TOPIC 6: INTEREST RATES AND BOND VALUTION

Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions

Q6.8 Bond Ratings. Companies pay rating agencies such as Moody's and S&P to rate their bonds, and the costs
can be substantial. However, companies are not required to have their bonds rated in the first place; doing so is
strictly voluntary. Why do you think they do it?
Companies pay to have their bonds rated simply because unrated bonds can be difficult to sell; many large
investors are prohibited from investing in unrated issues.
Q6.15 Bond Prices versus Yields.
a.
What is the relationship between the price of a bond and its YTM?
b.
Explain why some bonds sell at a premium over par value while other bonds sell at a discount. What do
you know about the relationship between the coupon rate and the YTM for premium bonds? What about for
discount bonds? For bonds selling at par value?
c.
What is the relationship between the current yield and YTM for premium bonds? For discount bonds? For
bonds selling at par value?
a. The bond price is the present value when discounting the future cash flows from a bond; YTM is the
interest rate used in discounting the future cash flows (coupon payments and principal) back to their present values.
b. If the coupon rate is higher than the required return on a bond, the bond will sell at a premium, since it
provides periodic income in the form of coupon payments in excess of that required by investors on other similar
bonds. If the coupon rate is lower than the required return on a bond, the bond will sell at a discount, since it
provides insufficient coupon payments compared to that required by investors on other similar bonds. For premium
bonds, the coupon rate exceeds the YTM; for discount bonds, the YTM exceeds the coupon rate, and for bonds
selling at par, the YTM is equal to the coupon rate.
c. Current yield is defined as the annual coupon payment divided by the current bond price. For premium
bonds, the current yield is less than the YTM, for discount bonds the current yield exceeds the YTM, and for
bonds selling at par value, the current yield is equal to the YTM. In all cases, the current yield plus the expected
one-period capital gains yield of the bond must be equal to the required return.
Solutions to Questions and Problems
Q3.
Bond Prices. Lycan, Inc., has 7 percent coupon bonds on the market that have 8 years left to maturity. The
bonds make annual payments. If the YTM on these bonds is 10 percent, what is the current bond price?
The price of any bond is the PV of the interest payment, plus the PV of the par value. Notice this problem assumes
an annual coupon. The price of the bond will be:
P = $70({1 [1/(1 + .10)]8} / .10) + $1,000[1 / (1 + .10)8]
P = $839.95
We would like to introduce shorthand notation here. Rather than write (or type, as the case may be) the entire
equation for the PV of a lump sum, or the PVA equation, it is common to abbreviate the equations as:
PVIFR,t = 1 / (1 + R)t
which stands for Present Value Interest Factor
PVIFAR,t = ({1 [1/(1 + R)]t } / R)
which stands for Present Value Interest Factor of an Annuity
These abbreviations are shorthand notation for the equations in which the interest rate and the number of periods
are substituted into the equation and solved. We will use this shorthand notation in the remainder of the solutions
key. The bond price equation for this problem would be:
P = $70(PVIFA10%,8) + $1,000(PVIF10%,8)
P = $839.95
Q4.
Bond Yields. The Smart Choice Plc has 10 percent coupon bonds on the market with nine years
left to maturity. The bonds make annual payments. If the bond currently sells for $1,145.70, what is its YTM?
Here, we need to find the YTM of a bond. The equation for the bond price is:
P = $1,145.70 = $100(PVIFAR%,9) + $1,000(PVIFR%,9)
Notice the equation cannot be solved directly for R. Using a spreadsheet, a financial calculator, or trial and error,
we find:
R = YTM = 7.70%
If you are using trial and error to find the YTM of the bond, you might be wondering how to pick an interest rate to
start the process. First, we know the YTM has to be lower than the coupon rate since the bond is a premium bond.

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That still leaves a lot of interest rates to check. One way to get a starting point is to use the following equation,
which will give you an approximation of the YTM:
Approximate YTM = [Annual interest payment + (Par value Price) / Years to maturity] /
[(Price + Par value) / 2]
Solving for this problem, we get:
Approximate YTM = [$100 + ($145.70 / 9)] / [($1,145.70 + 1,000) / 2]
Approximate YTM = .0781 or 7.81%
This is not the exact YTM, but it is close, and it will give you a place to start.
Q5.
Coupon Rates. Merton Enterprises has bonds on the market making annual payments, with 16 years to
maturity, and selling for $963. At this price, the bonds yield 7.5 percent. What must the coupon rate be on Merton's
bonds?
Here we need to find the coupon rate of the bond. All we need to do is to set up the bond pricing equation and
solve for the coupon payment as follows:
P = $963 = C(PVIFA7.5%,16) + $1,000(PVIF7.5%,16)
Solving for the coupon payment, we get:
C = $70.95
The coupon payment is the coupon rate times par value. Using this relationship, we get:
Coupon rate = $70.95 / $1,000
Coupon rate = .0710 or 7.10%
Q11. Nominal and Real Returns. An investment offers a 13 percent total return over the coming year. Bill
Bernanke thinks the total real return on this investment will be only 6 percent. What does Bill believe the inflation
rate will be over the next year?
The Fisher equation, which shows the exact relationship between nominal interest rates, real interest rates, and
inflation, is:
(1 + R) = (1 + r)(1 + h)
h = [(1 + .13) / (1 + .06)] 1
h = .066 or 6.60%
Q12. Nominal versus Real Returns. Say you own an asset that had a total return last year of 17 percent. If the
inflation rate last year was 2.9 percent, what was your real return?
The Fisher equation, which shows the exact relationship between nominal interest rates, real interest rates, and
inflation, is:
(1 + R) = (1 + r)(1 + h)
r = [(1 + .17) / (1.029)] 1
r = .137 or 13.70%
Q18. Bond Yields. PK Software has 7.5 percent coupon bonds on the market with 22 years to maturity. The
bonds make semi-annual payments and currently sell for 106 percent of par. What is the current yield on PK's
bonds? The YTM? The effective annual yield?
The current yield is:
Current yield = Annual coupon payment / Price
Current yield = $75 / $1,060
Current yield = 0.0708 or 7.08%
The bond price equation for this bond is:
P0 = $1,060 = $37.50(PVIFAR%,44) + $1,000(PVIFR%,44)
Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error we find:
R = 3.482%
This is the semiannual interest rate, so the YTM is:
YTM = 2 3.482%
YTM = 6.96%
The effective annual yield is the same as the EAR, so using the EAR equation from the previous chapter:
Effective annual yield = (1 + 0.03482)2 1
Effective annual yield = .0708 or 7.08%