MFE8812 Seminar Slide 05A (2pg) PDF

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration
MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

William C. H. Leon
Nanyang Business School
February 4, 2016
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William C. H. Leon

Overview
Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Hedging with Duration
2 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Overview
Bond price risk is often measured in terms of the bond interest-rate
sensitivity, or duration. This is a one-dimensional measure of the bonds
sensitivity to interest-rate movements.
The traditional hedging method that is intensively used by practitioners is
the duration hedging method. This approach is based on a series of very
restrictive and simplistic assumptions, the assumptions of a small and
parallel shift in the yield-to-maturity (YTM) curve.
There are three related notions of duration: Macaulay duration, $duration
and modied duration.
Macaulay duration is dened as a weighted average maturity for the
portfolio. The Macaulay duration of a bond or bond portfolio is the
investment horizon such that investors with that horizon will not care
if interest rates drop or rise as long as changes are small, as capital
gain risk is oset by reinvestment risk on the period.
3 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Overview
(Continue)
Three related notions of duration (continue):

$duration is used to compute the prot and loss of a bond portfolio
for a small change in the YTM. $duration also provides a convenient
hedging strategy: to oset the risks related to a small change in the
level of the yield curve, one should optimally invest in a hedging
asset a proportion equal to the opposite of the ratio of the $duration
of the bond portfolio to be hedged by the $duration of the hedging
instrument.
Modied duration is used to compute the relative prot and loss of a
bond portfolio for a small change in the YTM.
4 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Five Theorems of Bond Pricing

The basics of bond price movements as a result of interest-rate changes are
best summarized by the ve theorems on the relationship between bond prices
and yields.
As an illustration, consider the percentage price change for 5 bonds with
dierent annual coupon rates (5 and 8%) and dierent maturities (5, 15 and
25 years), starting with a common 8% YTM:
New
Yield (%)
5.00%
7.00%
7.99%
8.01%
9.00%
11.00%
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5-Year
13.608%
4.292%
0.042%
0.042%
4.068%
11.585%
5% Coupon
15-Year
34.550%
10.041%
0.094%
0.094%
8.832%
23.502%
William C. H. Leon
25-Year
47.111%
12.824%
0.117%
0.117%
10.689%
27.225%
8% Coupon
5-Year
25-Year
12.988%
42.282%
4.100%
11.654%
0.040%
0.107%
0.040%
0.107%
3.890%
9.823%
11.088% 25.265%


(Continue)
(1) Bond prices move inversely to interest rates.

Investors must always keep in mind a fundamental fact about the
relationship between bond prices and bond yields: bond prices move
inversely to market yields.
When the level of required yields demanded by investors on new issues
changes, the required yields on all bonds already outstanding will also
change. For these yields to change, the prices of these bonds must change.
This inverse relationship is the basis for understanding, valuing and
managing bonds.
6 / 39
William C. H. Leon


(Continue)
(2) Holding maturity constant, a decrease in rates will raise bond prices on a
percentage basis more than a corresponding increase in rates will lower bond
prices.
Bond price volatility can work for, as well as against, investors. Money
can be made, and lost, in risk-free Treasury securities as well as in riskier
corporate bonds.
7 / 39
William C. H. Leon


(Continue)
(3) All things being equal, bond price volatility is an increasing function of
maturity.
Long-term bond prices uctuate more than short-term bond prices.
Although the inverse relationship between bond prices and interest rates is
the basis of all bond analysis, a complete understanding of bond price
changes as a result of interest-rate changes requires additional
information. An increase in interest rates will cause bond prices to decline,
but the exact amount of decline will depend on important variables unique
to each bond such as time to maturity and coupon.
An important principle is that for a given change in market yields, changes
in bond prices are directly related to time to maturity. Therefore, as
interest rates change, the prices of longer-term bonds will change more
than the prices of shorter-term bonds, everything else being equal.
8 / 39
William C. H. Leon


(Continue)
(4) The percentage price change that occurs as a result of the direct
relationship between a bonds maturity and its price volatility increases at a
decreasing rate as time to maturity increases.
In other words, the percentage of price change resulting from an increase
in time to maturity increases, but at a decreasing rate.
Put simply, a doubling of the time to maturity will not result in a doubling
of the percentage price change resulting from a change in market yields.
9 / 39
William C. H. Leon


(Continue)
(5) The change in the price of a bond as a result of a change in interest rates
depends on the coupon rate of the bond.
Holding other things constant, bond price uctuations (volatility) and
bond coupon rates are inversely related.
Note that the above principle holds for percentage price uctuations; this
relationship does not necessarily hold if we measure volatility in terms of
dollar price changes rather than percentage price changes.
10 / 39
William C. H. Leon


(Continue)
These 5 relationships provide useful information for bond investors by

demonstrating how the price of a bond changes as interest rates change.
Although investors have no control over the change and direction in market
rates, they can exercise control over the coupon and maturity, both of which
have signicant eects on bond price changes.
An important distinction needs to be made between two kinds of risk:
Reinvestment risk.
Capital gain risk.
11 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Reinvestment Risk
It is important to note that the YTM is a promised yield, because investors
earn the indicated yield only if the bond is held to maturity and the coupons
are reinvested at the calculated YTM.
Obviously, no trading can be done for a particular bond if the YTM is to
be earned. The investor simply buys and holds. What is not so obvious to
many investors, however, is the reinvestment implications of the YTM
measure.
The YTM calculation assumes that the investor reinvests all coupons
received from a bond at a rate equal to the computed YTM on that bond,
thereby earning interest on interest over the life of the bond at the
computed YTM rate.
If the investor spends the coupons, or reinvests them at a rate dierent
from the YTM, the realized yield that will actually be earned at the
termination of the investment in the bond will dier from the promised
YTM.
12 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Reinvestment Risk
(Continue)
In fact, coupons almost always will be reinvested at rates higher or lower

than the computed YTM, resulting in a realized yield that diers from the
promised yield. This gives rise to reinvestment rate risk.
This interest-on-interest concept signicantly aects the potential total
dollar return. The exact impact is a function of coupon and time to
maturity, with reinvestment becoming more important as either coupon or
time to maturity, or both, rise. Specically,
Holding everything else constant, the longer the maturity of a bond,
the greater the reinvestment risk;
Holding everything else constant, the higher the coupon rate, the
greater the dependence of the total dollar return from the bond on
the reinvestment of the coupon payments.
13 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Reinvestment Risk
(Continue)
The reinvestment portion of the YTM concept is critical. In fact, for

long-term bonds the interest-on-interest component of the total realized
yield may account for more than 75% of the bonds total dollar return.
Consider a 20-year standard bond purchased at a $100 face value,
which delivers an annual 10% coupon rate. Lets look at realized
yields under dierent assumed reinvestment rates when the bond is
held to maturity:
If the reinvestment rate is exactly 10%, the investor would realize a
10.000% compound return, with 55.407% (= $372.75/$672.75) of
the total dollar return from the bond attributable to the
reinvestment of the coupon payments.
At a 12% reinvestment rate, the investor would realize an 11.098%
compound return, with 63.438% (= $520.52/$820.52) of the total
return coming from interest on interest.
With no reinvestment of coupons (spending them as received), the
investor would achieve only a 5.647% return.
14 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Reinvestment Risk vs. Capital Gain Risk

Consider an investor with a horizon of 1 year who buys a 2-year, 10%
semiannual coupon bond at a yield of 8% and a price of 103.630.
Scenario 1: The interest rate drops to 7.8%, soon after the bond is
purchased, and stays there.
The bond price rises immediately to 104.002.
After 6 months, the bond price rises to 108.058 (= 104.002
1.039). At this time, a coupon of 5% is paid, whereupon the price of
the bond drops by an equal amount to 103.058.
The bond increases in value at the end of the year to 107.078 (=
103.058 1.039), while the 5% coupon has been reinvested at an
annual yield of 7.8% and has grown to 5.195 (= 50 1.039), for a
total of 112.273.
Scenario 2: The interest rate rises to 8.2%, and stays there.
The price immediately drops to 103.259.
However, the bond and coupons thereafter rise at the rate of 4.1%
every 6 months, culminating in a value of 111.900 at the end of the
investment horizon.
15 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Reinvestment Risk vs. Capital Gain Risk

(Continue)
As bond yield drops, bond price rises, and vice versa. These create capital
gains and losses for bond investors.
There is an interplay between capital gain risk and reinvestment risk: if interest
rates drop and stay there, there is an immediate appreciation in the value of a
bond portfolio, but the portfolio then grows at a slower rate; on the other
hand, if interest rates rise and stay there, there is a capital loss, but the
portfolio then appreciates more rapidly.
Hence, there is some investment horizon D, such that investors with that
horizon will not care if interest rates drop or rise (as long as the changes are
small). The value of this horizon depends on the characteristics of the bond
portfolio; specically, D is the Macaulay duration of the bond portfolio.
16 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Qualifying Interest-Rate Risk

Consider at date t a portfolio of xed-income securities that delivers m certain
cash ows Fi at future dates ti , for i = 1, 2, . . . , m.
The price P of the portfolio (in $ value) can be written as the sum of the
future cash ows discounted with the appropriate zero-coupon rate with
maturity corresponding to the maturity of each cash ow:
Pt =
m
Fi B(t, ti ) =
i =1
m

i =1
Fi
t t ,

1 + R(t, ti t) i
where B(t, ti ) is the price at date t of a zero-coupon bond paying $1 at date t

(also called the discount factor) and R(t, ti t) is the associated zero-coupon
rate, starting at date t for a residual maturity of ti t years.
17 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Qualifying Interest-Rate Risk

(Continue)
Note that price Pt is a function of m interest-rate variables R(t, ti t)

and of the time variable t. This suggests that the value of the portfolio is
subject to a potentially large number m of risk factors. To hedge the
portfolio, we need to be hedged against a change in all of these factor
risks.
In practice, it is not easy to hedge the risk of so many variables. We must
create a global portfolio containing the portfolio to be hedged in such a
way that the portfolio is insensitive to all sources of risk (the m
interest-rate variables and the time variable t).
One suitable way to simplify the hedging problem is to reduce the number
of risk variables. Duration hedging of a portfolio is based on a single risk
variable, the YTM of this portfolio.
18 / 39
William C. H. Leon

A First Order Taylor Expansion

The idea behind duration hedging is to bypass the complication of a
multidimensional interest-rate risk by identifying a single risk factor, the YTM
of the portfolio, which will serve as a proxy for the whole term structure.
To examine the sensitivity of the price of bond to changes in YTM, write the
price of the portfolio Pt in $ value as a function of a single source of
interest-rate risk, its YTM yt as follow:
Pt = P(yt ) =
m

i =1
Fi

t t .
1 + yt i
In this case, the interest-rate risk is (imperfectly) summarized by changes

in the YTM yt . The YTM is a complex average of the whole term
structure, and it can be regarded as the term structure if and only if the
term structure is at.
19 / 39
William C. H. Leon

A First-Order Taylor Expansion

(Continue)
Derive a Taylor expansion of the value of the portfolio P to quantify the

magnitude of value changes dP that are triggered by small changes dy in yield.
We get an approximation of the absolute change in the value of the portfolio as
dP(y ) = P(y + dy ) P(y ) P (y ) dy ,
where
P (y ) =
m

i =1
20 / 39
William C. H. Leon
Fi (ti t)

t t+1 .
1+y i

$Duration
The derivative of the bond value function with respect to the YTM is known as
the $duration (or sensitivity) of portfolio P,
m

Fi (ti t)
$Dur P(y ) = P (y ) =

ti t+1 .
i =1 1 + y
Note that $Dur < 0. This means that the relationship between price and
yield is negative; higher yields imply lower prices.
21 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Modied Duration
Dividing dP(y ) by P(y ), we obtain an approximation of the relative change in
value of the portfolio as

dP(y )
P (y )
dy = MD P(y ) dy ,
P(y )
P(y )
where

m

$Dur P(y )
Fi (ti t)
P (y )
=
=
MD P(y ) =

t t+1
P(y )
P(y )
P(y
)
1+y i
i =1
is known as the modied duration (MD) of portfolio P.
22 / 39
William C. H. Leon

$Duration & Modied Duration with Semiannual Payments

Considering a bond with semiannual coupon payments. From the price of the
bond
P(y ) =
m

i =1
Fi

2(ti t) ,
1 + y2
we obtain the derivative of the bond price with respect to the YTM y as
P (y ) =
m

i =1
Fi (ti t)

2(ti t)+1 .
1 + y2

P (y )
.
$Dur P(y ) = P (y ) and MD P(y ) =
P(y )
23 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Application of $Duration & Modied Duration

The $duration and the modied duration enable us to compute the absolute
prot and loss (P&L) and the relative P&L of portfolio P for a small change
y of the YTM (e.g., 10 bps or 0.1% as expressed in percentage) using:
Absolute P&L $Dur y ,
Relative P&L MD y .
The $duration and the modied duration are also measures of the
volatility of a bond portfolio.
24 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Basis Point Value

Another standard measure is the basis point value (BPV), also known as price
value of a basis point (PVBP) and dollar value of a one basis point (DV01),
which is the change in the bond price given a basis point change in the bonds
yield.
BPV is given by the following equation:
BPV =
$Dur
MD P
=
.
10, 000
10, 000
BPV is typically used for hedging bond positions.
25 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Exercise
Consider below a bond with the following features:
Maturity: 10 years.
Coupon rate: 6%.
YTM: 5%.
Price: 107.72.
Assume that the coupon frequency and compounding frequency are annual.
26 / 39
What is $duration, modied duration and BPV of the bond?
If the YTM increases by 10 bps, what is the absolute and relative P&L?
William C. H. Leon

Answer
27 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Macaulay Duration, $Duration & Modied Duration

There are three dierent notions of duration. We have dened the $duration
and the modied duration, which are used to compute the absolute P&L and
the relative P&L of the bond portfolio for a small change in the YTM.
The third one is the Macaulay duration, and it is dened as
m

Fi (ti t)
P (y )
=
D = D P(y ) = (1 + y )

t t .
P(y )
P(y
) 1+y i
i =1
The Macaulay duration may be interpreted as a weighted average

maturity for the portfolio. The weighted coecient for each maturity
ti t is equal to
i =
28 / 39
Fi
P(y ) 1 + y
William C. H. Leon
ti t .

Macaulay Duration, $Duration & Modied Duration

(Continue)
Note that the Macaulay duration is always less than or equal to the
maturity, and is equal to it if and only if the portfolio has only one cash
ow (e.g., zero-coupon bond).
The Macaulay duration of a bond or bond portfolio is the investment
horizon such that investors with that horizon will not care if interest rates
drop or rise as long as changes are small. In other words, capital gain risk
is oset by reinvestment risk.
29 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Exercise
Consider a 3-year standard bond with a 5% YTM and a $100 face value, which
delivers a 5% coupon rate. Coupon frequency and compounding frequency are
assumed to be annual. Its price is $100.
1
What is the Macaulay duration D of the bond?
Suppose that the YTM changes instantaneously to the following level, and
stays at this new level during the life of the bond.
1
2
3
4
5
6
4%.
4.5%.
4.8%.
5.2%.
5.5%.
6%.
After D years, what is the bond price at the new YTM level? And what is
the amount of reinvested coupons?
30 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Answer
31 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Relationships between the Dierent Duration Measures

Note that there is a set of simple relationships between the three dierent
durations:
MD =
D
,
1+y
$Dur = MD P =
D
P.
1+y
When the coupon frequency and the compounding frequency of a bond are
assumed to be semiannual, the two relationships are aected in the following
manner:
MD =
D
1+
y
2
$Dur = MD P =
33 / 39
William C. H. Leon
D
1+
y
2
P.

Properties of the Dierent Duration Measures

The main properties of Macaulay duration, modied duration and $duration
measures are as follows:
The Macaulay duration of a zero-coupon bond equals its time to maturity.
Holding the maturity and the YTM of a bond constant, the bonds
Macaulay duration (or modied duration or $duration) is higher when the
coupon rate is lower.
Holding the coupon rate and the YTM of a bond constant, its Macaulay
duration (or modied duration) increases with its time to maturity as
$duration decreases.
Holding other factors constant, the Macaulay duration (or modied
duration) of a coupon bond is higher as $duration is lower when the
bonds YTM is lower.
34 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Properties of the Dierent Duration Measures

(Continue)
The Macaulay duration of a perpetual bond that delivers an annual

coupon over an unlimited horizon and with a YTM equal to y is (1 + y )/y .
Macaulay duration is a linear operator. In other words, the Macaulay
duration of a portfolio P invested in n bonds denominated in the same
currency with weights wi is the weighted average of each bonds Macaulay
duration Di :
n

DP =
wi Di .
i =1
Note that this linearity property (also holds for modied duration), is only
true in the context of a at curve. When the YTM curve is no longer at,
this property becomes false and may only be used as an approximation of
the true Macaulay duration (or modied duration).
35 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Hedging in Practice
Suppose we want to hedge a bond portfolio with YTM y and price P(y ) (in $
value).
The idea is to consider one hedging asset with YTM y1 (a priori dierent from
y ), whose price is denoted by H(y1 ), and to build a global portfolio with value
P invested in the initial portfolio and some quantity of the hedging
instrument, i.e.,
P = P(y ) + H(y1 ).
The goal is to make the global portfolio insensitive to small interest-rate
variations. Assuming that the YTM curve is only aected by parallel shifts so
that dy = dy1 , we require

dP = dP(y ) + dH(y1 ) P (y ) + H (y1 ) dy = 0.
36 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Hedging in Practice
(Continue)
Hence,
=

P(y ) MD P(y )
$Dur P(y )
P (y )

.
=
H (y1 )
$Dur H(y1 )
H(y1 ) MD H(y1 )
The optimal amount invested in the hedging asset is simply equal to the
opposite of the ratio of the $duration of the bond portfolio to be hedged
by the $duration of the hedging instrument. The hedge requires taking an
opposite position in the hedging instrument. The idea is that any loss
(gain) with the bond has to be oset by a gain (loss) with the hedging
instrument..
In practice, it is preferable to use futures contracts or swaps instead of
bonds to hedge a bond portfolio because of signicantly lower costs and
higher liquidity.
37 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Hedging Ratio
When standard swaps are used as hedging instruments, the hedge ratio (HR)
S is
$DurP
,
S =
$DurB
where $DurP and $DurB are, respectively, the $duration of the portfolio to be
hedged and that of the xed-coupon bond contained in the swap.
When futures are used as hedging instruments, the HR f is
f =
$DurP
CF ,
$DurCTD
where $DurCTD is the $duration of the cheapest-to-deliver bond, and CF the

conversion factor.
38 / 39
William C. H. Leon

Basis Point Value

Another measure commonly used by market participants to hedge their bond
positions is the BPV measure. In this case, the HR is
HR =
Change in bond yield

BPVB
,
BPVH
Change in yield of the hedging instrument
where BPVB and BPVH are, respectively, the basis point value of the bond to
be hedged and that of the hedging instrument. The second ratio in the
equation is sometimes called the yield ratio.
39 / 39
William C. H. Leon

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Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Three related notions of duration (continue):

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Five Theorems of Bond Pricing

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Five Theorems of Bond Pricing

(1) Bond prices move inversely to interest rates.

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Five Theorems of Bond Pricing

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Five Theorems of Bond Pricing

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Five Theorems of Bond Pricing

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Five Theorems of Bond Pricing

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Five Theorems of Bond Pricing

These 5 relationships provide useful information for bond investors by

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

In fact, coupons almost always will be reinvested at rates higher or lower

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

The reinvestment portion of the YTM concept is critical. In fact, for

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Reinvestment Risk vs. Capital Gain Risk

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration

MFE8812 Bond Portfolio Management

Basics of Interest-Rate Risk

Reinvestment Risk vs. Capital Gain Risk