2.18. IpeNTIFY: Apply the constant acceleration equations to the motion of the sled. The average velocity for a time interval Avis vy. Ser Ur: Let +x be parallel tothe incline and directed down the incline. The problem doesn’t state how much time it takes the sled to go from the top to 14.4 m from the top. 256m—144 m 2.005 EXECUTE: (a) 144 mto 256m: vy, 60 mis. 25.6 to 40.0 m: MO M=75.6 m 7 99 m/s. 40.0 mto $7.6 m: v,,, =o 200s 2.008 (b) For each segment we know ~~, and ¢ but we don’t know y,, of v, . Let x =144 mand x, this interval G2) 80 mis 5.6m. For SO and army, Sng for aes vy, far+ A, Lat x =256 mand »- Solving for v, gives Setting these two expressions for v, equal to each other and solving for a gives a= Ao, -x) -(%.-5)I= +[(40.0 m=25.6 m) 25.6 m—14.4 m)] =0.80 ms 1 2008) Note that this expression for a says Where ¥q.24nd Vz ane the average speeds for suecessive 7 2.00 s intervals. (©) For the motion from x= 14.4 mto x=25.6m, x=x,=11.2 m, a, =0.80 m/s? and 1= 2,00 s. 12m_1 : ox, =H day gives v= 112 m1 69 80 mis*)(2.00 s) = 4.80 mis. Ved + bait" gives vy, = T0572! (2.00 s) (@) For the motion from x=0t0 x=144m, xx, =14.4m, v,, =O, and v,=48 mis 2w=x) 2044 m) _ 64, vty 48m (©) For this 1.00 s time interval, 1=1.00 8, v,,=4.8 m/s, a, =0.80 mis! JF =48 m/sV(1.00 5) +440.80 m/s*X1.00 s)* =5.2 m EVALUATE: With v=0 at the top of the hill, x()=¥,,t+ La? = (0.40 mvis')??. We can verify that 1260 sgives x= 144 m, £=80 sgives 25.6 m, 1=10.0 sgives 40.0 m, and ¢=12.0 s gives 57.6 m. xox =m a(t) =or+ Bt, with @=~-2.00 m/s? and f =3.00 mis" (a) IDENTIFY and Ser Up: Integrage @,(0) to find v,(0) and then integrate v,(0) to find x(0). EXECUTE: vy. + fia, dt=%, + [a+ A) dt=v, eerste effourers4e% a ty, be dor 4h AP seneftyde ALI=0, ¥=%, 00 s requires that vy, +4oa? +49) =2.00 mis?)(4.00 s) = ~4.00 mvs Tohave x=x, at f ‘Thus ¥, <2 - bat, =-1(3.00 mis?)(4.00 3)? —4 (b) With y,, as ealeulated in part (a) and 1= 4.00 s, Vg = Vy, $00 +4 BE = 4,00 s+ (2.00 mi/s*}(4,00 s) +43.00 mi/s*}(4.00 5) EVALUATE: a, =0 at £=067s. For £>0.67s, a, >0. At (=O, the particle is moving in the —r-direstion ‘and is speeding up, After £= 0.67 s, when the acceleration is positive, the object slows down and then starts to ‘move in the +x-drection with increasing speed.281. 3.50. 3.87. InENTIFY: For parts (2) and (b) apply the constant acceleration equations to the motion ofthe bullet. In part (@) neglect air resistance, so the bullet is free-fall. Use the constant acceleration equations to establish a relation between initial speed v, and maximum height Ser Up: For ports (a) and (b) let + be in the direction of motion of the bullet. For part (e) let + be upward, a, =—g . Atthe maximum height, v,=0 EXECUTE: (a) x=, 700 m, v5, =0, ¥,=965 ms. v3 =V, +2a,0°—x,) ives 208 0 6.65109 ms? = 6.7910" 50 4, =(6.79x 109g 20.700 m) g (0) 5, =[ PEE rns = ESD 20.700 m) _ 1 45 ms 2 Ye t¥, 04965 mis gives 2-24, , whieh is constant, 22. =. YoYo A, OH, (965 m/s)? 00? mS) 47.5 km Rifle bullets fired vertically don't actually reach such a i, (9.80 mis) Ippytiry: | The velocity has a horizontal tangential component and a vertical component. The vertical component of acceleration is 2e0 and the horizontal component is dy, = SprUr: Let +y be upward and + be in the direction of the tangential velocity at the instant we are considering. Execute: (a) The bird’s tangential velocity can be found from circumference _ 2(8.00 m) _ 50.27 m time ofrotation 5.008 500s. 0.05 mvs and v, =3.00 mis. The speed relative to the ground is 10.05 mis ‘Thus its velocity consists of the components v, so its acceleration is strictly centripetal-entiely in the horizontal direction, toward ‘ its spi it _¥F _ 0.05 mis) 2 the center of ts spiral path-and has magnitude ggg = "= = COPAY 12.6 mi 3.00 mis (¢) Using the vertical and horizontal velocity components @ = tan"! 6.6° ee 2 10.05 mis EVALUATE: ‘The angle between the bird’s velocity and the horizontal remains constant as the bird rises, Imentiry: The equations for hand & from Example 3.8 ean be used serur: b= 252% and R = 258246 Irene projeotile is launched straight up, cy =90° s EXECUTE: (a) Sead vy, =2gh g (b) Calculate, that gives a maximum height of fr when. vp =: 2h og pn 2hsin(a) sina, sin’, R=0 and for a =0°, h=Oand R=0. For a, =45°, R= dh EVALUATES For a given a , R increases when hr increases. For a =90°,3.63. (a) WeNTIFY: Projectile motion. ‘Take the origin of coordinates at the top of the ramp and take +y to be upward. ‘The problem specifies that the object is displaced 40.0 m to the right when it is 15.0 m below the origin. 400 m—> Figure 3.63 We don’t know f, the time in the air, and we don’t know v,. Write down the equations for the horizontal and vertical displacements, Combine these two equations to eliminate one unknown, Ser Up: y-component ¥-¥y=-15.0m, a, Po¥o=Moysl thal Execute: 15.0 m=(y,sin53.0°)1 (4.90 mis")? 9.80 mis", v,, =v, sin53.0° Ser Ur: x-component xox, =40.0m, a,=0, %, =¥60853.0° tt bae EXECUTE: 40.0 m=(¥41)c0353.0" 40.0 m 20553.0° Use this to replace vf in the first equation: =15.0 m =(66.47 m)sin 53° — (4.90 mis*) [CEAG mss +15.0m _ [EROS 4.90 mis 490 mis Now that we have # we can use the x-eomponent equation to solve for ¥, y,2 000m ____ 400m sing avs 1e0s53.0° (3.727 s)eos53.0° xox, ‘The second equation says vt = 66.47 m 727s, EVALUATE: Using these values of v, and ¢in the y (b) Dent: y, =(17.8m/s)/2=89 mis This is less than the speed required to make it to the other side, so he lands in the river. Use the vertical motion to find the time it takes him to reach the water: SerUr: y-y,=—100 m; y,, =4y,sin53.0°=7.11 m/s, a, =-9.80 m/s* We=%, +a, equation verifies that yy, =-15.0 Poy =Mtthay gives -100=7.11r—4.90F Execure: 4.900 =7.11¢-100=0 and ¢=345(7.114 ¥(7.11) — 4490-100) 150.726 st4.578 so 1=5.30s. The horizontal distance he travels in this time is (v, cos 53.0°) = (5.36 m/sX5.30 s) = 28.4 m. He lands in the river a horizontal distance of 28.4 m from his launch point. EVALUATE: He has half the minimum speed and makes it only about halfway across, ¥=8) =Vodt