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What is integration?
Integration is the process of measuring the area under a function plotted on a graph. Why
would we want to integrate a function? Among the most common examples are finding the
velocity of a body from an acceleration function, and displacement of a body from a velocity
function. Throughout many engineering fields, there are (what sometimes seems like)
countless applications for integral calculus.
Sometimes, the evaluation of expressions involving these integrals can become daunting, if
not indeterminate. For this reason, a wide variety of numerical methods has been developed
to simplify the integral.
Here, we will discuss the trapezoidal rule of approximating integrals of the form
b
I f x dx
a
where
07.02.2
Chapter 07.02
b n1 a n1
n
, n 1
x
dx
a
n 1
So if we want to approximate the integral
b
(1)
I f ( x)dx
(2)
(3)
where
f n ( x) a0 a1 x ... an1 x n1 an x n .
(4)
where f n (x) is a n th order polynomial. The trapezoidal rule assumes n 1 , that is,
approximating the integral by a linear polynomial (straight line),
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
1
1
(Sum of length of parallel sides)(Perpendicular distance between parallel sides)
2
1
f (b) f (a) (b a)
2
f (a) f (b)
(12)
(b a)
Trapezoidal Rule
07.02.3
Example 1
The vertical distance covered by a rocket from t 8 to t 30 seconds is given by
30
140000
x 2000 ln
9.8t dt
140000 2100t
8
a) Use the single segment trapezoidal rule to find the distance covered for t 8 to
t 30 seconds.
b) Find the true error, Et for part (a).
c) Find the absolute relative true error for part (a).
07.02.4
Chapter 07.02
Solution
a)
f (a) f (b)
I (b a)
, where
2
a 8
b 30
140000
f (t ) 2000 ln
9.8t
140000 2100t
140000
f (8) 2000 ln
9.8(8)
140000 2100 (8)
177.27 m/s
140000
f (30) 2000 ln
9.8(30)
140000 2100 (30)
901.67 m/s
177.27 901.67
I (30 8)
11868 m
140000
x 2000 ln
9.8t dt
140000 2100t
11061 m
so the true error is
Et True Value Approximate Value
11061 11868
807 m
True Error
100
True Value
11061 11868
100
11061
7.2958 %
Trapezoidal Rule
07.02.5
f (t ) 2000 ln
9.8t
140000 2100t
30
19
30
19
2
2
140000
9.8(19) 484.75 m/s
f (19) 2000 ln
140000 2100 (19)
f (30) 901.67 m/s
Hence
177.27 484.75
484.75 901.67
(30 19)
2
2
8
11266 m
The true error, Et is
Et 11061 11266
205 m
30
f (t )dt (19 8)
The true error now is reduced from 807 m to 205 m. Extending this procedure to dividing
[a, b] into n equal segments and applying the trapezoidal rule over each segment, the sum of
the results obtained for each segment is the approximate value of the integral.
Divide (b a) into n equal segments as shown in Figure 4. Then the width of each segment
is
ba
h
(26)
n
I f ( x)dx
a
ah
a2h
a ( n 1) h
ah
a ( n 2) h
a ( n 1) h
(27)
07.02.6
Chapter 07.02
f (a h) f (a 2h)
(a 2h) (a h)
f (a (n 2)h) f (a (n 1)h)
a (n 1)h a (n 2)h
f (a (n 1)h) f (b)
b a (n 1)h
f ( a ) f ( a h)
f ( a h ) f ( a 2 h)
h
h
...................
2
2
f (a (n 2)h) f (a (n 1)h)
f (a (n 1)h) f (b)
h
h
2
2
n 1
ba
n1
f
(
a
)
2
f (a ih) f (b)
2n
i 1
(28)
Trapezoidal Rule
07.02.7
Example 2
The vertical distance covered by a rocket from t 8 to t 30 seconds is given by
30
140000
x 2000 ln
9.8t dt
140000 2100t
8
a) Use the two-segment trapezoidal rule to find the distance covered from t 8 to
t 30 seconds.
b) Find the true error, Et for part (a).
c) Find the absolute relative true error for part (a).
Solution
a) The solution using 2-segment Trapezoidal rule is
ba
n1
I
f
(
a
)
2
f (a ih) f (b)
2n
i 1
n2
a 8
b 30
ba
h
n
30 8
2
11
30 8
21
I
f (8) 2 f (8 11i) f (30)
2(2)
i 1
22
f (8) 2 f (19) f (30)
4
22
177.27 2(484.75) 901.67
4
11266 m
140000
x 2000 ln
9.8t dt
140000 2100t
8
11061 m
so the true error is
Et True Value Approximate Value
11061 11266
205 m
07.02.8
Chapter 07.02
True Error
100
True Value
11061 11266
100
11061
1.8537%
140000
x 2000 ln
9.8t dt
140000 2100t
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Approximate
Value
11868
11266
11153
11113
11094
11084
11078
11074
Et
t %
a %
-807
-205
-91.4
-51.5
-33.0
-22.9
-16.8
-12.9
7.296
1.853
0.8265
0.4655
0.2981
0.2070
0.1521
0.1165
--5.343
1.019
0.3594
0.1669
0.09082
0.05482
0.03560
Trapezoidal Rule
Example 3
Use the multiple-segment trapezoidal rule to find the area under the curve
300 x
f ( x)
1 ex
from x 0 to x 10 .
Solution
Using two segments, we get
10 0
h
5
2
300(0)
f (0)
0
1 e0
300(5)
f (5)
10.039
1 e5
300(10)
f (10)
0.136
1 e10
ba
n1
I
f
(
a
)
2
f (a ih) f (b)
2n
i 1
10 0
21
f
(
0
)
2
f (0 5) f (10)
2(2)
i 1
10
f (0) 2 f (5) f (10)
4
10
0 2(10.039) 0.136 50.537
4
07.02.9
07.02.10
Chapter 07.02
Why is the true value so far away from the approximate values? Just take a look at Figure 5.
As you can see, the area under the trapezoids (yeah, they really look like triangles now)
covers a small portion of the area under the curve. As we add more segments, the
approximated value quickly approaches the true value.
10
Approximate
Value
Et
0.681
245.91 99.724%
50.535
196.05 79.505%
170.61
75.978 30.812%
227.04
19.546 7.927%
16 241.70
4.887
1.982%
32 245.37
1.222
0.495%
64 246.28
0.305
0.124%
300 x
1 e
dx .