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MATERIALS

STRESS () :

INTERNAL RESISTANCE FORCE OFFERED BY A BODY AGAINST DEFORMATION

NORMAL STRESS ( n) :
(The internal resistance force acting in the normal
direction)
.

SHEAR STRESS ():


(The internal resistance force acting in the TANGENTIAL
direction)

STRAIN ():

THE RATIO OF CHANGE IN LENGTH TO THE


ORIGINAL LENGTH
NORMAL STRAIN:
Consider a rod with initial length L which is stretched to a
length L'. The strain measure e, a dimensionless ratio, is defined as
the ratio of elongation with respect to the original length,

SHEAR STRAIN :
The shear strain is defined as the change in the angle (in radians)
between two material line elements initially perpendicular to each other
in the undeformed or initial configuration.

STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP:


HOOKE`S LAW:
With in a elastic limit stress is directly proportional to strain.


=E
Where

E = Young`s modulus or modulus of elasticity

Modulus of elasticity :
The ratio of unit stress to the unit strain.
Example:

STEEL
ALUMINUM

=
=

200 GPa
70

GPa

STRESS STRAIN CURVE :


The standard tensile test is used to obtain a variety of material
characteristics and strengths that are used in the design.
Stress-strain diagram for DUCTILE
below:-

MATERIAL is as shown

STRESS STRAIN CURVE:


The stress-strain diagram for BRITTLE
below:-

MATERIAL is as shown

ELASTIC LIMIT:
Greatest stress that can be applied to a material without
causing permanent deformation.
For metals and other materials that have a significant
straight line portion in their stress/strain diagram, elastic
limit is approximately equal to proportional limit.

YIELD POINT :
yield point of a material is defined as the stress at which a
material begins to deform plastically.

ULTIMATE STRENGTH OR TENSILE STRENGTH


Highest engineering stress developed in material before rupture.
Normally, changes in area due to changing load and necking are
disregarded in determining ultimate strength.

MODULUS OF RIGIDITY OR SHEAR


MODULUS
Rate of change of strain as a function of stress in a specimen subjected to
shear or torsion loading.
It is the modulus of elasticity determined in a torsion test. Alternate terms are
modulus of elasticity in torsion and modulus of elasticity in shear.

YIELD STRENGTH
Indication of maximum stress that can be developed in a material
without causing plastic deformation.
It is the stress at which a material exhibits a specified permanent
deformation and is a practical approximation of elastic limit.
Offset yield strength is determined from a stress-strain diagram. It
is the stress corresponding to the intersection of the stress-strain
curve, and a line parallel to its straight line portion offset by a
specified strain.
Offset for metals is usually specified as 0.2%, i.e., the intersection
of the offset line and the 0-stress axis is at 0.2% strain.

IMPACT PROPERTIES:
An external force applied to a structure or part is called an impact
load if the time of application is less than one third the natural
period of vibration of the part or structure.
IMPACT STRENGTH :
The ability of a material to withstand shock loading.
Methods used to find the impact strength are,
1. charpy (commonly used),
2. IZOD

(rarely used)

TEMPERATURE EFFECTS :
Strength and ductility or brittleness, are the properties
affected by the temperature of the operating environment.
The yield strength decreases continuously as the
environment temp. is increased
This continuous deformation under load (temp) is called
CREEP.
The effect of temperature on the properties of materials are
obtained by the strength verse temperature chart.

STRENGTH

V/S TEMPERATURE :

MATERIAL SELECTION CHART:


YOUNG`S MODULUS V/S FRACTURE TOUGHNESS

MATERIAL SELECTION CHART :


DENSITY V/S YOUNG`S MODULUS

MATERIAL SELECTION
CHART :

STRENGTH V/S TOUGHNESS

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