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The dof of a mechanical system is equal to the minimum number of independent co ordinates
required to define completely the positions of all parts of the system at any instant of time.
2.
A multi degree of freedom system is one for which 2 or 3 co-ordinates are required to define
completely the positions of all parts of the system at any instant of time.
3.
When there is no external force acts on the body after giving an initial displacement, the body is
said to be under free or natural vibration.
4.
When the body vibrates under the influence of external force the body is said to be under forced
vibration. The frequency of forced vibration is called forced frequency.
5.
When there is reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, the motion is said to be
damped vibration.
6.
7.
The ratio of amplitude of steady state response to the static deflection under the action of force
Fo. It is ratio between the maximum actual amplitude of the body and maximum actual
amplitude of the road. It depends on frequency ratio and damping factor.
8.
Define transmissibility. Give the expression to find the force transmitted to the ground?
The transmissibility ratio or transmissibility is defined as the ratio of the force transmitted to the
foundation Ft through elastic supports to the force transmitted to the foundation through rigid
supports Fo exciting force. For a vehicle, It is the ratio between the force transmitted to the
body and force acting on the road.
9.
Vibration absorber are based on the concept of attaching a secondary mass to a primary vibrating
system such that the secondary mass dissipates the energy and thus reduce the amplitude of
vibration of the primary system The additional spring mass system in a machine which control
the amplitude of vibrations.
10.
The damping ratio for a system with viscous damping is the ratio of actual damping co-efficient
to the critical damping co-efficient.
11.
13.
The human comfort depends on frequency and amplitude of vibration. Only maximum
acceleration increases the frequency and amplitude of vibration motion which results in human
discomfort. The criterion for comfort is jerk, rate of change of acceleration.
14.
The angular speed of rotating machinery at which excessive vibration is produced; at this speed
the periodic disturbing force coincides with a mechanical resonance of the shaft and/or of the
machinery or its supports. The speed of a rotating system that corresponds to a resonant
frequency of a system.
15.
The natural logarithm of ratio of any two successive amplitudes of like sign in the decay of a
single frequency oscillation.
16.
Critical damping is the minimum amount of viscous damping that allows a displaced system to
return to its initial position without oscillation.
17.
The angular moment about lateral, longitudinal and vertical axis is termed as pitching, rolling
and yawing motion of a vehicle.
19.
Eigen value gives the natural frequency of given system of vibration. It helps to design a system
for damping out the vibrations and to check for resonance. It can be used to optimize the design
by reducing the amplitude of vibration.
20.
For a damped vibration there will be reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration. The
vibrating body will come to rest after certain time. Undamped vibrations no reduction in
amplitude over every cycle of vibration. he vibrating body will come to rest after a long time.
21.
22.
22.
To Avoid Resonance.
To validate the theoretically computed values.
For design and operation of active vibration isolation systems.
To measure road roughness for designing vehicle suspension systems.
Enumerate the vibration measuring instruments commonly used.
UNIT II TIRES
1.
The lateral force Fy is the force along the Y axis, the longitudinal force Fx is the force
along the X axis and the normal or vertical force Fz is the force along the Z axis. The
moment along the Z axes Mz is called the aligning moment. The moment along the X
axes Mx is called the overturning moment and the moment along the Y axis My is called
the rolling resistance moment.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Write the mathematical equation used for Magic formulae tire model.
Y is the output variable: longitudinal force Fx or lateral force Fy or aligning moment Mz,
X is the input variable: slip angle or slip ratio x
B stiffness factor, C shape factor, D peak value, E curvature factor
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Explain why Radial ply tire is preferred over Bias ply tire.
The radial ply tire has low sidewall stiffness and provides a smoother ride. The contact
patch is also larger and more stable with radial tires, hence providing better handling. The
power dissipation of the radial ply tire could be as low as 60% of that of the bias ply tire
under similar conditions and the life of the radial ply tire could be as long as twice that of
the equivalent bias-ply tire.
19.
20.
21.
22.
UNIT III
VERTICAL DYNAMICS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
10
itself is included in this sum so as to keep the energy expended by the control action itself
limited.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
11
13.
14.
High Installation cost. In most vehicles, even luxury models it comes at an extra
cost. Only very high-end cars and SUVs such as the Mercedes S-Class and the
Range Rover include it as standard.
High Maintenance cost. If air suspension fails, the car can tilt to one side while
moving. The traditional steel springs are easier and cheaper to fix than air
suspension.
15.
16.
The variables Zs, Zu and Zr represent the vertical displacements from static equilibrium
of the sprung mass, unsprung mass and the road respectively.
17.
12
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Explain the usage of quarter car, Half car and Full Car models.
The quarter car suspension model is used to study and design automotive suspension
systems for optimizing response to road irregularities. The half car and /or full car models
can be used to study the influence of cornering on vehicle roll and the influence of
braking and longitudinal acceleration on vehicle pitch.
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2.
A vehicle of total weight 50 KN is held at rest on a slope of 100.It has a wheel base of
2.25 m and its CG is 1.0 m in front of the rear axle and 1.5 m above the ground level.
Find the normal reaction at the wheel.
W= 50KN, =10, b=2.25m, l=1 m, h- 1.5 m
Rr=W/b (((b-l)cos )- (h sin )), Rf =W/b((l cos )+(hsin ))
3.
4.
Write the expression for the reactions at the front and rear wheels of a rear wheel drive vehicle.
Rf =Wl/b, Rr = W(1- (l/b)), W=wt of vehicle in N, b-wheel base m, l-distance of CG
from rear axle.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Define gradeability.
The maximum percentage grade which a vehicle can negotiate with full rated condition is
known as gradeability.
9.
Write the expression for the vertical reactions of a three wheeled vehicle.
Rf = Wl/b, Rr1 =W/2(1-(l/b)-(2c/a)) N, Rr2 =W/2 ((2c/a) - (l/b) +1))
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10.
11.
13.
14.
15
15.
16.
17.
Write the expression for the equivalent aerodynamic drag force on a vehicle.
Where is the mass density of air, Cd is the aerodynamic drag coefficient, AF is the
frontal area of the vehicle, which is the projected area of the vehicle in the direction of
travel, Vx is the longitudinal vehicle velocity, and Vwind is the wind velocity
18.
19.
20.
Enumerate the three types of stability control systems developed for yaw control?
Differential Braking systems
Steer-by-Wire systems
Active Torque Distribution systems
21.
16
22.
23.
24.
Write the relation between Engine revolutions N in rpm and Vehicle speed V in Km/hr
N/V = 2.65 G/r (G= gear ratio, r = radius of tyre in metre)
25.
Write the equation to calculate the tractive effort of a vehicle in terms of engine torque,
over all gear ratio, wheel radius and transmission efficiency.
F = (Te X G X t)/r N, Te= Engine Torque, G = over all Gear Ratio, t = Transmission
Efficiency, r =wheel radius
UNIT V
1.
LATERAL DYNAMICS
Write down the expressions for limiting speed and overturning speed when the vehicle
running on a banked track.
VS2 =
g c (sin + cos )
(cos sin )
V02 =
g c ( 2h sin + a cos )
( 2h cos a sin
3.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
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10.
Write down the expressions for reactions at wheels due to centrifugal force for a four
wheeled vehicle while taking a turn.
The inner, outer reactions for front and rear wheels are given below.
W V2 h l
PIF = POF =
g C ab
W V2 h l
PIR = POR =
1
g C a b
W = Wt of vehicle in N, C= Radius of curvature of path traced by CG of the vehicle in m,
a= Wheel track in m, b = Wheel base in m, h= h.t of CG of vehicle from ground in m.
l= Distance of CG in front of rear axle in m, V = Linear speed of the vehicle in m/s.
11.
Write down the expressions for reactions at wheels due to gyroscopic couple for a four
wheeled vehicle while taking a turn.
The inner, outer reactions for front and rear wheels are given below.
V2
(I S G I F )
QI = QIF + QIR =
Is = Moment of Inertia of slow rotating parts in N-m2
Crag
QO = QOF + QOR
V2
(I S G I F )
=
Crag
V2
(I S G I F )
2C r a g
12.
Give the expression for angle of tilt for the conventional suspension system.
2CT 2C Fh
The angle of tilt is given by =
=
Kd 2
Kd 2
F= Side Force acts at CG of vehicle, h = ht of CG from bottom point where resultant
passes acts, d=Spring Base, K = Spring Stiffness, C =Constant depend on relative
stiffness of spring used in front and rear.
13.
Justify why independent suspension system has lower angle of tilt compared to
conventional suspension system.
Roll axis of conventional suspension system is higher than the independent suspension
sytem.The wheel track a is greater than spring base d, so will be small in
independent suspension system.
14.
19
15.
f =
16.
L
+ f r
R
Wf
Wr
,
C f C r
Kus= 0 Neutral Steer, Kus> 0 = UnderSteer Kus< 0 = Over Steer.
Wf, Wr = Normal load on each of front wheels and each of rear wheels in N.
Cf, Cr = Cornering Stiffness of each of front and rear tires.
Under Steer Coefficient Kus =
17.
Sketch the curvature responses of neutral steer, over steer and under steer vehicles at a
fixed steer angle.
18.
19.
20.
20
21.
22.
Enumerate the various tests used for determining steady state handling characteristics.
(1) Constant Radius Test,
(2) Constant Forward Speed Test,
(3) Constant Steer Angle Test.
23.
24.
25.
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14. A wheel with weight W attached to it through a spring is rolling along a wavy surface
with a constant speed of 18.25 m/sec. The static deflection of the spring under the load W
is 9.8 X10-2 m and the surface is given by y = Y cos 2x/ l. where x = V, l = wavelength
of the wavy surface =1.83 m and Y = 2.5 X10-2 m. Determine the amplitude of the forced
vibration.
UNIT II TIRES
1. Explain the variation of longitudinal tire force with various slip angles in detail.
2. Explain the variation of lateral tire force with various slip angles in detail.
3. Explain how tire forces can be evaluated by using Magic Formula tire model with
suitable illustrations.
4. Describe how tire road friction can be estimated for both traction and braking.
5. (a) Illustrate the forces and moments acting on tire with tire axis system.
(b) Describe about the tire vibration with suitable sketches.
6. Explain the different types of tire structures and its uses with neat sketches.
7. Explain the experimental method of tire road friction estimation on different road
surfaces.
8. (a) Briefly explain the causes for occurrence of rolling resistance of tire and factors
influencing it.
(b) Explain the cornering characteristics of tyre and their relationship.
9. Explain the effect of tread pattern and speed on the braking performance of tires on
various wet surfaces.
10. (a)Describe the load -deflection characteristic of bias ply and radial ply tire in static
condition.
(b)Explain the three distinct types of tire vertical stiffness and its evaluation.
UNIT III
VERTICAL DYNAMICS
1. Explain in detail about Full, half and quarter car suspension models with neat sketches.
2. Explain the design methodology for passive suspension system using quarter car model.
3. Explain the control system design for active suspension system using LQR formulation
for quarter car model.
4. Briefly explain about the construction and working of air suspension system with neat
sketch.
5. Explain the design methodology for active suspension system using quarter car model.
6. Describe the influence of suspension parameters on sprung mass and unsprung mass
vibrations.
7. Briefly explain the design and development of semiactive control systems for automotive
suspensions.
8. Explain the design methodology for semi active suspension system using quarter car
model.
9. What is meant by semi active suspension? Explain the working principle of it.
Also enumerate the merits of semi active suspension.
10. Explain about LQR formulation for active suspension design.
11. What is meant by sky-hook damping? Explain the influence of sky hook damping in
modifying the performance of active and semi active suspensions.
12. Describe the design and configuration of H infinite controller used for quarter, half and
full car suspension model.
23
(a)Derive an equation for distribution of weight at front and rear wheels for a three
wheeled road vehicle.
(b)Explain about load distribution of a four wheeled road vehicle with deriving the
expression.
2.
Explain the calculation of maximum acceleration, maximum tractive effort and
reactions for different drive.
3.
A motor car with wheel base 2.75 m with a CG 0.85 m above the ground and 1.15 m
behind the front axle has a co-efficient of adhesion 0.6 between the tyre and ground.
Calculate the maximum possible acceleration when the vehicle is (a) Driven on four
wheels (b) Driven on the front wheels only (c) Driven on the rear wheels only.
Briefly explain the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the vehicle with its
4.
sign convention. Write the equation of motion for the forces and moments.
5.
(a) Explain the forces acting on tire with tire axis system.
(b) What is meant by rolling resistance? Briefly explain how rolling resistance influence
the performance of vehicle.
6.
Explain the working of anti lock braking system with a schematic layout. Explain the
various factors that influence the ABS control systems.
Describe the functioning of a yaw stability control system and explain in detail about
7.
any one of its types.
8.
Explain how steer by wire system can be designed for vehicle stability control.
9.
Explain the operational principle of traction control system with a neat sketch.
10. Explain the methodology adopted for prediction of vehicle performance in detail.
11. A vehicle weighs 21.24 KN including the four road wheels. Each of the wheels has a
rolling radius of 33 cm and a radius of gyration of 25.4 cm and weighs 244.6 N. The
engine develops a torque of 325 Nm at 3500 rpm. The equivalent mass of moment of
inertia of the parts rotating at engine speed is 0.733Kg m2.The transmission efficiency is
85% and the total reduction ratio of the driveline in the third gear is 4.28 to 1.The vehicle
has a frontal area of 1.86 m2 and the aerodynamic drag coefficient is 0.38.The coefficient
of rolling resistance is 0.02.Determine the acceleration of the vehicle on a level road
under these conditions.
12. Derive the expression for the relationship between the tractive effort and longitudinal
slip angles of the pneumatic tyres.
UNIT V
LATERAL DYNAMICS
24
25
m. Determine the normal reactions on each wheel taking in to account the centrifugal
effect.
19. Determine the load carried by wheels at the outer and inner sides and the max value of
coefficient of adhesion if there is no side slipping when the vehicle weighing 17.795KN
runs at 96KMPH round a circular path so that the C.G moves in a circle of 122 m with its
wheel axes at angle of 120 to horizontal. Its C.G is 1.06 m above the ground level and
wheel track is 1.3 m. Explain the forces or couple acting.
20. Discuss about Stability of a vehicle on a curved track with the appropriate equations.
21. Deduce an expression for Stability of a vehicle on a slope.
22. Deduce an expression for Stability of a vehicle on a banked road.
23. A vehicle of total weight 49050 N is held at rest on a slope of 10. It has a wheel base
of 2.25 m and its centre of gravity is 1.0 m in front of the rear axle and 1.5 m above the
ground level. Find(a) What are the normal reactions at the wheels?(b) Assuming that
sliding does not occur first, what will be the angle of slope so that the vehicle will
overturning.
24. Determine the load carried by wheels at the outer and inner sides and the maximum
value of coefficient of adhesion if there is no side slipping when the vehicle weighing
17795 N runs at 96 km/h round a circular path so that the centre of gravity moves in a
circuit of 122 m with its wheel axes at angle of 12 to the horizontal. Its centre of gravity
is 1.06 m above the ground level and wheel track is 1.3 m.
25. Derive an expression for the limiting speed to slide outward and overturning speed of
a vehicle along the banked track.
26. What are the forces acting on a four wheeled vehicle while taking a turn? Explain with
neat figure.
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PART B
1) Discuss the concept of vibration absorber with a suitable expression and show mathematically
how the system is completely absorbing the vibration? (Apr 2011) (Nov 2010)
2) What do you mean by Magnification factor? Derive a suitable expression for calculating the
magnification factor for a single degree of freedom? (Apr 2012)
3) Derive the equation for free and forced vibration for two degree of freedom? (Apr 2010)(Nov
2011)
4) Derive the expression to calculate the Magnification factor when a single degree of freedom
system is subjected to an external force. Also draw the Magnification factor vs frequency ratio.
Mention your observation from the curve. (Nov 2012)
5) Derive the equation for free and forced vibration for single degree of freedom for i) Under
damped conditions ii) Over damped conditions iii) Critically damped conditions (Apr 2011).
6) Compute the ratio between the maximum forces transmitted to the ground vs maximum force
applied with respect to single degree of freedom system. Plot this ratio against frequency ratio
and provide your observations. (Nov 2012)
7)
a) Briefly explain about the derivation for transmissibility ratio of a vibration system?
b) Briefly explain about the Modelling and Simulation? (April 2010)
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8) Describe briefly the free vibration of a vehicle with single degree of freedom. (April 2013)
9) Discuss the concept of vibration absorber with example. (Nov 2013)
10) Derive a suitable expression for magnification factor. Also draw the Magnification factor vs
frequency ratio and mention its importance. (Nov 2013)
11) Derive a suitable expression for transmissibility ratio. Also draw the Magnification factor vs
frequency ratio and mention its importance. (May 2014)
12) For the system shown in figure, compute the damping ratio, state whether the system is
critically damped, under damped or over damped. Determine x(t) for the initial condition given.
(May 2014)
13) The front suspension of a motor car is having an equivalent weight of 11.5KN carried on
spring stiffness 90kN/m. Calculate the frequency of vertical natural vibration with dampers
removed. If the dampers are adjusted to give total damping force 4.5KN/m/s. Calculate the
frequency of damped vibration and the ratio of second downward to first downward movement.
(Nov 2013)
13) A wheel with weight W attached to it through a spring is rolling along a wavy surface with a
constant speed of V is 18.25m/s. The static deflection of the spring under the load W is 0.098m
and the wavy surface is given by y=Ycos(2V/l)t. Determine the amplitude of forced vibration if
length of wavy surface is 1.83m and Y=0.025m. (May 2014)
28
UNIT II TIRES
PART A
1.
2.
PART B
1.
UNIT III
VERTICAL DYNAMICS
PART A
1.
PART B
2.
The entire Unit II & Unit III portions are newly added for Regulation 2013
for AT 6604 Vehicle Dynamics - New portions are not available with
previous Regulations So university questions are not available for the
units
Unit IV only 30% of portion are available with previous Regulations So
university questions are not available for the remaining 70%
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PART B
1. Derive the suitable expression to find out the reaction forces, Maximum tractive effort
and maximum forward acceleration for
(i) Four wheel drive (ii) Front wheel drive (iii) Rear wheel drive (April 2010) (April
2013)
2. A motor car with total weight of 40 KN and wheel base of 2.75m with CG of 0.85m
above the ground and 1.15m behind the front axle. If coefficient of adhesion is 0.6,
Compute the maximum possible acceleration and the normal reactions when the vehicle
is i) Driven on front wheels only ii) Driven on rear wheels only iii) Derive the formula
(Nov 2012)
used for the above.
3. Compute the reaction forces, maximum acceleration and tractive effort for vehicle
driving on front wheel drive, rear wheel drive and all wheel drive. (Nov 2013)
4. Two cars similar in all aspects excepting the one has rear wheel drive and the other has
front wheel drive. If the engine power does not limit the ability to climb grades, state
which car can ascend steep grades. (May 2014).
5. Write short notes on: (April 2011)
a) Factors affecting rolling resistance
b) Vehicle suspension in fore and aft direction.
30
UNIT V
LATERAL DYNAMICS
PART A
PART B
1. a) Explain about the distribution of weight of a three wheeled vehicle? (Apr 2009)
b) Explain about the distribution of weight of a four wheeled vehicle? (Apr 2009)
2. Illustrate the vehicle stability on a banked track? (Apr 2009)
3. Discuss the stability of the vehicle when negotiating a turn. (Nov 2012)
4. A car of total weight 20kN runs at 80 km/hr round a curve so that its C.G. moves in a
circle of 82m radius with its wheel axes at an angle of 12 to the horizontal. The C.G. of
the car is 1 m above the ground and is midway between the axes. The wheel track is 1.2
m. Determine the normal reactions on each wheel taking into account the centrifugal
effect. (April 2011)
5. A car of total weight 20 KN runs at 70 km/hr round a curve so that its C.G. moves in a
circle of 80m radius with its wheel axes at an angle of 10 to the horizontal. The C.G. of
the car is 1 m above the ground and is midway between the axes. The diameter of the
wheels is 0.6 m, the wheel track is 1 m. Each wheel weighs 1800 N with radius of
gyration of 0.25 m. Determine the normal reactions on each wheel taking into account the
centrifugal effect and gyroscopic effect.(Nov 2010)
6. A car of total weight 20kN runs at 80 km/hr round a curve so that its C.G. moves in a
circle of 82m radius with its wheel axes at an angle of 12 to the horizontal. The C.G. of
the car is 1 m above the ground and is midway between the axes. The wheel track is 1.2
m. Determine the normal reactions on each wheel taking into account the centrifugal
effect.(April 2011)
7. A car of total weight 19620 N runs at 72 km/hr round a curve so that its C.G. moves in a
circle of 80m radius with its wheel axes at an angle of 10 to the horizontal. The C.G. of
the car is 1 m above the ground and is midway between the axes. The wheel track is 1 m
and the diameter of the wheels is 0.6 m and each pair of axle weighs 1962 N, and the
radius of gyration is 0.25 m. Determine the normal reactions on each wheel taking into
account the centrifugal and gyroscopic effect.(Nov 2011) (April 2013)
8. A motor car takes a bend of 30.5 m at a speed of 64 km/hr. Determine magnitude of the
centrifugal and gyroscopic couples acting on the vehicle and state the effect that the road
has on the road wheels. Assume that (i) Each road wheel has a moment of inertia of 19.62
N-m2 and effective road radius of 0.4 m (ii) The rotating parts of the engine and
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