INTRODUCTION

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical
action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to
move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps. Pumps operate by some
mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to perform mechanical
work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources, including manual
operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use
in medical applications to large industrial pumps.

Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power imparted on the fluid by the pump in
relation to the power supplied to drive the pump. Its value is not fixed for a given pump,
efficiency is a function of the discharge and therefore also operating head. For centrifugal
pumps, the efficiency tends to increase with flow rate up to a point midway through the
operating range (peak efficiency) and then declines as flow rates rise further. Pump
performance data such as this is usually supplied by the manufacturer before pump selection.
Pump efficiencies tend to decline over time due to wear.

Common uses include water, sewage, petroleum and petrochemical pumping. The reverse
function of the centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting potential energy of water
pressure into mechanical rotational energy. When a system design includes a centrifugal
pump, an important issue it its design is matching the head loss-flow characteristic with the
pump so that it operates at or close to the point of its maximum efficiency. Pump efficiency is
an important aspect and pumps should be regularly tested. Thermodynamic pump testing is
one method.

In this assignment, we will use Taco Model 4013 as our pump and then we have to select an
appropriate pump model through the diameter of the blade. So to determine the requirement
head of piping system, cross diameter of piping system as are the number of pump and the
arrangement of pump fitting (parallel fitting or series fitting). Then we run through some
calculation to determine the operating flowrate and pump head. Also we have to determine
the pump efficiency value and choose the best cross section diameter of piping system.

Figure 1.1: Taco Model 4013 centrifugal pump.

Figure 1.2: Taco Model 4013 centrifugal pump performance curve with 5 type of blade
diameter.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Water is to be pumped from a lake to a large supply tank on the roof of the hotel through a 40
meter pipe with friction coefficient of 0.005. The surface level of the water in the supply tank
is 25 meter above that of the lake surface. Determine the operation flow rate and pump head.
Decide the pipe diameter and also on the number of pump to be used and their arrangement.

Figure 2.1: Visualization of the problem.

THEORY
In this assignment, our duty is to determine the system curve of the piping system. So the
equation of the system curve can be determined by using Steady Fluid Energy Equation
(SFEE):

P1 v 21
P 2 v 22
+ + z 1+ h p= + + z2 +h t +h L
g 2 g
g 2 g
Where:
P = Pressure (Pa)
V = Fluid velocity (m/s)
Z = elevation at certain point
hp = head losses of pump (m)
ht = head losses of turbine (m)
hl = system head losses (m)
2
g = gravitational force (9.81 m/s )

For calculating hl:

KL
hL = ( f

L
1
Q2
+
x 2
D
2g
A

Where:
f

= friction factor

L = Pipe length

K L = minor losses of piping system (m).

2
g = gravitational force (9.81 m/s )

3
Q = volume flowrate of fluid ( m /s )

2
A = cross section area of pipe ( m

Eventually for this assignment, the equation derived from SFEE is due to an assumption
which is:
1.

P1=P2=Patm

2.

v 1=v 2=0

3.

(big area of container and reservoir, fluid velocity is negligible)

z 1=0 (elevation start at point z 1 )

4.

ht

5.

K L = 0 ( negligible minor losses)

= 0 (no turbine required into the system)

Then from the equation of SFEE:

P1 v 21
P 2 v 22
+ + z 1+ h p= + + z2 +h t +h L
g 2 g
g 2 g

Will reduce to this:

h p =z2 +h L
KL
2

h p =z2 + ( f

L
1
Q
+
x 2
D
2g
A

Let

KL
L
1
1
( f +
x 2 =C
D
2g
A

and

K L =0 , then the system characteristic can be

determined by using this equation:

h p =z2 +( f

L 1
1

x
x Q2
D 2 g A2

h p =z2 +C Q2
Where:
z 2= Static head (m)
KL

C = ( f L + 1 x 12
D
2g
A
3
Q = volume flowrate of fluid ( m /s )

After the pump performance curve and system characteristic has been determined, we will
find the operating flowrate and head by plotting the graph head vs. flowrate. The graph
should look like this: