BUBBLE WAVES

THE MARANGONI EFFECT ON SMALL-AMPLITUDE CAPILLARY WAVES IN VISCOUS FLUIDS

L. Shen, F. Denner,
N. Morgan, B. van Wachem, D. Dini
IMA8 - JUNE 2016

MOTIVATION

Bubble lm stability
Onset of uid instabilities
Marangoni effect

CAPILLARY WAVES

External perturbations to interface (e.g. thermal, vibration, surfactants)

cause statistical uctations, or capillary waves (Smoluchowski 1908, Dirk et al. 2004)
Equipartition principle
|hk |2 =

1
kB T
2
2
L k + 2
c

(1)

where c = (/g)1/2 is capillary length.

THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY

Good
Large-time behaviour captured, wave 1 mode
Dispersive forces (DLVO) lm stability? (Croons et al. 2003)
Amplitude equations insightful (Cheng and Vials PRL 1997)
Bad
Few (if any) analytical solutions
Full Marangoni effect not yet incoporated
Ugly
Transient behaviour due to multiple modes not captured limits stability
theory to more stable lms, partly defeats objective (Craig 2004)
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PLAN

Recast viscous equation of motion as integro-differential IVP (Prosperetti Phys. Fluid

1976)

Analytical solution for linearised Navier-Stokes

Equivalent to normal mode approach for large-time
Reduces to irrotational ow under small-time
Now we simply add the Marangoni effect.

THE MARANGONI EFFECT

Momentum balance on interface F
[T n] + 2Hn = M

(2)

Phenomenological (Levich 1969). M = s 2 us

+ Explicitly denotes dissipation irreversible process on F
s is a phenomenological surface viscosity
Mathematical. M = s
+ Explicit and general surface gradient formulation
More difculties in matching experiments
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WAVE DISPERSION
Linearised response theory or hydrodynamics under weak viscous damping
(Harden et al. 1991, Jckle and Kawasaki 1995)

= 0 + i1 C
02

(
)
i 1/2
+ ( + 2ik ) 4 k 1 + 2
=0
k
2 2

2 4

(3)

where 02 = k3 / for inviscid surface regime.

Above kc /2 , propagative overdamped mode
Overdamped: Viscous k2 overpowers surface tension (k3 /)1/2 , damping
rate 1 k/.
(Delgado-Buscalioni et al. PRL 2008, Denner 2016)
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LINEARISED SYSTEM DECOMPOSITION

2-d uid velocity u = (u, v) with interface F = y a(t) cos kx, normal
n (ak sin kx, 1) and surface tension = 0 (x, t)
Navier-Stokes ut = 1 p + 2 u gj
Incompressible u = 0
Kinematic (t + u )F = 0
Tangential stress

1
2 (vx

+ uy ) = x ak sin kxy

+ 2vy = ak2 cos kx

Normal stress p
Decompose u = u + u into potential and viscous components where
( )
(
) (
)
u
gj
1 p
t
=
+
p
u
2 u
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EQUATION OF MOTION
Potential ow Streamfunction, viscous Greens function,

+ 4a + (1 )a+2
a

+ a)
F(1; ) = 0
42 (

(4)

where

1
F(c; ) =
ec erfc .
c

k2 /

and dimensionless = 0 k/ .

0 k3 / 2

(5)

A DIFFUSIVE SURFACTANT
Well known surfactant transport
d
+ s (us ) + (s n) (u n) = D2s + J()
dt
source
convection
stretching
diffusion

(6)

Numerical only, but we can carefully approximate

If insoluble, ow speed slow diffusion eqn.
Linear surface tension e.o.s.
= 0 (x, t).

(7)

(Ansatz) Use least damped varicose diffusion mode

k et cos kx cos ky

(8)
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FREE OSCILLATION SOLUTION FOR DIFFUSIVE SURFACTANT

1
1
42
0 erfc( ) 2 + e [s1 + s2 erfc(
a
) 2 ]
2
1 + 8
4

1
zi (z2 )
+
e i
erfc(zi 2 ) f(z)
i

a( ) =

(9)

i=1

where
0
a
f(z) = 2
s3
z
j =

1
c0
+
2 z2

(zj+i mod(4) zj )
i=1
4

P(z) = z + 2z2 + 43/2 z + 1 + 2 = 0

10

PLOT OF SOLUTION

Combined
Viscosity
Marangoni

0.8

a()

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2

Figure 1: Wave amplitude at = 50nm (Sc=1.0204)

10
11

SHIFT OF WAVE DISPERSION

0.6

max

0.8

0.4

0=0
0=110-3
0=310-3

0.2

0=510-3

0
50

70

90

110

(nm)

130

150

170
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VISCOSITY-MARANGONI INTERACTIONS
1.2

1.2
Combined
Viscosity
Marangoni

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0
0

10

15

Combined
Viscosity
Marangoni

a()

a()

10

15

Figure 3: (LR) Increasing viscosity by 1.5x (Sc=20, = 50nm)

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POINT OF DAMPING: CRITICAL WAVELENGTH

2

80

75

1.5

65

c (nm)

70

60
Sc=10
Sc=20
Sc=100
Sc=500
Sc=1000
Sc=2000

55

50

500

0 (molm-2)

1000

0.5

1000

Sc

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SUMMARY

Generalised integro-differential equation for small amplitude capillary waves

Analytic solution for diffusive surfactant
(0)

1/3

(0)

Power law c c 0 for critical wavelength c and c in absence of

Marangoni effect

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: VISCOUS DISSIPATION VIA FRACTIONAL INTEGRAL

Rewrite the equation of motion
2a
a
+ 4
3/2 I 1/2 [Ge( u) ] + a = J
2

where G = a + a and J = 42 a0 erfc is the forcing.

Dene the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order s


1
1
s
s1
I f( )
( u) f( ) du
f(u) d .
(s) 0
(s) 0

(10)

(11)

with inhomogeneous time

(u) =

( u)
.
( + 1)

(12)
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THE PROJECTED TIME INTERPRETATION

Hatter I dare say you never even spoke to Time!

Alice Perhaps not, ... but I know I have to beat time when I learn music.
Hatter Ah! That accounts for it, ... Now, if you only kept on good term with
him, hed do almost anything you liked with the clock...
Lewis Carrol in Alice in Wonderland
Standard time: = t
Viscous-dissipation time: (t ) = [ s ( t )s ]/(s + 1).

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Thank you!
l.shen14@imperial.ac.uk

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