UWB Antennas &

Measurements
Gabriela Quintero
MICS UWB Network Meeting
11/12/2007

Outline

UWB Antenna Analysis

{
{

Frequency Domain
Time Domain

Measurement Techniques
{
{

Peak and Average Power Measurements

Spectrum Analyzer Settings

Fourier Series
Fourier Transform

UWB Measurements

Outline

UWB Antenna Analysis

{
{

Frequency Domain
Time Domain

Measurement Techniques
{
{

Peak and Average Power Measurements

Spectrum Analyzer Settings

Fourier Series
Fourier Transform

UWB Measurements

UWB Antennas

Impulse radio
{
{

UWB pulse (3.1 10.6 GHz)

MICS pulse (4 4.5 GHz)

Time and frequency domain Analysis

Still with basic antenna architectures
{

Monopole

Vivaldi

Time and Frequency Domain

Two different softwares used to characterize

the antennas
Ansoft HFSS FD
{

Frequency Sweep at all frequencies

Parameters in FD (S11, Gain, E-field, etc.)

CST Microwave Studio TD

{

Select the pulse BW

Parameters in FD (S11, Gain, etc.)

E-field in TD

Frequency Domain

Tx

Rx

Transfer Function - S21

{

Relates the output voltage with the input

j r

voltage
c

Vr ( ) = H ( )Vt ( )e

Can be derived from the Friis Transmission

Equation
2
Pr
2
2
1 r
= ecdt ecdr 1 t
Dt (t , t ) Dr ( r , r ) t r
Pt
4 R

)(

And obtain

Vr ( )
2
= ecdt 1 S11
Et ( , t , t )
Vt ( )
4 R

Frequency Domain
HFSS
Simulation

Rx Pulse
TD

S11
E-field

IFFT

Tx

Matlab

Rx

Transfer
Function

Rx Pulse
PSD

Pulse PSD

Monopole System

Tx

Return Loss

Rx
Normalized Magnitude

Phase [radians]

S11

Simulated
Measured

Simulated
Measured

0.9
-50

-5
0.8

-100

Magnitude [dB]

-10

0.7

-15

0.4

0.3

-350

0.2

-400

0.1

-450

-30

-35
0

10

12

Frequency [GHz]

14

16

18

20

0
0

10

15

20

-500
0

Frequency [GHz]

10

15

20

Frequency [GHz]

Input Vs. Output pulse (normalized)

Gaussian Pulse

Gaussian Pulse [dB]

-300

0
-20
-40
-60
-80

Input
Simulated
Measured

-100
-120

10

0.5

-0.5

Input
Simulated
Measured

-1

12

0.5

1.5

Frequency [GHz]

2.5

3.5

4.5

Time [ns]
1

20

0.8

0.6

MICS Pulse

MICS Pulse, [dB]

Rx + Tx Pulse
PSD

-250

TF S21

-20

Power Spectral Density

20

-200

0.5

-25

HFSS
NWA

-150

0.6

-20
-40
-60
-80

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

-100
-120

-0.8
0

Frequency [GHz]

10

12

-1
-1

Time [ns]

Rx + Tx Pulse

Vivaldi System

Tx

Return Loss

Rx

Normalized Magnitude

Phase [radians]

S11

Simulated
Measured

Simulated
Measured

0.9
-50

-5
0.8

-100

Magnitude [dB]

-10

0.7

-15

-20

-300

0.3

-350

0.2

-400

0.1

-450

-30

10

12

Frequency [GHz]

14

16

Power Spectral Density

18

0
0

20

10

15

20

-500
0

Frequency [GHz]

10

15

20

Frequency [GHz]

Input Vs. Output pulse (normalized)

Gaussian Pulse

Gaussian Pulse, [dB]

-250

0
-20
-40
-60
-80

Input
Simulated
Measured

-100
-120

10

0.5

-0.5

Input
Simulated
Measured

-1

12

0.5

1.5

Frequency [GHz]

2.5

3.5

4.5

Time [ns]
1

20

0.8

0.6

MICS Pulse

MICS Pulse, [dB]

Rx + Tx Pulse
PSD

TF S21

0.4

-35
0

20

-200

0.5

-25

HFSS
NWA

-150

0.6

-20
-40
-60
-80

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

-100
-120

-0.8
0

Frequency [GHz]

10

12

-1
-1

Time [ns]

Rx + Tx Pulse

CST: Monopole Antenna

E-plane

H-plane

4.25 GHz

6.85 GHz

CST: Vivaldi Antenna

E-plane

H-plane

4.25 GHz

6.85 GHz

Time Domain
Monopole

Vivaldi

UWB Pulse

UWB Pulse

Input Pulse
E-field at 80

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

0.5

1.5

2.5

Input Pulse
E-field at 80

0.5

3.5

-1

0.5

1.5

MICS Pulse
1

0.5

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

2.5

3.5

10

12

14

16

MICS Pulse

-1

10

12

14

16

-1

Time Domain

Fidelity Factor
{

Measures the faithfulness with which a device

reproduces the time shape of the input signal.

f(t) = Input signal at antenna terminals

r(t) = Radiated E-field in time domain
The signals are normalized to have unit
energy
r (t )
f (t )
and

r (t )=
f (t )=
1/ 2
r (t ) 2 dt

f
(
t
)
dt

1/ 2

Time Domain

The fidelity parameter, F, is determined by

the peak of the cross-correlation function of
the signals
F = max

f (t )r(t + )dt

Time Domain
Input signal

Fidelity
Factor

CST
Simulation

E-field (t,, )

Time Domain
Vivaldi Fidelity Factor

Monopole Fidelity Factor

0
30

-30

60

UWB Pulse
MICS Pulse

30

60

-60

0.9

1
0.8

90

0.7

-90

120

-120

150

-150
180

-30

UWB Pulse
MICS Pulse

-60

0.9

0.8

90

0.7

-90

120

-120

150

-150
180

Outline

UWB Antenna Analysis

{
{

Frequency Domain
Time Domain

Measurement Techniques
{
{

Peak and Average Power Measurements

Spectrum Analyzer Settings

Fourier Series
Fourier Transform

UWB Measurements

MEASUREMENTS

Average Power
Peak Power

E = P0 eff = Pavg T
Pavg
P0

eff
T

MEASUREMENTS

Spectrum Analyzer

RBW

Scan Time

VBW

Spectrum Analyzer
Line Spectrum

Pulse Spectrum

B>

1
or B>PRF
T

A pulse repetition rate equal to the resolution bandwidth is the demarcation line
between a true Fourier-series spectrum, where each line is a response
representing the energy contained in that harmonic, and a pulse or Fouriertransform response.
Agilent Spectrum Analyzers Series.
Application note 150-2
pp. 32

Line Spectrum

Line Spectrum

All individual frequency components are resolved.

Line spacing is 1kHZ = PRF
1
Spacing of sidelobe minima is 10kHz =
eff
The amplitude of each line will not change when
RBW is changed, as long as RBW<0.3PRF

Line Spectrum

Pulse Desensitization

eff
= 20 log10 ( eff PRF )
T

L [dB] = 20 log10

Only valid for Fourier line spectrum. Pavg [dB ] = 10 log ( PRF )
10
eff
Ppeak

Pulse Spectrum

Its a combination of time and frequency

display.
{

The lines that form the envelope are pulse lines

in time domain.

Each line is displayed when a pulse occurs.

Frequency domain display of the spectrum

envelope.

The amplitude of the envelope increase linearly as

RBW increases. (As long as RBW < 0.2/ eff).

Pulse Spectrum

-30dBm CW carrier modulated by a pulse

train with a PRF of 100Hz, eff = 100s and
RBW = 1kHz = 0.1/ eff

Pulse Spectrum

In Figure 23, we lost the linear relationship between bandwidth

and display amplitude RBW > 0.2/ eff . The resolution of the
sidelobes is lost to a great extent.
In Figure 24 RBW = 1/ eff, we get a display with an amplitude
practically equal to the peak amplitude of the pulsed signal.

Pulse Spectrum

Pulse desensitization correction factor

p [dB] = 20 log10 ( eff K RBW )

K=

Bimp
RBW

K = 1.617 for Agilnet ESA Series

856x or 859x

Average Power
FCC Definition
{

The average limit is

500 uV/m, as
measured at 3
meters with a 1 MHz
resolution bandwidth
(RBW). Equivalent
to an EIRP of -41.25
dBm/MHz

FCC Indoor Spectral Mask

-40

-45

-50

EIRP [dBm/MHz]

-55

-60

-65

-70

-75

-80

Frequency [GHz]

10

12

Average Measurements

If 10 kHz > VBW >10 Hz

{

Video averaging should be used in

conjunction with peak hold.

If NO dithering or PPM
{
{
{

Line spectrum setting (VBW RBW)

RBW < 0.3 PRF
Average level = highest line in the
emission line spectrum

Average Measurements

If dithering or PPM
{
{

True pulse spectrum settings

A pulse desensitization correction factor
would be added to the measurement to
obtain a peak level.
The average is calculated using the duty
cycle factor in dB
Pavg
Ppeak

[dB ] = 10log10 ( eff PRF )

Peak Measurements

pp. 174

Peak Measurements

Peak level when measured over a

bandwidth of 50 MHz
{

50MHz widest victim receiver that is likely to

be encountered.

Peak measurements based on a 50 MHz

(resolution) bandwidth may not be feasible.
The widest available RBW that can be
employed for peak measurements is 3 MHz.

Peak Measurements

Peak Measurements

Peak emission level of 0 dBm/50 MHz

= 58mV/m at 3 meters is adopted.
Equivalent to:
{
{

A peak EIRP of -24.44 dBm/3 MHz

Peak field strength of 3.46 mV/m at 3
meters with a 3 MHz RBW.

Rules of Thumb
Line Spectrum
RBW<0.3PRF

Pulse Spectrum
1.5 PRF < RBW <

0.1

eff

scan time[s/Div ]
Pavg No dithering or
PPM
Pavg Dithering or
PPM
Peak Interference
Power

8
8
8

10
PRF[Hz]

QUESTIONS?