1

:
..,
..,
..

Slide 1. Introducing and Greeting

People (1).
Formal
A: Ms. Blake,'let me intro'duce Mr. Jones. ||
'may I intro'duce Mr. Jones. ||
Ms. Blake: 'How do you
do? ||
Mr. Jones: 'How do you
do? || 'Pleased to meet you.
OR
A: 'Let me intro duce myself. || I am 'John Thompson. ||
B: 'How do you
do? || I am 'Kate
Martin. ||
A: 'How do you
do?

Slide 2. Introducing and Greeting

People (2).
Neutral
A:
Jane, 'meet 'Tanya
Smith. ||
B: He llo, Tanya. || 'Nice/'pleased to meet
you.
Informal
A:
B:

Hi, I am
Hi, I am

Jack. ||
Sasha.

Slide 3. Unit 1. How Are You?

neutral = inquiry about ones health
informal = How are things? ( ?)
How are you doing? ( ?)

1.

A: 'How
B: I am

are

fine,

COMPARE:
you? ||
thank you. || And

2. A: 'How are
things?
B: 'Fine,
thanks. || 'What about
A:
Fine./'Not
too bad.

you?

you?

Slide 4. :
please, thank you, etc.
Situation 1. (At the table): You are offered something.
Your answer: Yes, please. Or
Thank you.
'No,
thank you.
Situation 2. (At the table, etc): You are asked to pass something.
Your answer: Here you
are. (American :
There you
are).
Situation 3. Somebody says thank you for your service, etc.
Your answer: You are
welcome. 'Dont
mention it.
'Thats al

right.

My

pleasure.'Not at

all.

Slide 5. Saying Hello and Good-bye.

Formal:
Good
morning/ Morning. Good 'after noon.Good evening/
Evening. Good- bye.
Neutral:
He
llo, Jack/everybody. Good
night.
Good
luck. 'Have a nice/good
day (evening, week-end, trip,
etc.)
Informal:
Hi, Jane! See you (later). 'Take
care. Bye bye. Bye.

Slide 6. General (Yes/No) Questions I

Structure
Auxiliary
Verb

Subject

Do
Was
'Have

you
'Moscow
your 'family

BUT:
Are

you

'speak
'founded
been

Verb

French?
in 1147?
to London?
a student?

Slide 7.General (Yes/No) Questions II

Intonation pattern: examples
Are you a
Yes, I

am.

Are you a
No, I am

student?

high school student?

not.

Slide 8. Unit 2.
Special (Wh-) Questions.
Structure
Question
Word

'When
'Why
'Which places

Auxiliary
Verb

was
do
did

Subject

Moscow
Aust'ralians
you

Verb

founded?
speak English?
visit there?

Slide 9. Unit 2.
Questions in which who/what is
used as the subject.
Structure
Who/
What

'Who
'What

Verb

discovered Aust ralia?

is to the north of the USA?

Slide 10. WAYS TO SPEAK ABOUT

THE PAST.
TheBasics

PAST SIMPLE

I read a book
yesterday.

PAST
CONTINUOUS

I was reading
a book when
you called.

,
.

PAST
PERFECT

I realized I
had read the
book before.

PAST
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS

I had been
reading the
book for two
days when he
asked me to
return it.

+
,

Slide 11. PAST SIMPLE.

. S. Maughams first novel

1897 .
appeared in 1897.
She worked for the
. company for twenty years.
XIX

.

In the late 19th century,

Great Britain had a lot of
colonies.

- .

They finished breakfast

and rose from the table.

He travelled to Paris
twelve times a year.

Slide 12. Unit 3.

Making small talk (1).
Conversation starters.
Talking about the weather:
'Isnt it a 'lovely
day?
'Beautiful
day,
isnt it?
What 'lovely/'nice
weather,
isnt it?
It 'looks like its 'going to
rain/
snow.
I 'hear theyre 'fore'casting
thunderstorms/

showers all weekend.

Slide 13. Unit 3.

Making small talk (2).
Talking about current events:
Have you 'heard the
news today/did you 'hear the
news today?
Have you 'heard/did you 'hear about the
blackout/the
floods?
I 'hear they have 'opened a 'new exhi bition hall at the Tretyakov
Gallery.
I 'read in the
paper today they are 'going to 'build a 'new
shopping mall.
'What do you 'think about the 'new 'Stephen Spielberg film?

Slide 14. Unit 3.

Making small talk (3).
At a social event:
Are you en joying yourself?
'Pretty 'nice
place,
isnt it?
Have you 'tried their
sushi? Its de licious!
Have you 'known the 'Browns long?
This 'dress 'suits you 'very well. Can I 'ask 'where you
got it?
How 'long have you been 'coming to this con vention (conference,
workshop, etc.)?

Slide 15. Unit 3.

Making small talk (4).
Exit lines:
Thats my bus/ train/etc. Must be
going.
Theyve just an'nounced my
flight. Must be
going.
There are a 'few 'people here I 'havent 'said
he llo to yet.
I have to 'say he llo to some people.
Can I 'get you a/another
drink?
I 'skipped
lunch today so I 'need to 'go to the buffet ([bVfeI]).
Ex
cuse me for a
moment, I 'need to have a quick 'word with Mr.
Will you ex
cuse me for a
moment?

Smith.

Slide 16. Unit 3. : sorry,

excuse me, I beg your pardon.
Situation 1. , ().
Formal: I 'beg your
pardon
Neutral: I am sorry.I am very/ awfully sorry. Ex cuse me.
Informal: I am
sorry.
Sorry.
Situation 2. , ?
Formal: I beg your
pardon/
Pardon?
Neutral : I am
sorry? Ex
cuse me? (Am.E)
Informal:
Sorry?
Situation 3. , (attracting attention).
Formal: Could I just
trouble you for a moment?
Neutral : Ex
cuse me. I am
sorry.
Informal. Sorry.

Slide 17. Unit 3.

Intonation and Stress (1).
A statement is normally pronounced with the falling tone on the Tonic.
The Tonic is the syllable of the greatest stress.
e.g. 'Most 'capitals are cosmo
politan cities.
Note: such words as articles, one syllable prepositions, auxiliaries, modal
verbs, most pronouns, etc. are NOT normally stressed.
e.g. I 'dont 'know any French, but my English is good.
The rhythm of an English sentence is such that stressed and unstressed
syllables alternate.
e.g.There are 'many 'ethnic 'groups in London.

Slide 18. Unit 3.

Intonation and Stress (2).
The Tonic is usually the last stressed word in a sentence, but the
speaker can put emphasis on a different word to change the
meaning.
COMPARE:
1. He 'went to Cali'fornia to 'get sup plies.
2. He 'went to Cali fornia to get supplies.
OR
1. I
knew you would help me. (you did)
2. I 'thought you would
help me. (you did not)

Slide 19. Unit 3.

Intonation and Stress (3).
Read the poem:
And 'crossing the 'Channel one 'cannot say
much ||
For the
French or the
Spanish, the Danish
or
Dutch ;
The 'Germans are Germans ,the 'Russians are
And the 'Greeks and I'talians eat
garlic in bed
The 'English are moral, the 'English are
good
And clever and modest and misunder
stood

red

Slide 20. Unit 3.

Stating Ones Opinion.
Useful phrases:
I think
Its my opinion that
Im fairly certain I feel
I believe Im pretty sure that
State your opinion using a phrase from above. Decide
which word is the Tonic.
e.g. I think 'Moscow is a
nice city to live in. OR I believe 'Moscow is a
1. Moscow is a nice/difficult city to live in.
2. People in the county/small towns/large cities are much friendlier than .
3. English people are cold and reserved/polite and friendly.
4. Young Europeans are more/less independent than young Russians.
5. University students have a lot more/less freedom than schoolchildren.

difficult city to live in.

Slide 21. Unit 3.

Tag Questions: Asking for
Opinion/Information.

Tag questions are little questions at the end of

a sentence.
e.g. You are from Moscow, arent you?

If the speaker is not sure of the truth of the

statement, he/she makes they are asking a
question using the rising tone at the end.
e.g. You 'didnt 'take my
book,
did you? || 'No, I
didnt. 'Yes, I
did.
The 'Dutch can 'win the World
Cup,
cant they? || 'Yes,
they
can. 'No, they cant.
Aust'ralia is a 'member of the
Commonwealth,
isnt it? ||
'Yes, it
is.

Slide 22. Unit 3.

Tag Questions: Making a Statement.
If the speaker makes a statement he/she
believes to be true and expects an agreement,
the falling tone is used at the end.
e.g. You are
students,
arent you? ||
'Yes, we
are.
'Traffic on' Monday mornings is
awful,
isnt
it? || 'Yes, it
is.
'People
havent landed on Mars yet,
have
they? || 'No, they
havent.

Slide 23. Unit 4.

Asking for information: Indirect
Questions.
Opening
Phrase

Do you 'know

Question
Word

when

Subject

Verb

'Great 'Britain be'came an

empire?
Id 'like to 'know if/whether 'Russia
had 'links with
England in the
16th century.

Slide 24. Unit 5.

Suggesting, Requesting, Instructing.
Formal

I 'wonder if it is 'possible to use your

Would you 'mind if I 'used your

Do you 'think I could 'use your dictionary?*

Do you 'mind if I 'use your
phone?
Could you
help us?
I 'dont sup'pose youll be 'able to
help us? /
I sup 'pose you 'wont be 'able to
help us?
'Will you 'wait for him in the
lobby?
'Why dont you 'wait for him in the
lobby?

'Is it all 'right if I 'use your

Can I 'use your
phone?

dictionary?

laptop?
phone?

Neutral

Informal

Slide 25. Unit 5.

: Certainly vs Of course.
Situation
Situation1.
1.
A:
A:Can
Canyou
yougive
giveme
mehis
hisaddress?
address?
B:
B:Certainly!/
Certainly!/Of
Ofcourse
courseIIcan.
can.
Situation
Situation2.
2.
A:
A:Is
Is10
10Downing
DowningStreet
Streetthe
thePrime
PrimeMinisters
Ministersaddress?
address?
B:
B:ItItcertainly
certainlyis.
is. NOT:
NOT:Of
Ofcourse,
course,ititis.
is.
OR
OR
A:
A:Do
Doyou
youspeak
speakGerman?
German?
B:
B:Yes,
Yes,IIdo.
do.
Of
Ofcourse
courseis
isnot
notan
anappropriate
appropriateanswer
answerififyou
youare
areasked
asked
for
forinformation.
information.Of
Ofcourse
coursein
inthis
thiscase
caseimplies
impliesthat
thatthe
the
answer
answeris
isso
soevident
evidentthat
thatyou
youshouldnt
shouldnthave
haveasked
askedabout
aboutit!
it!

Slide 26. Unit 5.

Asking for Opinion.
You can ask someones opinion in
the following way:
Question
Word

'When
'Why
'Who

do you
think

do you think
do you think
do you think

Subject

they
the 'Dean

Verb

will 'start winning?

said it?
will win the match?

Slide 27. Unit 5.

Asking and answering negative
questions.
1. 'Dont you 'like the
concert?
'Yes, I
do.(= , )
'No, I
dont. (= , )
2. You 'didnt
know the man,
did you?
'Yes, I
did. (= , )
'No, I
didnt. (, )
3. I sup'pose he 'hasnt
bought the tickets?
'Yes, he
has. (= , )
'No, he
hasnt. (= , )

Slide 28. Unit 6.

Asking about ones plans.
Are you 'going to the

party tomorrow?

(implying that a decision would be welcome)

Will you 'take 'part in
.? (requesting/insisting)

Will you be at the party tomorrow?

Will I 'see you at the party tomorrow?

Slide 29. Unit 6.

Giving and Accepting Compliments.
Compliment formula 1
Noun
Phrase

Your'dress
Your 'hair

Is/looks

is
'looks

(really)

'really

+ Adjective

beautiful.
great!

Slide 30. Unit 6.

Giving and Accepting Compliments.
Compliment formula 2
I

I
I

(really)

'really

'like
love

like/love

Noun
Phrase

your hairstyle.
your new apartment.

Slide 31. Unit 6.

Giving and Accepting Compliments.
Compliment formula 3
Pronoun

Thats
Thats

is

(really)

a 'really
a 'great

AND:
You 'handled it
marvelously!
You ('really) 'did a 'good
job.
You 'did
great!
'Nice
game.

Adjective

'nice
'looking

Noun
Phrase

carpet.
car.

Slide 32. Unit 6.

Compliment Response Formulas.
1. adding extra information
I bought it at Marks and Spencer
2. playing it down
Ive had this dress for years.

Thank you/Thanks

3. shifting credit
Ann did a lot to help me with it.
4. asking a question
Do you really think so?
5. returning a compliment
A:Your presentation was really good.
B: Thank you. So was yours!

Slide 33. Unit 6.

Giving and Accepting Congratulations.
Occasion

Congratulations

Response

Birthday

Congratulations!
Thank you!/Thanks
a lot!/
Happy birthday! / Many happy
returns! / All the best. /Lots of good Thanks.
wishes.

Wedding

(Many) congratulations to you both Thank you!

(you and your bride/groom)./
Nice of you to say
We/I wish you every happiness /all so.
the best for the future/I hope youll
be very very happy together.

Getting a new
Congratulations! I hope it goes
job
well for you in your new job.
Graduating from Congratulations! That was well
college/etc.
deserved!

Thank you.
Thank you.

Slide 33a. Unit 6.

Giving and Accepting Congratulations.
Occasion

Congratulations

Response

New Year

Happy New Year! / A very Happy

New Year to you all/everyone!
All the best for a happy and
healthy New Year!
Health and happiness in New
Year!

Happy New Year to

you too! / All the
very best to you,
too.

Christmas

Merry Christmas!
Have a happy white Christmas!

Thank you. Merry

Christmas to you,
too!

Thanksgiving Happy Thanksgiving!

Have a happy Thanksgiving!

Thank you! Have a

happy Thanksgiving,
too.

Slide 34. Unit 7.

Agreeing and Disagreeing.
Useful phrases to agree and disagree with
someones opinions
Agreeing strongly

Agreeing
partly

Disagreeing

Disagreeing
strongly

Thats ('very)
true.
I ag ree with you
there.
Yes, I know
e'xactly what you
mean.
You are 'absolutely
right.

Yes,
but
'dont you
'think
I ag ree
with you,
but

I am a'fraid I
'dont quite
ag ree with
you.
I 'dont think
so.
I 'dont see
it quite like
that.

'Thats just
'not
true!
'Oh, 'come on!
(infml)

Slide 34a. Unit 7.

Agreeing and Disagreeing.
Useful phrases to agree and disagree with
facts
Agreeing
strongly

Agreeing
partly

Disagreeing

You are
not.
I ag'ree 'up to I am af'raid
'absolutely right. a
point,
'Not quite.
I 'quite ag
ree. but 'thats 'not Thats 'not the' whole
the 'whole
Thats
right.
picture.
picture.
Right.
Yes.
E
xactly

Slide 35. Unit 7. : So do I/

Neither do I.
Situation 1.
1) A: I
hate large parties!
B: 'So do I.
2) A: I can 'speak 'English
fluently.
B: 'So can
I.
Situation 2.
1) A: I wouldnt 'like to 'join the
army.
B: 'Neither would
I.
2) A: I have 'never been to the 'Middle
East.
B: 'Neither have I.

Slide 36. Unit 7.

Showing Interest.
Useful words to show interest:
Right.
Aha!
OK.Really?
Yes?
Another way of saying Really? is to repeat the auxiliary verb the other speaker has
used.
e.g.
A: I was the 'last to 'leave the
party.
B:
Were you?
A: I 'didnt return 'home until 'four in the
morning!
B: Didnt you?

Slide 37. Unit 8.

Using Fillers.
Formal
So to speak
If I may ..

Neutral
Actually,
Well,
In a sense,
I mean
You know

Informal
Sort of
Like
Er

e.g.
A: Do you think we should throw a party for our girls on the 8th
of March? After all, it is their day. Or flowers might be a better
idea?
B: Well, I am not really sure. I mean if it is a surprise party we
may find they have planned something else for the day.

Slide 38. Unit 8.

Using Hedges.
Hedges are used to protect the speaker from the risk of
seeming to be wrong,impolite, etc. They can also act as
fillers.

The most common hedges are:

Generally speaking,
If I may say so,
Personally
Correct me if I am wrong, .

To be honest
Sorry to interrupt but .
I think/ I guess/ I believe/ I feel.
If you know what I mean.

e.g.
A: Strictly speaking, I havent got much experience of learning a foreign
language but I think that attending a summer language school will do you a
world of good. In an English-speaking environment, your English will
definitely improve.
B: Correct me if I am wrong, but you did go to a summer school in
Brighton last year but it wasnt much help. Was it?

Slide 39. Unit 9.

Expressing Conviction.
Useful phrases:
Formal

Less Formal

I am convinced that
I strongly/firmly believe
that
I firmly believe that
I honestly feel that
Im a strong/firm
believer in

Without a doubt
I do think/believe that
I really do feel/believe
that
My view is that .
Definitely!

Slide 40. Unit 9.

Expressing Conviction.
Examples of Use:
1. I am con'vinced that 'fast 'food 'poses a 'danger to
'human
health.
2. I 'firmly be'lieve that we are 'not a lone in this
vast universe ...
3. I 'honestly 'feel that I've 'spent 'more 'time in my
car this month than I 'have 'sitting on my
sofa.
4. I am 'positive that 'change is
good. ...
5. - Are you 'going to 'watch the
game tonight?
- Wi'thout a doubt!
6. I 'really 'feel 'mothers should 'stay at 'home with
their 'young
children.

Slide 41. Unit 9.

Complaining.
Useful phrases:
I am 'sorry to 'have to
say this, but
Ive 'got a 'bit of a
problem here, you
see
Look,
I am 'sorry to trouble you, but
I 'wonder if you could
help me (e.g.,
there are no towels in my room)
I 'don't 'want to 'make it
of ficial, but...
I 'don't 'want to 'take it any
further/to of
ficial channels, but.

Slide 42. Unit 9.

Making and Accepting an Apology.
Useful phrases:
I am ('ever so) sorry. Oh, 'thats al right,
'dont
worry.
Oh, 'thats al right,
I am ('most) 'awfully
these
'things
happen.
sorry.
Oh,
'never
mind,it
I 'cant 'say how
'really
'doesnt
matter.
sorry I am.
I just 'dont 'know
'what to
say. Im 'so
sorry.

Slide 43. Unit 10.

Being Enthusiastic.
Useful words and phrases:
Lovely!
Oh, 'thats lovely!
Great!
'Thats great!
Fan tastic!
Oh, 'thats fan tastic!
Marvellous!
How marvellous!
Wonderful!
How
wonderful!
Ter rific! (infml.)
e.g.
A: Mary has 'finally 'won in a
lottery!
B: Oh,
great!/ 'Thats fan
tastic!/How
wonderful!

Slide 44. Unit 10.

Being Sympathetic.
Useful phrases:
LESS SERIOUS NEWS
VERY SAD NEWS
'Oh,
no! 'How awful!
'What a pity! 'How
terrible!
'What a shame!
That 'must have been
awful!
'Poor
you!
I am 'really 'sorry to
hear that.
e.g.
I. A: I have 'failed in Maths. B: 'What a
pity!/ 'Oh,
II. A: Their 'airplane 'crashed when landing.
B: Oh, 'how
terrible/ awful.

no!

Slide 46. Unit 11.

Changing the Subject.
Useful
phrases
e.g.

Talking of
That reminds me
Oh, before I forget
By the way.

A: I 'watched a rather 'interesting programme on T V the

other
day. They 'talked about the dec'lining
birth rate
B: 'Talking of T V, I 'bought a 'new flat-'screen
'T V yesterday.
C:
Oh,
it 'must have 'cost you a
fortune!
B: 'Not
really, 'though it was quite expensive.
D: Oh, 'that re minds me. 'That
restaurant
'John 'chose for his
wedding celebration.
Thats what I call ex pensive.

Slide 47. Unit 11.

Interrupting and Returning to the
Topic.
Useful phrases:
(1) Interrupting

(2) Returning to the

topic

Ex'cuse me for inter

rupting, but
'Can I
add
something?
'Could I just 'come in
here?
'Could I
ask
something?
Sorry
but .

'Any
way
In
any case
To 'get 'back to 'what I
was saying
'Where
was I?
To re 'turn to
Going 'back to what I
was
saying

Slide 48. Unit 11.

Making Yourself Clear.
Useful phrases:
What I (really) mean is
What I am saying is
What I meant was
What I am trying to say is
Sorry, let me explain
Dont misunderstand me
Dont get me wrong, what I meant to say was
e.g.
A: Com'puters are 'turning us into
addicts.
B: 'What/'How do you
mean?
A: 'What I
mean/am 'trying to
say is that 'many 'people
'stay 'glued to their P
Cs in'stead of 'going 'out with
friends.

Slide 49. Unit 12.

Talking of Likes and Dislikes.
Useful phrases (neutral):
I (really) like
I (really) love
I (really) adore
I (d) prefer
Its my all-time favourite.
I am (well) into (infml)
I am mad about (infml)
I am a fan of

I dont like/love
I dislike
I hate
I cant stand
is rubbish

e.g.
1. I adore Mariah Carey! I hate how she dresses sometimes, though.
But I have been a fan of hers since I was little!
2. I am well into salsa this year.
3. Elton John really really hates photographers.
4. Now I'd prefer Richard Gere to Harrison Ford.

Slide 50. Unit 12.

Talking of Likes and Dislikes: Giving
a reason.
Useful phrases:
He, She, They, It + is/are/was/were

really (really, really) good

great/amazing/fantastic/superb

e.g.
1. She [Anna Netrebko] is fantastic. Her
beautiful soprano voice is a joy to listen to.
2. Johnny Depp is by far the best actor ever.
He plays so many different characters ...

Slide 51.
PAST CONTINUOUS.

At eleven oclock, I
.
was working in the
garden.
, When I left school,*
they were still

arguing about
,
whether they should

allow calculators in

exams.

.
* The particular time or period of time in the past when a
certain action was in progress can be indicated in the
sentence with the help of another action expressed in the
Past Simple.

Slide 52.
PAST PERFECT vs PAST SIMPLE.
Uses

Past Perfect

Past Simple

Makes a
sequence of
events clear

Describes the earlier action.

When we reached the airport,
the plane had taken off.
(The plane took off before our
arrival.)

Describes past events in the

order they happened.
When we reached the airport,
the plane took off.
(The plane took off
immediately after we reached
the airport.)

In time
clauses after
when, after,
as soon as

Shows that the second action

took place only after the first
one was completed.
After he had given the police
his name and address, he
was allowed to go.

Describes past events in the

order they happened.
Soon after he returned to
Japan, he began to write a
mathematical textbook for
advanced learners.

Slide 53.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS.
,

,
.

They had been

walking for over an
hour when it began
to rain.

,




.

,
,
.

Her eyes were red,

he could tell that
she had been
crying.

Slide 54.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS vs
PAST CONTINUOUS.
The Past Perfect
Continuous shows that
the action had been going
on for some time before a
particular past moment.

The Past Continuous

emphasizes
that
the
action was in progress at
that past moment.

His shoes were full of She couldnt answer the

mud. It was clear
phone because she was
that he had been digging digging in the garden.
in the garden.

Slide 55. COMPARISON OF

ADJECTIVES.
Basic patterns
Degree
Positive

Pattern
as as
not as/so
as

Comparative -er/more
than
less than
Superlative

the est/most
of/in/ever
the least
of/in/ever

Examples
Revolution is as old as humanity.
He is not so tall as his brother.
Their old place was smaller than my flat.
Business is more exciting than any game.
TV advertising is less effective than it was
two years ago.
Locating specific information is the easiest
of all the reading strategies.
Canterbury is one of the most attractive
towns in Great Britain.
What is the least popular pop group?

Slide 56. PARTICIPLE (- ING OR

- ED) ADJECTIVES.
Verb + ing

Verb + ed

describes what
somebody or
something is like
(active meaning)

describes how
someone feels
(passive meaning)

Lilys doctor has just

given her some
frightening news. (= the
news frightened her)

The frightened children

were silent and pale. (=
the
children
were
frightened)

Slide 57. Modifiers used with

comparatives.
Comparatives can be modified, that is made stronger or weaker with the
help of certain words and phrases. The most commonly used modifiers are
given in the table below.
Style

Modifiers

Examples

Neutral

much / far

much/far
more
successful
a little more
successful

a little

Informal

a lot
a bit

Russian

(
)

(
)

a lot more

successful

a bit more

Slide 58. WAYS TO SPEAK ABOUT

THE PRESENT.
PRESENT
SIMPLE
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
PRESENT
PERFECT
PRESENT
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS

TheBasics

She always/usually/
sometimes does the
dishes after dinner.

/
/a

.

/ c

She is doing the dishes at

the moment.
.
She has already/just
done the dishes.

/

.

(
)

She has been washing

the dishes for fifteen
minutes/ since 2 oclock.

/
.

Slide 59. PRESENT SIMPLE.

/

I swim in the lake every

.
morning.

They go to Italy once a
.
year.

He never listens to what I
.
say.

My brother Henry lives in

York.
He hates shopping on a
Saturday.

Slide 60. PRESENT CONTINUOUS.

,

.

I dont know what

you are speaking
about.

What are you

doing in
? Washington?

Note: The Present Continuous can be used with the time expressions
always, constantly and forever to show that the speaker is annoyed.
Remember that when no emotional colouring is implied, the Present
Simple is used for repeated actions.
Compare: Little Billy always tells lies to his mother, but she never believes
him. (neutral)
He is always telling lies. (annoyance)

Slide 61.
PRESENT PERFECT vs PAST
SIMPLE.
Present Perfect

Past Simple

Describes an action at an
indefinite time in the past and
shows the connection between
past and present.

Describes an action at the exact

time in the past
and has no connection with
present.

Tom has caught a cold. He is

sneezing and coughing.
I have just seen him.
Jack has been to France several times
since he joined the sailing club.

Tom caught a cold three weeks ago

and had to stay in bed for a couple of
days.
I saw him yesterday.
Jack went to France last year.

Slide 62.
PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT
SIMPLE.
The Present Perfect is used to say
how long the situation has continued up
to now.
The Present Simple is never used in
this meaning.
e.g.I have always liked English
people.
BUT: I like English people.

Slide 63.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS.
,

?

.

,

.

How long has it been

raining?

,

-

What a mess!
I've been looking for
my driving licence.

It has been raining for

two hours already.
I have been ringing that
number all morning but
it's always engaged.

Slide 64.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
vs PRESENT PERFECT.
Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect

RECENT ACTIVITY
I've been watching a lot of soap operas (lately).
The guests have been arriving since 5 o'clock
(probably unfinished activity).
Have you been sunbathing? You're like a
tomato!

ACTIVITY AT AN INDEFINITE TIME

IN THE PAST
I've watched a lot of soap operas (at an
indefinite time before now).
Ted and Edna have just arrived (completed
action).
You look great! You've lost at least ten kilos.

NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING
With such verbs as live, sit, stand, study,
wait, work etc.
Most families in Swindon have been living
there for one year/ for some generations.
__________________________________

Most families in Swindon have lived there

for one year/ for some generations.
With state verbs be, like, own, belong, etc.
The castle has always belonged to our
family.

Slide 65. A lot of many much.

Countables

Uncountables

Examples

Positive

a lot (of)/ lots

of,
a great number
of, a great
many, plenty of

a lot of/lots of,

a great deal of,
plenty of

There were a lot of cars at the

farm.
Hes read a great number of
press reports.
Kids today are under a great deal
of stress.

Negative

many

much

There were not many visitors in

the office.
He doesnt have much time to
rest.

Interrogative many

much

Do you know many people you

can actually rely on?
Did he do much research for the
commentaries?

Slide 66. A few/few and a little/little.

meaning

positive meaning: some, not

many/much, but better than
nothing

negative meaning: not

enough, not as
many/much as necessary,
or expected

countables

a few
There were a few books on the
stand.

few
The audience showed few
signs of pleasure.

uncountables

a little
He was having a little rest after the
hard work.

little
She had little knowledge of
the working world.

Notes: 1. The quantifiers few and little are chiefly used in written English.
In an informal style they are normally replaced by not many/much, hardly any,
only a few/ a little.
e.g. There are hardly any girls of Middle Eastern or Asian appearance in
advertisements or magazines. When she woke again, only a little time had
passed.
2. Quite a few in an informal style means a considerable number.

Slide 67. Comparison of quantifiers.

positive
countables

uncountables

comparative

superlative

many
many books
few
few books

more
more books
fewer
fewer books

the most
the most books
the fewest
the fewest book

much
much time
little
little time

more
more time
less
less time

the most
the most time
the least
the least time

Note: In modern English, there is a tendency to use less and the least with
plural countable nouns both in spoken and written contexts.
The locals feel there are less chances of trouble with Mr. R. heading
the police.
The film I liked best had the least chances of winning the Academy
Award.

Slide 68. Modifiers used with the

comparatives of quantifiers.
modifiers
countables

many/far/a lot

comparatives
more
fewer

We need many/far/a lot more

people to help us.
Far/a lot fewer articles in
magazines are written by
women than men.

more
less

I have much/far/a lot more

experience now.
Hes spending much/far/a lot
less time with his family.

far/a lot

uncountables much/far/a lot

much/far/a lot

examples

Note that far and a lot can be used with the comparatives of
quantifiers of both countable and uncountable nouns.

Slide 69. FUTURE SIMPLE vs BE

GOING TO.
Form

Future Simple

Be going to

Use

Predictions based on the

speakers opinion or past
experience.
This form can refer to any
time in the future.

Predictions based on some

evidence in the present
that something will
definitely happen.
It is normally used to
speak about the near
future.

In a few years laptop

computers will be as
common as telephones.

(Aboard a plane) This is

your captain speaking.
Im afraid were going to
be a bit late. Were
running into headwinds.

Examples

Slide 70. FUTURE CONTINUOUS,

FUTURE PERFECT,
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS.
Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous

Describes an action in
progress at a particular
moment or period of time
in the future.
This time tomorrow well
be walking around San
Francisco!
In a few years time many
more employees will be
working from home.

1. Describes an action
which we expect will be
completed by a particular
time in the future.
By the time we come to
the office, they will have
left.
2. Describes a state that
will last for some time by
a particular time in the
future.
Tom and Sally will have
been married for five
years in November.

Describes an action in
progress which will last for
some time by a particular time
in the future.
They will have been having
talks for a week on Monday.
The council will have been
debating for six hours by 5
p.m.

Slide 71. FUTURE SIMPLE,

BE GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS.
Future Simple
Describes
spontaneous
decisions made at the
moment of speaking.

I think I'll take the

children to the park
on the river.

Be going to
Describes intentions,
i.e. actions which
have already been
decided on by the
time of speaking.

Present Continuous
Describes arrangements
made by the time of
speaking.

Mr. Parker is taking

Mr. Parker is going
Kitty and Amy off to
to take Kitty and Amy Scotland tonight. (Hes
off to Scotland
booked tickets.)
tonight.

Slide 72. PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT

CONTINUOUS, FUTURE CONTINUOUS.
Present Simple
Describes future events that
will happen according to the
timetable or plan. (Things
that are NOT under our
control.)
The boat leaves Dublin at
10 a.m. and sails one
hundred and fifty
kilometres...
Tomorrow, I take part in four
graduation ceremonies as
Vice Chancellor of the
University of Dundee.
(According to my working
timetable.)

Present Continuous
Describes arrangements
and plans made by the
speaker.

Future Continuous
Can be used as a tactful way
of asking about someones
plans
or
refusing
an
invitation.

My wife and I are leaving

Venice next week.
How long will you be staying,
Mr. Grimes?
Next week I'm taking part
in a music quiz.
Im sorry I cant come to the
party as Ill be working
(Its my personal
nightshift.
decision.)

Note: The Future Continuous can also be used to talk about events that are a result of an
arrangement. There is little difference between this form and the Present Continuous.
CBS announces Dan Rather will be leaving/is leaving CBS News for good.

Slide 73. CLAUSES of TIME and

CONDITION vs OBJECT CLAUSES.
Clauses of Time and
Condition
Hell start his own
business (WHEN?)
when he returns to
India.
Ill forgive him (ON
WHAT CONDITION?) if
he convinces me he
meant no harm.

Object Clauses
I want to give my friends
tickets to the show but
I'm not sure (ABOUT
WHAT?) when theyll be
able to attend.
I dont know (WHAT?) if
hell cause conflict.

Slide 74. ADVERBS.

The Basics.
Adverbs are normally used to modify verbs (1),
adjectives (2), other adverbs (3) or whole clauses (4):
1. Adv + V
Shakespeares later texts occasionally
show signs of carelessness.
2. Adv + Adj Londons awfully expensive for shopping.
3. Adv + Adv We learn extremely slowly to trust each
other rather than be enemies.
4. Adv + Clause
Not surprisingly, only 24 per cent of
the respondents thought that the
company treats employees well.

Note that the verb BE is always followed by an adjective, NOT an

adverb.

Slide 75. Adverbs with two forms and

differences in meaning (I).
Direct meaning

Figurative meaning

deep (= a long way down)

The boy took a very big breath and dived
deep into the pool.

deeply (= greatly/thoroughly)
Anna was a strong woman, deeply
religious and intelligent.

high (= to a great height)

Peter felt so happy that he jumped high.

highly (= extremely)
He was highly respected both as a
musician and as a man with a gracious
personality.

wide (= opening or spreading as much as

possible)
Mrs. Williams opened the door wide and
stepped aside.

widely (= in a lot of places or by a lot

of people)
He became widely known and respected
as a writer of adventure stories.

Slide 76. Adverbs with two forms and

differences in meaning (II).
direct (= without stopping)
directly (= a) with no one in between
He went direct to Camp Lewis, and soon b)exactly)
from there to France.
I got that directly from someone who is
in a position to know.
The professor looked directly at us.
free (= without paying)
Greek politicians and their
travelled free on the airline.

freely (= as much as you like and in

what-ever way you like)
families We like to believe that people in this
country can speak freely.

hard (= with a lot of effort/a lot)

hardly (= scarcely, almost not)
The students were polite, reserved and You hardly know the depth of her
studied hard to graduate.
character and the strength of her love.
I laughed so hard I had tears in my eyes!
late (= not on time/not early)
John arrived late and missed the train.

lately (= recently)
Have I told you lately that I love you?

Slide 77. Comparison of adverbs.

Adverbs

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Adverbs
having the
same form as
adjectives

soon
fast
near

sooner
faster
nearer

the soonest
the fastest
the nearest

Two syllable
or compound
adverbs

quietly
slowly
often

more quietly
more slowly*
more often

the most quietly

the most slowly
the most often

badly
well
much/many/a
lot
little
far

worse
better
more
less
farther/further

the worst
the best
the most
the least
the farthest/ furthest

Irregular
adverbs

* The adverbs which in spoken English have the same form as adjectives (cheap, loud, slow, quick) can form their comparatives and
superlatives in two ways:
I walked more slowly, looking at the trees now.
They walked slower, silently, past the library and into the park.

Slide 78. Position of adverbs in

sentences.
Adverbs can go in three different positions in a
sentence:
front position
Sometimes he tells the truth.
mid position
Ive always been a quick reader.
end position.
He bought the house cheaply.

NB

Certain types of adverbs go mainly in mid position,

i.e. before the main verb but after the verb be in
simple tenses; after the first auxiliary verb in
compound tenses.

Slide 79. Mid-position adverbs.

Adverbs of
frequency

always, ever, never, He is often late for classes.

often, rarely,
They never miss a chance to have fun.
seldom

Adverbs of time

already, just, no
longer, now, soon,
still, then

Adverbs of
certainty

certainly, definitely, She will probably need painkillers after

probably
the operation.
The musicians have definitely developed
their own style and sound.

They are still working on the album.

He will no longer have any doubt.

Note:The adverbs of certainty and the adverbs sometimes and still go before a negative
auxiliary. E.g. He probably wont recognize you.They still haven't found what they're looking
for.
The adverbs of frequency and time OTHER THAN mentioned above can go in all the three
positions. e.g.Occasionally he took her out to lunch.Philip occasionally went to London during the
season. He went there occasionally to visit his brother.

Slide 80. Position of adverbs of

manner.
Adverbs of manner (which describe how
something is done) usually go in end position,
i.e. after the verb they modify or its object.
Tourism is developing fast in the area.
Adverbs ending in ly (except badly) can also
go in mid position.
Marty got all his plumbing tools out and
arranged them carefully on the floor. (end
position)
He carefully arranged the jacket, so the collar
was right. (mid position)

Slide 81. Passive verb forms.

BE (in the necessary tense form) + DONE
The Internet
This matter
He
The information

was launched
in 1969.
Is being discussed right now in the US
Senate.
a born politician.
has been called
in
the
scientific
literature.
will be published

Notes: 1. The Passive can be used with modal verbs (modal + be + done)
e.g. The work can be divided into a few stages. Peoples cultural beliefs
should be respected.
2. Future Continuous Passives (will be being done) and Perfect
Continuous Passives (has/had been being done) are unusual and should be
avoided.

Slide 82. Passives.

The particulars: Prepositional verbs
in the Passive.
accuse of
discriminate against
look for
rely on

NB

approve of
laugh at
look into
shout at

call in comment on
listen to look after
look upon mock at
talk about think of

deal with
look at
operate on

Verbs followed by a preposition in passive structures

take the preposition immediately after them.
The patient was operated on yesterday.
Every detail will be looked into.
This book is being much talked about.

Slide 83. Verbs with two objects that

can be used in two passive
structures.
ask give
grant lend
refuse
send
show

offer pay
teach

promise
tell

Verbs which take two objects, direct and indirect, can be used in two passive
structures.
Active: His brother has given him (1) money (2) to help him get married.*
Passive: (1) He has been given money to help him get married.
(2) Money has been given to him to help him get married.
* (1) is an indirect object; (2) is a direct object

NB

1. The first passive structure is more common.

2. In the second passive structure, the preposition to is often used
before the indirect object.

Slide 84. Verbs with two objects that

can be used in one passive
structure.
announce
point out

devote
describe
propose

dictate
explain
suggest

Verbs which take two objects, direct and prepositional, can only
be used in one passive structure.
Active:

The teacher explained the rule (1) to the students (2).*

Passive: (1) The rule was explained to the students.

(2) Impossible!
* (1) is a direct object; (2) is a prepositional object

Slide 85. The definite article.

The Particulars (I).
THE+ADJECTIVE.
We use the definite article with adjectives (without a
noun) when we talk about groups of people the
same way we talk about some nationalities:
the British the French the Spanish the Dutch
the young the rich the unemployed the sick
the old
the poor the homeless
the dead
The meaning is always plural: the disabled =
disabled people (in general), but a disabled person.

Slide 86. Common verbs used to

introduce Reported Speech.
Statements

say, tell, explain, add,

continue, answer, reply,
admit, complain, mention,
remark, warn, state, stress
to report ideas: think,
decide, imagine

Questions

ask, want to know, enquire They asked why I did not

(formal),
want to go back.
wonder ( ) I wondered what she was
doing there.

a) Commands

a) tell, order, command,

forbid
b) ask, beg (),
urge
(
, )

b) Requests

She said she knew what she

was doing.
We never imagined that the
forest would be destroyed.

The judge ordered them to

learn to speak English.
I begged him to do me this
favour.

Slide 87. REPORTED STATEMENTS.

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

1. Clothes are important to me,

said Max.
2. She said, Im dating James now.
3. The minister said, I have recently
raised the question with the
government.
4. Mary said, I didnt sleep at all
last night.
5. May said, I was taking myself too
seriously five years ago.
6. I had finished all that was
required of me by yesterday, he said.
7. She told me, Ill call you
tomorrow.

1. Max remarked that clothes were important

to him.
2. She said she was dating James at that
time.
3. The minister stated that he had recently
raised the subject with the government.
4. Mary explained she hadnt slept at all the
previous night.
5. May admitted she had been taking herself
too seriously five years before.
6. He said (that) he had finished all that was
required of him by the previous day.
7. She told me she would call me the
following day.

Slide 88. REPORTED QUESTIONS.

Direct Speech Reported Speech
General (yes/no)
questions

Do you have any

questions,
comments, or
suggestions?
asked the
chairman.

Special questions Why did Max

wear this strange
outfit ? she
asked.

The chairman asked

if we had any
questions, comments,
or suggestions.

She wanted to know

why Max had worn
that strange outfit.

Slide 89. REPORTED COMMANDS

AND REQUESTS.
Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Commands Play quietly, she said

to the children.
Dont ask any
questions, said the man.

She told the children

to play quietly.
The man forbade me
to ask any questions.

Requests

The secretary asked

me to wait outside.
Mary begged me not
to mention that to
anyone.

Please wait outside,

the secretary said to me.
Please dont mention
this to anyone, said
Mary.

Slide 90. REPORTED SPEECH.

The Particulars. Pattern 1.
Verb + clause

admit, agree,
announce, believe,
boast, comment,
complain, conclude,
confess, decide, doubt,
exclaim, insist,
observe, point out,
predict, repeat, report,
respond etc.

Im not sure security

is good.
He
doubted that security
was good.
Significant progress
has been achieved on
key issues. The
Minister announced
that significant
progress had been
achieved on key
issues.

Slide 91. REPORTED SPEECH.

The Particulars. Pattern 2.
Verb + object
+ clause

assure, inform,
reassure, remind,
warn

The school will be

conducting a leadership
training camp.
The letter informed the
students that the school
will be conducting a
leadership training camp.

Slide 92. REPORTED SPEECH.

The Particulars. Pattern 3.
Verb + infinitive

agree,
guarantee,
offer,
promise,
refuse,
threaten

Im ready to resign.
The chairman of the board
offered to resign.

Slide 93. REPORTED SPEECH.

The Particulars. Pattern 4.
Verb + object
+ infinitive

advise, allow, ask,

beg, encourage,
forbid, force, instruct,
invite, order, permit,
persuade, remind,
request, tell, urge,
warn

Always think for

yourselves. Their
father
encouraged
them to think for
themselves.
Be careful with the
motor-bike! She
warned him to be
careful
with
the
motorbike.

Slide 94. REPORTED SPEECH.

The Particulars. Pattern 5.
Verb + -ing
form

admit, apologise for

smth (to smb), decide
on, deny, mention,
recommend, regret,
report, suggest

Sorry, I told a lie,

he said.
He apologised for
telling a lie.
Lets go out for
lunch.

She
suggested going out
for lunch.

Slide 95. REPORTED SPEECH.

The Particulars. Pattern 6.
Verb + object
+ preposition
+ ing-form

accuse smb of,

blame smb for,
congratulate smb
on, thank smb for

It's your fault that you

aren't succeeding in
sales. The manager
blamed me for not
succeeding in sales.

Slide 96. INFINITIVE.

Forms.
Active

Passive

Simple

To do

To be done

Perfect

To have done

To have been
done

Continuous

To be doing

____________

Perfect
Continuous

To have been
doing

____________

Slide 97. Common Structures with

the Infinitive.
Pattern 1: Infinitive phrase after the adjectives expressing
someone's feelings.

delighted
fortunate
glad

happy proud
(un)lucky
sorry
(dis)pleased surprised, etc.

You can use a to-infinitive if the subject is the same in both clauses.
If the subjects are different, you must use a that-clause.
To-infinitive: He is glad to have been invited to the party.
, .
That-clause: He is glad that his girlfriend was invited to the party.
, .
Note: The most common infinitives used in this pattern are: find, learn,
hear, see, say, tell, inform.
e.g. I was pleased to hear/see/learn that I'd passed my exam.

Slide 98. Common Structures with

the Infinitive.
Pattern 2: 'Of-phrase' with the Infinitive expressing praise or criticism.

You use the structure 'of someone + to-infinitive' after the

following adjectives:
clever /sensible
kind
silly/stupid
good
nice
typical/characteristic
generous
(im)polite wrong/bad, etc.
e.g. Its very kind of you to help us.
.
It was typical of him to be late for
classes.
(

) .

Slide 99. Common Structures with

the Infinitive.
Pattern 3: Infinitive used after adjectives describing personal
opinions.

When you want to express an opinion about someone or

something, you often use an adjective followed by 'to'infivitive.
easy
hard
(un)pleasant
difficult
interesting (un)safe , etc.
dangerous
(im)possible
e.g. The problem is hard to solve.
She was interesting to talk to.
Note: In this function you always use the Active Infinitive. (to solve,
to talk, etc. NOT to be talked, to be solved, etc.)
NB

Slide 100. Common Structures with

the Infinitive.
Pattern 5: Infinitive used to express purpose.

The infinitive in this function is always used with to.

e.g. We must make every effort to find a diplomatic solution to the

crisis.
To keep warm at night, you should buy an electric blanket.
In a more formal style you can use 'in order to' or 'so as to'

e.g. She started to cry in order to arouse pity from her parents.
We are doing a research so as to keep up with the market needs.
In negative sentences, 'so as not to' is usually used. (NOT
'not to' alone)

e.g. We left early so as not to be late.

Slide 101. Common Structures with

the Infinitive.
Pattern 6: Infinitive used to express result.
Adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive

too + adjective/adverb + infinitive

Shes old enough to do some work.

NB
He was driving slowly enough to enjoy
the view.

Shes too old to do any work.

He was driving too fast to enjoy the view.

Note: It is important not to put an object after the infinitive in this structure.
Compare: The bag is too heavy (for
The bag is very heavy.
me) to carry. (NOT to
carry it)

I can't carry it.

The bag is so heavy
that I can't carry it.
The bag is light enough
The bag is quite light. I
(for me) to carry. (NOT can carry it.
to carry it)
The bag is so light that
I can carry it.

Slide 102. COMPLEX OBJECT.

1. Verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive (with to)
You can use this verb pattern after some verbs of wanting
and liking: want, wish, expect, (would) like, (would)
love, (would) prefer, (would) hate.
I'd like you to come
back soon.
He didnt want his
son
to
study
abroad.
Did you expect this
to happen?
I would hate anyone
to think I'm a liar.

,
.
,
.
,
?

Slide 103. COMPLEX OBJECT.

2. Perception verb + noun/pronoun +
infinitive (without to)/ -ing form
The verbs of perception see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe can be followed
either by an infinitive without 'to' or present participle (-ing form).
Complete action
(infinitive without to)

Action in progress
(-ing form)

Succession of actions
( infinitive without to)

I saw him lock the door.

I saw him coming up the

stairs.

I saw her wash the dishes and

put them in the cupboard.

, / ,
.
.

, /
.

Notes: 1. The verb smell is usually used with an -ing form.

2. The -ing form is not usual for very short actions.
e.g. I heard him cough. (once)
I heard him coughing. (repeatedly)

Slide 104. COMPLEX OBJECT.

The verbs of perception see, hear, observe
are often used in the passive followed by
an ing form or an infinitive with to.
e.g. They were seen to enter the (complete action)
building.
They were seen unlocking (action in progress)
the door.

Slide 105. COMPLEX OBJECT.

You CANNOT use the Complex Object if the verbs see, hear,
notice, feel change their lexical meaning and are no longer
verbs of perception. You must use a that-clause.
e.g. I see (=think, understand)
you're going out tonight.
Ive heard/hear*(=have learnt) he donates a lot of money to charity.
He noticed (=realized)
She felt (=believed)

that she was in a bad mood.

that he no longer loved her.

* I hear = I've heard, I heard

The Present Simple often replaces the Past Simple or Present Perfect in
expressions like I see/I hear used to talk about things one has found out.

Slide 106. Mustn't versus Not have to.

Absence of
necessity

Prohibition

Emphatic
Advice

You don't have to tell

her. She knows the
news already.

You mustn't * tell her.

/You can't tell her. The
news may upset her.

You mustn't get

upset.

(
)

.
.

.
.

* Note: In spoken English must not is usually avoided when you speak to or
about another adult. Can't is normally used instead.
e.g. You can't leave until I say so.

Slide 107. ABSENCE of NECESSITY:

Present.
Modals

Uses

We needn't hurry. We have

plenty of time.

Neednt

1. The speaker expresses his

personal opinion that something
is not necessary.
2. The speaker gives permission
not to do something.

You needn't come if you are

busy.

The speaker talks about a general

Dont need to necessity.

Examples

You don't need to have a visa to

go to Turkey.
He does not need to pay the
fare. He is an old age
pensioner.

Slide 108. ABSENCE of NECESSITY:

Past.
Didn't need to

Neednt have done

Something was not necessary

and usually it was not done

Someone did something which

was not necessary

I didn't need to cook any food. I

was leaving that night.

I needn't have cooked so much

food.
My friends called and said they
were not coming.

(
) .
.

()
.
, .

Slide 109. BE + to-infinitive.

Uses
Example
Arrangements A seminar is to
for the future be held in
October.
They were to
get married in
June.
Orders and
instructions

Translation

.

.

This form is to
be filled in and
returned within 10 .
10 days.

Slide 110. INDIRECT COMMANDS.

She says that such people
are not to be trusted.
(strict prohibition )
I was to destroy the
document as soon as Id
read it.

,
.
(
)

.

Slide 111. Common Structures with the

Infinitive.
Pattern 4: Infinitive used as Attribute to replace Relative clauses.
After ordinal numbers
the first, the second, etc.

He was the first to leave/ to be given a prize.

After the next, the last, the only

She was the last (guest) to arrive at the party.

He was the only person/ one to complain.

After the superlatives

the best, the most suitable, etc.

The best place to see is Stanley Park.

You are the most suitable man to carry out
the task.

After nouns

George is just the man to vote for.

Theres some work to do/ to be done.
I have letters to write.

After pronouns
something/anything/nothing;
someone/anyone/no one;
a lot, much, little, etc.

Ill have something to dream about.

Weve got so much to learn.

Slide 112. COMPLEX OBJECT after

Causative Verbs.
Causative verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive (with or without to)
Verb + infinitive without 'to'

make I made him do his homework. (, )

have

let

Equivalents
-force

Jane has her son clean his room on Sundays. (, ,

)

tell, order,
instruct

We had them postpone the discussion. ()

-persuade

I won't have you say such things in my presence. ( ,

)

-wont allow/let

Let him go home. (, )

I'm letting you stay up late just this once. (,
)
Let's go out to dinner, shall we? (/ ...)
Let's not argue.

suggest/Why
not...
/How about...

Slide 113. COMPLEX OBJECT after

Causative Verbs.
Causative verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive (with or without to)

get

Verb + infinitive with 'to'

I must get John to help me with the
computer. ()

Equivalents
-ask

You'll never get me to do scuba

diving. ()

persuade

Slide 114. Modals.

ABILITY: can, could, be able to
Time reference +
meaning

Affirmative

Present
ability/inability

can = am/is/are able

Past
ability/inability

could

cannot (cant) = am/is/are not

able =am/is/are not able =
He can run fast. = He is able am/is/are unable
He cannot (can't) run fast. = He
to run fast
is not able (is unable) to run fast.

He could run fast. = He was

able to run fast.
Past ability + successful
performance of an action
on one occasion

Negative

was/were able
He was finally able to set a
record.
= could and did set a record

could not (couldnt) =was/were

not able = was/were unable
He couldn't stop laughing.
= He was not able (was unable)
to stop laughing.
__________________________

Slide 115. Modals.

Permission.
Asking for
Permission

Can/Could/May I please use your cell phone?

Do you think I could possibly leave early
today?
Would it be all right if I bring/brought my bike
inside?
I wonder if I could/ might borrow this book?

Asking for
Assistance

Can / Could / Will/ Would you please open the

window for me?
Im sorry to trouble you, but could you please
lend me some money?
Would you mind taking a photo of us?

Slide 116. Modals. OBLIGATION:

must, have to/have got to
modals

uses

examples

must

1. obligation that comes from the speaker I must give up smoking.

(I want to)
2. public notices and documents
Application forms must be
returned to the office within
expressing commands
15 days.
(written and formal English)
You must see the Picasso
3. strong recommendation, emphatic
exhibition.
advice

have to

obligation that comes from 'outside'

have got to single actions!

(informal English)

I have to give up smoking.

(My doctor wants me to)
I've got to see a doctor.
Have you got to leave now?
I haven't got to work
tomorrow.

Slide 117. PAST PERFECT.

,
:
1.
,
Past
Simple
2.

, When I called, he had already

.
left.
(
By June ( that time, etc.) I
..) had completed the research.

.

.

.

The call didnt surprise him.

He had known Laurie for
more than four years as a
colleague.

Slide 118. The use of tenses with

by the time expressions
Tense
Past Simple

Use

Examples

state

By that time, he knew he

wanted to be a geologist.

Past Continuous

action in progress

By the time he put the key

into the lock, his heart was
thumping in his chest.

Past Perfect

completed action

By the time he reached his

hotel, Craig had caught a
chill.

Past Perfect
Continuous

action which had been

going on for some time

By the time he reached

harbour, he had been
sailing for two nights
without sleep.

Slide 119. ARTICLES.

The Basics.
a
The indefinite article is
used to speak about
somebody or
something the speaker
sees as unknown or
indefinite.
There is a man to see
you.
You can buy a
newspaper here.

0
The zero article is
used to speak about
people or things the
speaker sees as
unknown or
indefinite.
There are _0_ men to
see you.
You can buy _0_
newspapers here.

the
The definite article is
used to speak about
somebody or something
already known to the
speakers or definite in
their minds.
The man who wants to
see you is our customer.
The men who want to
see
I read the newspaper(s)
with great interest.

Slide 120. Meanings conveyed by the

articles.
a

the

one of many,
some/any =
,
-

They went to a party.

A Mr. Smith phoned you.
He is a journalist with the
BBC.

this/that =
.
these/those=

They enjoyed the

party (they went to).
The Smith from the
BBC phoned you.
The flowers in your
garden look pretty.

one =

Weve got an apple tree and

many strawberry beds in
our garden.

the only =

Our life depends on

the sun.
Russia is the largest
country in the world.

any =
,

A child can do it.

Books can be borrowed
from a library.
Choose a career you like.

his/her/its/their She lived alone and

/etc = -
she never left the

house.
He took her by the
hand.

Slide 121. The use of articles with

geographical names (I).
The article the is used with the names of:
oceans
the Arctic Ocean
seas
the Black Sea
rivers
the Volga
channels
the English Channel
canals
the Suez Canal
gulfs
the Gulf of California
groups of lakes
groups of islands
peninsulas
mountain ranges
deserts

the Great Lakes

the British Isles
the Cola Peninsula
the Urals
the Sahara Desert

Slide 122. The use of articles with

geographical names (II).
The zero article is used with the names of:
planets
Mars, Venus
continents
Australia BUT the Americas
countries*
Great Britain BUT the Russian
Federation
states, provinces and
counties
Texas, Alberta, Sussex
cities
Moscow, New Orleans BUT the Hague
bays
an island (singular)
a lake (singular)
a mountain
capes

Hudson Bay
Sicily
Lake Baikal
Mount Everest
Cape Cod, The Cape (= The Cape of
Good Hope)

Slide 123. The article with

uncountable nouns.
The basics.
Nouns
Material
Food and drink
Abstract idea
Activity
Area of Study/Language
Disease

the

The zero article is used to

speak about the substance,
idea, or thing in general.
e.g.
_0_ Coffee keeps one
awake.
_0_ Life is impossible
without _0_ water
.
_0_ Hunting was the main
occupation of prehistoric
men.

The definite article is used

to speak about a particular
amount of the substance, a
particular idea or thing
e.g.
The coffee was horrible.
The life of survivors was
hard.
The water found on the
island was undrinkable.
The Hunting of the
President has become a
bestseller.

Slide 124. The use of articles with

proper nouns.
The zero article is used with the names of:
streets
roads
squares
avenues
boulevards
lanes
parks
bridges

Oxford Street but the Strand, the Mall

Charing Cross Road
Washington Square
Fifth Avenue
Sunset Boulevard
Park Lane
Green Park
Tower bridge but the Brooklyn Bridge (and many
others!)

airports
stations
universities

Heathrow Airport
Paddington Station
Columbia University

Slide 125. The use of articles with

proper nouns.
The zero article is also used:

In two-word names if the first word

is the name of a person or place

Buckingham Palace,
Windsor Castle

With a possessive noun before the

name

St Pauls Cathedral

if the names of hotels, banks, shops,

etc. begin with the name of their
founder and end in -s or s

Tailors Hotel, Lloyds

Bank, Selfridges,
Iggs

Slide 126. The use of articles with

proper nouns.
The article the is usually used with the names of:
motorways/freeways
hotels
theatres
cinemas
museums, galleries
buildings

N
B

the A 11
the Hilton
the Palladium
the Odeon
The Natural History Museum, the National
Gallery
The White House, the Millennium Dome

Note: All names which include of are used with

the definite article
e.g. the University of York, the Palace of
Westminster

Slide 127. The definite article.

Revision.
The Basics.
The definite article is used to speak about
somebody or something already
known to the speakers or
definite in their minds.
e.g.
The man who wants to see you
is our customer.
The men who want to see
I read the newspaper(s) with
great interest.

a particular amount of the

substance, a particular idea or
thing
e.g.
The coffee was horrible.
The life of survivors was hard.
The water found on the island
was undrinkable.
The Hunting of the President has
become a bestseller.

Slide 128. The definite article.

The Particulars (II).
We usually use the definite article with the
following nouns (countable and uncountable)
when we use them in a general way : the
country(side), the earth ( = the world we
live in), the environment, the future,* the
ground, the past, the public*, the sea*, the
seaside, the sky, the weather, the world, etc.

Slide 129. The definite article.

The Particulars (III).
We also say, the cinema, the theatre, the radio
(BUT television) unless we mean a particular
thing
e.g. 1. Most people prefer to go to the cinema
in company rather than alone.
2. Every Greek town had a theatre.

Slide 130. The definite article.

The Particulars (IV).
The definite article is used with nouns which are
followed by a limiting, defining phrase
( ) such as ofphrase or which-phrase.
e.g.
She married the son of a butcher.
He pointed at the map which was hanging on the
wall.

N
B

Slide 131. TILL/UNTIL & UNLESS.

Note: Remember that till/until and unless have a
negative meaning and avoid double negation.
Until you make a decision you really won't
know if it is a good one or a bad one.
, ,
.
Unless she works hard, she wont get a
promotion.
,
.

Slide 132. Many and much in

positive sentences.
Many and much are often used in positive sentences:
a) in a formal style
Many features of the early American cultures were
based on maize.
Much of Britain is densely populated and intensively
farmed.
b) when they are modified by so/too/very
Ive got so many problems at the moment.
Im afraid I spend too much time on my research.

Slide 133. Modal Verbs in Reported

Speech (I).
can could

I cant make a decision without knowing the

facts. He said he couldnt make a
decision without knowing the facts.

can would be I can fix the problems next week. She

able
said she would be able to fix the problems the
following week.
may might
(possibility)

We may choose not to have children at all.

A fifth of the women surveyed said they
might choose not to have children at all.

shall should

Where shall I sign up? She asked where

she should sign up.

Slide 134. Modal Verbs in Reported

Speech (II).
must must/had to
(obligation)

You must have surgery as soon as

possible. The doctor said I must/
had to have surgery as soon as possible.

must must
( )

You must be mistaken. He said I

must be mistaken.

neednt didnt You neednt worry about cooking any

need to/didnt have to more. He said I didnt need
to/didnt have to worry about cooking
any more.

N
B

Note: ought to, should, could, might, had better

do not change when reported.

Slide 135. The Indefinite Article.

The Basics. Revision (II).
Meanings conveyed by the indefinite article
one of many, e.g. They went to a party.
some/any = A Mr. Smith phoned you.
,
He is a journalist with the BBC.
-
one =

e.g. Weve got an apple tree and many

strawberry beds in our garden.

any = , e.g. A child can do it

Books can be borrowed from a library.

Choose a career you like.

Slide 136. SAY AND TELL.

Patterns

Examples

SAY

1. SAY THAT
2. SAY TO SMB (THAT)
3. SAY a word/a name/
a sentence/a phrase

1. She says that someone is

waiting for you.
2. And do you know what
they said to us?
3. The next day at school,
Sam didn't say a word to
Mel.

TELL

1. TELL SMB (THAT)

2. TELL SMB TO DO SMTH
3. TELL the truth/a lie/
a story/a joke

1. You never told me that

you dont like football.
2. He told the students to
work hard and revise for
the exams.
3. Do you think he told the
truth?

Slide 137. SPEAK AND TALK.

Uses

SPEAK 1. physical ability to speak

2. knowledge and use of
languages
3. one-way communication
4. formal lectures
(to speak on a subject)
5. on the phone
TALK

1. conversational exchanges
2. informal situations
3. informal lectures
(to talk about a subject)
4. talk sense/nonsense

Examples

1. He hasn't been able to speak for about a week

now.
2. California alone has 5.5 million people who
speak Spanish at home.
3. I feel embarrassed when I have to speak to
my boss.
4. Today we are welcoming the Premier of
Ontario, who is going to speak to us on Canada
and the Constitution.
5. Hello. Could I speak to John Martin, please?
1. Everybody was talking and laughing and
telling stories of their youth.
2. Valerie, could I talk to you in the kitchen?
3. This is Mr John Nolan, who is going to talk
to us about the upcoming holiday season.
4. Now you're talking sense! That's a good boy.

Slide 138. EVERY, EACH, ALL.

Uses

Examples

EVERY
(Shows that 3 or
more objects are
considered
together as a
group.)

1. with singular
nouns

EVERY individual is responsible for their* actions.

A Polish proverb suggests that EVERY error has its
excuse.
Stop changing television channels EVERY five minutes!
**

EACH
(Shows that 2 or
more objects are
considered
separately.)

1. with singular
nouns

ALL

1. with plural
nouns
2. with
uncountable
nouns

2. with plural
nouns

2. with plural
pronouns

EACH student will demonstrate their skills during the

contest.
EACH plan has its advantages.
We EACH*** know when we're free and when we're not.
EACH of us knows the lyrics to a thousand pop songs.
ALL (the)**** girls are lovely.
ALL of my/these/the/etc. CDs are from my elder brother.
ALL money has been stolen.
ALL of the champagne we have is from France.

Slide 139. ELSE, OTHER and

ANOTHER.
Pattern

Examples

ELSE

1. what (who, where, 1. What else did he tell you?

when, how) else
How else can you explain all this?
2. I didn't see anything else that caught my interest at the
store.
2. something
Some of these species are found nowhere else on earth.
(anything, nothing,
etc.) else

OTHER

1. what other + noun What other benefits can credit cards offer?
2. some (any, no)
other

ANOTHER another few (two,

five, etc.) + plural
noun

Sorry, Ive got no other ideas.

Hes coming back in another few days.
Follow this road for another five miles or so.

Slide 140. ANOTHER, the OTHER,

(the) OTHERS.
Number
singular

Indefinite
pronouns
another*

the other
plural

others / other
+ pl N

Russian

Examples

1)
2) ()

(
)

1. Could I have another look at the map?

2. Could I have another test instead of
an x-ray?

Some college students prefer to live

alone. Others / other students prefer to
live with roommates in a dormitory.

the others /

the other + pl
N

When Eric heard Sam on the other end

of the line, he hung up.

One of the young men is played by a real

actor; the others / the other actors are
non-professionals.

Slide 141. DO vs MAKE.

1. Activity vs result.
DO

Use

Examples

1. indefinite activities (with

something, anything, nothing,
everything, thing, what)
2. repeated or regular
activities (work, job, hobbies)
3. in the structure do +
some/the ing

1. Have you ever disliked anyone who has

done nothing to you?

MAKE Emphasizes the end product,

or result, of an action rather
than the activity itself.

2. The firm has been doing the work for

more than 15 years.
3. Most travelers go to Fiji to do some
swimming, snorkeling or diving.
Janett did all the talking. I mostly listened
to her talk.
Id be happy to make you a cup of tea or
coffee.
He plans to set up a small workshop to
make carpets.
At that time the workers were making a fire
to cook their dinner.

Slide 142. DO vs MAKE.

2. Common fixed expressions.
DO
ones best
business
ones duty
(an) exercise
a favour
good

ones hair
harm
homework
housework
research
sport

MAKE
an attempt
arrangements
a decision
an effort
an exception
a fire
a fortune
a fuss

a mistake
money
a noise
peace
a plan
a profit
progress
a suggestion

Slide 143. Saying NO.

Use

V+Noun
decline smth (an offer,
an invitation, a request,
etc.)

V+Infinitive

DECLINE
(fml)

to refuse
politely

REFUSE*

in a decisive, or refuse
smth
(an refuse to do
even rude way invitation, an offer, a
drink, etc.)

REJECT

to refuse
strongly

reject smth (an

argument, an idea, a
plan,etc.)

decline to do
(= be unwilling to do)

_________

Note: Chris refused an offer (NOT Chris refused from an offer).

Slide 144. THIS/THESE and

THAT/THOSE (I).
this/these

that/those

people and things

close to the speaker in time and more distant from the speaker in
space
time and space
Do you know this little boy?
Who's that little boy that's looking
I love these shoes! They felt great at me?
right out of the box.
It would be interesting indeed to
look back on all those shoes we
have worn over time.
attitudes
interest, positive attitude
dislike, critical attitude
Well, I would certainly like to meet Now, tell those friends of yours to
these friends of yours sometime.
empty out their pockets too.

Slide 145. THIS/THESE and

THAT/THOSE (II).
this/these
that/those
situations and experiences
which are going on or are about to which have just finished or are
start
more distant in the past
I like this music!
Do you remember that festival in
Copenhagen?
I wonder what happened at that
Im so sad that I wont be at this
party.
party.
on the telephone
to identify yourself
to ask about the hearers identity
Hello, this is Jim Rockford. At the Hello? Is that the pizza delivery
tone, leave your name and
service?
message.

Slide 146. AS and LIKE.

Meaning

Pattern

Examples

AS

in the role of
( )

as + noun

Now, as your elder brother,

I advise you to go to bed! (I
am your brother.)

LIKE

similar to, in
the same way
as
()

like +
noun/prono
un

Like your brother, I think

you should go to bed. (I am
not your brother, but I have
a similar attitude.)

NOTE: As is also used in comparisons in the following patterns:

as + clause Nicholas will spend those two weeks, as he does every summer, in
Brighton.
as + prepositional phrase In 2004, as in 2000, The Republicans won the elections in
the US.

Slide 147. FIRST and AT FIRST.

FIRST

AT FIRST

Use
Examples
1. first item or point on the First I went to New York
list
City for a day, and then to
Atlanta, Georgia.
2. before anything or John arrived there first and
waited outside.
anyone else
3. for the first time

He first saw Philip in 1998.

to contrast two different

situations in time (often
followed by but)

At first Max didnt realize

what had happened, but
when he did he started to
cry.

Slide 148. OFFER and SUGGEST.

Russian

Pattern

OFFER

1. =
-.
2. =

-.

1. offer sth

SUGGEST

1. =

1. suggest sth

2. . -.
(a) (b)

Examples

1. They offered me some

money for the work.
2. offer to do sth 2. He offered to help me
with the translation.
1. The Minister suggested a
programme of economic
reform.
Someone suggested the
Hotel Bernardi.
2. a) My friend suggested
2. a) suggest
that I should complain to
that sb should
the manager of the hotel.
do sth
b) Tom suggested eating
b) suggest doing out.
sth