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Algebra:
? Laws of Indices:
(i) am an = am + n
(ii) am/an
(iii) (am)n = amn
(iv) a0 = 1 (a ? 0).
(v) a- n = 1/an
(vi) nvam = am/n
(vii) (ab)m = am bn.
(viii) (a/b) m = am/bn
(ix) If am = bm (m ? 0), then a = b.
(x) If am = an then m = n.
? Surds:
(i) The surd conjugate of va + vb (or a + vb) is va - vb (or a - vb) and convers
ely.
(ii) If a is rational, vb is a surd and a + vb (or, a - vb) = 0 then a = 0 and b
= 0.
(iii) If a and x are rational, vb and vy are surds and a + vb = x + vy then a =
x and b = y.
? Complex Numbers:
(i) The symbol z = (x, y) = x + iy where x, y are real and i = v-1, is called a
complex (or, imaginary) quantity;x is called the real part and y, the imaginary
part of the complex number z = x + iy.
(ii) If z = x + iy then z = x - iy and conversely; here, z is the complex conjug
ate of z.
(iii) If z = x+ iy then
(a) mod. z (or, | z | or, | x + iy | ) = + v(x2 + y2) and
(b) amp. z (or, arg. z) = ? = tan-1 y/x (-p < ? = p).
(iv) The modulus - amplitude form of a complex quantity z is
z = r (cos? + i sin?); here, r = | z | and ? = arg. z (-p < ? <= p).
? Variation:
(i) If x varies directly as y, we write x ? y or, x = ky where k is a constant o
f variation.
(ii) If x varies inversely as y, we write x ? 1/y or, x = m (1/y) where m is a c
onstant of variation.
(iii) If x ? y when z is constant and x ? z when y is constant then x ? yz when
both y and z vary.
(i) The general form of a G.P. is a, ar, ar2, ar3, . . . . . where a is the firs
t term and r, the common ratio of the G.P.
(ii) The n th term of the above G.P. is tn = a.rn - 1 .
(iii) The sum of first n terms of the above G.P. is S = a [(1 - rn)/(1
-1 < r < 1
or, S = a [(rn
1)/(r
r)] when
(iv) The geometric mean of two positive numbers a and b is v(ab) or, -v(ab).
(v) a + ar + ar2 +
. 8 = a/(1
4ac)}/2a.
? Permutation:
(i) ?n (or, n!) = n (n
1) (n
2) 321.
(ii) 0! = 1.
(iii) Number of permutations of n different things taken r ( = n) at a time nPr
= n!/(n - 1)! = n (n
1)(n - 2) (n - r + 1).
(iv) Number of permutations of n different things taken all at a time = nPn = n!
.
(v) Number of permutations of n things taken all at a time in which p things are
alike of a first kind, q things are alike of a second kind, r things are alike
of a third kind and the rest are all different, is n!/(p!q!r!)
(vi) Number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time when each th
ing may be repeated upto r times in any permutation, is nr .
? Combination:
(i) Number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time = nCr = n!/(r
!(n r)!).
(ii) nPr = r! nCr.
(iii) nC0 = nCn = 1.
(iv) nCr = nCn - r.
(v) nCr + nCn - 1 = n + 1Cr
(vi) If p ? q and nCp = nCp then p + q = n.
(vii) nCr/nCr - 1= (n - r + 1)/r.
(viii) The total number of combinations of n different things taken any number a
t a time = nC1 + nC2 + nC3 +
. + nCn = 2n
1.
(ix) The total number of combinations of (p + q + r + . . . .) things of which p
things are alike of a first kind, q things are alike of a second kind r things
are alike of a third kind and so on, taken any number at a time is [(p + 1) (q +
1) (r + 1) . . . . ] - 1.
? Binomial Theorem:
(i) Statement of Binomial Theorem : If n is a positive integer then
(a + x)n = an + nC1 an - 1 x + nC2 an - 2 x2 +
.. + nCr an - r xr +
.. + xn
.. (1)
+ [{n(n-1)(n-2)
..(n-
(iii) The general term of the expansion (1) is (r+ 1)th term
= tr + 1 = nCr an - r xr
(iv) The general term of the expansion (2) is (r + 1) th term
= tr + 1 = [{n(n - 1)(n - 2)....(n - r + l)}/r!] xr.
(v) There is one middle term is the expansion ( 1 ) when n is even and it is (n/
2 + 1)th term ; the expansion ( I ) will have two middle terms when n is odd and
they are the {(n - 1)/2 + 1} th and {(n - 1)/2 + 1} th terms.
(vi) (1 - x)-1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 +
(vii) (1 + x)-1 = I - x + x2 - x3 +
.8.
8.
? Logarithm:
(i) If ax = M then loga M = x and conversely.
(ii) loga 1 = 0.
(iii) loga a = 1.
(iv) a logam = M.
(v) loga MN = loga M + loga N.
(vi) loga (M/N) = loga M - loga N.
(vii) loga Mn = n loga M.
(viii) loga M = logb M x loga b.
(ix) logb a x 1oga b = 1.
(x) logb a = 1/logb a.
(xi) logb M = logb M/loga b.
? Exponential Series:
(i) For all x, ex = 1 + x/1! + x2/2! + x3/3! +
(ii) e = 1 + 1/1! + 1/2! + 1/3! +
+ xr/r! +
.. 8.
.. 8.
.. 8.
? Logarithmic Series:
(i) loge (1 + x) = x - x2/2 + x3/3 (ii) loge (1 - x) = - x - x2/ 2 - x3/3 -
8.