileri
herhangi bir yorum yapmak iin yetersiz kalmtr.
Kelimeler: retim optimizasyonu, sistem analiz teknii, dalg pompa, yapay
retim, Hagedorn ve Brown Korelasyonu, Griffith Korelasyonu
vi
To my family,
idem, Yurdahan and Sanem Gler
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank his supervising professor, Dr. Suat
Bac, for his precious assistance throughout this study and also N.V.
Turkse Perenco for their cooperation.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ..
iii
ZET .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .
ix
LIST OF TABLES
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES .
xv
NOMENCLATURE ..
xviii
CHAPTER
1.
INTRODUCTION .
2.
ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS ..
2.1
Introduction ...
2.2
Pump Performance Curves
2.3
Pump Intake Curves ...
13
ix
2.3.1 Pumping Liquid Only 13

2.3.1.1 Procedure for the Preparation
of Tubing Intake Curves for
Liquid Only ..
14
2.3.2 Pumping Liquid and Gas ...
16
2.3.2.1 Determination of the Number

of Stages .
16
2.3.2.2 Determination of Horsepower ..
19
2.3.2.3 Pump Selection ..
20
2.3.2.4 Procedure for the Preparation

of Intake Curves for Wells
3.
Pumping Gas
21
NODAL ANALYSIS APPROACH .
23
3.1
Introduction ..
23
3.2
Application of Nodal Analysis to Electrical

Submersible Pumping Wells ..
3.3
4.
29
Description of the Computer

Program
31
3.3.1 Pumping Liquid
31
3.3.2 Pumping Liquid and Gas
32
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
34
5.
HAGEDORN AND BROWN VERTICAL

MULTIPHASE FLOW CORRELATION
SUPPORTED BY GRIFFITH CORRELATION ..
36
5.1
Introduction ..
36
5.2
Hagedorn and Brown Method
38
5.3
Procedure for Calculating a Vertical Pressure

Traverse by the Method of Hagedorn and
Brown .
39
Griffith Correlation (Bubble Flow) .
49
DESCRIPTION OF THE GK FIELD .
51
6.1
Introduction ..
51
6.2
Geology
52
6.3
Reservoir, Fluid, and Lift System
5.4
6.
Properties .
53
Production History ..
54
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .
57
7.1
Introduction ..
57
7.2
Results and Discussion ..
58
6.4
7.
7.2.1 Construction of Vertical Flowing

Pressure Gradient Curves Using
Computer Program Output .
58
7.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis by Using the

Computer Program Output
xi
64
7.2.3 Construction of Possible Production

Rate versus Stage and Horsepower
Chart for GK Field Wells by Using
the Pumping Liquid and Gas
Computer Algorithm ...
67
7.2.4 Comparison of Theorotical and

Actual Production Parameters and
Suggestion for Optimum Pump
Operating Conditions by Inspecting
Possible Production Rate versus
Stage and Hordepower Chart
77
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .
81
REFERENCES
83
8.
APPENDIX
A
Pumping Liquid and Gas Computer Program .
85
Pumping Only Liquid Computer Program
101
Subprograms
109
Sample Calculation of W-08 ..
128
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
6.1
Reservoir and Fluid Properties of GK Field ....
6.2
Submersible Pump Lifted Wells Operated

in GK Field and Their Efficiency Ranges .
6.3
53
54
Gross Production Rate of the Wells in GK

Field and Required Pump Stages .. 56
7.1
Comparison of Computer-Based Vertical

Flowing Pressures with Beggs&Brill
Correlation at Selected Depths ....
7.2
Effect of Oil Density on Flowing Bottomhole

Pressures at Selected Depths ..
7.3
64
Effect of GLR on Flowing Bottomhole

Pressures .
7.4
63
65
Effect of WOR on Flowing Bottomhole

Pressures at Selected Depths...
xiii
65
7.5
Results Obtained After The Comparison

of Actual and Computer-Based Data
for GK Field ..
D1
79
Well, Fluid, Reservoir and Lift-System

Data Used In Calculations for W-08 .
129
D2
Production History of W-08
130
D3
Intake Pressures at Assumed Rates for W-08
161
D4
Horsepower Requirements for Possible

Rates from W-08 .
D5
171
Relation of Production Parameters

With Each Other ..
xiv
173
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES
2.1
A Typical Submersible Pump Installation
2.2
Submersible Pump Schematic ..
2.3
Pressure Traverses for Pump on Bottom
2.4
A Typical Pump Performance Curve (GN 3200)
3.1
Pressure Losses In a Production System
25
3.2
Tubing Intake Curves for Artificial Lift Systems .
26
5.1
Schematic Diagram of Possible Flow

Patterns in Two-Phase Pipelines ..
37
6.1
Generalized IPR Curve ..
55
7.1
Pressure Traverse Curve (WC = 0) .
59
7.2
Pressure Traverse Curve (WC = 0.5) ..
60
xv
7.3
Pressure Traverse Curve (WC = 1.0)
7.4
Graphical Analysis of Effect of GLR on

Flowing Bottomhole Pressures for W-08 .
7.5
73
Possible Production Rate vs Stages and

Horsepower for W-25 .
7.13
72

7.12
71

7.11
70

7.10
69

7.9
68

7.8
66

7.7
66
Graphical Analysis of Effect of WOR on

Flowing Bottomhole Pressures for W-08 .
7.6
61
74

xvi
75
7.14

76
D1
IPR Curve for W-08
131
D2
Intake Curves for W-08 ..
162
D3

xvii
172
NOMENCLATURE
Symbol
Description
Unit
area of tubing
ft2
formation volume factor
rbbl/stb
CNL
viscosity number coefficient
tubing inner diameter
Es
fraction of free gas
friction factor
fo
fraction of oil flowing
Gf
gradient of the pumped fluid
psi/ft
GLR
gas liquid ratio
scf/stb
GOR
gas oil ratio
scf/stb
head per stage
ft/stage
HL
liquid hold-up
hp
horsepower per stage
hp/stage
HP
horsepower
hp
productivity index
stb/d/psi
mass associated with one bbl

of stock tank liquid
Nd
pipe diameter number
NGV
gas velocity number
NL
liquid viscosity number
NLV
liquid velocity number
(NRE)TP
two-phase Reynolds number
xviii
in
lbm/stbl
Symbol
Description
Unit
pressure
psi
flow rate
stb/d
Rs
solution gas oil ratio
scf/stb
St
pump stage
average flowing temperature
capacity
stb/d
VF
volume factor
mass flow rate
lbmday
weight of the capacity
lb/day
WC
water cut
gas compressibility
increment
viscosity
cp
velocity
ft/sec
density
lb/cuft
hold-up correlating function
secondary correction factor
liquid surface tension
specific gravity
Subscription
Description
bubble point
dn
pump discharge (downstream)
fluid
gas
xix
dyne/cm
Subscription
Description
liquid
mixture
oil
pc
pseudo critical
pr
pseudo reduced
reservoir
sc
standard condition
sg
superficial gas
sl
superficial liquid
sep
separator
up
pump intake (upstream)
water
wf
flowing well
wh
wellhead
discharge
intake
xx
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The electrical submersible pumping system can said to be an
attractive artificial lift technique in reservoirs having high water-cut and low
gas-oil ratio. Currently, it is considered as an effective and economical
means of lifting large volumes of fluid from great depths under a variety of
well conditions. Pumping equipment is capable of producing as high as
60,000 b/d and as low as 200 b/d. The oil cut may also vary within very wide
limits, from negligible amounts to 100 %. The pump performs at highest
efficiency when pumping liquid only; it can handle free gas with the liquid
but high volumes of free gas causes inefficient operation and gas lock
problems. The first submersible pumping unit was installed in an oil well in
1928 and since that time the concept has proven itself throughout the oilproducing world1. A submersible pumping unit consists of an electric motor,
a seal section, an intake section, a multistage centrifugal pump, an electric
cable, a surface installed switchboard, a junction box and transformers.
Additional miscellaneous components also present in order to secure the
cable alongside the tubing and wellhead supports. Pressure sentry for
sensing bottom-hole pressure, check and bleeder valves are the optional
equipment that can be taken into consideration. Under normal operating
conditions, submersible pumping unit can be expected to give from 1 to 3
years of good operating life with some units operating over 10 years.
Despite this advantage, many submersible pump lifted oil and gas wells
produce at rates different than optimum. This fact makes necessary to apply
production optimization techniques to wells having low production rates.
Nodal Analysis has been applied to artificial lift method for many years to
analyze the performance of the systems composed of interacting

components. It is a process of determining the effect of each component in
the production system on the total system performance. The analysis can
improve the completion design, well productivity and producing efficiency,
all of which lead to increased profitability from oil and gas investments. The
Nodal analysis technique is essentially a simulator of the producing well
system. The system includes all flow between the reservoir and the
separator. As the entire system is simulated, each of the components is
modelled using various correlations or equations to determine the pressure
loss through that component as a function of flow rate. The summation of
these individual losses make up the total pressure loss through the entire
system for a given flow rate. The production rate or deliverability of a well
can be severely restricted by the poor performance of just one component in
the system. If the effect of each component on the performance of the total
system can be isolated, the efficiency of the system can be optimized in the
most economical way. When performing a Nodal analysis, we divide the
production system into its components, i.e., reservoir, perforations, tubing,
surface choke, flowline and separator. Then we pick a problem area in this
production system as a node. This node acts as the intersection point
between the inflow and outflow performances. Different inflow and outflow
performance curves intersect on the same plot and give the design
considerations for different arrangements2. Optimization and design of
submersible pump lifted wells pumping only liquid are generally straightforward however pumping gas with the liquid is complicated because of the
high compressibility of gas. In this case, volume of the produced fluid rate
shows a significant variation between the pump intake and discharge
pressures, consequently considerable amount of iterations should be
performed to determine the volume factor at any pressure between the
intake and discharge pressures. Thus, computer program should be written
to overcome these iterations. Optimization of wells with Nodal Analysis
requires pressure gradient correlation in order to reach a solution so it is
necessary to use a vertical multiphase flow correlation method in the

computer program. In this study, Hagedorn and Brown vertical multiphase
flow correlation3 has been used to determine the pressure and pressure
losses at required depth. However, during the study it was observed that
Hagedorn and Brown Correlation failed to give accurate output at bubble
flow. Thus, Griffith Correlation4 was constructed at bubble flow to obtain
accurate results.
The purpose of this study was to write a general computer program
that gives simultaneously the possible production rates for submersible
pump lifted wells and also the optimum required horsepower and number of
pump stages at these possible rates both considering pumping liquid and
pumping gas with liquid. In addition to that objective, comparison made by
using the production data of wells located in the GK field will assist us in
suggesting optimum pump operating conditions.
CHAPTER II
ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS
2.1 Introduction
Many high volume wells are equipped with electric submersible pumps
(ESP) to lift the liquid and decrease the flowing bottom hole pressure. A
submersible pump is a multistage centrifugal pump that is driven by an
electric motor located in the well below the pump. Electrical power is
supplied by means of a cable from the surface.
The pump and motor are suspended on the tubing at a certain depth in
the well. The annulus is either vented or tied into the wells flowline, so that
as much gas as possible is separated from the liquid before it enters the
pump. In some cases, a centrifugal separator will be placed between the
pump and motor for obtaining maximum gas-liquid separation. A typical
submersible pump installation is given in Figure 2.1. A schematic of a well
equipped with a submersible pump is given in Figure 2.2, along with the
pressure traverse in the well. From the figure it can be seen that, initially,
flowing pressure of submersible pump lifted well is not sufficient to lift the
fluid (depleted well). This insufficient pressure (Pup) which we define as
intake pressure starts to increase at pump setting depth by required pump
stages and finally reaches to discharge pressure (Pdn) generated by the
pump which will assist fluid to flow throughout the surface. Figure 2.3 is a
typical pressure traverses for pump on bottom. Discharge pressure of the
pump will be defined as P2, and also intake pressure will be defined as P3
throughout the study. From figure, the effective lift point is that depth at
which the flowing bottomhole pressure is capable of supporting the fluids in

the tubing string.
The pump performs highest efficiency when pumping liquid only. It can
and does handle free gas along with the liquid. The manner in which the
pump handle gas is not completely understood; however high volumes of
free gas are known to cause inefficient operation.
Figure 2.1
A Typical Submersible Pump Installation
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Submersible Pump Schematic
Pressure Traverses for Pump on Bottom
2.2 Pump Performance Curves

Pumps are divided into groups according to the minimum casing size
into which the pump can be run. But even within the same group, each
pump performs differently. A typical pump performance curve5 is given in
Figure 2.4.
The performance curves of a submersible electrical pump represent the
variation of head, horsepower, and efficiency with capacity. Capacity refers
to the volume of the produced flow rate, which may include free and/or
dissolved gas. These curves are for a fixed power cycle normally 50 or 60
cycle and can be changed with variable frequency controllers6.
k
j
k
j
k
j
k
j
k
j
Figure
Figure
2.32.4 A ATypical
TypicalPump
PumpPerformance
PerformanceCurve
Curve(GN3200)
(GN3200)5
k
j
k
j
k
j
k
j
k
j
The head (in feet per stage) developed by a centrifugal pump is the
same regardless of the type or specific gravity of the fluid pumped. But
when converting this head to pressure, it must be multiplied by the gradient
of the fluid in question. Therefore, the following can be stated:
Pressure developed by pump = head per stage gradient of fluid
number of stages
When pumping gas with the liquid, the capacity and, consequently, the
head per stage as well as the gradient vary as the pressure of the liquid
elevated from the intake value P3 to the discharge value P2. Thus, the above
equation can be written as follows6:
dP = h(V ) G f (V ) d ( St )
(1)
where:
dP = the differential pressure developed by the pump, psi
h = the head per stage, ft/stage
Gf = the gradient of the pumped fluid, psi/ft
d(St) = the differential number of stages
Note that parentheses are included to indicate that h and Gf are functions
of the capacity V, which is:
V = q scVF
(2)
The gradient of fluid at any pressure and temperature is given by:
G f (V ) = 0.433 f (V )
(3)
but:
10
f (V ) =
W
350V
(4)
where W is the weight of the capacity V at any pressure and temperature,

which is equal to the weight at standard conditions. Hence:
f (V ) =
q sc fsc
(5)
350V
Substituting equation 5 into 3 gives:
G f (V ) = (
0.433 q sc fsc
)
350
V
(6)
fsc is the weight of 1 bbl of liquid plus pumped gas (per 1bbl of liquid) at
standard conditions, or:
fsc = 350 wc wsc + 350(1 wc) osc + (GIP)(GLR) gsc
(7)
where gsc is the density of gas (in lb/scf) at standard conditions.

Substituting Equation 6 into Equation 1 gives:
d ( St ) = (
350
V
)
dP
0.433q sc fsc h(V )
(8)
The total number of stages is obtained by integrating the above equation

between the intake and discharge pressures:
St
2
V
350
d
St
=
dP
(
)
(
)
0
0.433q sc fsc P3 h(V )
(9)
or:
11
St = (
808.3141 2 V
)
dP
q sc fsc P3 h(V )
(10)
The pump performance curves give the horsepower per stage based on
a fluid specific gravity equal to 1.0. This horsepower must be multiplied by
the specific gravity of the fluid under consideration. Thus the following can
be stated:
(horsepower requirements) = (horsepower per stage) (specific gravity of
fluid) (number of stages)
Since the horsepower per stage, the specific gravity of fluid, and the
number of stages depend on the capacity V, which varies between the
intake and the discharge pressures, the above equation can be written as
follows:
d ( HP) = h p (V ) f (V ) d ( St )
(11)
Substituting Equations 5 and 8 into the above equation gives:
d (HP) = (
h p (V )
1
dP
)
0.433 h(V )
(12)
The total horsepower requirement is obtained by integrating the above

equation between the intake and the discharge pressures:
HP
d ( HP) = (
0
P2
h p (V )
1
)
dP
0.433 P h(V )
(13)
or:
12
HP = (
2
h p (V )
1
)
dP
0.433 P3 h(V )
(14)
For each pump, there is a capacity range within which the pump
performs at or near its peak efficency. The volume range of the selected
rate between the intake and the discharge pressures should, therefore,
remain within the efficiency range of the pump. This range, of course, can
be changed by using a variable frequency controller.
2.3 Pump Intake Curves
Predicting intake curves for submersible pumps is considered for two
cases: (1) pumping only liquid, and (2) pumping liquid and gas. For both
cases, it is assumed that the pump is set at the bottom of well and the
wellhead pressure and tubing size are fixed. For case 2, it is assumed that
all associated gas is pumped with the liquid. The sensitivity variable
selected is the number of stages6.
2.3.1 Pumping Liquid Only
Since the liquids are only slightly compressible, the volume of the
production rate can be considered constant and equal to the surface rate
qsc. Hence, the head per stage will also be constant, and Equation 10 can
be integrated to give6:
St = (
808.3141
)( P2 P3 )
fsc h
(15)
Solving Equation 15 for P3 gives:
13
P3 = P2 (
fsc h
808.3141
(16)
) St
Equation 14 also can be integrated to give:
HP = (
hp
1
)
( P2 P3 )
0.433 h
(17)
Substituting Equation 15 into the above equation yields:
HP = h p
fsc
(18)
St
Pump selection is limited by the casing size. Another constraint is the

desired production rate. If the objective is to maximize the production rate,
the proper procedure is to select a pump whose efficiency range includes
rates that are close to the maximum rate of the well.
2.3.1.1 Procedure For The Preparation of Tubing Intake
Curves for Liquid Only
A step-wise procedure for predicting intake curves for the case
when only liquid is pumped follows6:
(1) Select a suitable pump as dictated by the casing size and the flow
capacity of the well
(2) Calculate fsc from Equation 7 (GLR=0) and
fsc
from Equation 5.
(3) Assume various production rates and, for each of these rates, do the
following:
(a) Read the head per stage from the pump performance curves and
calculate the quantity (fsch/808.3141).
14
(b) Determine the required discharge pressure from a pressure gradient

correlation.
(c) Assume various numbers of stages and, for each of these numbers,
calculate the intake pressure from Equation 16.
(4) Plot the intake pressures vs rate for each assumed number of stages on
the same graph as the IPR curve and to the same scale.
(5) Read the rates at the intersection of the pump intake curves with the IPR
curve.
(6) For each rate, read the horsepower per stage from the pump
performance curves; then calculate the total horsepower requirement
from Equation 18.
(7) Plot the rates vs the number of stages and horsepower requirements.
Impose the efficiency range of the pump on the same graph.
(8) Select a suitable rate.
Whether pumping only liquid or pumping gas with the liquid, the selected
rate must satisfy the following criteria:
(a) Its volume range between the intake and the discharge pressures
must remain within the efficiency range of the pump.
(b) It must be economically feasible.
As the number of stages and, consequently, the production rate
increase, the effect of friction in the tubing string becomes significant,
causing the discharge pressure to increase. As a result, the gain in the
production rate per one stage continues to diminish until it becomes
insignificant.
15

Because of the high compressibility of gas, the volume of the
produced flow rate V may undergo a significant variation as the pressure of
the fluid changes from the intake value to the discharge value. At any
pressure point between the intake and discharge, if all gas is pumped with
the liquid, the volume factor is determined from6:
VF = wc + (1 wc) Bo + [GLR (1 wc) R s ]B g
(19)
if a certain percentage of the gas is vented:
VF = wc + (1 wc) Bo + GIP[GLR (1 wc ) R s ]B g
(20)
In either case, the volume of the flow rate is given by:
V = q scVF
(21)
2.3.2.1 Determination Of The Number of Stages

Because V and, consequently, h vary as the fluid passes through
the pump, direct integration of Equation 10 is possible only if the integrand
V/h(V) can be reduced to a simple function of pressure. But this is difficult
because VF is a very complicated function of pressure. For this reason,
numerical integration methods are recommended.
The existence of gas at the intake section of the pump implies that
the intake pressure is below the bubble point of the crude (saturated crude).
If that is the case and if the required discharge pressure is above the bubble
point, Equation 10 should be broken down into two integrals as follows6:
16
A
q sc
Pb
V
A
P h(V )dP + q sc
3
P2
h(V ) dP
(22)
where A = 808.3141/fsc = constant
(23)
St =
Pb
For performing numerical integration, Equation 22 can be written in a

more convenient form as follows:
St =
A
A m Vi
P3,i +
qsc i =1 hi
qsc
Vj
h
j =m
P3, j
(24)
where:
P3,i = any intake pressure above the bubble point
P3,j = any intake pressure below the bubble point
P3,o = discharge pressure (P2)
P3,m = bubble point pressure (Pb)
P3,i = P3,i=P3,i-1-P3,i
P3,j = P3,j=P3,j-1-P3,j
Vi / hi and V j / h j = average quantities evaluated at the average pressures
P3,i and P3, j , respectively.

where:
P3,i = ( P3,i 1 + P3,i ) / 2

and
P3, j = ( P3, j 1 + P3, j ) / 2
The main reason for breaking down the number of stages into two
summations is the fact that V and, consequently, h undergo only slight
change above the bubble point; hence, P3,i can be taken much larger than
17
P3,j. In fact, satisfactory results are obtained even if P3 is taken as the

difference between Pb and P2 and the quantity V / h is evaluated at the
midpoint.
When using a computer solution, it is easier to divide the interval
between the intake and the discharge pressure into equal increments by
taking P3 constant. For this case, Equation 24 can be written as:
St i = (
i =1
AP3 Vi
)
q sc hi
(25)
where:
P3,0 = discharge pressure (P2)
P3,n = intake pressure (P3)
n = (P2-P3)/P3
P3,i = P3,i-1 - P3
The quantity Vi / hi is evaluated at the average pressure given by:
P 3,i = ( P3,i 1 + P3,i ) / 2
(26)
In reality, any pressure P3,I can be considered an intake pressure. To

illustrate this point, Equation 25 can be written in the following form:
n
St i = ( St ) i
(27)
i =1
where:
( St ) i = (
AP3 Vi
)
q sc hi
(28)
18
Therefore, inorder to obtain an intake pressure P3,i , we have:
St1 = ( St )1 = (
AP3 Vi
)
q sc hi
(29)
In order to obtain P3,2, we have:
St 2 = ( St ) 1 + ( St ) 2 =
AP3 V1 V 2
( + )
q sc h1 h2
(30)
And in order to obtain P3,n, we have:
St n = ( St ) 1 + ( St ) 2 + ... + ( St ) n
=(
(31)
AP3 V1 V2
V
)(
+
+ ... + n )
q sc
h1 h2
hn
(32)
2.3.2.2 Determination of Horsepower

The horsepower requirement is obtained by integrating Equation
14 between the intake and the discharge pressures. Since the integrand
hp(V)/h(V) can not be reduced to a simple function of pressure, direct
integration is not possible, and numerical methods must be used.
If the interval between the intake and the discharge pressure is divided
into equal increments by taking P3 constant, Equation 14 can be written as
follows6:
HPi = (
i =1
P3 hp i
)
0.433 hi
(33)
19
If (HP)I is defined as:
( HP) i = (
i =1
P3 hp i
)
0.433 hi
(34)
then Equation 33 can be written as:

n
HPi = ( HP) i
(35)
i =1
2.3.2.3
Pump Selection
As mentioned previously, pump selection is limited by the casing

size and flow capacity of the well. Another constraint that must be taken into
account when pumping gas with the liquid is the volume range of the flow
rate. Because of the high compressibility of the gas, the difference between
the intake and discharge volumes may be too great to be contained within
the efficiency range of one pump. For this reason, the following procedure
for pump selection is suggested6:
(1) Prepare IPR curves in stbl/d and b/d to the same scale on the same
graph.
(2) Enter the b/d IPR curve at the upper limit of the efficiency range of
several pumps that are suitable from a casing-size standpoint. Move
horizontally to the stbl/d IPR curve and read the intake rate in stbl/d.
(3) For each intake rate determined in step 2, do the following:
(a) Determine the required discharge pressure from a two-phase flow
correlation.
(b) Calculate VF at the discharge pressure, then calculate the discharge
volume.
20
(4) Select the pump for which the discharge volume is greater than or equal
to the lower limit of its efficency range.
If more than one pump is found to be suitable, choose the one with the
highest capacity.
2.3.2.4
Procedure for the Preparation of Intake Curves for

Wells Pumping Gas
A step-wise procedure for predicting tubing intake curves for the

case in which gas is with the liquid is given as follows6:
(1) Select a suitable pump as outlined previously.
(2) Calculate fsc from Equation 7 and calculate the constant A from
Equation 23.
(3) Assume several production rates in stbl/d and, for each of these rates,
do the following:
(a) Determine the required discharge pressure (P3,0) from a two-phase
flow correlation.
(b) Choose P3 and calculate the quantity (AP3/qsc)
(c) Calculate P3,1 and P 3,1 .
(d) Determine VF 1 at P 3,1 , then calculate V1 .
(e) Read h1 at V1 from the pump performance curves.
(f) Calculate the required number of stages to obtain the intake pressure
P3,1 from Equation 25.
(g) Repeat steps c-f for P3,2, P3,3 through P3,i until a convenient intake
pressure is reached. Tabulate the intake pressure versus the number
of stages.
(4) By interpolating or plotting, obtain intake pressure for assumes rates for
an identical number of stages.
21
(5) Plot the intake pressure (obtained in step 4) versus the assumed
production rates for the various number of stages. Plot the stbl/d IPR
curve to the same scale on the same graph.
(6) Read the rates at the intersection of the pump intake curves with the IPR
curve.
(7) For each rate, calculate the horsepower requirement from Equation 33.
Calculation of horsepower requirements is similar to the calculation of
the number of stages.
(8) Plot the rate versus the number of stages and horsepower requirements.
Impose the efficiency range of the pump on the same graph.
(9) Select a suitable rate.
22
CHAPTER III
NODAL ANALYSIS APPROACH
3.1 Introduction
The systems analysis approach, often called NODALTM Analysis, has
been applied for many years to analyze the performance of systems
composed of interacting components. Electrical circuits, complex pipeline
networks and centrifugal pumping systems are all analyzed using this
method. Its application to well producing systems was first proposed by
Gilbert7 in 1954 and discussed by Nind8 in 1964 and Brown9 in 1978.
The production system can be relatively simple or can include many
components in which energy or pressure losses occur. Figure 3.1 illustrates
a number of the components in which pressure losses occur.
The procedure consists of selecting a division point or node in the well
and dividing the system at this point. All of the components upstream of the
node comprise the inflow section, while the outflow section consists of all of
the components downstream of the node. A relationship between flow rate
and pressure drop must be available for each component in the system. The
flow rate through the system can be determined once the following
requirements are satisfied2:
1 Flow into the node equals flow out of the node
2 Only one pressure can exist at a node.
At a particular time in the life of the well, there are always two pressures
that remain fixed and are not functions of flow rate. One of these pressures
23
is the average reservoir pressure, p R , and the other is the system

outlet pressure. The outlet pressure is usually the seperator pressure, psep,
but if the well is controlled by a surface choke the fixed outlet pressure may
be the wellhead pressure pwh.
Once the node is selected, the node pressure is calculated from both
directions starting at the fixed pressures.
Inflow to the node:
p R p (upstream components) = p node
(36)
Outflow from the node:

p sep + p (downstream component) = p node
(37)
The pressure drop, p , in any component varies with flow rate, q .

Therefore, a plot of node pressure versus flow rate will produce two curves,
the intersection of which will give the conditions satisfying requirements 1
and 2, given previously.
The effect of a change in any of the components can be analyzed by
recalculating the node pressure versus flow rate using the new
characteristics of the component that was changed. If a change was made
in an upstream component, the outflow curve will remain unchanged.
However, if either curve is changed, the intersection will be shifted, and a
new flow capacity and node pressure will exist. The curves will also be
shifted if either of the fixed pressures is changed, which may occur with
depletion or a change in separation conditions.
Figure 3.2 illustrates the comparison of intake curves for artificial lift
methods. It can be observed from the figure that electrical submersible
24
pump keeps the bottomhole pressure low, thus, creates large amount of
pressure drawdown to reach high production rates.
Figure 3.1
Pressure Losses In a Production System2
25
Figure 3.2
Tubing Intake Curves for Artificial Lift Systems6
Inflow to node:
p R p res p tubing = p wh
(38)
Outflow from node:
p sep + p flowline = p wh
(39)
The effect of increasing the tubing size, as long as the tubing is not too
large, is to give a higher node or wellhead pressure for a given flow rate,
because the pressure drop in the tubing will be decreased. This shifts the
inflow curve upward and the intersection to the right.
A larger flowline will reduce the pressure drop in the flowline, shifting the
outflow down and the intersection to the right. The effect of a change in any
26
component in the system can be isolated in this manner. Also, the effect of
declining reservoir pressure or changing separator can be determined.
A more frequently used analysis procedure is to select the node
between the reservoir and piping system. The inflow and outflow
expressions for the simple system will then be:
Inflow to node:
p R p res = p wf
(40)
Outflow from node:
p sep + p flowline + p tubing = p wf
(41)
A producing system may be optimized by selecting the combination of

component characteristics that will give the maximum production rate for the
lower cost. Although the overall pressure drop available for a system,
p R p sep , might be fixed at a particular time, the producing capacity of the

system depends on where the pressure drop occurs. If too much pressure
drop occurs in one component or module, there may be insufficient pressure
drop remaining for efficient performance of the other modules.
Even though the reservoir may be capable of producing a large amount
of fluid, if too much pressure drop occurs in the tubing, the well performance
suffers. For this type of well completion, it is obvious that increasing
reservoir performance by stimulation would be a waste of effort unless
larger tubing were installed.
If tubing is too large, the velocity of the fluid moving up the tubing may
be too low to effectively lift the liquids to the surface. This could be caused
by either large tubing or low production rates.The fluid velocity is the
production rate divided by the area of the tubing.
27
As tubing size is increased, the friction losses decrease, which results in

a lower p wf and, therefore, a larger inflow. However, as the tubing size is
further increased, the well begins loading with liquid and the flow becomes
intermittent or unstable. As the liquid level in the well builds the well will
eventually die.
Once a well that is producing liquids along with the gas reaches the
stage in which it will no longer flow naturally, it will usually be placed on
artificial lift.
The nodal systems analysis approach may used to analyze many
producing oil and gas well problems. The procedure can be applied to both
flowing and artificial lift wells, if the effect of artificial lift method on the
pressure can be expressed as a function of flow rate. The procedure can
also be applied to the analysis of injection well performance by appropriate
modification of the inflow and outflow expressions. A partial list of possible
applications is given as follows2:
1. Selecting tubing size
2. Selecting flowline size
3. Gravel pack design
4. Surface choke sizing
5. Subsurface safety valve sizing
6. Analyzing an existing system for abnormal flow restrictions
7. Artificial lift design
8. Well stimulation evaluation
9. Determinig the effect of compression on gas well performance
10. Analyzing the effects of perforating density
11. Predicting the effect of depletion on producing capacity
12. Allocating injection gas among gas lift wells
13. Analyzing a multiwell producing system
14. Relating field performance to time
28
3.2 Application of Nodal Analysis to Electrical Submersible Pumping

Wells
To perform a nodal analysis on a submersible pumping well, the node is
selected at the pump. The pump can be handled as an independent
component in the system in a manner similar to that used in gravel-packed
completions. The node pressure is either the pump intake pressure p up or
the pump discharge pressure p dn . The pressure gain that the pump must
generate for a particular producing rate is p = p dn p up . The pressure
traverse below the pump will be calculated based on the formation
gas/liquid ratio and the casing size. The traverse in the tubing above the
pump will be based on the gas/liquid ratio entering the pump and the tubing
size. The inflow and outflow expressions are2:
Inflow:
p R p res p csg (belowpump) = p up

Outflow:
p sep + p flowline + p tub ( abovepump) = p dn
The following procedure may be used to estimate the pressure gain and
power required to achieve a particular producing capacity.
Inflow:
1. Select a value for liquid producing rate q L .
2. Determine the required p wf for this q L .using the reservoir performance
procedures.
3. Determine the pump suction pressure p up using the casing diameter and
the total producing GLR to calculate the pressure drop below the pump.
4. Repeat for a range of liquid producing rates and plot p up versus.
29
qL .
Outflow:
1. Select a value for q L .
2. Determine the appropriate GLR for tubing and flowline pressure drop
calculations.
a. Determine p up and fluid temperature at the pump at this q L value from
inflow calculations.
b. Determine dissolved gas R s at this pressure and temperature.
c. Estimate fraction of free gas E s , separated at the pump. This will be
dependent whether or not a downhole separator is to be used. If not use
E s = 0.5 .
d. Calculate the GLR downstream of the pump from
GLRdn = = (1 E s )( Rtotal f o R s )
(42)
where:
Rtotal = total producing gas/liquid ratio,

R s = solution gas/oil ratio at suction conditions, and
f o = fraction of oil flowing
3. Determine p dn using GLRdn to calculate the pressure drop in the tubing

and the flowline if the casing gas is vented. If the casing tied into the
flowline, the total GLR will be used to determine the pressure drop in the
flowline.
4. Repeat for a range of q L and plot p dn vs q L on the same graph.
5. Select various producing rates and determine the pressure gain p
required to achieve an intersection of the inflow and outflow curves at
these rates. The suction and discharge pressures can also be
determined for each rate.
30
6. Calculate the power requirement, pump size, number of stages, etc., at

each producing rate.
The required horsepower can be calculated from:
HP = 1.72 10 5 p (q o Bo + q w B w )
(43)
where:
HP = horsepower required
p = pressure gain, psi

qo = oil rate, STB/day
qw = water rate, STB/day
Bo = oil formation volume factor at suction conditions, bbl/STB, and
Bw = water formation volume factor at suction conditions
The pressure gain can be converted to head gain if necessary for pump
selection. This is accomplished by dividing the pressure gain by the density
of fluid being pumped. The actual plotting of the data is not required if the
pump is to be selected for specific rates, as all the necessary information is
calculated before plotting.
3.3 Description of the Computer Program
3.3.1 Pumping Only Liquid
A two-stage computer program in Fortran Code has been written and
also EXCEL Worksheet was used to support the program.
At the first stage, program input consists of well, fluid, reservoir, and liftsystem data. Once these conditions were satisfied, program initially gives
the pressure at pump setting depth (discharge pressure) by applying
Hagedorn and Brown3 vertical multiphase correlation. In addition to
31
Hagedorn and Brown Correlation, Griffith4 Correlation was also used at

bubble flow to obtain accurate results. Steps followed in the correlation can
be observed in details at Chapter 4. During this process, program takes Pwh
as initial pressure and calculates depth increment at every 10 psi pressure
increase (pressure interval was taken low to reach an accurate solution) and
finally stores the pressure (discharge pressure) when depth reaches to total
pump setting depth. After recording discharge value program simply
calculates intake pressures at assumed flow rates and number of pump
stages. Head per stage data was required during these calculations and this
was achieved by constructing equation of each pump performance curve
and transferring it to program. These intake pressures are necessary to
construct intake curves on the same graph as the IPR curve. At the second
stage of the program, user should enter possible production rates to
programs, which are obtained manually by intersecting intake curve and IPR
curve. This procedure cannot be achieved by program since curve trendline
equation changes at every different input value and there is no chance of
data transfer between EXCEL Worksheet and the program. At the last step,
program calculates HP requirement at every possible rate, which will help
us to construct Possible Production Rate versus Stages and Horsepower
Figure. It should be kept in mind that pump selection is achieved manually
by entering to input, in other words program does not comprise an algorithm
that automatically selects a suitable pump for that well.
Pumping gas with the liquid causes produced fluid rate V to undergo a
significant variation between the intake and discharge pressures. This is
due to high compressibility of gas. At any pressure point between the intake
and discharge, the volume factor should be determined. This process can
only be achieved by making huge amounts of iteration, which leads to
necessity of a computer program. A two-stage computer program in Fortran
32
Code has been written and also EXCEL Worksheet was used to support the
program. Input parameters of the program are same with pumping only
liquid program, however, GOR value should be entered since free gas
exists. At first stage, program calculates VF at pressure interval between
200 5000 psi. Afterwards, by following same steps with pumping only
liquid program, discharge pressure is calculated by Hagedorn and Brown3
Vertical Multiphase Flow Correlation (existing as a subprogram in the
algorithm) and program starts to make iterations by decreasing pressure 50
psi at every iteration in order to calculate volume (h), h (head per stage) and
number of stage (St) values at desired production rate. As explained
previously, program computes Griffith4 Correlation when bubble flow
conditions were formed. Program then calculates the intake pressure at
various numbers of stages to let us construct tubing intake curve on the
same graph as the IPR curve. At the second stage of the program, user
should again enter possible production rates to programs, which are
obtained manually by intersecting intake curve and IPR curve. This
procedure cannot be achieved by program as explained before. At this
point, program starts to make iterations to calculate horsepower per stage
and total horsepower requirement at every 50 psi pressure drop until it
reaches to intake pressure. This data will help us to construct Possible
Production Rate versus Stages and Horsepower Figure in order us to make
necessary evaluation. It should be kept in mind that pump selection is
achieved manually by entering to input, in other words program does not
include an algorithm that automatically selects a suitable pump for that well.
33
CHAPTER IV
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The objective of this study is to perform a production engineering

study at GK oil field in Southeastern Turkey. The main goal of the study is to
achieve production optimization of 10 electrical submersible pump lifted
wells currently operating in this field. Desired conclusion will be reached
after determining the optimum pump stages and horsepower requirement
for a possible production rate by a theorotical study and compare it with
actual field submersible pump operating data. The study will let us to
suggest optimum submersible pump running conditions for each well to
continue production in a more economical and cost saving approach.
Following steps were considered during the study to reach the aim:
writing computer program that applies vertical multiphase flow
correlation and computes the parameters that were required for the
optimization
collecting and evaluating the actual reservoir, well, fluid and lifting
data that the case study was performed
entering field data to computer program and taking the output for
two pumping conditions
34
preparing necessary figures and charts concerning pump stages,
production rate and
horsepower requirement using the computer
output
comparison of actual field values and theorotical values and
making necessary suggestions
35
CHAPTER V
HAGEDORN AND BROWN VERTICAL MULTIPHASE FLOW
CORRELATION SUPPORTED BY GRIFFITH CORRELATION
5.1 Introduction
The use of multiphase flow pipeline pressure drop correlations is very
important in applying nodal analysis.
The correlations that are most widely used at the present time for
vertical multiphase flow are as follows:
1. Hagedorn and Brown3
2. Duns and Ros10
3. Ros and Gray11
4. Orkiszewski12
5. Beggs and Brill13
6. Aziz14
These are found to calculate pressure drop very well in certain wells
and certain fields. However, one may be much better than the other under
certain conditions and field pressure surveys are the only way to find out.
Without any knowledge in a particular field, it would be recommended
beginning initial work with the correlations as listed in the above order.
In the literature it is recommended to from a hybrid by using the most
dependable parts of the four models. As an example, the commercial
vertical multiphase flow model (MTRAN) that was developed by Scientific
Software Incorporation uses the following sections:
36
1. Duns and Ros10 flow map

2. Use Orkiszewski12 for bubble flow
3. Use Hagedorn and Brown3 for slug flow
4. Use Duns and Ros10 for transitional and mist flow
Figure 5.1 illustrates the schematic diagram of possible flow patterns in
two-phase pipelines to visualize the flow systems that above correlations
used for.
Figure 5.1
Schematic Diagram of Possible Flow Patterns in Two-Phase

Pipelines6
37
5.2 Hagedorn and Brown Method

The Hagedorn and Brown3 method was developed by obtaining
experimental pressure drop and flow rate data from a 1500 ft deep
instrumented well. Pressures were measured for flow in tubing sizes ranging
from 1 to 2 7/8 in O.D. A wide range of liquid rates and gas/liquid ratios
was included, and the effects of liquid viscosity were studied by using water
and oil as the liquid phase. The oils used had viscosities at stock tank
conditions of 10, 35 and 110 cp. Later two adjustments were made to
improve this correlation. When bubble flow existed, the Griffith4 Correlation
was used and when the no slip holdup was greater than the holdup value,
the no slip holdup was used2.
Neither liquid holdup nor flow pattern was measured during the
Hagedorn and Brown study, although a correlation for the calculated liquid
holdup is presented. The correlations were developed by assuming that the
two-phase friction factor could be obtained from the Moody diagram based
on a two-phase Reynolds number. This Reynolds Number requires a value
for H L in the viscosity term.
The Hagedorn and Brown method has been found to give good
results over a wide range of well conditions and is one of the most widely
used well flow correlations in the industry2. However, the original Hagedorn
and Brown correlation has several weaknesses: At first, it is not very
accurate in bubble flow. Moreover, calculated slip holdup is sometimes
below no-slip holdup and also the acceleration term is too dominant.
Thompson added that, the modified Hagedorn and Brown Correlation
tended to overpredict pressure loss in bubble flow (Griffith), while it tended
to underpredict slug flow. The Hagedorn and Brown Correlation gives best
results for wellbores with low to moderate liquid volume fractions (high gasliquid ratios) and relatively high mixture velocities (annular-mist or froth
flow).
The selection of appropriate correlation for a given production system
is important to reach to an accurate solution. In this study, Hagedorn and
38
Brown correlation was selected to calculate pressure drop for flow in the
vertical tubing. However, during the execution of the correlation in this
study, Griffith modification was also used when bubble flow conditions were
satisfied since Hagedorn and Brown method shows weaknesses at bubble
flow.
5.3 PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING A VERTICAL PRESSURE
TRAVERSE BY THE METHOD OF HAGEDORN AND BROWN
The general equation of Hagedorn and Brown correlation is15:
V m2
)
(
2g c
p
fw 2
= m +
+ m
144
h
h
2.9652 1011 d 5 m
(44)
Solving for the depth increment, h
144p m (
h =
m +
V m2
)
2g c
(45)
fw 2
2.9652 1011 d 5 m
Start with a known pressure p1, assume a value for p2 and calculate the
depth increment.
1. Calculate the average pressure between the two pressure points,psia
p=
p1 + p 2
+ 14.7
2
(46)
Depending upon the requirements of the problem,i.e., whether or not a

flowing bottom-hole pressure is to be determined from surface information,
or whether the calculations are to start from total depth and come up the
pipe, the starting pressure must be known. Pressure increments or
decrements must then be assumed from which the distance between
pressure points (1) and (2) will be calculated.
As a word of precaution, if starting from the surface with a pressure
lower than 100 psi, increments of 25 psi should be taken until reaching 400
39
psi. This type of calculation is practically forbidden by long hand but lends
itself readily to machine computation. If starting from bottom with pressures
in excess of 1,000 psi, the pressure decrements may be as great as 200
psi.
2. Calculate the specific gravity of the oil, o:
o=
141.5
131.5 + API
(47)
3. Find total mass associated with one bbl of stock tank liquid:
m = o (350) (
1
WOR
) + w (350) (
) + (0.0764) (GLR) g
1 + WOR
1 + WOR
(48)
4. Calculate the mass flow rate:

w=qm
(49)
5. Obtain Rs at P and T by Standings16 Correlation :
Rs = g (
P 10 0.0125( API ) 1/0.83
)
18 10 0.00091(T )
(50)
where Rs = scf/bbl
Lasaters17 equation can also be used and it is more accurate than
Standings correlation especially at higher API. The equation of Lasaters
correlation is as follows:
40
Rs = (
(379.3)(350)( o ) Yg
)(
)C
Mo
1 Yg
(51)
where:
Mo = molecular weight
T = R
The value of C is 1.0 unless a correction factor is necessary to make the
equation check with actual field cases.
6. Obtain Bo according to calculated Rs value:
a) If P Pb :
F = Rs (
g
o
) 0.5 + 1.25T
(52)
Bob = 0.972 + 0.000147 F 1.175
(53)
b) If P Pb
Bo = Bob e ( co ( Pb P ))
(54)
7. Calculate the density of liquid phase:
L =
o (62.4) + R s g (0.0764) / 5.614

Bo
](
41
1
WOR
) + [ w (62.4)(
) ] (55)
1 + WOR
1 + WOR
8. Assuming T = constant, find a value of Z for a constant T , p and g. If
T is to be a variable, then a single trial and error solution develops.

Although the temperature gradient may be known, the depth at which
the pressure increment occurs is not known and, therefore, the
temperature at the next pressure point is not known.
Ppc = 17.292 g2 17.852 g + 688.4
(56)
T pc = 1.8324 g2 + 308.93 g + 172.94
(57)
Ppr =
P
Ppc
(58)
T pr =
T
T pc
(59)
A = 1.39(T pr 0.92) 0.5 0.36T pr 0.101
B = (0.62 023T pr ) Ppr + (
0.066
0.32
0.037) Ppr2 + ( (9 (T 1)) ) Ppr6
(T pr 0.86)
10 pr
C = 0.132 0.32 log(T pr )
D = 10
(60)
(61)
(62)
2
( 0.3106 0.49T pr + 0.1824T pr
)
(63)
a) If B 100
42
z = A+
1 A
+ CPprD
B
e
(64)
b) If B100
z = A + CPprD
(65)
9. Calculate the average density of the gas phase
p 520 1
)(
)( )
14.7 T Z
g = g (0.0764)(
(66)
10. Calculate the average viscosity of the oil from appropriate correlations.
As noted, a knowledge of fluid properties of the oil, p , and / or T is
required.
a) If P Pb
X = T 1.163 e ( 6.98240.04658 API )
(67)
oD = 10 X 1
(68)
A = 10.715( R s + 100) 0.515
(69)
B = 5.44( R s + 150) 0.338
(70)
B
o = A oD
(71)
b) If P Pb
C2
B = C1 P e ( C 3 + C 4 P )
(72)
43
where:
C1 = 2.6
C2 = 1.187
C3 = -11.513
C4 = -8.98 10-5
B
b = A oD
o = b (
P B
)
Pb
(73)
where:
b = viscosity of the reservoir liquid at the bubble point, cp

oD = dead oil viscosity, cp
11. Determine the average water viscosity from correlation below:
W = e (1.0031.47910
T +1.98210 5 T 2 )
(74)
12. Calculate the liquid mixture viscosity:
1
WOR
L = o
+ w
1 + WOR
1 + WOR
(75)
This can only be an approximation since the viscosity of two immiscible

liquids is quite complex.
12. Assuming constant surface tensions at each pressure point, calculate
the liquid mixture surface tension.
44
L = o (
WOR
1
) + w (
)
1 + WOR
1 + WOR
(76)
Again, this represents only an approximation of the surface tension of

the liquid phase.
13. Calculate the liquid viscosity number:
NL = 0.15726L(
3
L
)1/4
(77)
14. Determine CNL from the previously formed equation of CNL versus NL
graph.
CNL = 87.222NL6 106.04NL5 + 48.22NL4 10.069NL3 + 0.8612NL2 + 0.02NL + 0.002
(78)
15. Calculate the area of tubing, Ap.
Ap =
d 2
(79)
16. Obtain Bo at p, T
17. Assuming Bw = 1.0, calculate the superficial liquid velocity sL , ft/sec:
sL =
5.61q L
86400 A p
WOR
1
Bo (1 + WOR ) + B w (1 + WOR )
18. Calculate the liquid velocity number, NLV:
45
(80)
NLV = 1.938 sL (
L 1/ 4
)
L
(81)
19. Calculate the superficial gas velocity, sg :
sg
q L GLR R s

1 + WOR 14.7 T Z
=
p 520 1
86400 A p

(82)
20. Determine the gas velocity number, NGV:
NGV =1.938 sg L
L
1/ 4
(83)
21. Find the pipe diameter number, Nd:
Nd = 120.872d
L
L
(84)
22. Calculate the holdup correlating function :
N
= 0LV
N .575
gV
23. Obtain
HL
HL
14.7
0.10
CN L
Nd
(85)
from the correlation determined before:
= 2 1015 6 + 4 1013 5 3 1011 4 + 109 3 2 106 2 + 1823.2 + 0.11
46
(86)
24. Determine the secondary correction factor correlating parameter, :
N gv N L0.380
=
N 2.14
d
(87)
25. Obtain from the previously formed equation of versus graph.
= 8107 6 3107 5 + 4 106 4 300129 3 +10765 2 157.12 +1.7611
(88)
26. Calculate a value for HL:
H
HL = L [ ]

(89)
For low viscosities there will be no correction and = 1.00.
27. In order to obtain a friction factor, determine a value for the two-phase
Reynolds number, (NRe)TP:
( N Re ) TP
2.2 10 2 w
=
(d )( LH L )( g(1 H L ) )
(90)
28. Determine a value for /d. If the value of is not known, a good value to
use is 0.00015 ft which is an average value given for commercial steel.
29. Obtain the friction factor from the Jain18 Equation:
1
21.25
= 1.14 2 log( + 0.9 )
d
N Re
f
(91)
47
30. Calculate the average two-phase density of the mixtures m by two

methods.
(a) Using the value of HL, calculate m as follows:
m = L H L + g (1 H L )
(92)
(b) Calculate a value of m assuming no slippage.

31. Calculate the two-phase mixture velocity at both p1 and p2.
m1=sL1+sg1
(93)
m2=sL2+sg2
(94)
32. Determine a value for (m2)
(m2) = m2 1 m2 2
(95)
33. Calculate h corresponding to p = p1 p2
144p m (
h =
m +
m2
2g c
)
(96)
fw 2
2.9652 1011 d 5 m
34. Starting with p2 and the known depth at p2, assume another pressure
point and repeat the procedures until reaching total depth, or until reaching
the surface depending upon whether you are starting from the bottom or top
of tube.
48
5.4 GRIFFITH CORRELATION (BUBBLE FLOW)

The void fraction of gas (Hg) in bubble flow can be expressed as:
4q
1
q
q
Hg= 1 + t (1 + t ) 2 g
2 vs Ap
vs Ap
vs Ap
(97)
where :
vs = slip velocity (bubble rise velocity), ft/sec
Griffith suggested that a good approximation of an average vs is 0.8
ft/sec. The average flowing density can be computed as:
= L (1 H g ) + g H g
(98)
The friction gradient is:
f = f L v L 2 / 2 g c d h
(99)
where:
L =
qL
Ap (1 H g )
(100)
The Reynolds number is calculated as:
N Re = 1488 L d h
vL
(101)
where:
49
dh = hydraulic pipe diameter, ft
L = liquid viscosity, cp
Vertical pressure gradient curves (for three different reservoir
conditions) obtained from the computer program by following the above
steps were given at Chapter 7.
50
CHAPTER VI
DESCRIPTION OF THE GK FIELD
6.1 Introduction
The selected field is located on South East Anatolian. The field was
discovered in 1961 and has been on production since then. Currently, there
are a total of 29 wells with 12 producers, 13 closed-in, 2 dumpflooders and
2 injection wells. The main drive mechanism of the field is rock and fluid
expansion, there also exists a weak aquifer at the system but not sufficient
to create a producing force.
The field started its production life as a dry and natural flowing field. A
steep pressure decline in wells was observed during late 1961 and early
1962. It was decided that the field pressure should be maintained by water
injection through peripheral wells 3 and 5 on the Eastern and Western
flanks of the field to keep the production wells on natural flow. In 1966,
water cut increased and killed natural flow. In 1967, as a result of high field
offtake, pressure in producers began to decline rapidly. Thus, in August
1967, water injection was stopped to observe production declines in the field
and artificial lift system was installed. After realising that recovery is
constrained by pressure decline rather than the watercut development in
1986 dumpflooding started. In June 1997 from two wells re-injection
started19.
51
6.2 Geology
The field is an elongated structure in an approximate EastWest
direction. Up to date 29 wells have been drilled and two wells are located
outside the field (Well-9 and Well-10). The field is a frontal thrust structure
consisting of an anticline on the leading edge of the thrust block. The
reservoir rock has been divided into Mardin Units, I, II, III and IV. These
units are further subdivided based on lithology (limestone and dolomite) and
porosity classes.
There is a main continues East-West trending normal fault. This main
fault separates two blocks as Main Block and Northern Block and there is an
another block called Western Block. The unique pressure response of the
W-14 with respect to the rest of the field (pressure measured in W-14
showed slight depletion of only a few hundred psi, when the average
reservoir pressure in the rest of the field was more than 1000 psi) may show
the existence of a barrier between W-14 and W-11 due to either a fault or
reservoir rock quality deterioration (a permeability barrier) between those
wells. The reservoir deterioration between the wells on the other hand, can
not be confirmed due to shallow completion of the W-11 which prevents the
correlation of two wells because of the long distance between these two
wells, the deterioration of the reservoir quality is still quite possible.
The units having the highest porosities are the dolomite in Unit I and the
high porosity limestone close to the bottom of the Unit II. The average
porosities of this dolomite unit varies between 15% and 20% and the
average permeabilities between 6 mD-50mD based on core measurements.
Intercrystalline and vuggy porosities, and some solution channels and
fractures were also observed on the core samples.
Unit II is described as limestone-dolomitic limestone. Cores indicated
that it has vuggy porosity and solution channels, and some sub-vertical/subhorizontal fractures also exist. The average porosity is 10%-15% with air
permeabilities between 0.3 mD-1.5 mD based on core measurements.
52
All of the producing wells produce from Unit I and II, the dumpflooders
W-3, W-5, W-19 inject the water into Unit I and injectors W-11 and W-18
inject to Unit I and II.
6.3 Reservoir,Fluid and Lift-System Properties
In the absence of PVT sampling, reservoir fluid properties have been, to
large extent, derived from correlations. Estimated values for key parameters
are listed in Table 6.1.
TABLE 6.1
RESERVOIR AND FLUID PROPERTIES OF

GK FIELD
API
38
GOR, scf/STB
15
gsc
0.7
wsc
1.02
osc
0.83
Pb, psi
160
PR (initial), psi
2400
Tav, F
170
10 of 12 producer wells were lifted with electrical submersible pumps.

These wells and the series of pumps operated are given in Table 6.2.
53
TABLE 6.2
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP LIFTED WELLS OPERATED IN

GK FIELD AND THEIR EFFICIENCY RANGES
WELL
PUMP USED
EFFICIENCY
RANGE (bbl/d)
W-07
DN440
83 - 458
W-08
DN675
267 - 692
W-15
GN2000
1300 - 2650
W-16
GN1600
833 - 1792
W-17
GN1600
833 -1792
W-22
DN440
83 - 458
W-24
DN1100
500 - 1125
W-25
GN3200
1834 - 3417
W-27
DN675
267 - 692
W-28
DN675
267 - 692
6.4 Production History

Production rates and bottomhole pressures recorded for the producer
wells between the years 1961 and 1999 gives the generalized IPR curve
showed in Figure 6.1. This figure is the combination of 66 well test data from
12 different producer wells and by inspecting the figure, it can be observed
that the (qo)max is 1378 bbl/d or 1385 stb/d and flow rate at bubble point
pressure, (qo)b, is 1340 bbl/d or 1347 stb/d.
54
3000
2500
Pwf (psi)
2000
1500
BBL/D
STB/D
1000
500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
q (BBL/D or STB/D)
Figure 6.1
Generalized IPR Curve
The gross rate of each submersible pump lifted producer well during
the production period and required pump stages used in the field are given
in Table 6.3.
55
TABLE 6.3
GROSS PRODUCTION RATE OF THE WELLS IN GK FIELD

AND REQUIRED PUMP STAGES
Well
Gross Rate (bbl/d)
Pump Stages
W-07
180
356
W-08
740
238
W-15
1180
216
W-16
1350
180
W-17
1270
181
W-22
70
320
W-24
1000
332
W-25
1620
239
W-27
400
338
W-28
530
338
56
CHAPTER VII
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Calculations are based on the steps that are summarized in Chapter 2
at sections 2.3.1.1 for pumping liquid and 2.3.2.4 for pumping liquid and
gas. These calculations were done for the 10 submersible pump lifted wells
indicated in Table 6.2 and by using the pumps that were actually operated in
the GK field. Detailed sample calculation for W-08 and the output of
computer program can be observed in Appendix B.
Results of the study can be categorized into five different parts:
a. Construction of vertical flowing pressure gradient (pressure traverse)
curves according to computer program output and comparing the
results with Beggs&Brill13 Correlation
b. Performing Sensitivity Analysis based on effect of of oil density, GLR
and WOR on flowing bottomhole pressure by using the computer
program output
c. Construction
of
possible
production
rate
versus
stage
and
horsepower chart for each well (GLR = 15 scf / STB) by using the
pumping liquid and gas computer algorithm
d. Comparison of theoretical and actual production parameters and
suggestion for optimum pump operating conditions by inspecting
possible production rate versus stage and horsepower chart
57
7.2
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
7.2.1 Construction of Vertical Flowing Pressure Gradient Curves

Using Computer Program Output
Hagedorn
and
Brown3
subprogram
supported
with
Griffith4
Correlation gives program user a chance to construct the vertical flowing

pressure gradient curves at any flow rate and at the desired reservoir, fluid
and well conditions. Pressure traverse curves for a flow rate of 100 stb/d
and with a water-cut of 0, 0.5 and 1.0 were constructed respectively
according to GK field data and by the help of computer program output.
These curves can be observed at Figure 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3.
58
Pressure (psi)
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
Tubing Size, in : 2.441

Liquid Rate, STBL/D : 100
Water Fraction : 0
Gas Gravity : 0.70
Oil API Gravity : 38
Water Specific Gravity : 1.02
Average Flowing Temp., F : 170
Correlation : Hagedorn&Brown
Griffith Correlation (bubble flow)
1000
2000
3000
5000
ID
QU
LI
SGA
Depth (ft)
4000
6000
RA
TB
f/S
sc
O,
TI
7000
8000
9000
500
10000
400 300 200
100
11000
Figure 7.1
Pressure Traverse Curve (WC = 0)
59
4000
Pressure (psi)
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000

Water Fraction : 0.5
Gas Gravity : 0.70
1000
2000
3000
5000
ID
QU
LI
SGA
Depth (ft)
4000
6000
TB
f/S
sc
O,
TI
RA
7000
8000
9000
500
10000
200 100
400300
11000
Figure 7.2
60
4400
Pressure (psi)
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
4400

Water Fraction : 1.0
Gas Gravity : 0.70
1000
2000
3000
5000
S
GA
Depth (ft)
4000
U
IQ
-L
6000
ID
RA
O,
TI
7000
B
ST
F/
SC
L
8000
500
9000
200 100
10000
400 300
11000
Figure 7.3
61
4800
A comparison was made between pressure traverse curves prepared

by Beggs&Brill13 and curves constructed with computer output in order to
test the accuracy of correlation used in the program algorithm. Table 7.1
briefly indicates the pressures at selected depths with respect to two
conditions. Inspecting Table 7.1, we can understand that computer-based
pressures and the Beggs&Brill correlation values are very close to each
other. This means that vertical multiphase flow correlation within the
program is giving reliable output and encurages us about the accuracy of
rest of the study. It should be kept in mind that values determined from
Beggs&Brill correlation are recorded at slightly different reservoir and fluid
conditions than GK field parameters, that is, gas gravity is 0.65, oil API
gravity is 35 and average flowing temperature is 150 F. Another point that
should be taken into account during the comparison is that when GLR
increases, difference between pressure values of computer output and
Beggs&Brill values are also increases. This behaviour can be interpreted as
reliability of Hagedorn and Brown flow correlation supported by Griffith
Correlation should be re-tested at high GLR reservoirs.
62
TABLE 7.1 COMPARISON of COMPUTER-BASED VERTICAL FLOWING PRESSURES with

BEGGS&BRILL CORRELATION AT SELECTED DEPTHS
Water Fraction
0
0.5
1.0
GLR (scf/STB)
GLR (scf/STB)
GLR (scf/STB)
100
Pressure (psi)
100
Pressure (psi)
100
Pressure (psi)
Depth (ft)
Output
Beggs&Brill
Output
Beggs&Brill
Output
Beggs&Brill
Output
Beggs&Brill
Output
Beggs&Brill
Output
Beggs&Brill
4000
1440
1400
1050
1040
1590
1600
1220
1140
1680
1800
1400
1280
6000
2160
2090
1770
1750
2380
2400
2040
1960
2560
2720
2280
2180
8000
2870
2800
2480
2440
3190
3190
2820
2750
3440
3610
3180
3080
10000
3580
3500
3190
3130
3985
4000
3610
3560
4320
4540
4080
3090
63
7.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis by Using the Computer Program Output

Having a chance of changing all variables related to Hagedorn and
Brown vertical multiphase flow correlation within the program, sensitivity
analysis was performed by observing the effect of oil density, GLR and
WOR on flowing bottomhole pressure. Results were summarized in Table
7.2, 7.3 and 7.4. Reservoir and fluid data of W-08 was used during the
study. After making necessary observations for the output, it can be
observed that the increase in oil density and GLR creates a slight decrease
in bottomhole pressure, and an increase in WOR causes an increase in
flowing bottomhole pressure.
TABLE 7.2
EFFECT of OIL DENSITY on FLOWING BOTTOMHOLE

PRESSURES AT SELECTED DEPTHS
Well Depth (ft)

API
4000
6000
8000
10000
10
2000
2880
3760
4620
15
2000
2880
3760
4620
20
1990
2870
3760
4610
25
1990
2870
3750
4610
30
1990
2870
3750
4610
35
1990
2870
3750
4600
40
1990
2870
3740
4600
64
TABLE 7.3 EFFECT of GLR on FLOWING BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURES
Q = 100 STB/D
GLR
Wellhead Pressure (psi)
Flowing Bottomhole Pressure (psi)
250
2480
100
250
2190
200
250
1960
300
250
1860
400
250
1800
500
250
1720
TABLE 7.4 EFFECT of WOR on FLOWING BOTTOMHOLE

PRESSURES AT SELECTED DEPTHS
Flowing Bottomhole Pressure (psi)

Well Depth (ft)
WOR 0%
WOR 50%
WOR 100%
4000
1640
1820
2000
6000
2350
2620
2880
8000
3070
3420
3770
Figure 7.4 and 7.5 indicate a graphical analysis for the effect of GLR
and WOR on flowing botomhole pressure respectively. It can be observed
that flow rates that were selected show no or negligible effect on flowing
bottomhole pressures.
65
3000
GLR=0 scf/stbl
2500
GLR=100
GLR=200
GLR=300
GLR=400
GLR=500
Pwf (psi)
2000
1500
BBL/D
STB/D
1000
IPR
500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
q (BBL/D or STB/D)
Figure 7.4
Graphical Analysis of Effect of GLR on Flowing

Bottomhole Pressure for W-08
3000
WOR=1.0
2500
Pwf (psi)
WOR=0.5
2000
WOR =0
BBL/D
1500
STB/D
1000
IPR
500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
q (BBL/D or STB/D)
Figure 7.5
Graphical Analysis of Effect of WOR on Flowing

Bottomhole Pressure for W-08
66
7.2.3 Construction of Possible Production Rate versus Stage

and Horsepower Chart for GK Field Wells by Using
the Pumping Liquid and Gas Computer Algorithm
Possible production rate versus stage and horsepower chart was

prepared for each electrical submersible pump lifted wells in GK field by
considering the intake pressures obtained from computer program at
selected flow rates. These charts can said to be the final step of the study
and helped us to make necessary suggestions for optimum pump operating
conditions. In below figures, actual value point is the real production rate of
the well in GK field and the number of pump stages used for that well. It
should be noted that actual horsepower requirement data for these wells
are not available. On Figures 7.6 to 7.14, the efficiency range of the pumps
used and also suggested flow rate and corresponding horsepower
requirement and number of pump stages can be observed.
67
600
550
Possible Rate (STB/D)
500
450
400
350
Efficiency Range
300
250
Actual Value (St)
200
150
HP
Suggested HP
Suggested Stage
100
50
Stages
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Stages or Horsepower
FIGURE 7.6
Possible Production Rate vs Stages and Horsepower for W-07

68
400
450
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
HP
900
Suggested HP
800
Actual Value (St)
700
Suggested Stage
600
500
Stages
400
Efficiency Range
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
FIGURE 7.7

69
400
450
2400
2200
HP
2000
Stages
1800
1600
Actual Value(St)
Efficiency Range
1400 Suggested HP
1200
Suggested Stage
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
FIGURE 7.8 Possible Production Rate vs Stages and Horsepower for W-16
70
700
800
2000
Stages
HP
1800
1600
Suggested HP
1400
Suggested Stage
1200
Actual Value (St)
Efficiency Range
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
100
200
300
400
FIGURE 7.9 Possible Production Rate vs Stages and Horsepower for W-17
71
500
600
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
HP
800
600
Stages
400
Suggested HP
Efficiency Range
Suggested Stage
200
Actual Value (St)
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
FIGURE 7.10

72
600
1800
1600
HP
1400
Stages
1200
Actual Value (St)
Suggested HP
1000
Suggested Stage
800
Efficiency Range
600
400
200
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
FIGURE 7.11

73
400
450
3500
3000
Efficiency Range
2500
Suggested HP
2000
Suggested Stage
Actual Value(St)
1500
HP
1000
Stages
500
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
FIGURE 7.12

74
600
700
1400
1300
1200
HP
1100
1000
900
Stages
800
Suggested Stage
700
Suggested HP
600
500
Actual Value (St)
Efficiency Range
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
FIGURE 7.13

75
400
450
1400
1300
1200
HP
1100
1000
900
Stages
800
Suggested Stage
700
Suggested HP
600
Actual Value (St)
500
Efficiency Range
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
FIGURE 7.14

76
400
450
7.2.4 Comparison of Theoretical and Actual Production Parameters

and Suggestion for Optimum Pump Operating Conditions by
Inspecting Possible Production Rate versus Stage and
Horsepower Chart
Inspection
of
Possible
Production
Rate
versus
Stage
and
Horsepower charts for GK field wells let us to make following interpretations:

Actual operating rate of W-07 is 180 stb/d with 356 stages. This
operating rate is within the efficiency range (83-458 bpd) of the pump used
(DN 440), however from the Figure 7.6 it can be observed that beyond 100
stb/d, the horsepower requirement and the number of pump stages increase
very fast without a significant gain in the production rate. A production rate
of 90 stb/d with a horsepower requirement of 40 HP, and a pump stages of
450 can said to be ideal considering the chart.
W-08 is operated with 740 stb/d with 238 stages. This production rate
is higher than the upper limit of pump efficiency range (267-692 bpd). On
the other hand, by examining Figure 7.7, 740 stb/d rate at 238 stages seem
to be a good choice, since HP and pump stage curve slope increases
significantly with an increase in production rate. A production rate of 680
stb/d and a corresponding horsepower requirement of 35 HP and 230 pump
stages can be suggested which are close to actual operating values. 680
stb/d production rate is useful since it is within the upper limit of efficiency
range and providing maximum production rate from W-08.
W-15 cannot be interpreted due to lack of required data.
W-16 is operated with 1350 stb/d with a pump stage of 180. The rate
is within the efficiency range of the pump (833-1792 bpd) and the
corresponding pump stages and HP requirement can said to be economical
by observing Figure 7.8. A production rate of 1200 stb/d with a 70 HP and
160 pump stages can be a perfect design and it should be noted that the
actual production rate and pump stage values are nearly equal to theoretical
values.
77
W-17 is operated with 1270 stb/d with 181 stages. This rate indicates
that the pump is used efficiently (833-1792 bpd). Besides, observing Figure
7.9, operating production rate and pump stage values are said to be at
optimum range, and the actual and theoretical values are close to each
other. Thus, a production rate of 1400 stb/d and a corresponding HP
requirement of 100 HP and 220 pump stages can be offered in theorotical
circumstances.
W-22 produces with a low rate, 70 stb/d, with 320 stages. Figure 7.10
shows that the rate is below pump efficiency range (83-458 bpd) and also
320 stages is useless since HP requirement increases significantly,
however production rate increases slightly. This well can said to be
operated inefficiently. 390 stb/d production rate can be selected with a 18
HP requirement and a pump stages of 212.
W-24 produces 1000 stb/d within upper limit of pump efficiency range
(500-1125 bpd). Pump stage value is 332, and entire actual operating data,
is acceptable. Suggested values can be given as 1050 stb/d production rate
with a 32 HP and 270 pump stages.
W-25 is operated with 1620 stb/d with 239 stages. Figure 7.12 shows
that the actual operating production rate can be selected higher, especially
within efficiency range (1834-3417 bpd) of the pump. 1900 stb/d production
rate with a 310 HP and a pump stage of 400 can be suggested for this well
but it should be noted that horsepower requirement is too high to be
operated in field conditions.
W-27 has a production rate of 400 stb/d and a pump stage of 338.
Examining Figure 7.13, it can be concluded that the pump is operating at its
optimum range (267-692 bpd). Operating with 650 stb/d with a 25 HP and
170 pump stages can be economical.
W-28 operates with 530 stb/d within its pump efficiency range (267692 bpd) with 338 stages 680 stb/d production rate with a 28 HP and 192
pump stages can be a good selection.
78
TABLE 7.5. RESULTS OBTAINED AFTER the COMPARISON of ACTUAL

and COMPUTER-BASED DATA for GK FIELD
WELL
Actual
Flow
Rate
(stb/d)
Actual
Pump
Stages
Actual HP
W-07
180
356
N/A
W-08
740
238
W-15
1180
W-16
Suggested
Flow Rate
(stb/d)
Suggested
Pump
Stages
Suggested HP
90
450
40
N/A
680
230
35
216
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
not completely optimum but can be

acceptable
acceptable
N/A
1350
180
N/A
1200
160
70
completely optimum
W-17
1270
181
N/A
1400
220
100
completely optimum
W-22
70
320
N/A
390
212
18
inefficient production
W-24
1000
332
N/A
1050
270
32
W-25
1620
239
N/A
1900
400
310
W-27
400
338
N/A
650
170
25
completely optimum
acceptable
acceptable
W-28
530
338
N/A
680
192
28
79
RESULT

acceptable
where:
NA = not applicable due to lack of required data
80
CHAPTER VIII
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
System Nodal Analysis is an useful method in designing and optimizing
a production system having interacting components. Application of Nodal
Analysis technique to electrical submersible pumps lets production
engineers to run the pump more efficiently by selecting optimum flow rate
and corresponding number of pump stages and horsepower requirement.
System optimization is especially important when dealing with gas with
liquid rather than producing and pumping only liquid. In these cases, system
analysis should be supported by a computer program to overcome large
iterations due to production volume change between pump discharge and
intake pressures. It should be noted that GK field has a low GOR (15
scf/STB) which allows straight-forward pump designs without a need of
detailed optimization procedures. This study is useful especially for high
GOR submersible pump lifted wells. A computer program is also necessary
to predict pressure at required depth simultaneously by using vertical
multiphase flow correlation. It can be observed from the results that
Hagedorn and Brown correlation generally gave acceptable program output
when compared with Beggs&Brill Correlation, however failed to give
accurate values at bubble flow. During the study, Griffith Correlation was
used when bubble flow conditions were met. Results indicated that when
dealing with high GLR wells by the help of the computer program, Hagedorn
and Brown Correlation showed tendency to give less accurate output. In this
study, sensitivity analysis was also performed based on the effect of oil
gravity, WOR and GLR on flowing bottomhole pressure which was
evaluated with graphical analysis.
Evaluation of possible production rate versus stage and horsepower
chart showed that within 10 submersible pump lifted wells, 3 wells, W-16,
81
W-17, and W-24 were operated at their optimum range. 5 wells, W-07, W08, W-25, W-27, and W-28, were not operated completely at optimum
operating conditions but can said to be acceptable. 1 well, W-22, was
operated inefficiently which should be re-designed to reach optimum
parameters. W15 could not be interpreted due to lack of required
production data. The study gave the writer a chance to suggest optimum
operating parameters for each well. Finally, it should be kept in mind that
actual production rates for the wells in GK field can be different from the
optimized values because of the commercial production needs of the oil
companies.
82
REFERENCES
1. Brown, K.E., The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods, Vol. 2b,

PennWell Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1980.
2. Beggs, H.D., Production Optmization Using Nodal Analysis, OGCI

Publications, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1991.
3. Hagedorn, Alton R., Brown, K.E., Experimental Study of Pressure

Gradients Occuring During Continuous Two-phase Flow in Small
Diameter Vertical Conduits, Journal of Petroleum Technology, April
1965, p.475
4. Griffith, P., Two-Phase Flow In Pipes, Summer Program, M.I.T., 1962.

5. Reda Pump Company Pte. Ltd., 1992
6. Brown, K.E., The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods, Vol. 4, PennWell
Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1984.
7. Gilbert,
W.E.,
Flowing
and
Gas-Lift
Well
Performance,
API
Drill.Prod.Practice,1954.
8. Nind, T.E.W., Principles of Oil Well Production, McGraw-Hill, 1964.

9. Brown, K.E., Beggs, H.D., The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods,
Vol. 1, Petroleum Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1978
83
10. Duns, H.Jr., Ros, N.C.J., Vertical Flow of Gas and Liquid Mixtures in
Wells, 6th World Petroleum Congress, Frankfurt, Germany.
11. Gray, H.E., Vertical Flow Correlations in Gas Wells, User Manual for
API 14B Subsurface Control Safety Valve Sizing Computer Program
App.B., June 1974
12. Orkizewski, J. Predicting Two-Phase Pressure Drops in Vertical Pipe,

Journal of Petroleum Technology, June 1967
13. Beggs, H.D., Brill, J.P. A Study of Two Phase Flow in Inclined Pipes,
Journal of Petroleum Technology, May 1973
14. Aziz, K., Govier, G.W., and Fogarasi, M., Pressure Drop in Wells
Producing Oil and Gas, Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,
July-September 1972
15. Brown, K.E., The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods, Vol. 1,

Petroleum Publishing Company, Tulsa, 1977
16. Standing, M.B., Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Oilfield Hydrocarbon

Systems, NewYork, Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1952
17. Lasater, J.A., Bubble Point Pressure Correlation, Transactions of the

AIME, 1958, pg379
18. Jain,
A.K.,
Accurate
Explicit
Equation
for
Friction
J.Hydl.Div.ASCE, NoHY5, May, 1976
19. Private Communication with N.V. Turkse Perenco, 2003
84
Factor,
APPENDIX A
PUMPING LIQUID AND GAS COMPUTER PROGRAM
1. Nomenclature
2. Flow Chart
3. Main Program
85
PUMPING LIQUID AND GAS

A1 Nomenclature:
A1.1 Simple Variables Used In The Program
A,B,C,D
terms used in z factor calculation
API
API value of the oil
AREA
area of the tubing, ft2
AVALUE
constant used in determination of the number of pump stages
BHT
bottomhole temperature, F
BO
formation volume factor of oil, rbbl/STB
BOB
formation volume factor of oil at bubble point pressure,

rbbl/STB
CNL
viscosity number coefficient
CO
coefficient of isothermal compressibility
DELP
pressure increment, psi
DENAV
average density of the gas phase, lb/ft3
DENF
weight of 1 bbl liquid plus pumped gas at standard conditions,

lb/stbl
DENGAS
gas density at standard conditions, lb/scf
DENLIQ
density of the liquid phase, lb/ft3
DENMIX
average two phase density of the mixture, lb/ft3
DIA
inner diameter of tubing, in.
DIANUM
pipe diameter number
DIST
distance used in Hagedorn and Brown correlation, ft
DOV
dead oil viscosity, cp
ED
pipe roughness
86
term used in calculating formation volume factor of oil
FF
friction factor
GLR
gas liquid ratio, scf/STB
GOR
gas oil ratio, scf/STB
HEADCAP
head per stage, ft/stage
HOLDCOF
holdup correlating function
HOLDUP
liquid holdup
HOLOSEC
liquid holdup over secondary correction factor
HPLOAD
horsepower per stage, HP/stage
PAV
average pressure between P1 and P2
PBUB
bubble point pressure, psi
PPC
pseudo critical pressure
PPR
pseudo reduced pressure
P1
initial pressure (wellhead pressure in this case), psi
P2
final pressure, psi
flow rate term used in pump head capacity subprogram,

STB/D
QOIL
oil flow rate, STB/D
QOPTM
flow rate term used in pump horsepower subprogram, STB/D
QWATER
water flow rate, STB/D
RS
solution gas oil ratio, scf/STB
RS1
solution gas oil ratio at initial condition, scf/STB
RS2
solution gas oil ratio at final condition, scf/STB
SCF
secondary correction factor
SECORF
secondary correction factor correlating parameter
SGGAS
specific gravity of gas
SGOIL
specific gravity of oil
SGWATER specific gravity of water

T
average flowing temperature, F
TD
total depth of the well, ft
TENLIQ
liquid mixture surface tension, dynes/cm
87
TPC
pseudo critical temperature
TPR
pseudo reduced temperature
VELNGAS
gas velocity number
VELNLIQ
liquid velocity number
VISAV
average viscosity between initial and final condition, cp
VISGAS
gas viscosity (assumed constant), cp
VISNLIQ
liquid viscosity number
VISO1
oil viscosity at initial condition, cp
VISO2
oil viscosity at final condition, cp
VISWAT
average water viscosity, cp
VSG
superficial gas velocity, ft/sec
VSL
superficial liquid velocity, ft/sec
mass flow rate, lb/day
WM
mass associated with one barrel of stock tank liquid, lb/STBL
WC
water cut
WOR
water oil ratio
A1.2. Arrays Used In The Program

BE
array showing factor B used in z factor calculation
HP
array showing the calculation of required pump horsepower
array showing VF data at various pressures
PR
array showing the calculation of number of pump stages
ST
array showing the intake pressures at various pump stages
ZE
array showing z factor
88
A2 Flow Chart
MAIN PROGRAM
START
Input: Well, fluid,

reservoir, and liftsystem data
Calculate: Rs, Bo, Bg

and VF at various
pressures
(200 5000 psi)
Output: file name

is Table1
volume factor
data at various
pressures
CALL HAGBROWN
(pressure gradient correlation)
Store discharge pressure at pump
depth. Apply Griffith Correlation if
bubble flow exists
A
Begin with first iteration. At

every iteration decrease the
pressure 50 psi (P) starting
from the discharge pressure
Calculate: Average
pressure
Pinitial + Pfinal
Pav =
2
89
Calculate: volume factor

at the average pressure
by making interpolation
and volume of fluid
according to volume
factor value
According to input lift data:

CALL DN440H for pump DN440
CALL GN1600H for pump GN1600
Store head per stage at volume of
fluid
Output: file name
is Table2
iterations to
calculate total
number of pump
stages at various
pressures
Calculate: stage
increment and
total number of
stages
If average
pressure
is less
than 200
psi
90
Input: number of pump

stages (7 values) at
which intake pressure
will be calculated
Calculate: intake
pressures at selected
pump stages by
interpolation
Input: possible (optimized)

production rate and
corresponding intake
pressure determined from
EXCEL Worksheet
CALL HAGBROWN
Store discharge pressure at
possible (optimum) flow rate.
Apply Griffith Correlation if
bubble flow exists
B
Begin with first iteration. At
every iteration decrease the
pressure 50 psi (P)
starting from the discharge
pressure
91
Output: file name

is Table3
intake pressure
values at
selected pump
stages
Calculate: Average
pressure
Pinitial + Pfinal
Pav =
2
Calculate: volume factor at

the average pressure by
making interpolation and
volume of fluid according to
volume factor value

CALL DN440HP for pump DN440
CALL GN1600HP for pump GN1600
Store horsepower per stage at volume
of fluid

Store head per stage at volume of fluid
Calculate: horsepower
increment and total
required horsepower
92
If average
pressure is
less than
intake
pressure
T
Output: file name is Table4
iterations to calculate total
horsepower requirement
between intake and
discharge pressures
STOP
93
A3 Main Program
C
**********LIQUID AND GAS CASE MAIN PROGRAM**********

DIMENSION P(25,5),BE(25),ZE(25),PR(100,8),ST(10,10),HP(100,9)
REAL HEAD,XY,YX,HPPERST
**********OPEN FILE**********
OPEN (15,FILE='TABLE1.FOR')
**********INPUT DATA**********
PRINT *,'SELECT YOUR PUMP'
PRINT *,'TYPE 1 FOR DN440'
PRINT *,'TYPE 4 FOR GN1600'
READ *,SELECT
IF (SELECT.EQ.1) PRINT *,'YOU CHOOSE DN440'
IF (SELECT.EQ.4) PRINT *,'YOU CHOOSE GN1600'
PRINT *,'ENTER WATERCUT'
READ *,WC
PRINT *,'ENTER SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF WATER'
READ *,SGWAT
PRINT *,'ENTER SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF OIL'
READ *,SGOIL
94
PRINT *,'ENTER GOR'

READ *,GOR
PRINT *,'ENTER SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GAS'
READ *,SGGAS
PRINT *,'ENTER VISCOSITY OF GAS'
READ *,VISGAS
PRINT *,'ENTER WELLHEAD PRESSURE'
READ *,P1
PRINT *,'ENTER PRESSURE INTERVAL'
READ *,DELP
PRINT *,'ENTER BOTTOMHOLE TEMPERATURE'
READ *,BHT
PRINT *,'ENTER BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE'
READ *,PBUB
PRINT *,'ASSUME A LIQUID FLOW RATE'
READ *,QLIQ
PRINT *,'ENTER INNER DIAMETER OF TUBING'
READ *,DIA
PRINT *,'ENTER TOTAL DEPTH'
READ *,TD
**********CALCULATION OF VF DATA ATVARIOUS PRESSURES*****
T=BHT
QWATER=QLIQ*WC
QOIL=QLIQ-QWATER
GLR=GOR/(1/(1-WC))
DENGAS=SGGAS*0.0763
DENF=350*WC*SGWAT+350*(1-WC)*SGOIL+GLR*DENGAS
PRINT *,'FLUID DENSITY IS',DENF
AVALUE=808.3141/DENF
API=(141.5/SGOIL-131.5)
P2=P1+DELP
95
PAV=(P1+P2)/2+14.7
PPC=-17.292*SGGAS**2-17.852*SGGAS+688.4
TPC=1.8324*SGGAS**2+308.93*SGGAS+172.94
TPR=(T+460)/TPC
PPR=PAV/PPC
A=1.39*(TPR-0.92)**0.5-0.36*TPR-0.101
B=(0.62-0.23*TPR)*PPR+(0.066/(TPR-0.86)-0.037)*PPR**2
+ +(0.32/10**(9*(TPR-1)))*PPR**6
C=(0.132-0.32*ALOG10(TPR))
D=10**(0.3106-0.49*TPR+0.1824*TPR**2)
DO 10 I=2,26
P(I-1,1)=200+200*(I-2)
P(I-1,2)=SGGAS*((P(I-1,1)/18)*(10**(0.0125*API)/10**(0.00091*T)))
+ **(1/0.83)
IF (P(I-1,1).GE.PBUB) P(I-1,2)=GOR
IF (P(I-1,1).LT.PBUB) THEN
P(I-1,3)=0.972+0.000147*(P(I-1,2)
+ *(SGGAS/SGOIL)**0.5+1.25*T)**1.175
ELSE
P(I-1,3)=(0.972+0.000147*(P(I-1,2)*(SGGAS/SGOIL)**0.5+1.25*T)
+ **1.175)*EXP(((-1433+5*P(I-1,2)+17.2*T-1180*SGGAS+12.61*API)
+ /(10**5*P(I-1,1))*(PBUB-P(I-1,1))))
END IF
BE(I-1)=(0.62-0.23*TPR)*(P(I-1,1)/(-17.292*SGGAS**2-17.852*SGGAS
+ +688.4))+(0.066/(TPR-0.86)-0.037)*(P(I-1,1)/(-17.292*SGGAS
+ **2-17.852*SGGAS+688.4))**2+(0.32/10**(9*(TPR-1)))*(P(I-1,1)
+ /(-17.292*SGGAS**2-17.852*SGGAS+688.4))**6
IF (BE(I-1).LT.100) ZE(I-1)=A+(1-A)/EXP(BE(I-1))+C
+ *(P(I-1,1)/(-17.292*SGGAS**2-17.852*SGGAS+688.4))**D
IF (BE(I-1).GT.100) ZE(I-1)=A+C*(P(I-1,1)/(-17.292*SGGAS
+ **2-17.852*SGGAS+688.4))**D
96
P(I-1,4)=0.00504*(T+460)*ZE(I-1)/P(I-1,1)
IF (P(I-1,2).EQ.GOR) P(I-1,4)=0
P(I-1,5)=WC+(1-WC)*P(I-1,3)+(GLR-(1-WC)*P(I-1,2))*P(I-1,4)
20 FORMAT (25(2X,F9.4))
WRITE (15,20) (P(I-1,J),J=1,5)
10 CONTINUE
C ******************CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF STAGES********
SUMST=0
PR(1,1)=0
CALL HAGBROWN (QOIL,QWATER,WC,GLR,GOR,WOR,WM,W,API,
+ RS,BO,DENLIQ,SGGAS,SGWAT,SGOIL,DELP,P1,P2,PBUB,VISO1,
+VISO2,DIA,VISGAS,TD)
PR(1,2)=P2
SS=((PR(1,2)-200)/50)+1
NL=AINT(SS)
DO 21 I=2,NL
PR(I,1)=I-1.0
PR(I,2)=PR(I-1,2)-50
IF (PR(I,2).LT.200) GO TO 70
PR(I,3)=(PR(I,2)+PR(I-1,2))/2
DO 25 J=1,25
IF (PR(I,3).EQ.P(J,1)) PR(I,4)=P(J,5)
X=PR(I,3)-P(J,1)
IF (X.LT.200.AND.X.GT.0) PR(I,4)=P(J,5)+(P(J+1,5)-P(J,5))
+ *((PR(I,3)-P(J,1))/(P(J+1,1)-P(J,1)))
25 CONTINUE
PR(I,5)=PR(I,4)*(QWATER+QOIL)
XY=PR(I,5)
IF (SELECT.EQ.1) CALL DN440H(XY,HEAD)
97
IF (SELECT.EQ.4) CALL GN1600H(XY,HEAD)

PR(I,6)=HEAD
PR(I,7)=50*AVALUE*(PR(I,4)/PR(I,6))
SUMST=SUMST+PR(I,7)
PR(I,8)=SUMST
36 FORMAT (25(1X,F7.2))
WRITE (35,36) (PR(I,J),J=1,8)
21 CONTINUE
C ******************INTAKE PRESSURE DATA*******************
70 PRINT *,'ENTER THE NUMBER OF STAGE VALUES'
READ *,(ST(K,1),K=1,7)
M=1
48 N=2
49 IF (PR(N,8).GT.ST(M,1)) GO TO 52
N=N+1
IF (N.GT.NL) GO TO 53
GO TO 49
52 ST(M,2)=PR(N-1,2)+(ST(M,1)-PR(N-1,8))/(PR(N,8)-PR(N-1,8))
+ *(PR(N,2)-PR(N-1,2))
53 M=M+1
IF (M.EQ.8) GO TO 51
GO TO 48
51 DO 100 NS=1,7
37 FORMAT (7(1X,F7.2))
WRITE (41,37) (ST(NS,LN),LN=1,2)
100 CONTINUE
C
**********CALCULATION OF HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT*******

PRINT *,'ENTER THE INTAKE PRESSURE AT OPTIMUM FLOW RATE'
READ *,PINT
98
PRINT *,'ENTER THE OPTIMUM FLOW RATE AT ASSUMED STAGE'

READ *,QOPT
QWATER=QOPT*WC
QOIL=QOPT-QWATER
SUMHP=0
HP(1,1)=0
CALL HAGBROWN (QOIL,QWATER,WC,GLR,GOR,WOR,WM,W,API,
+ RS,BO,DENLIQ,SGGAS,SGWAT,SGOIL,DELP,P1, P2, T, PBUB,
+VISO1, VISO2,DIA,VISGAS,TD)
HP(1,2)=P2
PRINT *,P2
TT=((P2-PINT)/50)+2
NT=AINT(TT)
DO 38 I=2,NT
HP(I,1)=I-1
HP(I,2)=HP(I-1,2)-50
IF (HP(I,2).LE.PINT) HP(I,2)=PINT
HP(I,3)=(HP(I,2)+HP(I-1,2))/2
DO 39 J=1,25
IF (HP(I,3).EQ.P(J,1)) HP(I,4)=P(J,5)
XX=HP(I,3)-P(J,1)
IF (XX.LT.200.AND.XX.GT.0) HP(I,4)=P(J,5)+(P(J+1,5)-P(J,5))
+ *((HP(I,3)-P(J,1))/(P(J+1,1)-P(J,1)))
39 CONTINUE
HP(I,5)=HP(I,4)*QOPT
YX=HP(I,5)
IF (SELECT.EQ.1) CALL DN440HP(YX,HPPERST)
IF (SELECT.EQ.4) CALL GN1600HP(YX,HPPERST)
99

HP(I,6)=HPPERST
IF (SELECT.EQ.1) CALL DN440H(YX,HEAD)
IF (SELECT.EQ.4) CALL GN1600H(YX,HEAD)
HP(I,7)=HEAD
HP(I,8)=115.47*HP(I,6)/HP(I,7)
SUMHP=SUMHP+HP(I,8)
HP(I,9)=SUMHP
32 FORMAT (25(1X,F7.2))
WRITE (31,32) (HP(I,J),J=1,9)
38 CONTINUE
STOP
END
100
APPENDIX B
PUMPING ONLY LIQUID COMPUTER PROGRAM
1. Nomenclature
2. Flow Chart
3. Main Program
101
PUMPING ONLY LIQUID

B1 Nomenclature:
B1.1 Simple Variables Used In The program
Simple variables used in this program are included in the nomenclature
of pumping liquid and gas case.
B1.2 Arrays Used In The Program

HP
array showing the calculation of required pump horsepower
LIQT array showing the intake pressures at various pump stages

QOPT array showing the optimum (possible) production rates
STL
array showing the selected pump stages
102
B2 Flow Chart
MAIN PROGRAM
START
Input: Well, fluid,

reservoir, and liftsystem data
Calculate: gas density at

standard conditions, weight
of 1 bbl liquid plus pumped
gas at standard conditions
and specific gravity of fluid

Store head per stage at assumed
production rate
CALL HAGBROWN
(pressure gradient correlation)
Store discharge pressure at
pump depth. Apply Griffith
Correlation if bubble flow exist
103
Output: file name

is Table5
intake pressures
at selected pump
stages

Store horsepower per stage at possible
(optimized) production rate that is
calculated from EXCEL Worksheet
Calculate: HP and
qp/St values
Output: file name is

Table6
Horsepower requirement
for possible (optimized)
rates
STOP
104
B3 Main Program
C
**********ONLY LIQUID CASE MAIN PROGRAM**********

REAL LIQT(10,10),STL(10),HP(10,10),QOPT(10)
**********OPEN FILE**********
**********INPUT DATA**********
PRINT *,'SELECT YOUR PUMP'
READ *,SELECT
PRINT *,'ENTER WATERCUT'
READ *,WC
PRINT *,'ENTER SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF WATER'
READ *,SGWAT
PRINT *,'ENTER SGOIL'
READ *,SGOIL
PRINT *,'ENTER GOR'
READ *,GLR
PRINT *,'ENTER SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GAS'
105
READ *,SGGAS
PRINT *,'ENTER VISCOSITY OF GAS'
READ *,VISGAS
PRINT *,'ENTER WELLHEAD PRESSURE'
READ *,P1
PRINT *,'ENTER PRESSURE INTERVAL'
READ *,DELP
PRINT *,'ENTER BOTTOMHOLE TEMPERATURE'
READ *,T
PRINT *,'ENTER BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE'
READ *,PBUB
PRINT *,'ENTER A LIQUID FLOW RATE'
READ *,QLIQ
PRINT *,'ENTER INNER DIAMETER OF TUBING'
READ *,DIA
PRINT *,'ENTER TOTAL DEPTH'
READ *,TD
PRINT *,'ASSUME NUMBER OF STAGES (7 VALUES)'
READ *,(STL(I),I=1,7)
DATA WC/0/ ,SGWAT/1.02/ ,SGOIL/0.83/ ,SGGAS/0.7/
DATA P1/1/ ,DELP/10/ ,BHT/170/ ,PBUB/160/ ,QLIQ/100/
DATA GLR/100/ ,VISGAS/0.018/ ,TD/1000/ ,DIA/2.441/
C
**********CALCULATION OF INTAKE PRESSURE**********

T=BHT
QWATER=QLIQ*WC
QOIL=QLIQ-QWATER
DENGAS=SGGAS*0.0763
DENF=350*WC*SGWAT+350*(1-WC)*SGOIL+GLR*DENGAS
SGFLUID=DENF/350
DO 13 I=1,7
QASS=QWATER+QOIL
106
LIQT(I,1)=QASS
IF (SELECT.EQ.1) CALL DN440H(QASS,HEAD)
IF (SELECT.EQ.4) CALL GN1600H(QASS,HEAD)
LIQT(I,2)=HEAD
IF (I.GT.1) GO TO 14
CALL HAGBROWN(QOIL,QWATER,WC,GLR,GOR,WOR,WM,W,API,
+ RS,BO,DENLIQ,SGGAS,SGWAT,SGOIL,DELP,P1,P2,T,PBUB,
+ VISO1,VISO2,DIA,VISGAS,TD)
14
LIQT(I,3)=P2
LIQT(I,4)=STL(I)
LIQT(I,5)=LIQT(I,3)-((DENF*LIQT(I,2))/808.3141)*LIQT(I,4)
12
FORMAT (7(1X,F9.3))
WRITE (11,12) (LIQT(I,J),J=1,5)
13
CONTINUE
**********HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT**********
PRINT *,'ENTER OPTIMUM FLOW RATES AT EACH
+ ASSUMED STAGES RESPECTIVELY'
DO 16 I=1,7
READ *,QOPT(I)
HP(I,1)=STL(I)
HP(I,2)=QOPT(I)
ZX=QOPT(I)
IF (SELECT.EQ.1) CALL DN440HP(ZX,HPMOTOR)
IF (SELECT.EQ.4) CALL GN1600HP(ZX,HPMOTOR)
107

HP(I,3)=HPMOTOR
HP(I,4)=SGFLUID*HP(I,3)*HP(I,1)
HP(I,5)=(HP(I,2)-HP(I-1,2))/(HP(I,1)-HP(I-1,1))
17 FORMAT (7(1X,F9.3))
WRITE (15,17) (HP(I,J),J=1,5)
16 CONTINUE
STOP
END
108
APPENDIX C
SUBPROGRAMS
1. Nomenclature
2. Flow Chart
3. Program Listing
109
SUBPROGRAMS
C1 Nomenclature:
C1.1 Simple Variables Used In The program
Simple variables used in subprograms are included in the nomenclature
of pumping liquid and gas case.
C1.2 Arrays Used In The Program

Arrays used in subprograms are included in the nomenclature of
pumping liquid and gas case.
Subprograms written for entire program are:
1. HAGBROWN SUBPROGRAM
2. DN440HP, DN675HP, DN1100HP, GN1600HP, GN2000HP,
GN3200HP SUBPROGRAMS
3. RSOL, FVF, ZF, VISCOS, WATVIS, VSOL, VSOG, FFACTOR
SUBPROGRAMS
where:
RSOL
= solution-gas oil ratio (Standings correlation)
FVF
= formation volume factor of oil (Standings correlation)
ZF
= compressibility of gas (Standings Modification to the Beggs

& Brill correlation)
VISCOS
= viscosity of oil (Beggs & Robinson correlation)
WATVIS
= water viscosity (Brill & Beggs correlation)
110
VSOL
= superficial liquid velocity (Hagedorn & Brown correlation)
VSOG
= superficial gas velocity (Hagedorn & Brown correlation)
FF
= friction factor (Jain Equation)
111
C2 Flow Chart
HAGBROWN SUBPROGRAM
START
Calculate: Mass associated

with one bbl of stock tank
liquid,mass flow rate, density
of the liquid phase, water-oil
ratio, gas oil ratio
Total Depth = 0
C
Beginning with wellhead
pressure (correlation from top
of the well to bottom),
incrementation of pressure 10
psi in every iteration
Calculate: Average
pressure
Pinitial + Pfinal
Pav =
2
112
Calculate: z factor, average density

of the gas phase, solution gas-oil
ratio, average viscosity of oil,
average water viscosity, liquid
mixture viscosity, liquid mixture
surface tension, liquid viscosity
number, viscosity number
coefficient
Calculate: area of tubing, superficial

liquid velocity, liquid velocity
number, superficial gas velocity, gas
velocity number, pipe diameter
number, holdup correlating function,
HL/, two-phase Reynolds number,
pipe roughness, friction factor
If
Bubble
flow
exists
Calculate: void
fraction of gas,
average flowing
density, friction
gradient, Reynolds
Number
Calculate depth increment

(h) by Griffith Approach
Calculate: average
mixture density, average
mixture velocity,
113
Calculate depth increment (h) and Total Depth

Total Depth = Depth increment (h) + Total Depth
D
If
F
Well Depth = Total Depth
(or 50 ft)
T
Output: pressure at required
depth (discharge pressure)
RETURN
114
C3 Program Listing
HAGBROWN SUBPROGRAM
C
**********HAGBROWN SUBPROGRAM**********
SUBROUTINE HAGBROWN (QOIL, QWATER,WC, GLR,GOR, WOR,
+WM, W,API, RS, BO, DENLIQ,SGGAS, SGWAT,SGOIL, DELP,P1,P2,
+T, PBUB, VISO1,VISO2, DIA,VISGAS,TD)
GOR=GLR*1/(1-WC)
QLIQ=QOIL+QWATER
WOR=QWATER/QOIL
WM=SGOIL*350*(1/(1+WOR))+SGWAT*350*(WOR/(1+WOR))+
+0.0764*GLR*SGGAS
W=WM*(QWATER+QOIL)
BHT=T
SUM=0
P2=P1+DELP
PRINT*,'P2 (psi) =',P2
PAV=(P1+P2)/2+14.7
API=(141.5/SGOIL-131.5)
CALL RSOL(SGGAS,PAV,API,T,RS)
IF (PAV.GT.PBUB) RS=GOR
CALL FVF(PAV,PBUB,RS,T,SGGAS,SGOIL,API,BO)
DENLIQ=((SGOIL*62.4+(RS*SGGAS*0.0764)/5.614)/(BO))*(1/
(1+WOR))+ (SGWAT*62.4*(WOR/(1+WOR)))
PRINT *,'THE DENSITY OF THE LIQUID PHASE (lb/cuft) = ',DENLIQ
CALL ZF(SGGAS,T,PAV,Z)
PRINT *,Z
DENAV=SGGAS*0.0764*(PAV/14.7)*(520/(T+460))*(1/Z)
PRINT*,DENAV
CALL RSOL(SGGAS,P1,API,T,RS1)
115
CALL RSOL(SGGAS,P2,API,T,RS2)
IF (RS.EQ.0) RS1=0
IF (RS.EQ.0) RS2=0
IF (PAV.GT.PBUB) RS1=GOR
IF (PAV.GT.PBUB) RS2=GOR
CALL FVF(P1,PBUB,RS1,T,SGGAS,SGOIL,API,BO1)
CALL FVF(P2,PBUB,RS2,T,SGGAS,SGOIL,API,BO2)
PRINT*,BO1,BO2,RS1,RS2,T
CALL VISCOS(P1,PBUB,T,API,RS1,VISO1)
CALL VISCOS(P2,PBUB,T,API,RS2,VISO2)
VISAV=(VISO1+VISO2)/2
PRINT *,'AVERAGE VISCOSITY (cp) = ',VISAV
C
ONE VALUE (NO AVERAGE) FOR VISCOSITY OF WATER-NO

SALINITY
CALL WATVIS(T,VISWAT)
VISLIQ=VISAV*(1/(1+WOR))+VISWAT*(WOR/(1+WOR))
PRINT *,'LIQUID MIXTURE VISCOSITY (cp) = ',VISLIQ
ASSUME CONSTANT SURFACE TENSION OF OIL AND

WATER(30&70 DYNES/CM)
TENLIQ=30*(1/(1+WOR))+70*(WOR/(1+WOR))
PRINT *,'LIQUID MIXTURE SURFACE TENSION (dynes/cm) = '
TENLIQ
VISNLIQ=0.15726*VISLIQ*(1/(DENLIQ*TENLIQ**3))**(0.25)
PRINT *,'LIQUID VISCOSITY NUMBER = ',VISNLIQ
CNL=87.222*VISNLIQ**6-106.04*VISNLIQ**5+48.22*VISNLIQ**4+10.069
+*VISNLIQ**3+0.8612*VISNLIQ**2+0.02*VISNLIQ+0.002
PRINT*,'CNL = ',CNL
AREA=((3.14159*DIA**2)/4)/144
PRINT *,'AREA OF TUBING (sq ft) = ',AREA
116
FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR OF WATER IS TAKEN AS 1.0

(Bw=1.0)
CALL VSOL(QLIQ,AREA,BO,WOR,VSL)
CALL VSOL(QLIQ,AREA,BO1,WOR,VSL1)
CALL VSOL(QLIQ,AREA,BO2,WOR,VSL2)
PRINT *,'SUPERFICIAL LIQUID VELOCITY (ft/sec) = ',VSL
VELNLIQ=1.938*VSL*(DENLIQ/TENLIQ)**(1/4)
PRINT *,'LIQUID VELOCITY NUMBER = ',VELNLIQ
CALL VSOG(QLIQ,GLR,RS,WOR,AREA,PAV,T,Z,VSG)
CALL VSOG(QLIQ,GLR,RS1,WOR,AREA,P1,T,Z,VSG1)
CALL VSOG(QLIQ,GLR,RS2,WOR,AREA,P2,T,Z,VSG2)
PRINT *,'SUPERFICIAL GAS VELOCITY (ft/sec) = ',VSG
VELNGAS=1.938*VSG*(DENLIQ/TENLIQ)**(1/4)
PRINT *,'GAS VELOCITY NUMBER = ',VELNGAS
AZ=1.071-(0.2218*(VSL+VSG)**2)/DIA
IF (AZ.GE.0.13) AZ=AZ
IF (AZ.LT.0.13) AZ=0.13
PRINT *,AZ
BZ=VSG/(VSL+VSG)
S=BZ-AZ
IF (S.GE.0) GO TO 22
IF (S.LT.0) PRINT *,'CONTINUE WITH GRIFFITH CORRELATION'
*********GRIFFITH CORRELATION FOR BUBBLE FLOW************

VS=0.8
HOLDUP=1-0.5*(1+(VSL+VSG)/VS-SQRT((1+(VSL+VSG)/VS)**2+4*VSG/VS))
HLNS=VSL/(VSL+VSG)
IF (HOLDUP.LT.HLNS) HOLDUP=HLNS
DENMIX=DENLIQ*HOLDUP+DENAV*(1-HOLDUP)
REY=1488*DENLIQ*(VSL/HOLDUP)*DIA/VISLIQ
CALL FFACTOR(REY,DIA,FF)
117
FGR=FF*DENLIQ*(VSL/HOLDUP)**2/(2*32.2*DIA*144)
GO TO 23
C
*****************************************************
22 PRINT *,'CONTINUE WITH HAGEDORN&BROWN CORRELATION'

DIANUM=120.872*DIA/12*SQRT(DENLIQ/TENLIQ)
PRINT *,'PIPE DIAMETER NUMBER = ',DIANUM
IF (PAV.GE.PBUB) GO TO 50
HOLDCOF=(VELNLIQ/VELNGAS**0.575)*((((P1+P2)/2)/14.7)**0.10)
+ *(CNL/DIANUM)
PRINT *,HOLDCOF
HOLOSEC=-2*10**15*HOLDCOF**6+4*10**13*HOLDCOF**5-3*10**11
+ *HOLDCOF**4+10**9*HOLDCOF**3-2*10**6*HOLDCOF**2+1823.2
+ *HOLDCOF+0.1078
IF (HOLOSEC.GT.1) HOLOSEC=1
PRINT *,HOLOSEC
SECORF=(VELNGAS*VISNLIQ**0.380)/(DIANUM**2.14)
PRINT *,SECORF
SCF=8*10**7*SECORF**6-3*10**7*SECORF**5+4*10**6*SECORF**4
+ -300129*SECORF**3+10765**SECORF**2-157.12*SECORF+1.7611
IF (SECORF.LE.0.01) SCF=1
PRINT *,SCF
HOLDUP=HOLOSEC*SCF
GO TO 60
50
HOLDUP=1
60
PRINT *,'LIQUID HOLD-UP = ',HOLDUP

REY=(2.2E-2*W)/((DIA/12)*(VISLIQ**HOLDUP)
+ *(VISGAS**(1-HOLDUP)))
PRINT *,'TWO-PHASE REYNOLDS NUMBER = ',REY
CALL FFACTOR(REY,DIA,FF)
PRINT *,'FRICTION FACTOR = ',FF
DENMIX=DENLIQ*HOLDUP+DENAV*(1-HOLDUP)
118
VMIX1=VSL1+VSG1
VMIX2=VSL2+VSG2
VDIF=VMIX1**2-VMIX2**2
PRINT *,'TWO-PHASE DENSITY OF THE MIXTURE (lb/cuft) =
+',DENMIX
DIST=(144*ABS(P2-P1)-DENMIX*(VDIF/64.4))/
+ (DENMIX+(FF*W**2)/2.9652E11*(DIA/12)**5*DENMIX)
GO TO 24
23 DIST=144*(ABS(P2-P1)*(1-((W/86400)*VSG *AREA)/ (4637* AREA**2
+ *PAV)))/(DENMIX+FGR)
24
PRINT*,'DISTANCE (ft)= ',DIST

SUM=SUM+DIST
****TEMPERATURE GRADIENT IS TAKEN AS 1.5F/100 FT******

T=BHT-SUM/100*1.5
PRINT *,'TOTAL DEPTH CALCULATED = ',SUM
PRINT*,VISO1,VISO2,P1,P2
IF (ABS(SUM-TD).LT.50) GO TO 2
P1=P2
GO TO 3
DISPR=P2
PRINT *,'DISCHARGE PRESSURE (psi) =',PDISPR
119
DN440HP, DN675HP, DN1100HP, GN1600HP, GN2000HP,

GN3200HP
SUBPROGRAMS
C
********PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES SUBPROGRAM********
**********DN440*********
SUBROUTINE DN440HP(QOPTM,HPLOAD)
REAL QOPTM,HPLOAD
HPLOAD=-1E-07*QOPTM**2+6E-5*QOPTM+0.0661
RETURN
END
**********DN675*********
REAL QOPTM,HPLOAD
HPLOAD=-1E-07*QOPTM**2+0.0002*QOPTM+0.0561
RETURN
END
**********DN1100***************
REAL QOPTM,HPLOAD
RETURN
END
***********GN1600***************
SUBROUTINE GN1600HP(QOPTM,HPLOAD)
REAL QOPTM,HPLOAD
RETURN
END
***********GN2000***************
120
REAL QOPTM,HPLOAD
HPLOAD=6E-08*Q**2+0.0003*Q+0.5697
RETURN
END
C
************GN3200***************
REAL QOPTM,HPLOAD
HPLOAD=-6E-09*QOPTM**2+9E-05*QOPTM+0.625
RETURN
END
121
DN440H, DN675H, DN1100H, GN1600H, GN2000H, GN3200H

SUBPROGRAMS
C
********PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES SUBPROGRAM********
**********DN440*********
SUBROUTINE DN440H(Q,HEADCAP)
REAL Q,HEADCAP
HEADCAP=-2E-16*Q**6+4E-13*Q**5-3E-10*Q**4+5E-08*
+ Q**3-6E-05*Q**2+0.0047*Q+19.751
RETURN
END
**********DN675*********
HEADCAP=-3E-5*Q**2+0.0027*Q+23.11
RETURN
END
**********DN1100***************
HEADCAP=-1E-05*Q**2+0.0077*Q+19.464
RETURN
END
***********GN1600***************
SUBROUTINE GN1600H(Q,HEADCAP)
HEADCAP=-9E-06*Q**2+0.0065*Q+38.134
RETURN
END
***********GN2000***************
HEADCAP=-5E-06*Q**2+0.0035*Q+50.676
RETURN
END
122
************GN3200***************
HEADCAP=-1E-06*Q**2-0.0015*Q+38.79
RETURN
END
123
RSOL, FVF, ZF, VISCOS, WATVIS, VSOL, VSOG, FFACTOR

SUBPROGRAMS
C
*****FLUID PROPERTIES CORRELATION SUBPROGRAMS****
***********SOLUTION-GAS OIL RATIO**************
***********STANDINGS CORRELATION****************
SUBROUTINE RSOL(SGAS,P,APIO,TEMP,RSO)
RSO=SGAS*((P/18)*(10**(0.0125*APIO)/10
+ **(0.00091*TEMP)))**(1/0.83)
RETURN
END
*********FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR OF OIL*********
***********STANDINGS CORRELATION****************
SUBROUTINE FVF(P,PBUBB,RSO,TEMP,SGAS,SOIL,APIO,FVFO)
CO=(-1433+5*RSO+17.2*TEMP-1180*SGAS+12.61*APIO)/(10**5*P)
IF (P.LT.PBUBB) THEN
F=RSO*(SGAS/SOIL)**0.5+1.25*TEMP
FVFO=0.972+0.000147*F**1.175
ELSE
F=RSO*(SGAS/SOIL)**0.5+1.25*TEMP
BOB=0.972+0.000147*F**1.175
FVFO=BOB*EXP(CO*(PBUBB-P))
END IF
RETURN
END
124
*********COMPRESSIBILITY OF GAS*****************
****STANDINGS MODIFICATION TO THE BEGS&BRILL

CORRELATION*****
SUBROUTINE ZF(SGAS,TEMP,P,ZFAC)
PPC=-17.292*SGAS**2-17.852*SGAS+688.4
TPC=1.8324*SGAS**2+308.93*SGAS+172.94
TPR=(TEMP+460)/TPC
PPR=P/PPC
A=1.39*(TPR-0.92)**0.5-0.36*TPR-0.101
B=(0.62-0.23*TPR)*PPR+(0.066/(TPR-0.86)-0.037)*PPR**2
+ +(0.32/10**(9*(TPR-1)))*PPR**6
C=(0.132-0.32*ALOG10(TPR))
D=10**(0.3106-0.49*TPR+0.1824*TPR**2)
IF (B.LT.100) ZFAC=A+(1-A)/EXP(B)+C*PPR**D
IF (B.GT.100) ZFAC=A+C*PPR**D
RETURN
END
********VISCOSITY OF OIL*********************
********BEGGS&ROBINSON CORRELATION***************
SUBROUTINE VISCOS(P,PBUBB,TEMP,APIO,RSO,VISOIL)
IF (P.LE.PBUBB) THEN
X=(TEMP**(-1.163))*EXP(6.9824-0.04658*APIO)
DOV=10**X-1
AA=10.715*(RSO+100)**(-0.515)
BB=5.44*(RSO+150)**(-0.338)
VISOIL=AA*DOV**BB
ELSE
BBB=2.6*P**1.187*EXP(-11.513+(-8.98E-5*P))
X=(TEMP**(-1.163))*EXP(6.9824-0.04658*APIO)
DOV=10**X-1
125
AA=10.715*(RSO+100)**(-0.515)
BB=5.44*(RSO+150)**(-0.338)
VISBUB=AA*DOV**BB
VISOIL=VISBUB*(P/PBUBB)**BBB
ENDIF
RETURN
END
C
*************WATER VISCOSITY*************
*************BRILL&BEGGS CORRELATION*******
SUBROUTINE WATVIS(TEMP,VISW)
VISW=EXP(1.003-1.479E-2*TEMP+1.982E-5*TEMP**2)
RETURN
END
*************SUPERFICIAL LIQUID VELOCITY******
*************HAGEDORN&BROWN CORRELATION**********
SUBROUTINE VSOL(QLIQD,TAREA,FVF,WORAT,VSLIQ)
VSLIQ=((5.61*QLIQD)/(86400*TAREA))*(FVF*(1/(1+WORAT))+1.0
+ *(WORAT/(1+WORAT)))
RETURN
END
*************SUPERFICIAL GAS VELOCITY******
*************HAGEDORN&BROWN CORRELATION**********
SUBROUTINE VSOG(QLIQD,GLRAT,RSO,WORAT,TAREA,
P,TEMP,ZFAC, VSGAS)
VSGAS=((QLIQD*(GLRAT-RSO*(1/(1+WORAT))))/ (86400*TAREA))
+*(14.7/P)
+ *((TEMP+460)/520)*(ZFAC/1)
RETURN
126
END
C
*****************FRICTION FACTOR*********************************
*****************JAIN EQUATION******************
SUBROUTINE FFACTOR(REYN,DIAM,FFR)
EDP=0.00015*12/DIAM
IF (REYN.GT.2000) GO TO 5
FFR=64/REYN
FGI=0.0056+0.5/REYN**0.32
I=1
DEN=1.14-2*ALOG10(EDP+9.34/(REYN*SQRT(FGI)))
FFR=(1/DEN)**2
DIFF=ABS(FGI-FFR)
IF (DIFF.LE.0.0001) GO TO 7
FGI=(FGI+FFR)/2
I=I+1
IF (I.LT.10) GO TO 6
FFR=FGI
RETURN
END
127
APPENDIX D
SAMPLE CALCULATION
W-08
Pumping Liquid and Gas (GOR = 15 scf /STB)
128
TABLE D1
WELL, FLUID, RESERVOIR AND LIFT-SYSTEM DATA

USED IN CALCULATIONS FOR W-08
W-08
5800
Depth, ft
Casing size, in.
Tubing size, in.
2.441
Wellhead pressure, psi
250
Wellhead temperature, F
110
API
38
osc
0.83
gsc
0.7
96.5%
Water Cut
wsc
1.02
GOR, scf/stbo
15
Pb, psi
160
Pr, psi
2400
-
J (above Pb), stbl/d/psi

qmax, bbl/d
1132
Average flowing temperature, F
170
129
TABLE D2
PRODUCTION HISTORY OF W-08
VOLUME
DATE
Pr (psi)
DAYS ON PRODUCTION
PRODUCED
(bbls)
(bbls)
2400
q (bbl/day)
Dec.62
2224
12
4984
415
May63
2052
26
12606
485
Aug.63
2055
31
14745
476
Dec.63
2071
18
9096
505
April64
2220
24
11990
500
Nov.64
2074
30
15457
515
March65
2247
821
411
Jan.66
2222
1075
538
March66
2243
25
3373
135
Sept.67
2090
10
5630
563
March68
1970
2839
406
April70
1340
25
18811
752
Dec.73
742
30
20573
686
Nov.84
304
27
2535
94
July91
614
29
1753
60
Sept.93
742
April98
1903
29
1008
35
Oct.99
1716
130
2750
2500
2250
Pwf (psi)
2000
1750
B B L/D
1500
1250
S T B/
D
1000
750
500
250
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
q (B B L /D o r S T B /D )
FIGURE D1 IPR Curve for W-08

131
900
1000
1100
1200
The units of the computer program production parameter output are

given below:
Flow Rate (Q) : stb/d
Formation Volume Factor of Oil (Bo): rbbl/stb
Formation Volume Factor of Gas (Bg):rbbl/scf
Head per stage (h) : ft/stage
Horsepower per stage (hp) : HP/stage
Horsepower Requirement (HP) : HP
Intake Pressure (P3) : psi
Pressure (P): psi
Solution Gas-Oil Ratio (Rs): scf/bbl
Volume of the Produced Fluid (V) : bbl/d
Volume Factor (VF) : bbl/stbl
132
VF DATA AT VARIOUS PRESSURES FOR THE FLUID OF W-08
Rs
Bo
Bg
VF
200.0000
15.0000
1.0553
0.0000
1.0019
400.0000
15.0000
1.0501
0.0000
1.0018
600.0000
15.0000
1.0484
0.0000
1.0017
800.0000
15.0000
1.0475
0.0000
1.0017
1000.0000
15.0000
1.0470
0.0000
1.0016
1200.0000
15.0000
1.0467
0.0000
1.0016
1400.0000
15.0000
1.0464
0.0000
1.0016
1600.0000
15.0000
1.0462
0.0000
1.0016
1800.0000
15.0000
1.0461
0.0000
1.0016
2000.0000
15.0000
1.0460
0.0000
1.0016
2200.0000
15.0000
1.0459
0.0000
1.0016
2400.0000
15.0000
1.0458
0.0000
1.0016
2600.0000
15.0000
1.0457
0.0000
1.0016
2800.0000
15.0000
1.0457
0.0000
1.0016
3000.0000
15.0000
1.0456
0.0000
1.0016
3200.0000
15.0000
1.0456
0.0000
1.0016
3400.0000
15.0000
1.0456
0.0000
1.0016
3600.0000
15.0000
1.0455
0.0000
1.0016
3800.0000
15.0000
1.0455
0.0000
1.0016
4000.0000
15.0000
1.0455
0.0000
1.0016
4200.0000
15.0000
1.0454
0.0000
1.0016
4400.0000
15.0000
1.0454
0.0000
1.0016
4600.0000
15.0000
1.0454
0.0000
1.0016
4800.0000
15.0000
1.0454
0.0000
1.0016
5000.0000
15.0000
1.0454
0.0000
1.0016
133
CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF STAGES FOR W-08 (Q = 100 STB/D)

i
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hi
Sti
Sti
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94
4.94
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94
9.89
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 14.83
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 19.78
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 24.72
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 29.67
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 34.61
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 39.56
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 44.50
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 49.45
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 54.39
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 59.34
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 64.28
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 69.23
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 74.17
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 79.12
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 84.06
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 89.01
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 93.95
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 98.90
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 103.84
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 108.79
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 113.73
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 118.68
25.00 1530.00 1555.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 123.62
26.00 1480.00 1505.00
1.00 100.16 23.08
4.94 128.57
27.00 1430.00 1455.00
1.00 100.16 23.08 4.95 133.51
28.00 1380.00 1405.00
1.00 100.16 23.08 4.95 138.46
134
29.00 1330.00 1355.00
1.00 100.16 23.08 4.95 143.40
30.00 1280.00 1305.00
1.00 100.16 23.08 4.95 148.35
31.00 1230.00 1255.00
1.00 100.16 23.08 4.95 153.29
32.00 1180.00 1205.00
1.00 100.16 23.08 4.95 158.24
33.00 1130.00 1155.00
1.00 100.16 23.08 4.95 163.18
34.00 1080.00 1105.00
1.00 100.16 23.08 4.95 168.13
35.00 1030.00 1055.00
1.00 100.16 23.08 4.95 173.07
36.00 980.00 1005.00
1.00 100.16 23.08 4.95 178.02
37.00 930.00 955.00
1.00 100.16 23.08 4.95 182.96
38.00 880.00 905.00
1.00 100.17 23.08 4.95 187.91
39.00 830.00 855.00
1.00 100.17
23.08
4.95 192.85
40.00 780.00 805.00
1.00 100.17
23.08
4.95 197.80
41.00 730.00 755.00
1.00 100.17 23.08
4.95 202.74
42.00 680.00 705.00
1.00 100.17 23.08
4.95 207.69
43.00 630.00 655.00
1.00 100.17 23.08
4.95 212.64
44.00 580.00 605.00
1.00 100.17 23.08
4.95 217.58
45.00 530.00 555.00
1.00 100.17 23.08
4.95 222.53
46.00 480.00 505.00
1.00 100.17 23.08
4.95 227.47
47.00 430.00 455.00
1.00 100.17 23.08
4.95 232.42
48.00 380.00 405.00
1.00 100.18 23.08
4.95 237.36
49.00 330.00 355.00
1.00 100.18 23.08
4.95 242.31
50.00 280.00 305.00
1.00 100.18 23.08
4.95 247.25
51.00 230.00 255.00
1.00 100.19 23.08
4.95 252.20
135
INTAKE PRESSURES AT SELECTED PUMP STAGES

FOR W-08 (Q = 100 STB/D)
St
P3
150.00
1263.30
175.00
1010.52
200.00
757.75
250.00
252.25
300.00
350.00
400.00
136
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hi
Sti
Sti
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00
5.00
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00
9.99
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 14.99
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 19.99
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 24.99
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 29.98
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 34.98
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 39.98
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 44.97
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 49.97
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 54.97
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 59.96
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 64.96
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 69.96
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 74.96
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 79.95
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 84.95
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 89.95
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 94.94
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 99.94
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 104.94
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 109.94
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 114.93
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 119.93
25.00 1530.00 1555.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 124.93
26.00 1480.00 1505.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 129.92
27.00 1430.00 1455.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 134.92
137
28.00 1380.00 1405.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 139.92
29.00 1330.00 1355.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 144.92
30.00 1280.00 1305.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 149.91
31.00 1230.00 1255.00
1.00 150.24 22.84
5.00 154.91
32.00 1180.00 1205.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 159.91
33.00 1130.00 1155.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 164.91
34.00 1080.00 1105.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 169.90
35.00 1030.00 1055.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 174.90
36.00 980.00 1005.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 179.90
37.00 930.00 955.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 184.89
38.00 880.00 905.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 189.89
39.00 830.00 855.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 194.89
40.00 780.00 805.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 199.89
41.00 730.00 755.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 204.88
42.00 680.00 705.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 209.88
43.00 630.00 655.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 214.88
44.00 580.00 605.00
1.00 150.25 22.84
5.00 219.88
45.00 530.00 555.00
1.00 150.26 22.84
5.00 224.87
46.00 480.00 505.00
1.00 150.26 22.84
5.00 229.87
47.00 430.00 455.00
1.00 150.26 22.84
5.00 234.87
48.00 380.00 405.00
1.00 150.26 22.84
5.00 239.87
49.00 330.00 355.00
1.00 150.27 22.84
5.00 244.87
50.00 280.00 305.00

51.00 230.00 255.00
1.00 150.28
22.84
5.00 249.86
1.00 150.28 22.84
5.00 254.86
138

FOR W-08 (Q = 150 STB/D)
St
P3
150.00
1279.14
175.00
1029.00
200.00
778.87
250.00
278.64
300.00
350.00
400.00
139
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hi
Sti
Sti
5.08
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 10.17
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 15.25
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 20.33
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 25.42
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 30.50
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 35.58
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 40.67
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 45.75
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 50.83
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 55.92
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 61.00
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 66.08
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 71.17
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 76.25
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 81.33
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 86.42
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 91.50
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 96.58
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 101.67
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 106.75
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 111.83
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 116.92
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 122.00
25.00 1530.00 1555.00
1.00 200.32 22.45
5.08 127.09
26.00 1480.00 1505.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 132.17
27.00 1430.00 1455.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 137.25
140
28.00 1380.00 1405.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 142.34
29.00 1330.00 1355.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 147.42
30.00 1280.00 1305.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 152.50
31.00 1230.00 1255.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 157.59
32.00 1180.00 1205.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 162.67
33.00 1130.00 1155.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 167.75
34.00 1080.00 1105.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 172.84
35.00 1030.00 1055.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 177.92
36.00 980.00 1005.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 183.00
37.00 930.00 955.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 188.09
38.00 880.00 905.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 193.17
39.00 830.00 855.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 198.25
40.00 780.00 805.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 203.34
41.00 730.00 755.00
1.00 200.33 22.45
5.08 208.42
42.00 680.00 705.00
1.00 200.34 22.45
5.08 213.51
43.00 630.00 655.00
1.00 200.34 22.45
5.08 218.59
44.00 580.00 605.00
1.00 200.34 22.45
5.08 223.67
45.00 530.00 555.00
1.00 200.34 22.45
5.08 228.76
46.00 480.00 505.00
1.00 200.35 22.45
5.08 233.84
47.00 430.00 455.00
1.00 200.35 22.45
5.08 238.93
48.00 380.00 405.00
1.00 200.35 22.45
5.08 244.01
49.00 330.00 355.00
1.00 200.36 22.45
5.08 249.09
50.00 280.00 305.00
1.00 200.37 22.45
5.08 254.18
51.00 230.00 255.00
1.00 200.38 22.45
5.08 259.26
141

FOR W-08 (Q = 200 STB/D)
St
P3
150.00
1305.12
175.00
1059.00
200.00
813.47
250.00
322.89
300.00
350.00
400.00
142
CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF STAGES FOR W-08

(Q = 300 STB/D)
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hi
Sti
Sti
5.38
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 10.76
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 16.14
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 21.52
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 26.90
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 32.28
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 37.65
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 43.03
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 48.41
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 53.79
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 59.17
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 64.55
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 69.93
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 75.31
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 80.69
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 86.07
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 91.45
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 96.83
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 300.48 21.21
5.38 102.20
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 107.58
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 112.96
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 118.34
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 123.72
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 129.10
25.00 1530.00 1555.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 134.48
26.00 1480.00 1505.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 139.86
143
27.00 1430.00 1455.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 145.24
28.00 1380.00 1405.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 150.62
29.00 1330.00 1355.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 156.00
30.00 1280.00 1305.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 161.38
31.00 1230.00 1255.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 166.76
32.00 1180.00 1205.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 172.14
33.00 1130.00 1155.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 177.52
34.00 1080.00 1105.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 182.89
35.00 1030.00 1055.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 188.27
36.00 980.00 1005.00
1.00 300.49 21.21
5.38 193.65
37.00 930.00 955.00
1.00 300.50 21.21
5.38 199.03
38.00 880.00 905.00
1.00 300.50 21.21
5.38 204.41
39.00 830.00 855.00
1.00 300.50 21.21
5.38 209.79
40.00 780.00 805.00
1.00 300.50 21.21
5.38 215.17
41.00 730.00 755.00
1.00 300.50 21.21
5.38 220.55
42.00 680.00 705.00
1.00 300.50 21.21
5.38 225.93
43.00 630.00 655.00
1.00 300.51 21.21
5.38 231.31
44.00 580.00 605.00
1.00 300.51 21.21
5.38 236.69
45.00 530.00 555.00
1.00 300.51 21.21
5.38 242.07
46.00 480.00 505.00
1.00 300.52 21.21
5.38 247.45
47.00 430.00 455.00
1.00 300.52 21.21
5.38 252.83
48.00 380.00 405.00
1.00 300.53 21.21
5.38 258.21
49.00 330.00 355.00
1.00 300.54 21.21
5.38 263.59
50.00 280.00 305.00
1.00 300.55 21.21
5.38 268.97
51.00 230.00 255.00
1.00 300.57 21.21
5.38 274.35
144

FOR W-08 (Q = 300 STB/D)
St
P3
150.00
1386.12
175.00
1154.00
200.00
921.74
250.00
457.98
300.00
350.00
400.00
145
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hi
Sti
Sti
5.89
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 11.78
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 17.67
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 23.56
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 29.44
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 35.33
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 41.22
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 47.11
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 53.00
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 58.89
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 64.78
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 70.67
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 76.56
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 82.45
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 400.64 19.38
5.89 88.33
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 94.22
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 100.11
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 106.00
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 111.89
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 117.78
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 123.67
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 129.56
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 135.45
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 141.34
25.00 1530.00 1555.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 147.23
26.00 1480.00 1505.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 153.11
146
27.00 1430.00 1455.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 159.00
28.00 1380.00 1405.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 164.89
29.00 1330.00 1355.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 170.78
30.00 1280.00 1305.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 176.67
31.00 1230.00 1255.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 182.56
32.00 1180.00 1205.00
1.00 400.65 19.38
5.89 188.45
33.00 1130.00 1155.00
1.00 400.66 19.38
5.89 194.34
34.00 1080.00 1105.00
1.00 400.66 19.38
5.89 200.23
35.00 1030.00 1055.00
1.00 400.66 19.38
5.89 206.12
36.00 980.00 1005.00
1.00 400.66 19.38
5.89 212.01
37.00 930.00 955.00
1.00 400.66 19.38
5.89 217.90
38.00 880.00 905.00
1.00 400.66 19.38
5.89 223.79
39.00 830.00 855.00
1.00 400.66 19.38
5.89 229.68
40.00 780.00 805.00
1.00 400.67 19.38
5.89 235.56
41.00 730.00 755.00
1.00 400.67 19.38
5.89 241.45
42.00 680.00 705.00
1.00 400.67 19.38
5.89 247.34
43.00 630.00 655.00
1.00 400.68 19.38
5.89 253.23
44.00 580.00 605.00
1.00 400.68 19.38
5.89 259.12
45.00 530.00 555.00
1.00 400.68 19.38
5.89 265.01
46.00 480.00 505.00
1.00 400.69 19.38
5.89 270.90
47.00 430.00 455.00
1.00 400.70 19.38
5.89 276.79
48.00 380.00 405.00
1.00 400.70 19.38
5.89 282.68
49.00 330.00 355.00
1.00 400.72 19.37
5.89 288.57
50.00 280.00 305.00
1.00 400.74 19.37
5.89 294.46
51.00 230.00 255.00
1.00 400.75 19.37
5.89 300.36
147

FOR W-08 (Q = 400 STB/D)
St
P3
150.00
1507.32
175.00
1294.00
200.00
1082.47
250.00
658.18
300.00
233.78
350.00
400.00
148
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hi
Sti
Sti
6.74
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 500.80 16.94
6.74
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 500.80 16.94
6.74 13.47
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 500.80 16.94
6.74 20.21
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 500.80 16.94
6.74 26.95
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 500.80 16.94
6.74 33.68
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 500.80 16.94
6.74 40.42
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 500.80 16.94
6.74 47.16
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 500.80 16.94
6.74 53.89
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 500.80 16.94
6.74 60.63
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 500.80 16.94
6.74 67.37
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 500.80 16.94
6.74 74.10
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 80.84
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 87.58
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 94.31
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 101.05
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 107.79
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 114.52
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 121.26
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 128.00
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 134.73
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 141.47
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 148.21
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 154.95
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 161.68
25.00 1530.00 1555.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 168.42
149
26.00 1480.00 1505.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 175.16
27.00 1430.00 1455.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 181.89
28.00 1380.00 1405.00
1.00 500.81 16.94
6.74 188.63
29.00 1330.00 1355.00
1.00 500.82 16.94
6.74 195.37
30.00 1280.00 1305.00
1.00 500.82 16.94
6.74 202.10
31.00 1230.00 1255.00
1.00 500.82 16.94
6.74 208.84
32.00 1180.00 1205.00
1.00 500.82 16.94
6.74 215.58
33.00 1130.00 1155.00
1.00 500.82 16.94
6.74 222.32
34.00 1080.00 1105.00
1.00 500.82 16.94
6.74 229.05
35.00 1030.00 1055.00
1.00 500.82 16.94
6.74 235.79
36.00 980.00 1005.00
1.00 500.82 16.94
6.74 242.53
37.00 930.00 955.00
1.00 500.83 16.94
6.74 249.26
38.00 880.00 905.00
1.00 500.83 16.94
6.74 256.00
39.00 830.00 855.00
1.00 500.83 16.94
6.74 262.74
40.00 780.00 805.00
1.00 500.83 16.94
6.74 269.48
41.00 730.00 755.00
1.00 500.84 16.94
6.74 276.21
42.00 680.00 705.00
1.00 500.84 16.94
6.74 282.95
43.00 630.00 655.00
1.00 500.84 16.94
6.74 289.69
44.00 580.00 605.00
1.00 500.85 16.94
6.74 296.43
45.00 530.00 555.00
1.00 500.86 16.94
6.74 303.16
46.00 480.00 505.00
1.00 500.86 16.94
6.74 309.90
47.00 430.00 455.00
1.00 500.87 16.94
6.74 316.64
48.00 380.00 405.00
1.00 500.88 16.94
6.74 323.38
49.00 330.00 355.00
1.00 500.90 16.94
6.74 330.12
50.00 280.00 305.00
1.00 500.92 16.93
6.74 336.86
51.00 230.00 255.00
1.00 500.94 16.93
6.74 343.60
150

FOR W-08 (Q = 500 STB/D)
St
P3
150.00
1667.22
175.00
1481.00
200.00
1296.97
250.00
925.48
300.00
554.18
350.00
400.00
151
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hi
Sti
Sti
8.21
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 600.96 13.90
8.21
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 600.96 13.90
8.21 16.42
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 600.96 13.90
8.21 24.63
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 600.96 13.90
8.21 32.84
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 600.96 13.90
8.21 41.05
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 600.96 13.90
8.21 49.26
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 600.96 13.90
8.21 57.47
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 600.96 13.90
8.21 65.68
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 600.96 13.90
8.21 73.89
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 82.10
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 90.31
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 98.52
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 106.73
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 114.95
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 123.16
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 131.37
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 139.58
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 147.79
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 156.00
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 164.21
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 172.42
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 180.63
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 188.84
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 197.05
152
25.00 1530.00 1555.00
1.00 600.97 13.90
8.21 205.26
26.00 1480.00 1505.00
1.00 600.98 13.90
8.21 213.47
27.00 1430.00 1455.00
1.00 600.98 13.90
8.21 221.68
28.00 1380.00 1405.00
1.00 600.98 13.90
8.21 229.89
29.00 1330.00 1355.00
1.00 600.98 13.90
8.21 238.10
30.00 1280.00 1305.00
1.00 600.98 13.90
8.21 246.32
31.00 1230.00 1255.00
1.00 600.98 13.90
8.21 254.53
32.00 1180.00 1205.00
1.00 600.98 13.90
8.21 262.74
33.00 1130.00 1155.00
1.00 600.98 13.90
8.21 270.95
34.00 1080.00 1105.00
1.00 600.99 13.90
8.21 279.16
35.00 1030.00 1055.00
1.00 600.99 13.90
8.21 287.37
36.00 980.00 1005.00
1.00 600.99 13.90
8.21 295.58
37.00 930.00 955.00
1.00 600.99 13.90
8.21 303.79
38.00 880.00 905.00
1.00 600.99 13.90
8.21 312.00
39.00 830.00 855.00
1.00 601.00 13.90
8.21 320.22
40.00 780.00 805.00
1.00 601.00 13.90
8.21 328.43
41.00 730.00 755.00
1.00 601.00 13.90
8.21 336.64
42.00 680.00 705.00
1.00 601.01 13.90
8.21 344.85
43.00 630.00 655.00
1.00 601.01 13.90
8.21 353.06
44.00 580.00 605.00
1.00 601.02 13.90
8.21 361.28
45.00 530.00 555.00
1.00 601.03 13.90
8.21 369.49
46.00 480.00 505.00
1.00 601.04 13.90
8.21 377.70
47.00 430.00 455.00
1.00 601.04 13.90
8.21 385.91
48.00 380.00 405.00
1.00 601.05 13.89
8.21 394.13
49.00 330.00 355.00
1.00 601.08 13.89
8.21 402.34
50.00 280.00 305.00
1.00 601.10 13.89
8.22 410.56
51.00 230.00 255.00
1.00 601.13 13.89
8.22 418.77
153

FOR W-08 (Q = 600 STB/D)
St
P3
150.00
1867.12
175.00
1714.30
200.00
1562.56
250.00
1258.12
300.00
953.28
350.00
649.45
400.00
345.74
154
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hi
Sti
Sti
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 701.12 10.26 11.13 11.13
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 701.12 10.26 11.13 22.25
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 701.12 10.26 11.13 33.38
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 701.12 10.26 11.13 44.50
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 701.12 10.26 11.13 55.63
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 701.12 10.26 11.13 66.76
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 701.12 10.26 11.13 77.88
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 89.01
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 100.13
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 111.26
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 122.39
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 133.51
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 144.64
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 155.77
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 166.89
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 178.02
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 189.14
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 200.27
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 211.40
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 222.52
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 233.65
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 244.78
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 701.13 10.26 11.13 255.90
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 701.14 10.26 11.13 267.03
155
25.00 1530.00 1555.00
1.00 701.14 10.26 11.13 278.16
26.00 1480.00 1505.00
1.00 701.14 10.26 11.13 289.28
27.00 1430.00 1455.00
1.00 701.14 10.26 11.13 300.41
28.00 1380.00 1405.00
1.00 701.14 10.26 11.13 311.54
29.00 1330.00 1355.00
1.00 701.14 10.26 11.13 322.67
30.00 1280.00 1305.00
1.00 701.14 10.26 11.13 333.79
31.00 1230.00 1255.00
1.00 701.14 10.25 11.13 344.92
32.00 1180.00 1205.00
1.00 701.15 10.25 11.13 356.05
33.00 1130.00 1155.00
1.00 701.15 10.25 11.13 367.17
34.00 1080.00 1105.00
1.00 701.15 10.25 11.13 378.30
35.00 1030.00 1055.00
1.00 701.15 10.25 11.13 389.43
36.00 980.00 1005.00
1.00 701.15 10.25 11.13 400.56
37.00 930.00 955.00
1.00 701.16 10.25 11.13 411.69
38.00 880.00 905.00
1.00 701.16 10.25 11.13 422.81
39.00 830.00 855.00
1.00 701.16 10.25 11.13 433.94
40.00 780.00 805.00
1.00 701.17 10.25 11.13 445.07
41.00 730.00 755.00
1.00 701.17 10.25 11.13 456.20
42.00 680.00 705.00
1.00 701.18 10.25 11.13 467.33
43.00 630.00 655.00
1.00 701.18 10.25 11.13 478.46
44.00 580.00 605.00
1.00 701.19 10.25 11.13 489.59
45.00 530.00 555.00
1.00 701.20 10.25 11.13 500.72
46.00 480.00 505.00
1.00 701.21 10.25 11.13 511.85
47.00 430.00 455.00
1.00 701.22 10.25 11.13 522.98
48.00 380.00 405.00
1.00 701.23 10.25 11.13 534.11
49.00 330.00 355.00
1.00 701.26 10.25 11.13 545.25
50.00 280.00 305.00
1.00 701.29 10.25 11.14 556.38
51.00 230.00 255.00
1.00 701.32 10.25 11.14 567.52
156

FOR W-08 (Q = 700 STB/D)
St
P3
150.00
2106.22
175.00
1994.70
200.00
1881.12
250.00
1657.83
300.00
1432.16
350.00
1207.67
400.00
983.24
157
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hi
Sti
Sti
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 801.28
6.01 18.98 18.98
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 801.28
6.01 18.98 37.96
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 801.28
6.01 18.98 56.94
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 801.28
6.01 18.98 75.92
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 801.28
6.01 18.98 94.90
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 801.28
6.01 18.98 113.88
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 132.86
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 151.84
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 170.82
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 189.81
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 208.79
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 227.77
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 246.75
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 265.73
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 284.71
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 303.69
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 322.67
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 341.66
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 360.64
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 379.62
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 801.29
6.01 18.98 398.60
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 801.30
6.01 18.98 417.59
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 801.30
6.01 18.98 436.57
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 801.30
6.01 18.98 455.55
158
25.00 1530.00 1555.00
1.00 801.30
6.01 18.98 474.53
26.00 1480.00 1505.00
1.00 801.30
6.01 18.98 493.52
27.00 1430.00 1455.00
1.00 801.30
6.01 18.98 512.50
28.00 1380.00 1405.00
1.00 801.30
6.01 18.98 531.48
29.00 1330.00 1355.00
1.00 801.30
6.01 18.98 550.47
30.00 1280.00 1305.00
1.00 801.31
6.01 18.98 569.45
31.00 1230.00 1255.00
1.00 801.31
6.01 18.98 588.44
32.00 1180.00 1205.00
1.00 801.31
6.01 18.98 607.42
33.00 1130.00 1155.00
1.00 801.31
6.01 18.99 626.41
34.00 1080.00 1105.00
1.00 801.31
6.01 18.99 645.39
35.00 1030.00 1055.00
1.00 801.32
6.01 18.99 664.38
36.00 980.00 1005.00
1.00 801.32
6.01 18.99 683.36
37.00 930.00 955.00
1.00 801.32
6.01 18.99 702.35
38.00 880.00 905.00
1.00 801.33
6.01 18.99 721.34
39.00 830.00 855.00
1.00 801.33
6.01 18.99 740.33
40.00 780.00 805.00
1.00 801.33
6.01 18.99 759.31
41.00 730.00 755.00
1.00 801.34
6.01 18.99 778.30
42.00 680.00 705.00
1.00 801.34
6.01 18.99 797.29
43.00 630.00 655.00
1.00 801.35
6.01 18.99 816.29
44.00 580.00 605.00
1.00 801.36
6.01 18.99 835.28
45.00 530.00 555.00
1.00 801.37
6.01 18.99 854.27
46.00 480.00 505.00
1.00 801.38
6.01 19.00 873.27
47.00 430.00 455.00
1.00 801.39
6.01 19.00 892.27
48.00 380.00 405.00
1.00 801.40
6.01 19.00 911.27
49.00 330.00 355.00
1.00 801.44
6.00 19.01 930.28
50.00 280.00 305.00
1.00 801.47
6.00 19.01 949.29
51.00 230.00 255.00
1.00 801.51
6.00 19.02 968.31
159

FOR W-08 (Q = 800 STB/D)
St
P3
150.00
2385.22
175.00
2319.70
200.00
2253.12
250.00
2122.83
300.00
1990.16
350.00
1858.67
400.00
1726.24
160
TABLED3
INTAKE PRESSURES AT ASSUMED RATES FOR W-08
P3 for Assumed Number of Stages

Assumed Flow Rate, qL ,
STB/D
150
175
200
250
300
350
400
100
1263
1011
758
252
150
1279
1029
779
279
200
1305
1059
813
322
300
1386
1154
921
457
400
1507
1294
1082
658
233
500
1667
1481
1296
925
554
600
1867
1714
1562
1258
953
649
345
700
2106
1994
1881
1657
1432
1207
983
800
2385
2319
2253
2122
1990
1858
1726
161
3000
IP R
2500
Pwf (psi)
2000
1500
S ta g e = 1 5 0
1000
175
200
500
250
300
350
400
0
0
200
400
600
q (B B L /D o r S T B /D )
Figure D2
Intake Curves for W-08

162
800
1000
1200
CALCULATION OF HORSEPOWER FOR W-08

(Qp = 598 stb/d, Stage = 150)
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hpi
hi
HPi
HPi
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16
1.16
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16
2.32
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16
3.47
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16
4.63
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16
5.79
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16
6.95
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16
8.10
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16
9.26
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16 10.42
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16 11.58
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16 12.74
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16 13.89
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16 15.05
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16 16.21
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16 17.37
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 598.96
0.14 13.96
1.16 18.52
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 598.97
0.14 13.96
1.16 19.68
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 598.97
0.14 13.96
1.16 20.84
19.00 1870.00 1875.00
1.00 598.97
0.14 13.96
1.16 22.00
163

(Qp = 631 stb/d, Stage = 175)
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hpi
hi
HPi
HPi
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 632.01
0.14 12.83
1.28
1.28
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 632.01
0.14 12.83
1.28
2.57
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 632.01
0.14 12.83
1.28
3.85
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 632.01
0.14 12.83
1.28
5.13
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 632.01
0.14 12.83
1.28
6.41
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 632.01
0.14 12.83
1.28
7.70
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 632.01
0.14 12.83
1.28
8.98
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 632.01
0.14 12.83
1.28 10.26
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 632.01
0.14 12.83
1.28 11.54
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 632.02
0.14 12.83
1.28 12.83
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 632.02
0.14 12.83
1.28 14.11
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 632.02
0.14 12.83
1.28 15.39
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 632.02
0.14 12.83
1.28 16.68
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 632.02
0.14 12.83
1.28 17.96
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 632.02
0.14 12.83
1.28 19.24
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 632.02
0.14 12.83
1.28 20.52
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 632.02
0.14 12.83
1.28 21.81
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 632.02
0.14 12.83
1.28 23.09
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 632.02
0.14 12.83
1.28 24.37
20.00 1792.00 1811.00
1.00 632.02
0.14 12.83
1.28 25.65
164

(Qp = 658 stb/d, Stage = 200)
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hpi
hi
HPi
HPi
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41
1.41
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41
2.81
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41
4.22
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41
5.63
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41
7.03
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41
8.44
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41
9.85
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 11.25
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 12.66
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 14.07
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 15.47
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 16.88
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 18.29
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 19.69
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 21.10
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 22.51
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 23.92
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 25.32
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 26.73
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 28.14
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 659.06
0.14 11.86
1.41 29.54
22.00 1725.00 1727.50
1.00 659.07
0.14 11.86
1.41 30.95
165

(Qp = 694 stb/d, Stage = 250)
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hpi
hi
HPi
HPi
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 695.11
0.15 10.49
1.62
1.62
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 695.11
0.15 10.49
1.62
3.23
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 695.11
0.15 10.49
1.62
4.85
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 695.11
0.15 10.49
1.62
6.46
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 695.11
0.15 10.49
1.62
8.08
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 695.11
0.15 10.49
1.62
9.69
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 11.31
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 12.93
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 14.54
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 16.16
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 17.77
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 19.39
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 21.01
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 22.62
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 24.24
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 25.85
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 27.47
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 29.08
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 30.70
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 32.32
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 33.93
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 35.55
23.00 1632.00 1656.00
1.00 695.12
0.15 10.49
1.62 37.16
166

(Qp = 720 stb/d, Stage = 300)
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hpi
hi
HPi
HPi
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 721.15
0.15
9.46
1.81
1.81
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 721.15
0.15
9.46
1.81
3.62
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.46
1.81
5.43
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.46
1.81
7.25
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.46
1.81
9.06
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.46
1.81 10.87
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.46
1.81 12.68
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.46
1.81 14.49
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.46
1.81 16.30
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.46
1.81 18.11
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.46
1.81 19.93
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.46
1.81 21.74
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.45
1.81 23.55
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.45
1.81 25.36
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.45
1.81 27.17
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.45
1.81 28.98
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.45
1.81 30.79
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.45
1.81 32.61
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.45
1.81 34.42
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 721.16
0.15
9.45
1.81 36.23
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 721.17
0.15
9.45
1.81 38.04
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 721.17
0.15
9.45
1.81 39.85
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 721.17
0.15
9.45
1.81 41.66
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 721.17
0.15
9.45
1.81 43.47
25.00 1559.00 1569.50
1.00 721.17
0.15
9.45
1.81 45.29
167

(Qp = 742 stb/d, Stage = 350)
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hpi
hi
HPi
HPi
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02
2.02
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02
4.04
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02
6.06
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02
8.08
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02 10.10
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02 12.12
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02 14.14
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02 16.16
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02 18.18
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02 20.20
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02 22.22
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 743.19
0.15
8.55
2.02 24.24
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 26.26
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 28.28
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 30.30
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 32.32
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 34.34
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 36.36
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 38.38
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 40.40
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 42.42
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 44.44
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 46.46
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 48.48
25.00 1530.00 1555.00
1.00 743.20
0.15
8.55
2.02 50.50
26.00 1496.00 1513.00
1.00 743.21
0.15
8.55
2.02 52.52
168

(Qp = 760 stb/d, Stage = 400)
P3,I
P3,I
VFi
Vi
hpi
hi
HPi
HPi
1.00 2730.00 2755.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23
2.23
2.00 2680.00 2705.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23
4.46
3.00 2630.00 2655.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23
6.70
4.00 2580.00 2605.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23
8.93
5.00 2530.00 2555.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23 11.16
6.00 2480.00 2505.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23 13.39
7.00 2430.00 2455.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23 15.62
8.00 2380.00 2405.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23 17.85
9.00 2330.00 2355.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23 20.09
10.00 2280.00 2305.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23 22.32
11.00 2230.00 2255.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23 24.55
12.00 2180.00 2205.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23 26.78
13.00 2130.00 2155.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23 29.01
14.00 2080.00 2105.00
1.00 761.22
0.15
7.78
2.23 31.24
15.00 2030.00 2055.00
1.00 761.23
0.15
7.78
2.23 33.48
16.00 1980.00 2005.00
1.00 761.23
0.15
7.78
2.23 35.71
17.00 1930.00 1955.00
1.00 761.23
0.15
7.78
2.23 37.94
18.00 1880.00 1905.00
1.00 761.23
0.15
7.78
2.23 40.17
19.00 1830.00 1855.00
1.00 761.23
0.15
7.78
2.23 42.40
20.00 1780.00 1805.00
1.00 761.23
0.15
7.78
2.23 44.64
21.00 1730.00 1755.00
1.00 761.23
0.15
7.78
2.23 46.87
22.00 1680.00 1705.00
1.00 761.23
0.15
7.78
2.23 49.10
23.00 1630.00 1655.00
1.00 761.23
0.15
7.78
2.23 51.33
24.00 1580.00 1605.00
1.00 761.23
0.15
7.78
2.23 53.56
25.00 1530.00 1555.00
1.00 761.23
0.15
7.78
2.23 55.79
169
26.00 1480.00 1505.00
1.00 761.24
0.15
7.78
2.23 58.03
27.00 1443.00 1461.50
1.00 761.24
0.15
7.78
2.23 60.26
170
TABLE D4
HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENTS FOR POSSIBLE

RATES FROM W-08
St
qp
(STB/D)
P3 (psi)
P2 (psi)
HP
qp/St
150
598
1870
2780
23
1,32
175
631
1792
2780
27
1,08
200
658
1725
2780
32
0,72
250
694
1632
2780
39
0,52
300
720
1559
2780
49
0,44
350
742
1496
2780
57
0,36
400
760
1443
2780
66
171
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
HP
900
Suggested HP
800
Actual Value (St)
700
Suggested Stage
600
500
Stages
400
Efficiency Range
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
FIGURE D3
172
400
450
TABLE D5
Relation of Production Parameters With Each Other
Comments
Wellhead Pressure, Pwh
Intake Pressure, Pintake
Discharge Pressure,
Pdischarge
Pressure gain, Pgain
Pressure loss Ploss
Production Rate, q
Number of Stages
HP Required
A high wellhead pressure means a high pump

discharge pressure. More the pump increases
the pressure from intake to discharge value,
more the pressure will be in the wellhead
Assuming a constant discharge pressure ,
intake pressure increases with an increase in
production rate and decreases with an increase
in number of pump stages
Discharge pressure is a function of production
rate, and pressure in the wellhead. These
parameters are directly proportional with
discharge pressure
Pressure gained by pump (Pdischarge- Pintake)
increases with an increase in number of pump
stage however in this case pump requires more
horsepower
Pressure loss in the tubing is directly related to
production rate. High production rates results in
high-pressure losses.
An increase in production rate results in
increase in pressure loss due to friction and
related to that increase in discharge pressure
Also an increase in production rate decreases
the pump head (per stage) which causes a
decrease in intake pressure and thus a
decrease in pressure gain by pump
If number of pump stages will be increased
then intake pressure will decrease, that means
pump will gain more pressure but at the same
time pump will require more horsepower
High horsepower requirement means number
of pump stages will be more and pressure gain
will be high, i.e, pump will increase the intake
pressure to higher discharge pressure for lifting
the fluid
173

10 1 1 633 2062

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

10 1 1 633 2062

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PRODUCTION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

LIFTED WELLS : A CASE STUDY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

Approval of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences

Prof . Dr. Canan ZGEN

Prof. Dr. Birol DEMRAL

Prof. Dr. A .Suat Bac

PRODUCTION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR SUBMERSIBLE

GLER, Nuri Ozan

A computer program has been written to perform production

A case study was done by evaluating the 10 wells located in

DALGI POMPALARLA RETM YAPILAN KUYULARIN SSTEM

GLER, Nuri Ozan

Dalg pompalarla retim yaplan kuyularn optimizasyonu iin

Yazlan bu programn pratie geirilmesi asndan Diyarbakr GK

ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS ..

Pump Performance Curves

Pump Intake Curves ...

2.3.1 Pumping Liquid Only 13

2.3.2 Pumping Liquid and Gas ...

2.3.2.1 Determination of the Number

2.3.2.2 Determination of Horsepower ..

2.3.2.3 Pump Selection ..

2.3.2.4 Procedure for the Preparation

NODAL ANALYSIS APPROACH .

Application of Nodal Analysis to Electrical

Description of the Computer

3.3.1 Pumping Liquid

3.3.2 Pumping Liquid and Gas

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

HAGEDORN AND BROWN VERTICAL

Hagedorn and Brown Method

Procedure for Calculating a Vertical Pressure

Griffith Correlation (Bubble Flow) .

DESCRIPTION OF THE GK FIELD .

Reservoir, Fluid, and Lift System

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .

Results and Discussion ..

7.2.1 Construction of Vertical Flowing

7.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis by Using the

7.2.3 Construction of Possible Production

7.2.4 Comparison of Theorotical and

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .

Pumping Liquid and Gas Computer Program .

Pumping Only Liquid Computer Program

Sample Calculation of W-08 ..

Reservoir and Fluid Properties of GK Field ....

Submersible Pump Lifted Wells Operated

Gross Production Rate of the Wells in GK

Comparison of Computer-Based Vertical

Effect of Oil Density on Flowing Bottomhole

Effect of GLR on Flowing Bottomhole

Effect of WOR on Flowing Bottomhole

Results Obtained After The Comparison

Well, Fluid, Reservoir and Lift-System

Production History of W-08

Intake Pressures at Assumed Rates for W-08

Horsepower Requirements for Possible

Relation of Production Parameters

A Typical Submersible Pump Installation

Submersible Pump Schematic ..

Pressure Traverses for Pump on Bottom

A Typical Pump Performance Curve (GN 3200)