ADDITIONAL SCIENCE

FORM
5
CHAPTER 5: PROPERTIES
OF WAVE

5.1 REFLECTION OF WAVES

Wave reflection occurs when an

incident wave
hits a reflector and is reflected.
The direction
of reflected wave changes.
In reflection of waves, the oncoming
wave is
known as the incident wave and
when it is
reflected, the wave is known as

5.1 REFLECTION OF WAVES

FIRST LAW OF
REFLECTION
- The incident
angle is equal
to the reflected
angle
SECOND LAW OF
REFLECTION
- The incident
wave, reflected
wave and
normal line are
at the same

5.1 REFLECTION OF WAVES

The
wavelength of
the reflected
wave is the
same as the
wavelength of
the incident
wave
The
frequency of
the reflected
wave is the
same as the
frequency of
the incident
wave

The velocity of
the reflected
wave is the
same as the
velocity of the
incident wave

Characteristi
cs of the
reflection of
wave

The
amplitude of
the reflected
wave is less
than the
amplitude of
the incident
wave

5.1 REFLECTION OF WAVES

Video on reflection of wave:

5.1 REFLECTION OF WAVES

Video on reflection of wave:

5.2 REFRACTION OF WAVE

Wave refraction is the bending of

waves as it
passes from one medium to
another.
If the light ray propagates from a
less dense
medium to denser medium, for
example from
air to water, the light ray entering
the glass

5.2 REFRACTION OF WAVE

Refraction of light wave when it passes through 2

mediums of different densities

5.2 REFRACTION OF WAVE

If water waves propagate from a deep part to

a shallow part, the wavelength decreases.
Therefore, its velocity decreases.
If water waves propagate from a shallow
part
to a deep part, the wavelength increases.

Therefore, its velocity increases.

The frequency of the refracted wave remains
the same.

5.2 REFRACTION OF WAVE

Refraction of water waves as

they propagate from a deep
part to shallow part

Refraction of water waves as

they propagate from a shallow
part to deep part

5.2 REFRACTION OF WAVE

Video on refraction of wave:

5.2 REFRACTION OF WAVE

Wave refraction
in daily life

A pencil in a
glass of water
appears bent
due to the
refraction of
light wave

On a hot day, you

may see a
puddle of water
ahead of your car.
This mirages is
due to refraction
of light wave
when it
propagates
through layers of
airs at different
temperature

The depth of
the water is
deeper at the
middle of the
sea than the
shore. This
causes the
refraction of the
water waves

5.2 REFRACTION OF WAVE

Refraction of light wave causes the

pencil to appear bent

5.2 REFRACTION OF WAVE

Mirage is due to refraction of light wave

when it passes through layers of air at
different temperature

5.2 REFRACTION OF WAVE

Refraction of water waves occur when

water moves from deep water to shallow
water

5.3 DIFFRACTION OF WAVES

Wave diffraction is the dispersion of wave

that occurs when it has to go through a slit or
bend through obstacles.
As the wave goes through a slit or an obstacle,
the amplitude decreases showing that its
energy has lessened. There are no changes
in frequency, wavelength and velocity.
Wave diffraction is most noticeable when the
slit or obstacle is smaller than the
wavelength
of the diffracted wave.

5.3 DIFFRACTION OF WAVES

Wave diffraction is most noticeable

when the size of the slit is small

5.3 DIFFRACTION OF WAVES

Wave diffraction is most noticeable

when the size of the obstacle is small

5.3 DIFFRACTION OF WAVES

Wave diffraction in daily life

Example 1:
Some fishermen live in a village
nearby the
seaside. Big strong waves during rainy
season
sometimes hit and erode the seashore.
This
could cause the jetty to collapse,
damage the

5.3 DIFFRACTION OF WAVES

Solution:
Boom is built near the seashore so that
water
waves will diffract and weaken. It
makes it safer
for the villagers.

5.3 DIFFRACTION OF WAVES

Example 2:
A lagoon area is usually selected to run
a marina
and beach resort because the area is
safe to do
water activities.
Explanation:
A lagoon area is a safe place because
it gets less
strong wave. The amplitude of the

5.3 DIFFRACTION OF WAVES

5.4 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES

Wave interference occurs when 2

or more
coherent waves cross each other.
Coherent waves are waves with
the same
wavelength and same frequency
and they are
in phase. In phase means the
crest of one
wave must be produced at the

5.4 INTERFERENCE OFInterference

WAVES

Constructive interference

Destructive interference

Occurs when a crest of one wave

meets a crest of another wave or
when a trough of one wave meets
the trough of another wave

Occurs when a crest of one wave

meets the trough of another wave

5.4 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES

A ripple tank is very useful to

demonstrate
S and S :
Two
the interference patterns. coherent
1

sources
which
produce
coherent
Constructive
waves
interference
results in the
formation of an
antinode
Destructive
interference
results in the
formation of a
node

5.4 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES

= ax
D

= wavelength
a= length between
two coherent
sources
x = length between
two consecutive
antinodes or nodes
lines
D = length between
the coherent sources
and the screen

5.4 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES

Example 1:
In an interference experiment, two
waves
sources S1 and S2 are 6.0 cm apart. The
length
between two consecutive antinodes
lines is 12.0
cm and distance between the coherent
sources
and the screen is 60.0 cm, calculate

5.4 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES

Solution
= ax
D
= 6.0 x 12.0
60.0
= 1.2 cm