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INTRODUCTION:
REPRODUCTION
The process new organisms being
produced from the existing ones
All organisms carry out reproduction to:
(a) ensure the continuity of life
(b) conserve the continuity of its own
species
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Involves 1 parent
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
HUMAN
GAMETE FORMATION
FERTILIZATION
DEVELOPMENT OF ZYGOTE
IMPLANTATION
DEVELOPMENT OF FOETUS
4.1 GAMETE
FORMATION
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GAMETE FORMATION
The formation of reproductive cells
(gametes)
SPERMATOGENESIS
OOGENESIS
Formation of
sperms
Formation of ova
HUMAN GAMETE
GAMETE/
REPRODUCTIVE CELL
GONAD/
REPRODUCTIVE
ORGAN
MALE
FEMALE
SPERM
OVUM
TESTIS
OVARY
GAMETE FORMATION IS
IMPORTANT TO LIFE
BECAUSE..
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
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Vas
deferens
(sperm
duct)
Prostate
gland
Seminal
vesicle
FUNCTIONS
Produce sperms and male sex hormones
(testosterone and androgen)
Place - sperms are stored and become
matured
Covers the testes and maintain their
temperature. The temperature inside it
should be 2C less than body temperature to
ensure the production of healthy sperm
A vessel convey the sperms to the urethra
SPERMATOGENESIS:
SPERM FORMATION
Process of sperm formation.
Specifically occur in the seminiferous tubule of the testis.
Consist of 3 phase:
Division phase
Growth phase
Maturation phase
The seminiferous tubule contain: Germinal epithelial cells also known as primordial germ cells - undergo
mitotic division producing many diploid spermatogonia
Sertoli cells - Provide nutrients to the maturing sperms
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STAGES OF
SPERMATOGENESIS
The primordial
germ cells
divide
repeatedly by
mitosis to
produce
spermatogonia
(2n)
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STAGES OF
SPERMATOGENESIS
During puberty,
each
spermatogoniu
m grow larger
and develops
into a primary
spermatocyte
(2n)
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STAGES OF
SPERMATOGENESIS
The primary
spermatocyte
undergoes
meiosis I to
produce two
secondary
spermatocytes
(n)
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STAGES OF
SPERMATOGENESIS
Each secondary
spermatocyte
undergoes
meiosis II to
produce four
spermatids (n)
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STAGES OF
SPERMATOGENESIS
The spermatids
get nutrients
from Sertoli cells
(by attaching
their heads onto
Sertoli cells) and
undergo
differentiation
and form
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spermatozoa
Structure of sperm
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Consist of
two ovaries
two fallopian tubes
the uterus
a cervix
a vagina
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Structu
Function
re
Ovary
Produces ova (eggs) and female sex
hormones (oestrogen and progesterone)
Fallopian Place - Fertilization occur (an ovum fuses
tube
with a sperm to form a zygote)
Uterus
Place - The embryo implanted and foetus
develops throughout pregnancy
Vagina
Receive sperms from penis and channels
the sperms toward fallopian tubes
Cervix
Connects uterus to vagina
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OOGENESIS
Process of ovum formation
Occur inside ovary
Starts during the foetal development.
Consist of 3 phase:
Division phase
Growth phase
Maturation phase
The outer layer of ovary composed of germinal epithelial
cell or primordial germ cell which undergo repeated
mitosis.
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STAGES OF OOGENESIS
STAGES OF OOGENESIS
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STAGES OF OOGENESIS
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STAGES OF OOGENESIS
STAGES OF OOGENESIS
During ovulation,
Graafian follicle will burst, releasing secondary oocyte to Fallopian tube.
Graafian follicle is then changes into corpus luteum.
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STAGES OF OOGENESIS
STAGES OF OOGENESIS
The first polar body will also undergoes meiosis II forming another two
second polar bodies. They eventually disintegrate.
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SIMILARITIES OF
SPERMATOGENESIS AND OOGENESIS
Purpose - to produce gametes
Starts from primordial germ cells
Involved meiosis
Produced haploid gametes
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SPERMATOGENESIS VS
OOGENESIS
SPERMATOGENESI
S
DIFFERENCES
OOGENESIS
Sperm
GAMETES
PRODUCED
Ovum
Testes
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Has a round,
midpiece and a
tail
PLACED OF
FORMATION
NO OF
GAMETES
PRODUCED
SHAPE OF
GAMETES
PRESENCE OF
Ovaries
1
Round
Present but31
SPERMATOGENESIS
DIFFERENCES
OOGENESIS
Occur throughout MITOTIC DIVISION Occur during foetal stage,
life after puberty
OF PRIMORDIAL
then all the primary
GERM CELLS
oocytes in an ovary
subsequently develop into
ova after birth
Occur continuously MEIOTIC DIVISION
Occur discontinuously.
and does not stop at
Stop at prophase I and
any age
metaphase II. Meiosis II
completes only if the
secondary oocytes is
fertilised by a sperm
Spermatids
CELL
Absent
differentiate into
DIFFERENTIATION
sperms
Equal distribution of CYTOKINESIS OF
Unequal distribution of
cytoplasm in all four
GAMETE CELL
cytoplasm with almost all
sperm cells
the cytoplasm contained
in the secondary oocyte
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and ovum, while the small
HOMEWORK
WHY IT IS IMPORTANT
TO PRODUCE A
NUMBER OF SPERMS?
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