Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Recent progress in the Gamow Shell

Model
Kvin FOSSEZ
J. Rotureau
G.
Papadimitriou

NSCL/MSU
A. Mercenne

ICNT. May 19, 2015

M. Poszajczak
W. Nazarewicz
N. Michel

R. Id Betan

G. Dong
Y.
Jaganathen
K. Fossez

1/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

The Big Picture

Next generation of RIB facilities:

rooted in QCD
insights from EFT
many-body interactions

Input
forces, operators

Renewal of
Nuclear Physics!
Many-body
dynamics

Open
channels

many-body techniques
high-performance computing
interdisciplinary connections
continuum shell model, ab initio reaction theory
unified picture of structure, reactions, and decays
https://people.nscl.msu.edu/~zegers/HRS_draft.pdf

(Figure modified from Forssn et al., Phys. Scripta T 152, 014022 (2013))
2/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Open Quantum Systems (OQSs): What are they?

Quantum systems coupled to the environment of scattering states and
decay channels.
Examples of OQSs in many
domains of physics: hadrons,
nuclei, atoms, molecules, quantum
dots, microwave cavities.
Closed quantum
system

Exotic phenomena in OQSs:

superradiance phenomena,
spontaneous two-proton
radioactivity, near-threshold
clustering phenomena...
General properties of OQSs
(resonances, halos, exceptional
points) are common to all
mesoscopic systems.

Bound states

Open quantum
system
Scattering continuum

Resonances
Threshold

Bound states
3/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Description of nuclear OQSs

Unified description of nuclear structure and reactions.
Nuclear Shell Model (1949):
Applied successfully to the
description of low-lying states in stable
nuclei (bound state approximation).
Fails to describe unstable nuclei.

Reaction theory:
Unable to include the underlying
structure of the target and the
projectile nuclei microscopically.
Reconciliation of SM with reaction
theory by Feshbach (1958-1962),
Fano (1961), Mahaux and
Weidenmller (1969) with the
projection operator formalism
Continuum Shell Model.
A different approach: Gamow
Shell Model (GSM), the SM for
OQS in the complex energy plane.

Reconciliation of GSM with reaction theory using the coupled-channel

formalism: GSM-CC.
4/27

Introduction

Formalism

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Applications

Outlook

5/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Formalism

Picture from http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0005024

6/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Formalism
GSM: quasi-stationary open quantum system extension of the SM.
Gamow states: discrete solutions of the
quasi-stationary Schrdinger equation that are regular
at the origin and with outgoing boundary conditions.
G. Gamow, Z. Physik 51, 204 (1928)

2 ul (k, r )
r 2
E=

=(

l(l + 1) 2m
+ 2 V (r ) k 2 ) ul (k, r )
r2
h

2 k 2
h
2m

ul (k, r ) C0 (k)r l+1

r 0

ul (k, r ) C+ (k)Hl,
(kr ) + C (k)Hl,
(kr )
r

+
ul (k, r ) C+ (k)Hl,
(kr ) outgoing solution
r

Complex eigenenergies En = en in /2 corresponding

to poles of the S-matrix:

kn =

2En
2 = n in .
h

Rigged Hilbert space (RHS):

construction designed to link
the distribution and
square-integrable aspects of
functional analysis (Gelfand,
Vilenkin et al. (1964), Maurin (1968)).
Rigorous framework for
quantum mechanics (Bhm
(1964), Roberts (1966), Antoine (1969) and

Melsheimer (1974))

Unified formalism for bound

states, resonances and
scattering states.
RHS inner product:

un un =

dr u
n (r )un (r ).
7/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Formalism
Berggren completeness relation:
ul (kn ) +
ul (kn )

L+
l,j

n(b,d)

Normalization in practice:

.
dk ul (k)
ul (k) = 1

C+ (k)C (k) =

T. Berggren, Nucl. Phys. A 109, 265 (1968)

Discretization:

Scattering states:

(holds also with Coulomb)

.
ul (kn ) ul (kn ) 1

n(b,d,c)

Resonant states:

I(k)

ground state

capturing
resonances
anti-bound state

1
.
2

C (k) = 0.
Resonances:
Exterior complex-scaling:
a ()(r ) = (ra + r ra e i )
U

decaying
resonances
R(k)

if r > ra .
B. Gyarmati and T. Vertse (1971), B. Simon (1979)

contour L+
(non-resonant
continuum)

Differentiability: J + (k) = 0.
The RHS inner product gives
C0 (k).
8/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

The Gamow Shell Model

Gamow Shell Model:
Intrinsic nucleon-core coordinates of the
Cluster-Orbital Shell Model.
Y. Suzuki et al., Phys. Rev. C 38, 410 (1988)

Overlap method to identify

N-body resonances.
Pole space

Full space

SM Hamiltonian:
Nval

Nval

i=1

i<j

=H
c + ti + V
ij .
H
N-body basis of Slater determinants:

n n 1
n

from the 1-body Berggren basis.

Hermitian Hamiltonian but
complex-symmetric matrix A = AT .
Davidson diagonalization.
n = En + in 2.
Eigenenergies: E

n(pole) (full)
70% 90%
n
Schematic interactions: proof
of applicability of GSM.
Spectroscopy of stable and
unstable nuclei.
9/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

The Gamow Shell Model

GSM
PRL 89,
042502 (2002)

PRC 67, 054311 (2003)

PRC 67, 014322 (2003)

CXSM
PRL 89,
042501 (2002)

1822 O, 510 He, 511 Li,

J. Phys. G: NPP 31, S1329 (2005)

PRC 72, 054322 (2005)
PRC 71, 044314 (2005)
J. Phys. G: NPP 31, S1337 (2005)

Gamow HF,
overlap method,
DMRG, NCGSM, ...

...

Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 59, 432 (2007)

PRC 75, 031301(R) (2007)
Comp. Phys. Com. 176, 232 (2007)

STRU

PRC 70, 064313 (2004)

Rev. Mex. Fis. 5 S. 2, 74 (2004)
PLB 584, 48 (2004)

CTUR

PRC 74, 054305 (2006)

Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 110603 (2006)
PRC 73, 064307 (2006)

IONS
REACT

PRC 78, 044308 (2008)

J. Phys. G: NPP 36, 013101 (2009)
Phys. Rev. C 79, 014304 (2009)
PRC 80, 051301(R) (2009)
PRC 82, 044315 (2010)
J. Phys. G: NPP 37, 064042 (2010)

Phys. Rev. C 89, 044317 (2014)

Phys. Rev. C 89, 014330 (2014)
Phys. Rev. C 88, 044318 (2013)

Phys. Rev. C 84, 051304(R) (2011)

15
20
14
20
13
20
12
20
11
20
10
20
09
20
08
20
07
20
06
20
05
20
04

03

20

20

02

20

10/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Formalism
Unification of nuclear structure and reactions based on GSM.
Coupled-channel (CC) formalism.
Channel: r , c = r cproj ctarg .

GSM target

GSM-CC

Target:
bound state or resonance.
Resonant channel.
scattering state.
Nonresonant channel.

GSM
projectile

Fully antisymmetrized calculation.

dr r 2 (Hc ,c (r , r ) E Nc ,c (r , r ))

uc (r )
= 0.
r

, c, Nc ,c (r , r ) = r , c r , c
Hc ,c (r , r ) = r , c Hr

Unified approach:
GSM-CC(A a, a) GSM(A).
GSM space (full)

Direct integration method (Bulirsch-Stoer).

, c ,
Orthogonalization: r , c r , c = o r , c Or
o
Moore-Penrose pseudo inverse, equivalent potential
method, ...

GSM-CC space

11/27

Introduction

Formalism

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Applications

Outlook

12/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Elastic and inelastic scattering reactions

First application of GSM-CC: (p, p ) reactions.
Ne(p, p ) reaction.
1.067
+

0.441

1.874

0.321
0

0+

0+
Exp

2
4

7/2

He

0+
Exp

3/2

He + t

Different structures

GSM-CC GSM
without nonresonant channels

1/2
3/2

-10.47
-10.95

0.434

0.313

5/2

Exp

GSM

GSM-CC

5/2

1.081

3/2+

0.403

0.322

GSM-CC GSM
without nonresonant channels

5/2

-4.34

-6.30

-0.973

Similar structures

1/2+

1.03

GSM

The 6 He(p, p ) reaction.

0.824

1/2+

120.2 deg

105 deg

400

400

300

300

200

200

100

100

(mbarn/sr)

1.888

Y. J. et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Series 403, 012022 (2012)

Y. Jaganathen, PhD. thesis (2012)
Y. Jaganathen et al., Phys. Rev. C 89, 034624 (2014)

0
400

200

200

d /d

The

18

100

100

135 deg

0
400

156.6 deg

300

300

0
400

0
400

180 deg

165 deg

300

300

200

200

100

100

Exp

0
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5 0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

ECM (MeV)
13/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Proton and neutron radiative capture reactions

Extension of GSM-CC to (p, ) and (n, ) reactions.
Big Bang nucleosynthesis,
(H)CNO cycles, solar neutrinos,
pp chains...
A
A+1
projectile X (p/n, ) Y

NASA / WMAP Science Team

target

Wikipedia

Cross section:

The Astrophysical Journal 621, L85 (2005)

L i (Ji , ce )) .
= f (f (Jf )O
Method:

Important quantities:
(A)

L i = f O
L i
f O
nas
HO

<L i
+ f O

(A+1)

Sp/n = E0 [GSM] E0
HO

<L i .
f O
nas

[GSM-CC].

K. Fossez, PhD. thesis (2014)

K. Fossez et al., Phys. Rev. C 91, 034609 (2015)
14/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Proton and neutron radiative capture reactions

The 7 Li(n, )8 Li reaction.
-10.73

3+
1

-12.00

1+
1

-12.98

2+
1
Exp

-11.52
-11.88

1+
1

-12.28

-12.92

2+
1

-13.26

GSM-CC

E1/M 1/E2, Jtarg

= 3/2 as

Baby et al. (2003)

1.2
S(ECM) [barn.eV]

E1/M 1/E2, Jtarg

= 3/2 , 1/2 as

1+1

0.2

0.4

0.6
0.8
ECM [MeV]

1.0

1.2

Study of mirror reactions.

L i (Ji , ce )).
A (f (Jf )O

Corrective factors in
c,c = c(J )Vc,c with
V
c(J ) < 5%.

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0

Role of the long wave length

approximation.

Junghans et al. (2010)

0.8

3+1

0
0.0

2
1.6 10

1.0

Imhof et al. (1959)

-11.00

The 7 Be(p, )8 B reaction.

1.4

E1/M 1/E2, Jtarg

= 3/2 , 1/2 as

3+
1

GSM

E1/M 1/E2, Jtarg

= 3/2 as

Li
(ECM) [barn]

6 10

Nonresonant channels missing.

0.5

1.0

1.5
2.0
ECM [MeV]

2.5

3.0

15/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Nucleon transfer reactions

Extension of GSM-CC to (d, p) and (d, n) reactions.

N. Michel, private communication

Naive approach: Direct expansion in the

many-body Berggren basis.

A+1
projectile X (d, p/n) Y
A

target

A. Mercenne, PhD. thesis (2013 2016)

n/p

Probe of the single-particle

structure.
Many-body projectile.
Channels definition:
R CM , c = R CM cproj ctarg
with (GSM):
CM
cproj = JcCM (LCM
c , Sc )proj .

Momentum space expansion:

{RCM , cproj } {KCM , cproj }.

KCM , cproj ci SDi

i

KCM KCM
= (KCM KCM
)
?

but drawbacks:
Contours discretization and truncations:
Normalization cannot be tested accurately.

Solution: focus on the short-range part of H:

(KCM ) NCM , cproj HO
KCM , cproj HO = UNHO
CM ,cproj
NCM

= ci SDi .
i

where UNHO
(KCM ) comes from:
CM ,cproj
2
CM ).
CM = PCM + UCM (R
H
2Mp
16/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Effective interaction for GSM/GSM-CC

Y. Jaganathen, R. Id Betan et al., In preparation.

Development of an effective interaction.

1

H. Furutani et al., Prog. Theor. Phys. 60, 307 (1978)

H. Furutani et al., Prog. Theor. Phys. 62, 981 (1979)

-2

Short-range (Gaussian).

-4

Ndata

0+
2+

(12keV)
(92keV)
(190keV)
(113keV)

(648keV)

3/2-

0+

0+

1+

3/2-

3/2-

-11
-12
-13

2+

-16
-17
-18

and removing of the arbitrariness in the

adopted errors at the minimum.

-28

J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 41, 074001 (2014)

-36

-29

(150keV)

3+

-10

-27

4He

(121keV)

LI

[Oi (p) Oiexp ] 2 (p0 )

(p) =
,
= 1.
Nd.o.f.
Oi 2
i=1
2

(1230keV)
(660keV)

PR
E

Chi-squared minimization:

(1244keV)

-3

[E - E(4He)] (MeV)

http://www.mcs.anl.gov/tao

3/2-

-1

Terms: Vc , Vso , VT and VC .

POUNDerS algorithm.

3/2-

M
IN
AR
Y

Derived from the FHT interaction.

(100keV)

3/21+

(0keV)

3/20+
3/2-

-35
0+
1/2-

-37

Woods-Saxon He core.
n/p phase shifts up to
20 MeV.
s.p. energies and widths.

10

11

2p, 3n with 3 nucleons max in the

continuum.
17/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: NCGSM

First application of the ab initio GSM: The NCGSM.
Dimensional explosion: Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) method.
Truncation among states with nucleons in the continuum.
c,c = c,p c ,p
p

S. R. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2863 (1992)

T. Papenbrock et al., J. Phys. G: NPP. 31, S 1377 (2005)
S. Pittel et al., Phys. Rev. C 73, 014301 (2006)

G. Papadimitriou et al., Phys. Rev. C 88, 044318 (2013)

Sweep

Continuum (c)

Main
contribution
Pole space (p)
J. Rotureau et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 014304 (2009)
J. Rotureau et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 110603 (2006)

Select the most important

continuum configurations by retaining only the largest eigenvalues of the density matrix at each iteration.
18/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

Study of a molecular open quantum system using the Gamow Shell
Model.
Calculation of resonances in dipolar anions.

Bound dipolar anions as extreme halo systems.

Competition between threshold effects and rotation.

halo nucleus

dipolar anion
dipole
core

weakly bound
nucleon
core

weakly bound
electron

(fm, MeV) (a0 , Ry)

l : electronic orbital momentum

(no spin)
r
=
l +
j
J

j : rotation of the dipole

Effective Hamiltonian of multipolar

anions :
2
2
= pe + j + V
.
H
2me 2I
V (r , ) = V + V + VQzz + VSR .
At large distances: no analytical
asymptotic solution for finite I with
Vcc 1/r 2 . W. R. Garrett, J. Chem. Phys. 77, 3666 (1982)

W. R. Garrett, J. Chem. Phys. 133, 224103 (2010)

19/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

Extreme halo systems and density in the rotor frame.
J (r , ) = J,KJ (r , )

For a relative angular momentum:

l = 0 < r 2 > diverges as 1/E
.
l = 1 < r 2 > diverges as 1/ E .
l > 1 < r 2 >= constant.
K. Riisager et al., Nucl. Phys. A 548, 393 (1992)

108

K. Riisager et al., Europhys. Lett. 49, 547 (2000)

1.5

107

EJ (Ry)

1.0

106

< r2 >

105
10

103
102
101

KJ

2.5 10
HCN
2.0

LiI
LiCl
LiF
LiH

0.5
0.0
KJ -mixed

KJ = 1

1.0

KJ = 0

KJ = 2

1.5

< r2 > 1/(E)0.9172

10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

threshold

0.5

10

15
20
J(J + 1)

KJ = 3

25

30

Intrinsic density: all KJ -components

except one vanish.
20/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

Extreme halo systems and density in the rotor frame.
J (r , ) = J,KJ (r , )

For a relative angular momentum:

l = 0 < r 2 > diverges as 1/E
.
l = 1 < r 2 > diverges as 1/ E .
l > 1 < r 2 >= constant.
K. Riisager et al., Nucl. Phys. A 548, 393 (1992)

108

K. Riisager et al., Europhys. Lett. 49, 547 (2000)

1.5

107

EJ (Ry)

1.0

106

< r2 >

105
10

103
102
101

KJ

2.5 10
HCN
2.0

LiI
LiCl
LiF
Nuclear
and

LiH
molecular
halos
< r2 > 1/(E)0.9172

100 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

0.5
0.0

threshold

0.5

KJ -mixed

KJ = 1

1.0

KJ = 0

KJ = 2

1.5

10

15
20
J(J + 1)

KJ = 3

25

30

Intrinsic density: all KJ -components

except one vanish.
20/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

Extreme halo systems and density in the rotor frame.
J (r , ) = J,KJ (r , )

For a relative angular momentum:

l = 0 < r 2 > diverges as 1/E
.
l = 1 < r 2 > diverges as 1/ E .
l > 1 < r 2 >= constant.
K. Riisager et al., Nucl. Phys. A 548, 393 (1992)

108

K. Riisager et al., Europhys. Lett. 49, 547 (2000)

dipolar halos

106

< r2 >

105
10

103
102
101

LiI
LiCl
LiF
Nuclear
and

LiH
molecular
halos
< r2 > 1/(E)0.9172

100 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

1.5
1.0
EJ (Ry)

107

KJ

2.5 10
HCN
2.0

0.5
0.0

threshold

0.5

KJ -mixed

KJ = 1

1.0

KJ = 0

KJ = 2

1.5

10

15
20
J(J + 1)

KJ = 3

25

30

Intrinsic density: all KJ -components

except one vanish.
20/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

Extreme halo systems and density in the rotor frame.
Problem
J (r , ) = J,KJ (r , )
For a relative angular
momentum:
KJ
(poles)
l = 0 <No
r 2 >resonant
divergesstates
as 1/E
.

103
2
2.5
in
the
Berggren
basis.
l = 1 < r > diverges as 1/ E .
2
HCN
overlap method.
l > 1 < r
>=noconstant.
2.0
107

K. Riisager et al., Nucl. Phys. A 548, 393 (1992)

g4
g2

K. Riisager et al., Europhys. Lett. 49, 547 (2000)

dipolar halos

HCN

g1

0.4

10

103

0.6

102
101
0.8

0
1
2
3
4
5

(10-2mRy)

2
< r(mRy)
>

0.2
106

105

1.5

g3

g4

LiI
-1
g3
LiCl
-2
LiF
Nuclear
and

LiH
0.7
1.7
g0
molecular
halos 0.9172
(mRy)
2
< r > 1/(E)

100 10 9
1 7 106
2 105 10
3 4 103
4 102 10
5 1 100
10 10 0 108 10
(mRy)
E

1.0
EJ (Ry)

8
10
0.0

0.5
0.0

threshold

0.5

KJ -mixed

KJ = 1

1.0

KJ = 0

KJ = 2

1.5

10

15
20
J(J + 1)

KJ = 3

25

30

Intrinsic density: all KJ -components

except one vanish.
20/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

Extreme halo systems and density in the rotor frame.
Problem
J (r , ) = J,KJ (r , )
For a relative angular
momentum:
KJ
(poles)
l = 0 <No
r 2 >resonant
divergesstates
as 1/E
.

103
2
2.5
in
the
Berggren
basis.
l = 1 < r > diverges as 1/ E .
2
HCN
overlap method.
l > 1 < r
>=noconstant.
2.0
107

K. Riisager et al., Nucl. Phys. A 548, 393 (1992)

g4
g2

K. Riisager et al., Europhys. Lett. 49, 547 (2000)

dipolar halos

HCN

g1

0.4

10

103

0.6

102
101
0.8

0
1
2
3
4
5

(10-2mRy)

2
< r(mRy)
>

0.2
106

105

1.5

g3

g4

LiI
-1
g3
LiCl
-2
LiF
Nuclear
and

LiH
0.7
1.7
g0
molecular
halos 0.9172
(mRy)
2
< r > 1/(E)

100 10 9
1 7 106
2 105 10
3 4 103
4 102 10
5 1 100
10 10 0 108 10
(mRy)
E

1.0
EJ (Ry)

8
10
0.0

0.5
0.0

threshold

0.5

KJ -mixed

KJ = 1

1.0

KJ = 0

KJ = 2

1.5

10

15
20
J(J + 1)

KJ = 3

25

30

Intrinsic density: all KJ -components

except one vanish.
20/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

EJ (Ry)

EJ (Ry)

Competition between threshold effects and rotation.

Above the threshold: weak coupling of
the rotational motion of the dipole and the
valence electron.
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

103

103

g4

g1
g0

103

103

g2

g3

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

Collective bands: EJ,lc =68 (j).

Study of quadrupolar anions.

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

Competition between
p and emissions
141 Ho = 140 Dy + p
Important Coulomb barrier.
Quadrupole moment.
Collective bands in heavy
p-rich nuclei?
What about heavy
n-rich nuclei?
(centrifugal barrier)

Under investigation.
21/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

g2 : J = 5(lc = 6, jc = 1).

1.5

z [a0 ]

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

4
3

1.0

1.5
2.0
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5
r [a0 ]

1
1.0

1.5 2.0
103

EJ (Ry)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

EJ (Ry)

1010

2.0 10

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

103

103

g4

g1
g0

103

103

g2

g3

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

22/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

g2 : J = 5(lc = 6, jc = 3).

1.5

z [a0 ]

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

4
3

1.0

1.5
2.0
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5
r [a0 ]

1
1.0

1.5 2.0
103

EJ (Ry)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

EJ (Ry)

1010

2.0 10

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

103

103

g4

g1
g0

103

103

g2

g3

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

22/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

g2 : J = 5(lc = 6, jc = 5).

1.5

z [a0 ]

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

4
3

1.0

1.5
2.0
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5
r [a0 ]

1
1.0

1.5 2.0
103

EJ (Ry)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

EJ (Ry)

1010

2.0 10

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

103

103

g4

g1
g0

103

103

g2

g3

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

22/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

g2 : J = 5(lc = 6, jc = 7).

1.5

z [a0 ]

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

4
3

1.0

1.5
2.0
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5
r [a0 ]

1
1.0

1.5 2.0
103

EJ (Ry)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

EJ (Ry)

1010

2.0 10

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

103

103

g4

g1
g0

103

103

g2

g3

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

22/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

g2 : J = 5(lc = 6, jc = 9).

1.5

z [a0 ]

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

4
3

1.0

1.5
2.0
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5
r [a0 ]

1
1.0

1.5 2.0
103

EJ (Ry)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

EJ (Ry)

1010

2.0 10

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

103

103

g4

g1
g0

103

103

g2

g3

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

22/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Dipolar anions

g2 : J = 5(lc = 6, jc = 11).

1.5

z [a0 ]

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

4
3

1.0

1.5
2.0
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5
r [a0 ]

1
1.0

1.5 2.0
103

EJ (Ry)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

EJ (Ry)

1010

2.0 10

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

103

103

g4

g1
g0

103

103

g2

g3

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

50 100 150
j(j + 1)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

22/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Additional applications: Richardson model

J. von Delft et al., Proceeding of the NATO ASI (1999)

R. W. Richardson, Phys. Lett. 3, 277 (1963)

Pairing Hamiltonian in the Berggren basis:
R. W. Richardson et al., Nucl. Phys. 52, 221 (1964)

]
=
2
(

2n
)
(d)

[b
,
b

k
k
k
kk

k
H = 2k bk bk dk G bk bk dkdk

(c) [bk , bk ] = 2(k k )k 2kk nk

Discretization:
L
wa w with b

= b
k wa
b
101
H = 2a b
a
a
a a G ba ba
a
a,a

103
/diag

a , b
] = 2 (a 2
[b
na )
aa
a

Problem: Gaa = G wa wa No analytical solution
Approximate solution of the pairing problem:
(d)

[bk , bk ]

= 2kk (k 2nk )

(c)

[bk , bk ]

= 2(k k )k 2(k k )nk

105
107
109
1011
4 pairs

1013
102

104

a , b
] = 2 (a 2 n
[b
a )
aa
a
wa
Ansatz:

Npair
L

b
wa
1
a
= Ni
with Ni =

2

E
a
i
a
a (2a Ei )
i=1

E/Ediag

Discretization:

106
Relative error for the energy
and the width of the g.s.

108

(4 pairs, 10pts/seg).

1010
1012
1014
0.0

4 pairs

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

G (MeV)

1 2G
a

`max ,jmax
pair
a /4 a /2
1
c /4 c /2
+ 2G
2G
=0
+ 2 2
Lc h kc /m Ei
2a Ei
E

E
j
i
c
ji

A. Mercenne et al., In preparation.

23/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Summary
GSM
PRL 89,
042502 (2002)

A long standing question is about to be solved.

Reactions of astrophysical interest in a unified framework.
Fully microscopic treatment of the target and the projectile.
Full treatment of the continuum.

CXSM
PRL 89,
042501 (2002)

Richardson model.
Dipolar anions.
Extreme halo physics.

STRU

CTUR

Hypothesis: nonresonant
channels are essential.

18 Ne(p, p )

7 Li(n, )8 Li
7 Be(p, )8 B

6 He(p, p )

Effective interaction
fitted using the GSM.

REACT

Effective interaction
(d, p/n)

IONS

Y. Jaganathen et al., Phys. Rev. C 89, 034624 (2014)

K. Fossez, PhD. thesis (2014)
Y. J. et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Series 403, 012022 (2012)
Y. Jaganathen, PhD. thesis (2012)

K. Fossez et al., Phys. Rev. C 91, 034609 (2015)

Y. Jaganathen, R. Id Betan et al., In preparation
A. Mercenne, PhD. thesis (2013 2016)

15
20
14
20
13
20
12
20
11
20
10
20
09
20
08
20
07
20
06
20
05
20
04

03

20

02

20

20

24/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Limits and possibilities of the code

GSM best for: weakly bound and unbound systems.

Reaction code: GSM-CC.

Unified formalism.

Range of applicability: systems with an inert core

+ about 7 valence particles (3 particles in the continuum).
Can be used as: SM, NCSM,
NCGSM (not optimized).

No 3-body,
spherical model,
core.

dmax 106 .
texec [1min; 1day].

More than 10y of

development by N. Michel
150, 000 lines of code.

Multi-platform:
Titan (ORNL),
Icer (MSU),
Darter (UTK),
small clusters
laptops.

Serial, OpenMP, MPI,

hybrid OpenMP/MPI.
Good scaling factor.

Sparse complex symmetric matrix (costly storage on nodes).

Costly M V product (read/write + operations).
On-the-fly: 5-10 times longer, poorer scaling factor.
25/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Perspectives
Computational science
Applied mathematics.
High performance computing.
Next supercomputers: more cores
but lower frequency and
more accelerators (GPUs).

6 Li(p/n, ).
Reactions: d, t, 3 He, .
9 C, 14 O and 24 O, 26 Ne.
Heavy nuclei: r-process,
continuum decoupling
effect.
DMRG method.
EFT and core?

When computational science,

nuclear theory and statistics meet.
Collaborations with computer scientists.
Optimization.
Typical example: POUNDerS.

Nuclear theory

Input: nuclear interaction from EFT.

Many-body dynamics: ab initio
methods.
Continuum effects in nuclear
structure and reactions.

Reactions with heavy nuclei: 132 Sn core.

(d, p/n), (n/p, d), (, ), (n/p, ), (, ).
Conclusion: We made crucial developments to deal
with upcoming experimental measurements.

GPUs for M V in GSM,

no conditional statements
(IF, WHILE).

Statistics
(The end of cargo cult science.)

Analysis of experiments using

model-based extrapolations.
Statistical and systematic
error estimates.
Predictive power of nuclear
models.
26/27

Introduction

Formalism

Applications

Outlook

Thank you for your attention !

J. Rotureau
G.
Papadimitriou
A. Mercenne

M. Poszajczak
W. Nazarewicz
N. Michel

Un grand merci
Eric Olsen !

R. Id Betan

G. Dong
Y.
Jaganathen
K. Fossez

27/27