Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Connecticut
libraries
hbl.stx
1421.T95 no.34
=1153
DDbSVTVT
s
-3
http://archive.org/details/archaeologicalusOOandr
Program of Research
in
Yucatan
Maya Lowlands
E. Wyllys Andrews
Publication 34
Tulane University
New
1969
Orleans
IV
A. L.
HARRISON
ROBERT WAUCHOPE
Editors
Maya Lowlands
Frontispiece
Two Maya paintings of the sea, murals in the Chac Mool Temple, buried under the Temple of
the Warriors at Chichen Itza. Modified Florescent period. (From Morris, Chariot, and Morris, 1931, pis. 139, 159).
Program of Research
in
Yucatan
Maya Lowlands
E. Wyllys
Publication 34
Tulane University
New
1969
Orleans
Andrews IV
F
T<15~
Contents
Introduction
34
35
Ecology
35
Trade
41
Temporal Factors
45
Use of
Use of
Shells as
Use
32
Ornaments
Raw
of Shell as
Use of Molluscs
as
53
56
Material
Food
48
56
60
Appendix
hi
References
113
Illustrations
Frontispiece
sea.
Text Figures
1.
Map
2.
3.
Trade
the
of the
Maya
area
relations suggested
Maya lowlands
36
44
Cache
51
5.
Marine
6.
life
as seen
on the facade of
Str. 1,
Dzibilchaltun
54
55
Plates
1. Fissurellidae,
Trochidae, Turbinidae
65
67
2.
Neritidae, Littorinidae
3.
69
107
4-
Strombidae
71
5.
Cypraeidae, Ovulidae
6.
7
8
Muricidae
77
81
Melongenidae, Fasciolariidae
83
Conidae
12. Olividae,
13- Arcidae,
85
87
Glycymeridae
89
91
Anomiidae, Carditidae
93
Chamidae
97
18. Cardiidae
99
17.
19.
75
79
Melongenidae
9
10
73
95
101
Veneridae
103
and pelecypods
105
Tables-
modern
1.
2.
3.
at
lowland Maya
sites
Isla
37
46
57
Acknowledgments
Program of Research
SocietyTulane Univer-
which
at Dzibilchaltun, of
for help
the
American Philosophical
Society.
The
illustra-
archaeological
contract with,
and
their
of,
the Secretaria de
Dr. Eusebio
Instituto, as well
Monuments
and direction
late
period of work.
laboratory.
AH
Thanks
J December 1966
Introduction
were made of
marine
identifiable
life.
shell
number
large
which had
was
species
many
remains of
to
so lost
and
shells
its
of artioriginal
unidentifiable.
soon
It
became
animals, from
was
and
of the jewelry
conclusion that
many
Maya
because
modes
pleased them.
it
in shell-collecting
to
come), we believe
we of today,
collected
utilitarian value
also
simply
became apparent
and usage
that
as well as trade
is
site
worthwhile
to
yet taken
some time
review in some
from our
We have included an
a reference to any
new
Under each
or published knowl-
The
of additional entries in
some 15,000
At some
sites, shells
were never
identified
ar-
sites.
below the
was of
sites this
necessity
some
significant alteration
made
se,
or
the specimen of
particular interest.
seem overly
tifications
precise or sophisticated in
an
undocumented malacologically,
because we have drawn heavily on a manuscript
now
in
More
insula to the
and on the
This
is
Tellina)
Maya
Peten
sites
Honduras and
Some
species
have
and
(e.g.,
lie
ends of the
Excavations
still
in progress
at Tikal,
by the University of
list,
have drawn up
in phylogenetic
ical
order.
this
ordering offers
difficulty,
is
making
and clumsy. As
and are
sites
Campeche,
in
life
Laguna de Terminos
Campeche Bank.
shells
Pennsylvania
through 1964,
the checklist.
common
grate-
manu-
available
collections
number
am
is
which furnished
making
midden on
listing
on further
notes
and
a shell
her generosity in
ful for
script
have
the Caribbean
heavily
If
own
drawn
in
tified
all
As
no
It
Much
Much
were made of
of old, as
attractive shells of
in sculptures,
used as food.
tombs
life.
much
luscs
life
to
whom
an alphabetical index
added
at the end.
Syno-
Alocran Reef
Son Felipe
Rio Lagortos
Dzilam Bravo
Minas de Oro
GULF OF MEXICO
El
Cuyo
Cabo Cotoche
Chavlhou
Telchac Puerto
Dolores
Pro g r e so^^^L^^z
mTT
uburirio,^F*''
C hub
u/0 g^'*'"*^,& * <7 s a
Slsaj,
tf
XDZIBIU
LCHAUTUN
*\
ISLA
Trlongulos Reefs
CANCUN MIDDEN
Merido
YUCATAN
OXKLNTOK
--
C
ISLA
JAIN A
l
CALCEHTOK
A
M
CH1CHEN
"TZA-L
XBALANKANCHE
Kaua
-LUXMAL
KABAHi-
J_
tsla
Corumel
J-LOLTUN
J-LABNA
Bohla de
La Ascension
*Champoton
r
Chenkan
roo
quintana
.....
Ciudod Carmen
C
fclsla
L^?
ZacalQl^J^LOguno
Aguada
^i
do
CAMPEC
Lake Bacaiar
HE
(/yL
CARIBBEAN SEA
j/t^CayoNorf
Tormlnos
Chlnchoro Bonk
GULF OF
HONDURAS
CHIAPAS
GUATEMALA
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Fig.
Map
of the
Maya
area,
showing
locations
mentioned
in the checklists.
Introduction
there
is
change
some confusion
in
when
except
listed
had long
felt
often fragmentary
unworked
shells in archaeological
it
all
specific
Artifacts of Uaxactun,
of the
p.
and
the
(e.g., of
61 of Kidder's
is
amplifies.
These modern
Some
shells are
collec-
fragment
added
double lowercase
field reports
made such
shell, a
tion
taxonomy.
I
designated by
bb, cc).
may seem
to
be
hinge
small fragment of
is
tion of pelecypod
species,
and
final
ination.
it
as Noetia; there
known
our specimen
in
is
American Atponderosa.
is
difficult
names
to be sure
to
it
TV.
is
refer.
We
archaeological shells
bound
errors are
is
to occur.
may
As reference
local
collections
common on
extremely
On
entirely replaced
form
S. gigas,
is
it is
almost
coast.
At Dzibilchaltun, 486
identifiable
shells
of costatus, as
all
would
has often
fossil
was
by no means
to
on the archaeological
many weeks
Without
their help,
in this
who
Museum
of Natural History,
pan
to be S. gigas,
common
figs.
43, 47),
large conch at
Maya-
a lack of
200
away
see below,
across
would be
other evidence
the reader
tion,
as
we
in direct contradiction to
now on
hand. Without
would be forced
shall
much
illustration,
the problem
is
quickly resolved.
The specimens
are
in
The modern
are
strictly
peninsular,
ings in malacological
literature.
intensive to
make most
that
tion
and
also
On
plates
collec-
1 21,
Where
these are
it is still
As noted above,
sufficiently
we must
bear in
mind
have indicated.
the archaeological specimens are designated by single lowercase italic letters (a, b, c).
we
our
collection;
gigas.
illustrating
own
They
to
to the checklist.
and unneces-
miles
check
distinguish
between complete
specimens
and
4
sometimes estimating the number of
fragments,
we
The
to enlarge the
sample of rare
(often with
fascinating
results,
name
"Doc
sometimes by
Bales'
it
was named
Ark"). In
original
the
of
Spanish or
would be
Terms
Salis'
occupational debris
"von
(e.g.
"Rigid
it,
e.g.
number
same
volume
is
terms of the
total
hope
identification. Therefore,
insignificant
so
in
little
usually
not,
We have
therefore,
malacologist.
placed popular
genera
lar
as a whole.
Where
deposits.
some
the discovery of
whole
shells has
the text.
we have
is
on
file
num-
noted as pairs.
Fuller descriptions and extra-peninsular distribu-
Warmke and
Abbott
only).
we
Where we have
minology used
major
from the
studies,
it
wished
detail
times
to
in
ter-
has been
new mate-
we have
not
we seem
of our identifications. If at
have
reaches print.
liter-
meaning of
MMS
P
tions of
specialist,
of
indicate
principal
It
usually
following abbreviations
rial
The
listed in
broken
fragment
shell or
in
we
scope,
dietary function,
It
larger
names
of
RR
Coe, 1959
Kidder, 1947
Moholy-Nagy, 1963
Moholy-Nagy, manuscript
ProskouriakofT, 1962
Ricketson and Ricketson, 1937
notes
Thompson, 1939
Willey and others, 1965
Class:
Modern
FISSURELLIDAE
Family:
distribution:
from
(keyhole limpets)
B.H., to
Belize,
Isla
Alacran Reef.
Archaeological occurrence:
Modern
Common
distribution:
on the
entire
pe-
B.H., to
DZIBILCHALTUN:
mative.
Modern
from
distribution:
Very common on
on north or west
listen
(d'Orbigny)
east coasts,
from
and
Alacran Reef.
at
unworked,
in unstratified
TIKAL:
PIEDRAS NEGRAS:
p.
67).
364,
unworked,
Formative.
2 perforated for
(M MS).
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL,
seen
coasts.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
North and
distribution:
Not
Q.R.
deposit.
Modern
east coast
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Diodora
unworked, For-
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
unworked, Late
Classic
is
this species).
(Gmelin)
Fissurella barbadensis
Illustration: Plate i,a.
Modern
of the peninsula,
Isla
from Turneffe
Islands, B.H., to
Contoy, Q.R.
locally
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked,
in unstratified
CHICHEN
(J.
TIKAL,
ITZA:
known
as sigua,
is
{Cittarium
The
raw or cooked
which
deposit.
Cenote
crab,
shells
as
soup,
delicious.
is
TURBINIDAE
Family:
(star shells)
Comment: Limpets
Chichen
Itza,
Isla
rare at Dzibilchaltun,
common on
They may have
rocky shores
and delicious
been strung
to eat.
were
distribution:
from Turneffe
Common
on Caribbean coast
and on offshore
Cancun, Q.R.,
atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
Modern
is
shells
is
correct,
site.
Modern
distribution:
Common
Family:
and on offshore
on
Isla
all coasts,
from
Carmen, Camp.,
atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
mative.
4 unworked, For-
MOLLUSCA
Astraea tecta americana (Gmelin)
Modern
coasts,
Common
distribution:
from Turneffe
and on offshore
on
east
and north
Yuc,
coast
unworked, For-
Archaeological occurrence:
tive, a
is
beautiful
strikingly
often
Turneffe Islands,
atolls,
Isla
DZIBILCHALTUN:
mative.
It
on the Caribbean
Cayo Areas.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
Comment:
Common
distribution:
B.H., to
atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
Modern
IN
common and
shells
(?)
unworked, Forma-
3 rather
than the
MAYAPAN:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
NERITIDAE
Family:
UAXACTUN:
(nerites)
cache (RR,
unworked,
pi.
199,
p.
'.
Modern
from
Carmen
Isla
to
on north and
specimen
is
variety of tessellata.
probably the
latter,
which
is
This
common
east
coasts.
Archaeological occurrence:
MA YAP AN:
West Indian
Adams,"
387,
44, b,g).
fig.
TIKAL:
(P,
Common
distribution:
on Caribbean
coast
Archaeological occurrence:
Modern
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
96 unworked, For-
mative.
Comment:
It
distribution that
if
ProskouriakofT's identification
must be trade
correct, these
pieces
from southern
of the backs of
in
complete
archaeological
loss
in
identification
this species.
We
by the usually
We
suggest,
specimens are N.
tessellata,
Lamarck
Neritina meleagris
Illustration:
Modern
Sowerby, 1841^1.94.
distribution:
Not
collected
in
peninsular
waters.
Archaeological occurrence:
SAN
S.J.
IV cache
(T,p. 180).
specimens of the
TIKAL:
is
Modern
distribution:
of the peninsula,
Carmen;
site.
also
Common
along entire
littoral
to Isla
on the offshore
atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTIN:
MAYAPAN:
Modern
distribution:
Common
atolls only;
on Caribbean
Boca Paila
coast
to Isla
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
mative.
unworked, Formative.
Proskouriakoff
mentions
"one
p.
387). As virginea
is
the
20 unworked, For-
most probably
SAN
JOSE:
sel, S.J.
it
this.
unworked specimen
IV (Late Early
in cache ves-
Marine Species
Comment: The
San Jose) or
curiosity.
The
larger nerites
from the
Comment: The
Roo
Isla
Cancun may
above high-tide
grow
Numer-
They
number
holes of a
of predators. It
is
drill
littorinids
If
limit,
from
midden
zone"
much
very difficult
The
Family:
TURRITELLIDAE
(turret shells)
LITTORINIDAE
Family:
Littorina ziczac
(periwinkles)
Modern
collected.
(Gmelin)
Reported
at a
number
from
of stations
Modern
at
Absent on
Q.R.
from Turneffe
Seybaplaya,
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
mative,
Camp.
possibly
intrusive
4 unworked, For-
on larger
in
shells
Midden.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
Nodilittorina tuberculata
distribution:
Tulum
to
Modern
distribution:
All
three coasts,
Cozumel, Q.R.
from
Camp. Also
Isla
at Ala-
cran Reef.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
shells)
(Menke)
Modern
SILIQUARIIDAE (worm
Family:
mative.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
mative.
tainer,
unworked,
in cache con-
spire,
as
Modern
East
distribution:
coast
only.
Turneffe
TIKAL:
Q.R.
this species.)
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
p. 67,
mative.
by
in
Modern
coast
only.
Q.R.
Turneffe
Also at Ala-
Modern
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
ISLA
unworked
4 unworked,
in Florescent
in unstratified deposit.
CANCUN MIDDEN: n
mative.
cran Reef.
cache.
PLANAXIDAE (planaxis)
Family:
East
distribution:
unworked, For-
Q.R.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
mative.
unworked, For-
MoLLUSCA
Family:
MODULIDAE (modulus)
Modern
Modern
distribution:
on
three coasts,
all
Carmen,
Isla
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
Family:
unworked (M-MS).
CERITHIIDAE
JOSE:
Common
from Turneffe
on
unworked,
in S.J.
IV cache (T,
is
entire periphery
CALYPTRAEIDAE
Family:
Carmen, Camp.
(cup-and-saucers,
slipper shells)
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
atolls.
purpose.
of peninsula,
B.H., to
Islands,
distribution:
entire coast
p.
Modern
common on
w.
Archaeological occurrence:
Comment: The
(ceriths)
Very
pi. 13,
SAN
atolls.
Abbott, 1961,
from Turneffe
of peninsula,
Common
Camp.
Warmke and
distribution:
Adams
Cerithium variabile C. B.
Illustration:
IN
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
Modern
Plate 3,/,n.
distribution:
Common
on
entire littoral of
Isla
Carmen,
mative.
Camp.
ISLA
distribution:
of peninsula,
atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
Modern
Also offshore
Common
on
entire periphery
to Isla Car-
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
some
TIKAL:
p. 67, archeological
22 unmodified (M,
larger shell.
men, Camp.
Archaeological occurrence:
UAXACTUN:
cache (RR,
ably the
p.
same
199,
unworked from
pi.
Classic
shell listed
is
by Kidder (K,
stela
presump.
61).
Modern
Keen, 1958,
fig.
254.
distribution: Pacific.
Archaeological occurrence:
Cerithium
liter attum
PIEDRAS NEGRAS:
(Born)
cache (C,
Modern
distribution:
Common
on offshore
men from
atolls.
on
Isla
east coast,
coast; 1 speci-
p. 55).
Modern
distribution:
Common
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
from
Rare on north
unworked, For-
Isla
Contoy,
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
mative.
from
Camp.
35 unmodified (M,
p. 67, archaeological
Keen, 1958,
Illustration:
Modern
fig.
211.
distribution: Pacific.
Modern
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
p. 67).
distribution:
Common, from
Camp.
Isla
Mujeres,
Marine Species
Archaeological occurrence:
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked
in cache,
Late
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
1,871 unworked,
Strombus included
in cache.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
unworked, For-
BARTON RAMIE:
mative.
TIKAL:
(M,
8 unmodified
p. 67, archaeological
fragments,
number found
at
STROMBIDAE
UAXACTUN:
distribution: This
is
the
common
On
conch of
by
becomes
However,
S. pugilis.
On
Modern
distribution: This
the northwest
periods (see
found
as far south as
and
coast,
east coast.
Isla
Lobos,
Also found
on the offshore
identified as S. gigas.
spires,
384-85)
and 72 "altered
She notes
their use as
is
commonest
the
site,
as well as the
rare east of
It also
occurs
is
CANCUN MIDDEN:
493
unworked,
MAYAPAN:
with
"cut
fig.
spire,"
presumably
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
CHICHEN ITZA:
sonal communication).
BARTON RAMIE:
507,
SAN
fig.
510,/).
JOSE:
S.J. II"
(T,
from perforation
to shoulder
p.
is
illustrated
1937,
p.
169,
pi. 6,
and
Boekelman,
no. 7).
UAXACTUN:
distribution:
mative.
p.
this shell
Formative.
This
is
the
common
conch
It is
Chuburna,
atolls.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Modern
of
at
10 complete, 9 cut
ISLA
West
as Isla
ISLA
S. costatus,
of
As
common conch
the
artifacts.
artifacts.
is
all
material,
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
lists
RR
re-
Archaeological occurrence:
MAYAP AN:
199,
Alacran Reef.
all
p.
pre-
Kidder
68, a).
it is
from
lists
pi.
it
it
61)
p.
(RR,
Classic
coasts
and west
(W,
sumably
(conchs)
it
K,
Modern
TIKAL: 1 unworked
(M-MS).
sion,
Family:
but
all
Comment: Although
ably larger
atolls.
201,
pi.
(RR,
p.
10
MOLLUSCA
from the
Classic figurines
site
One unworked
speci-
(K,p.6i).
Modern
ISLA
Common
distribution:
from Turneffe
Isla
coast,
atolls.
on Caribbean coast
CANCUN MIDDEN:
10 unworked, For-
mative.
atolls.
coasts.
Modern
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
on Caribbean
Archaeological occurrence:
and west
Common
distribution:
on offshore
Modern
IN
CANCUN MIDDEN:
57 unworked, For-
Common
distribution:
on
to Isla
east coast
from
Cayo Areas.
mative.
Archaeological occurrence:
Comment: The
striking
abundance
all-year
of
Caribbean
littoral
of labor.
with
relish
from
and
British
delightedly by me),
S. costatus are
minimum
eaten
still
CANCUN MIDDEN:
39 unworked, For-
mative.
BARTON RAMIE:
(W,pp.
526, 528).
to
Tabasco (and
TIKAL:
spices,
shredded and
netta" the
Honduras
raw with
offered
atolls,
ISLA
cervi-
(MMS).
The
The ponderous
in
Formative days
at
Cancun.
Comment: It is odd
in so many parts of
money, seems
to
ancient Maya.
shells
cities,
form
shells to
which
have been of
little
interest to the
collected as food.
surely
OVULIDAE
Family:
Modern
Family:
CYPRAEIDAE
(cowries)
coast,
from Turneffe
ISLA
distribution: Rare,
on north
coast only.
Sisal,
One
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked fragment
in
unworked
in For-
worked
i960,
this
outer
lip,
apparently
un-
fig.
19
with
4, all
b, 14, called
might be C. zebra).
"ornament (?) of
shell";
unworked, For-
2 holes pierced
(Merwin and
5,
on back
cache, one
from Early
perforated, four
Classic
(M-MS, "Cyphoma,
mative deposit.
TIKAL:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
Q.R.:
atolls.
mative.
for suspension
Formative deposit.
TANCAH,
CANCUN MIDDEN:
HOLMUL:
Yuc.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
Caribbean
Archaeological occurrence:
Modern
Uncommon on
distribution:
unworked, undated
(M MS, "Cyphoma
UAXACTUN:
1,
sp.,"
with
p. 62).
perforations
broken
ii
Marine Species
Morum
Family:
tuberculosum (Reeve)
Keen, 1958,
Illustration:
Modern
Archaeological occurrence:
Modern
Chencan
distribution:
Carmen.
to Isla
one Formative
and shoul-
1 tinkler, spire
%.
52,).
V tomb
SAN JOSE:
1, in S.J.
Lambidium
tuberculosa
morum," which
this
is
species).
Comment:
from Turneffe
Q.R.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
un worked, For-
mative.
It is
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
PIEDRAS NEGRAS:
(C, pp. 55, 57,
Modern
distribution: Pacific.
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
316.
fig.
was
Atlantic form
both
sites.
into
the
to be obtained so
near to
two
species
precarious.
is
was influenced by
graphic provenience;
might
it
Identification
also
geo-
Modern
only,
Common
distribution:
on Caribbean
coast
from Turneffe
Illustration: P\ate6,b,bb.
atolls.
Modern
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
9 unworked, For-
on
Illustration: Plate
CANCUN MIDDEN:
Camp. Also
at
mative.
Common
from
on
entire periphery
Aguada,
Alacran Reef.
two with
ITZA:
large
"6,
round
distribution:
from
Probably
Decadent
CHICHEN
Modern
Archaeological occurrence:
MAYAPAN:
fig.
period,
44,^).
holes,
Isla
two perforated"
(P,
DZIBILCHALTUN:
what
Uncommon on
Islands, B.H., to
east
coast,
Proskouriakoff
"Phalium
this
is
sp.,"
is
387,
fig.
probably in-
fig.
94,i)
mentioned
illustrates
It is
not
in the text.
Cancun, Q.R.,
on the offshore
atolls.
1 tinkler, spire
and north
coasts
and shoulder
in that P.
tum,
is
granulatum
relatively
is
much
on
They
differ
infla-
Archaeological occurrence:
(Andrews, 1969,
is
p.
the east
off, drilled
which
Longyear (1952,
cut
(P,
BALANKANCHE:
fragment, unworked in
is
COP AN:
from Turnefle
lists
flatum, as
oniscus (Linne)
distribution:
Carmen. Also
Isla
Formative debris.
and
Modern
to
coasts only,
Cayo Areas.
47,f)
Holbox, Q.R.,
MAYAPAN:
CASSIDIDAE
Illustration
Archaeological occurrence:
at base,
Morum
6 unworked, For-
6,;';'.
distribution:
of the peninsula
Family:
Mujeres,
ISLA
Natica canrena (Linne)
p.
Isla
Archaeological occurrence:
mative.
Modern
Cancun and
distribution: Isla
12
in adult specimens has a strong
Archaeological occurrence:
MAYAPAN:
together
cist,
Cassis madagascariensis
Warmke and
Illustration:
Modern
Lamarck
to Isla Mujeres,
pi. 1,/.
with
smaller
Q.R.
perforated
p. 387, fig.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
shells,"
47,).
unworked, For-
mative.
BARTON RAMIE:
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
Abbott, 1961,
p.
unworked,
Classic
(W,
526).
(M-MS).
sis" undated
Salis)
Modern
Modern
from
from Turneffe
Is-
Archaeological occurrence:
Isla
36 unworked, For-
mative.
JOSE:
1 artifact
osa"
S.J. Ill
(T,
to Isla
DZIBILCHALTUN:
three coasts,
all
Carmen.
unworked, from Cenote
probably thrown
in
offering.
as
Not
datable.
ISLA
SAN
Mujeres
on
Archaeological occurrence:
Xlacah,
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
Uncommon
distribution:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
TIKAL: 1, slightly
debris (M-MS).
altered, probably
Late Classic
Cymatium
[=
(Linne)
pileare
martinianum
C.
(d'Orbigny)]
Illustration: Plate ~/,d,dd.
Modern
Modern
Islands,
Areas.
Islands, B.H., to
MAYAPAN:
387).
p.
and
Turneffe
Archaeological occurrence:
1
specimen,
perfect
un-
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
Family:
CYMATIIDAE
unworked, For-
mative.
CANCUN MIDDEN: n
Family:
atolls.
east
all
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
Uncommon on
from Turneffe
East coast,
distribution:
distribution:
Tonna
(tritons)
galea (Linne)
[=
C. tritonis nobilis
and
(Conrad)]
distribution:
Frequent on
hau on north
coast.
east coast
single shell
from
from Chavi-
Rare on
CANCUN MIDDEN:
coasts,
Alacran Reef.
at
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
7 unworked, For-
unworked, For-
Modern
at
distribution:
More common on
Chavihau and
to Isla
Sisal
east coast
Contoy. Collected
on north
coast,
and
at
Alacran Reef.
Alacran Reef.
mative.
east coast.
and north
mative.
Modern
east
atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
distribution:
Archaeological occurrence:
Illustration: Plate 7, a.
Modern
Modern
from Turneffe
Cuyo on
north-
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
mative.
4 unworked, For-
Marine Species
13
Comment: Taken
for food
Archaeological occurrence:
CHICHEN ITZA:
FICIDAE
Family:
me on
unworked, found by
(fig shells)
tion.
Ficus
communis Roding
Comment:
Modern
distribution:
Common
on
to Isla Mujeres,
Isla
Carmen.
96 unworked; most datable
fig.
tation
well with
fit
its
apparent impor-
coast.
Modern
MAYAPAN:
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
distribution:
peninsular
entire
B.H., to
Isla
periphery;
Turneffe
the
Islands,
atolls.
which
is
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
this species).
unworked, For-
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked,
in the
Cenote
mative.
Formative de-
The
shell
is
it
so thin that
it
used as food.
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
TIKAL: 1 unworked
cache (M-MS).
Comment:
MURICIDAE
Family:
Murex
dilectus
p.
61).
unworked (M,
p. 67,
Modern
Rare on west
distribution:
Celestun,
Yuc,
to
coast
only.
Chencan, Camp.
Archaeological occurrence:
Archaeological occurrence:
3
Can-
TIKAL:
also at
Adams
A.
Modern
(murex)
unworked, For-
mative.
UAXACTUN:
"Murex, prob-
TIKAL: 1 unworked,
(M-MS).
as
"Murex
recurvirostris"
noted).
recurvirostris
called to
all
my
attention that
this
form were
rubidum
of this species.
It
originally
called
M.
form
status.
much
and
fairly
common
is
strange
shell has
not
Modern
distribution:
from Turneffe
Murex
fulvescens
Sowerby
distribution:
ISLA
fragment of
this
It
species
exas.
on Caribbean
coast,
Q.R.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
at Isla
else-
Common
Archaeological occurrence:
Illustration: Plate8,a,.
Modern
8,^-.
its
to
Modern
Isla
Plate 8,//.
Cozumel
to
MoLLUSCA
i4
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
IN
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
corona).
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
mative.
clearly
is
unworked,
555
Formative.
Modern
distribution:
to Isla
Modern
Contoy, Q.R.
Common
distribution:
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
Isla
coasts
all
from
Carmen.
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
mative.
on
135 unworked,
but one
all
Family:
COLUMBELLIDAE
(dove
ISLA
shells)
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
BARTON RAMIE:
Modern
1,
distribution: Entire
littoral
of peninsula,
Carmen. Offshore
atolls.
TIKAL:
unworked, undated;
UAXACTUN:
Archaeological occurrence:
5 slightly altered,
(M-MS).
near
mative.
SAN
JOSE:
(T,p.i8o).
TIKAL:
unworked,
Early Classic,
perforated, Classic
IV
perforated,
Comment: Except
the
for
fig.
48).
example from
single
of the
"slightly
of this genus
BUCCINIDAE
making
altered",
Family:
orifice,
(M-MS).
form of an
cuts in
so thin
that only
Modern
Isla Cancun
only.
the Formative.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
this
in votive caches
The enormous
Isla Cancun
in contrast to
MELONGENIDAE
(crown
conchs,
whelks)
Table 2),
total
its
abundance
a striking
is
from Boca
all
three coasts,
Carmen, Camp.
seven of
known
MAYAPAN:
which
Abbott (1954,
unworked,
all
but
p.
fig.
is
47, s, called
this
from
species.
"M.
I
at
Isla
Uncommon
bispinosa
agree with
is
not a
on
east
and north
Cayo Areas.
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
226
coasts
distribution:
Yuc, and
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Modern
in
site.
on
Formative (see
Common
no doubts that
leave
in the
distribution:
quantities present at
Modern
during
The almost
mative.
Family:
common
Dzibilchaltun and
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
At Dzibilchaltun
unworked
juvenile speci-
of Late
Early period
floor
vaulted building.
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
mative.
4 unworked, For-
Marine Species
J5
ler
Modern
Mujeres and
from
Contoy.
Isla
Holbox
Isla
and west
to
from
coasts
coast
east
Common
at
Isla
on north coast
Sisal to Isla
Carmen, where
taxonomy
DZIBILCHALTUN:
118
unworked,
largely
from Formative
(see
was used
it
We
tabulations.
from
Archaeological occurrence:
where
the above
Modern
Alacran Reef.
deposits,
in
species contrarium
Rarer on northwest
Sisal.
it is
at
Rare on
distribution:
common
manufacture
in the
distribution:
Common
Mujeres, Q.R., to
Isla
on
all
three coasts,
Carmen, Camp.
Isla
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked,
12,
in
most
period cache.
of jewelry.
MA YAP AN:
unworked
period,
Decadent
probably
specimens,
(P, p. 387,
fig.
47,0, listed as
MAYAPAN:
which
it is
is
fig. 47,/?, as
pyrum Dillwyn,
B.
this species).
this
LABNA:
1,
pierced
species).
GRUTA DE OXKINTOK:
posits dated
by Mercer
unworked,
this sin-
18; Hatt
figs. 17,
and
others, 1953, p.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
581
TIKAL:
unworked (M,
unworked,
lists
"about 105,
sp.,
imma-
tiny,
which may be
is
late
(M-MS).
UAXACTUN:
(K,
CANCUN MIDDEN:
illustrated
19 unworked, For-
mative.
NASSARIIDAE (mud
Family:
in).
unmodified" as Busycon
Classic
X, 18,
pi.
snails)
ISLA
173-74,
Formative.
2
H. Thompson, 1897b,
(E.
var. co-
estral shell is
as
is
in de-
p. 61, as
Modern
all
three coasts,
in Chicanel deposit
perversum).
from Turneffe
on
Archaeological occurrence:
1,
drilled
areas
Islands, B.H., to
UAXACTUN:
unworked,
swamp
In or near
distribution:
Prunum
reticularis,
p. 61, as
"Nassa
vibex")
Modern
distribution:
Common
to Isla
from Progreso on
Carmen, Camp.
Family:
FASCIOLARIIDAE
latirus)
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked, Formative.
Comment:
ferent
species
latter characterized
by a
much
Modern
of Yucatan, Celestun,
modern known
is
to
mature
and
which
is
are
much commoner
on north coast
outside
ISLA
habitat,
CANCUN MIDDEN:
although Can-
unworked, For-
mative.
UAXACTUN:
The
MOLLUSCA
i6
olaria distans
suspension, in
may be F.
hunteria
CHICHEN
worked,
ITZA:
captioned
(provenience of
comment below).
Canche"). Dr.
Comment: Regarding
There
from shrimp
hunteria (Perry).
is
obviously closely
Cam-
shrimp
and Abbott. Oddly,
Rehder
F. branhamae
trawlers off
a later-
also
third,
origi-
which
trawlers, for
peche,
an
Waldheim), and
v.
named
is
hunteria,
species,
those
including
from
all
a later
is
synonym
J.
Ladd
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
BARTON RAMIE:
(W,
from Turneffe
Camp. Also
Islands,
TIKAL:
unworked,
Isla
Carmen,
67;
3 slightly altered,
(M MS).
one undated
Classic,
Classic,
with
is
removed,
spire
which
(RR,
it is
pi.
69, c; K, p.
Latirus ceratus
Modern
(Wood)
Keen, 1958,
fig.
603.
distribution: Pacific.
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
but this
MAYAPAN:
ISLA
p.
Illustration:
Archaeological occurrence:
mative;
mixed debris
in
offshore atolls.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
84 unworked, For-
three coasts,
all
to
spire
on
its
mative.
B.H.,
which had
of
Common
text
(personal communication)
distribution:
in
listed
off.
Ricketsons suggest
Modern
correctly
lot:
UAXACTUN:
not
un-
notes that
cut
and
51, h)
fig.
species,
this
as
specimen,
juvenile
(P,
illustrated
IN
47,/).
fig.
Modern
CANCUN MIDDEN:
478
unworked.
Formative.
distribution:
Abbott, 1961,
Not
collected
pi. i,i.
on peninsula.
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
Warmke and
Illustration:
Family:
TURBINELLIDAE
(chank
shell)
Modern
distribution:
Rare on
Common
Isla
on north and
Holbox, Q.R.,
to Isla Car-
Modern
distribution:
from Turneffe
on offshore
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Common
spire
removed, Proskouriakoff
may
384,
fig.
this species),
unworked
"Fasciolaria papulosa",
is
Decadent period.
which
p.
this
Carmen. Also
Archaeological occurrence:
three coasts,
atolls.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
suggests
all
MAYAPAN:
on
partially cut
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
96 unworked, For-
mative.
HOLMUL:
2,
Marine Species
J7
no date
BARTON RAMIE:
shell,
which has
"A
87,
(W,
507,
p.
310,,?).
fig.
forated bivalves,
2,
tain date
(M-MS).
the per-
clearly a mistake.
it is
TIKAL:
among
listed
is
Modern
(K,
pi.
VIII.
p.
61).
(Longyear, 1952,
TIKAL:
Comment: The
Keen, 1958,
distribution: Pacific.
COPAN:
spire
unworked, Tzakol
14 unworked (2
Archaeological occurrence:
UAXACTUN:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
listed).
carefully
perforation"
central
p.
p.
no,
at
109,^).
fig.
"cut
(M-MS).
For changes
in
Ohva
reticularis
Lamarck
VASIDAE
Family:
Modern
(vases)
Contoy, and
Isla
lected
below.
to
Punta
DZIBILCHALTUN:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
ground
and
flat
TIKAL:
lum," see
unworked (M, p.
comment below).
with back-
and
either
"sawed" (four)
in
It is
Vasum
followed
(E.
perforation,
H. Thompson, 1897b,
GRUTA DE LOLTUN:
which reasons
include the
X,i6,22,23,
pi.
Florescent
tinkler,
with sawed
(E.
H. Thompson, 1897a,
p.
432)
in assign-
than to the
MA YAP AN:
riod,
Decadent
to a
number
and Simpson
CHICHEN
fig.
45)
Cancun and
of
which Proskouria-
(olive shells)
distribution: Isla
pe-
Modern
known
10 illustrated but
fig.
Turbinellidae.
caribaeensis Dall
illus-
not identified).
Keen (1958,
OLIVIDAE
Pure
probably
We have
sawed
tinklers,
characteristics
some
from Cenote
Xlacah.
Ohva
Cenote
LABNA:
Family:
in
mative.
ing
unworked
Archaeological occurrence:
all
Palmar, Yuc.
ISLA
coast.
n, c.
Modern distribution: Uncommon on
on
Isla Jaina,
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Illustration: Plate
fro'm
on north
Archaeological occurrence:
coasts,
Cozumel to
Campeche. Not col-
Isla
Contoy,
ITZA: "77
[sic]. 2
unaltered, 8 with
slit
MOLLUSCA
i8
6 with two
near spire;
51,^).
species.
slit
fig.
spire
ground
O.
fied as
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
106
unworked,
TANCAH,
Q.R.:
with
2,
apparently
holes
caribaeensis.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
unworked, For-
mative.
BARTON RAMIE:
2 tinklers,
belong
to
310,/', identified as
309, a;
figs.
Formative.
must be
reticularis,
down.
IN
may
be identified as
caribaeensis.
BARTON RAMIE:
for
perforation,
pp.
50708,
much
spire
removed (W,
known from
this area.
They
are
species"; all
off
and have
a cut
or drilled
deposits;
131,^,
pi.
some
(RR,
p.
all
of those
201,
fig.
Tepeu, "some
presumably, Oliva
surely, others
reticularis"
sherds
listed.
illustration
(pi.
Kidder's illustration
68, b)
as such,
left in
and
Ricket-
59
nos.
(fig.
or O. caribaeensis.
They might be
in
this
the
Pacific O. porphyria.
Mamom
p.
species
IV
(M,
UAXACTUN:
UAXACTUN:
son's
reticularis";
unworked (M,
S.J.
from
unworked "probably O.
180).
p.
unworked, with
TIKAL:
TIKAL:
(T,
JOSE:
310, ); identified as
SAN
309, ;
19,^,15, 16).
one with
figs.
fig.
fig.
85,^).
Keen, 1958,
Illustration:
Modern
fig.
625.
distribution: Pacific.
Archaeological occurrence:
COP AN:
drilled in base,
1952,
p.
from Full
Classic
tomb (Longyear,
no).
Modern
tun
Comment:
Plate i2,b,bb.
West
Carmen.
distribution:
to Isla
coast only,
from Celes-
DZIBILCHALTUN:
one unstratified;
and
in
undated de-
tinkler,
Thompson, 1897b,
spire
probably
perforation,
pi.
Pure
Florescent
(E.
H.
GRUTA DE LOLTUN:
tinkler
with spire
H. Thompson, 1897a,
fig.
not identified).
MAYAPAN:
45).
Some
Used
making me
same
feel
O.
species. Distinction
between the
questionable, as
phyria.
must be
Twelve
the distinction of
damaged
definitely
caribaeensis.
differentiation
reticularis,
which
have
sug-
Isla
identified as sayana,
The
identified).
(E.
varieties of the
in
islands of the
caribaeensis,
two
(Table 2).
LABNA:
coast
characteristics
tive,
posits
Archaeological occurrence:
shell.
is
the
Abbott (1954,
reticularis as
is
more
specific.
245-46)
as
lists
the size of
19
Marine Species
our modern specimens
this range, so
within
fall
mm.
mm.
long after
complete (P,
p.
385)
is
we
species,
Modern
Plate
from
common on
Very
Turneffe
B.H.,
Islands,
three
all
Isla
to
DZIBILCHALTUN:
off
GRUTA DE BALANKANCHE:
off for stringing as beads,
from
a wrist-
pectoral.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
Isla
and north
coasts,
from
col-
CANCUN MIDDEN:
Archaeological,
or
unworked, For-
even
when broken
similar species.
beach-worn
or intentionally
The
one of
and the
marked
Olivellas, all of
lina,
which
(marginellas)
n,.
One specimen
distribution:
collected
at
apicinum
See P.
vir-
may
MARGINELLIDAE
Family:
have
lots of
smaller
classified as dealbata,
Common
distribution:
from Turneffe
Camp.
callus
cache
mative.
is
slightly
structure
Classic
Archaeological occurrence:
Plate 12, d.
Olivellas, particularly
Early
67);
p.
Dolores, Yuc.
Archaeological occurrence:
Comment:
an
in
(Gmelin)
distribution: East
many
altered,
unworked (M,
unworked, For-
the
TIKAL:
ISLA
Carmen.
Modern
Illustration:
apex
153,
mative.
Modern
Commoner on
east
(M-MS).
Olivella nivea
Absent on
north coast,
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
(nutmegs)
Uncommon on
distribution:
to Isla
Archaeological occurrence:
band or
CANCELLARIIDAE
Family:
Modern
ground
Johnson, 1964.
i2,e>.
distribution:
coasts,
Comment: For
three coasts
Isla
Carmen,
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
for suspension, all
Early
period
28 unworked, 75 pierced
Formative; 1 pierced in Late
deposit;
pierced
from Cenote
Xlacah.
MAYAPAN:
for
p.
suspension,
386,
fig.
Decadent period
probably
as
listed
44, <i;
mm.
Menke
in
20, fifteen of
by color.
all
to
Alacran Reef.
on
B.H.,
Islands,
Marginella apicina
illustrated
are about
length,
in this area
(P,
is
MITRIDAE
Family:
ISLA
(miters)
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
SAN
181).
Modern
Isla
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
mative.
unworked, For-
JOSE:
COP AN:
unworked
"About
handful from
Tomb
1,
aver-
is
20
MOLLUSCA
TIKAL:
(M,
p.
Menke"; however,
as she cites
ProskouriakofPs
it is
most
Ricketsons
cists,
lists
all
6162,
82, b).
fig.
As
from Kidder's
clear
at
pierced (106 in
Olivella;
K, pp.
Mayapan, above,
it
Menke
Comment:
common
pierced
at
seems
to be true also at
on peninsula.
collected
in
Formative deposits
in
Yucatan
as un-
commonly,
CONIDAE (cones)
Family:
Con us
examples
or
this subspecies.
tiny shell
Archaeological occurrence:
floridanus
Gabb
Illustration: Plate
Comment: This
Not
distribution:
is
perforated
63,^). Kidder
pi.
jar
Modern
Couthouy, 1837, P
unworked
64
list
Illustration:
(Couthouy)
storeria
cf.
TIKAL:
UAXACTUN:
Prunum,
IN
Modern
from
12,^,^.
distribution:
Isla
Common
Mujeres, Q.R., to
three coasts,
Carmen, Camp.
Archaeological occurrence:
Isla
all
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Mayapan.
on
unworked, Formative;
Forma-
tive; 1
Modern
distribution:
from Turneffe
Common
on
Islands, B.H., to
three coasts
Chencan, Cam-
Illustration: Plate
all
Modern
atolls.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
4 unworked, For-
on
Isla
east coast,
from
cran Reef.
Archaeological occurrence:
mative.
ISLA
Prunum
Common
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
12JJI.
distribution:
labiatum (Valenciennes)
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
Modern
distribution: Moderately
Camp. Also
Cozumel, Q.R.,
common on
to Isla
all
Carmen,
coast
Archaeological occurrence:
46 unworked, Formative;
tinkler, spire
unworked, Late
MAYAPAN:
8, all
"Margi-
ITZA:
Plate 12,7,77.
distribution:
from Belize
Uncommon
to Isla
on
Caribbean
Cancun, Q.R.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
Modern
nella labiata").
CHICHEN
Illustration:
Modern
DZIBILCHALTUN:
distribution:
m.
Not
collected
on peninsula.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
fig.
is
uncertain.
51, h).
TIKAL:
perforated,
Late Classic
(M-MS).
Conus spurius
atlanticus
Clench
Modern
distribution:
Common
on
all
three coasts,
21
Marine Species
from
Mujeres, Q.R., to
Isla
Carmen, Camp.
Isla
1897^,
Florescent
H. Thompson,
(E.
pi.
MA YAP AN:
is
eoffeus (Linne)
Plate
Illustration:
Modern
6,i,ii.
at
from Turneffe
Aguada, Camp.
Collected
Cayo Areas.
Archaeological occurrence:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
unworked, For-
"small conch
lists
illustration
Melampus
(coffee beans)
mative.
Proskouriakoff
AURICULIDAE
Family:
pierced
Pure
probably
much hand-
tive,
1,
Archaeological occurrence:
LABNA:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Cenote Xlacah;
and m, but
missing).
is
species.
surely this
p. 3^4>
agree with
SCAPHOPODA
Class:
The
DENTALIIDAE
Family:
(tooth shells)
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
unworked, For-
Modern
mative.
TIKAL:
1
Illustration:
unmodified (M,
probably
tinkler,
p. 67,
Formative (Cauac);
late
distribution: Collected
by us only on Cayo
man (1937)
Monkey
(M-MS).
See below.
note
it
from
River, B.H.
Archaeological occurrence:
TEREBRIDAE
Family:
HOK SKUM"
"RIO
(augers)
worked,
Terebra (?) dispar Deshayes
Illustration:
Modern
p.
JOSE:
Comment: Willey
unworked from
S.J.
IV cache (T,
collected in
is
may
be what
we now know
is
the
common
Abbott, 1961,
pi.
16768,
(W,
burial
T. dispar
Thomas Gann
1937, pp.
180).
Comment:
by
un-
collected.
Archaeological occurrence:
SAN
mound dug
no. 4).
pi. 6,
Not
None.
distribution:
in burial
fig.
number
of
Lookout Phase
cited above.
PELECYPODA
augur
and which
ARCIDAE
Family:
(Warmke and
Area imbricata Bruguiere
25,^).
[=
A. umbonata La-
marck]
Family:
BULLIDAE
(bubbles)
Modern
Bulla occidentalis A.
Adams
distribution:
Common
on
to Isla
all
three coasts,
Carmen, Camp.
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
tive,
Common
on the
entire coast
Modern
distribution:
atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
9 unworked, For-
mative.
Carmen.
in cache),
one in
PIEDRAS NEGRAS:
sic
unworked,
in Late Clas-
MOLLUSCA
22
Area
Keen, 1958,
Illustration:
Modern
Anadara
Sowerby
pacifica
fig.
Modern
Tzakol (K,
p.
(Roding)
Found on
distribution:
[=
A. occidentalis Philippi]
Common
distribution:
umbo,
hole below
drilled,
Forma-
tive.
on
all coasts,
from
off-
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
2
deposits,
mative.
unworked
in cache
(pairs)
Formative
in
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
6 unworked, For-
Modern
distribution:
to Isla
MAYAPAN
?), 1
Area
sp.? in
56 unworked (M,
p. 66, archaeological
Some
DZIBILCHALTUN:
hole below
of these,
from
MAYAPAN:
1958,
p.
44)-
(RR,
p. 199, fig.
p.
unworked,
in
Late Clas-
(C, p. 55,
TIKAL:
of A. zebra to
Lunarca
i,gg,gg
as
Actually,
and speculation
much
like incised
in the field.
to
BARTON RAMIE:
unworked,
TIKAL:
identity
fig.
site
56.
may
Archaeological occurrence:
unworked,
re-checked,
cache
p.
of
Stela
53, as
distribution
is
exist as a rarity
shell at the
if
the above
which we
7,
"Area
specimen, whose
(W,
(M-MS).
modern
distribution: Pacific.
Classic
526).
p.
Carmen
nearby Zacatal,
grandes").
ovalis (Bruguiere)
show
industry."
COP AN:
Modern
sp.,"
this species).
Illustration:
28 unworked,
Illustration: Plate x
Modern
^)-
curiosity
is
it
and
Comment: The
"Area
64,/, listed as
fig.
Mediterranean species).
PIEDRAS NEGRAS:
fig- 5 2
UAXACTUN:
umbo, probably
human
Areas.
mative;
TIKAL:
design.
coasts only,
Archaeological occurrence:
mative.
text, is
Illustration:
period.
sic
unworked, For-
atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
tive
atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
61).
shore
three coasts of
Isla
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Modern
all
Archaeological occurrence:
2
37.
distribution: Pacific.
UAXACTUN:
notabilis
IN
failed to collect
on
23
Marine Species
Modern
Isla
West
distribution:
Arenas
Campeche
coast,
only,
found
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
TIKAL:
Carmen.
to Isla
It is
is
not
in archaeological context.
unworked, Formative.
p. 66).
GLYCYMERIDAE
Family:
Modern
(bitter sweets)
Modern
Not
offshore atolls.
collected
on north
CANCUN MIDDEN:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
19 unworked, For-
Musculus
lateralis
mative.
in
Modern
"probably exustus"
valves,
(Say)
Warmke and
Illustration:
unworked specimens
TIKAL: Unworked
(M-MS).
coast.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
distribution:
Abbott, 1961,
Not
collected
pi.
31, c.
from periphery
of peninsula.
Illustration: Plate 13, h.
Modern
Mujeres.
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
6 unworked (M,
p. 67, archaeological
Archaeological occurrence:
MAYAPAN:
period (P,
pi.
\6,g
pennacea"'
decussata).
pointing
umbo
specimen of "G.
(tree oysters)
and more
of that species,
closely
Isognomon
alatus
(Gmelin)
resembles undata.
ISLA
ISOGNOMONIDAE
Family:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
40 unworked, For-
Modern
sula,
mative.
Carmen,
Isla
Camp.
Comment: Whichever of
Mayapan specimen is one
shells
the
two
species
it
the
is,
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
from Formative
37
strata,
unworked fragments
35 unworked and 33
considerable distance.
Flores-
cent deposits.
MYTILIDAE
Family:
ISLA
(mussels)
CANCUN MIDDEN:
4 unworked, For-
mative.
Modern
distribution:
Collected at scattered
and west
east,
sites,
north,
Modern
B.H., to
coasts.
unworked
valves,
For-
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Formative;
mative.
ISLA
Comment: The form
granosissimus can
now
be
the above
and
abundance
also sent to
in the
Merida
offshore atolls.
mangroves
unworked, unknown
2
worked,
date.
unworked, For-
in the
It is
as a delicacy.
unworked and
mative.
Comment:
in
CANCUN MIDDEN:
swamps
behind Progreso (near Dzibilchaltun) and Dzilam
found
Camp. Also
Belize,
Archaeological occurrence:
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Isla Jaina,
from
eaten locally
which
it
It is difficult,
two
is
or impossible, to separate
is
present,
24
for mosaic or thoroughly
ler
were used
Family:
PTERIIDAE (wing
wooden handle),
and
as food.
on the beach
Isla
Mujeres, Q.R., to
Isla
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked
Maya
as food.
terial for
mosaics, for
Copo
in unstratified
deposit.
that they
were
Dolls,
suitable.
Temple
unworked,
in
might indicate
They occur
Archaeological occurrence:
deposit. 1
at
there,
Their
common
in
as hoes (strapped to a
Modern
figs.
some
alatus.
25763,
pp.
of the Seven
several unfinished
and
Modern
distribution:
All
Family:
three
coasts,
Cozumel
Island, Q.R., to
Archaeological occurrence:
MA YAP AN:
ISLA
fig.
46, d).
Modern
coasts,
at
distribution:
Very common on
from Cozumel
to Isla
all
three
Cayo Areas.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked, For-
mative.
TIKAL:
sp.,"
perhaps
this species
(M MS).
TIKAL:
Comment: As with
(M,
p.
Family:
67).
when
Lamarck
Archaeological occurrence:
Plicatula gibbosa
paws)
(kitten's
PLICATULIDAE
dead.
They
for
(scallops)
Modern
Cancun, Q.R.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
PECTINIDAE
CANCUN MIDDEN:
fragment, un-
worked, Formative.
Family:
PINNIDAE
(sea pens)
[=
A. rigida (Dill-
Modern
wyn)]
Illustration: Plate i$,a,aa.
Modern
distribution:
Mujeres
to Isla
All
distribution:
Usually
coasts
from
Isla
Carmen.
Isla
DZIBILCHALTUN:
9 unworked in Formative
adorno
cache.
ISLA
mative.
undated debris.
Early Classic
all
Mujeres, Q.R., to
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
uncommon on
Isla
Aguada, Camp.
Archaeological occurrence:
deposits, 11
from
3 fragments, all
1 valve, in
CANCUN MIDDEN:
TIKAL:
6 unworked, For-
unworked, undated;
(M-MS).
from bro-
perforated,
25
Marine Species
Lyropecten subnodosus (Sowerby)
Illustration:
Modern
Keen, 1958,
pierced
distribution: Pacific.
made
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
from
UAXACTUN:
(M MS).
2,
Mujeres, Q.R., to
Isla
Carmen, Camp.,
Areas.
Archaeological occurrence:
"RIO
HOK
worked
SKUM,"
in burial,
"may be
un-
derived from a
fossil
MA YAP AN:
2 beads.
or
S.
p.
118,
ISLA
of the peninsula
to Isla
Common
distribution:
on
all
three coasts
Islands, B.H.,
CANCUN MIDDEN: in
DZIBILCHALTUN:
wings
on wings
with
for suspension,
unworked, found
fossils,
its,
Comment: Note
one found
at
in archaeological depos-
Uaxactun and
is
is
the only
nearby shores.
(W,
528).
p. 526,
unworked (M-MS).
5 pairs,
Keen, 1958,
pi. II.
distribution: Pacific.
Archaeological occurrence:
COP AN:
stela caches,
which
PUSILHA:
SAN
Hermann
unworked,
pairs,
1930,
Modern
coasts
distribution:
Common
from Turneffe
on
east
and north
Yuc.
483,
p.
fragments,
all
raw materials
unworked
valves
or
among
3 valves,
IV, one
undated;
pi.
may
15
Tepeu
XXI,
all
S.J. Ill
in caches,
Tzakol
TIKAL:
burials,
two
in
Tzakol,
them
3 pairs,
as
unworked, two
burials
1,
this species.).
unworked,
be
fig.
pp. 6162,
Archaeological occurrence:
11
S.J.
thirteen in
in
atolls.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
JOSE:
UAXACTUN:
not this
are
Spondylus americanus
is
species).
(Gruning,
no,
Family:
pairs used as
fig.
unworked,
common on
TIKAL:
Modern
periods
all
Illustration:
Archaeological occurrence:
1953,
Formative.
from
complete
BARTON RAMIE:
Aequipecten muscosus (Wood)
Modern
raw material
a variety
sula. Isla
and
Modern
pendants.
as
BALANKANCHE:
suspension, in
in caches
137.
fig.
period,
crassisquama").
and caches
84 Early
(M MS,
58 Late Classic,
5 uncertain
S. princeps").
valves,
as
Classic,
"probably
26
perforated
and caches;
burials
"jewel boxes"
which
pairs
5556,
Gulf
and
suspension in Classic
several
(C, pp.
a Persian
is
for
in Classic burials
were used
as
44 ,).
fig.
as
limbatus,
S.
tion;
OSTREIDAE (oysters)
Family:
species).
Comment: The
found
Tikal
at
still
and may
are
largely
remain un-
differentiated
Of more
Illustration:
Modern
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
1964, more than 2500 were beads (mostly Formative) and over 2400 were "cached fragments"
mative.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
Illustration:
Modern
LIMIDAE
Plate i6,c,cc.
on
and north
east
Palmar, Yuc.
Common
distribution:
coasts only,
to
Punta
atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
Modern
distribution:
cun, Q.R.
Family:
Plate 16, a.
distribution:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
offshore atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
unworked, For-
Modern
mative.
distribution:
Mujeres, Q.R., to
Lima
scabra (Born)
Modern
from
Isla
Cozumel
to Isla
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
juvenile, in
large Strombus.
SAN
(T,
mative.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
JOSE:
p. 180,
unworked
unworked, For-
COROZAL:
(jingle shells)
list
in cache, S.J.
IV
or
Boekelman, 1937,
ANOMIIDAE
unworked,
mative.
Archaeological occurrence:
Family:
cache,
ISLA
Reef.
ISLA
Isla
Carmen, Camp.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
and Xcaret
Isla
from
three coasts,
Archaeological occurrence:
Plate r^,h,hh.
Illustration:
All
this species
from
a burial
mound
at
"Rio
cit.)
Hok
Modern
Mujeres, Q.R., to
Alacran Reef,
three
All
distribution:
Isla
common
coasts,
from
Isla
at
elsewhere.
unworked
cache),
worked
in
for
MA YAP AN:
13 specimens,
man
all
knowledge
we have
center,
p.
Castillo
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Family:
CARDITIDAE
Marine Species
27
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Modern
Isla
distribution:
Common
on
three coasts,
all
Camp.
unworked,
8 in Formative deposits,
umbo for
below umbo for
pierced below
suspen-
TIKAL:
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
in
Illustration:
Warmke and
from Turneffe
Chavihau, Yuc.
distribution: Collected at
unworked,
in Late Early
Comment: This
pelecypod
tiny
Common
Islands,
pi. 36,;'.
period cache.
Plate i6,d,dd.
distribution:
Abbott, 1961,
Archaeological occurrence:
Modern
9 unworked, For-
Modern
CORBICULIIDAE
Illustration:
in Late Early
mative.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Family:
sus-
suspen-
unworked
unworked
sion; 1
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
6 unworked, Formative;
on
all
B.H., to
three coasts
Isla
Carmen,
Coda\ia orbicularis (Linne)
Camp.
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked,
in
Formative
Modern
distribution:
from Turneffe
deposits.
Common
on
all
three coasts
Camp.
Family:
Archaeological occurrence:
DIPLODONTIDAE
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Modern
1961,
ISLA
pi. 35,/.
1,
CANCUN MIDDEN:
BARTON RAMIE:
unworked,
in Late Early
tiny shell
Family:
(lucines)
Modern
on
east coast
from
CANCUN MIDDEN:
507,
p.
fig.
310,^).
p. 66,
distribution:
East
coast
from Turneffe
Q.R. Also
at
Alacran
Archaeological occurrence:
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
(W,
Common
suspension,
for
distribution:
pierced
unmodified (M,
Modern
unworked, For-
introduced
LUCINIDAE
TIKAL:
Family:
period cache.
Comment: This
in For-
mative.
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked, one
unworked, For-
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked,
mative.
pair,
single valve,
all
(was prob-
[=
L. jamaicensis
Comment: As
Lamarc1(\
Illustration: Plate 16,/.
Modern
distribution:
the peninsula,
Common
on
entire littoral of
Carmen, Camp.
to
Isla
on the nearby
re-
MOLLUSCA
28
Chama echinata
Modern
fig.
239.
Modern
distribution: Pacific.
altered,
(M-MS, "Pseudochama
Classic
Islands to Isla
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
Broderip
Keen, 1958,
Illustration:
IN
from Turneffe
atolls.
Archaeological occurrence:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
echinata"}.
unworked, For-
mative.
Chama
florida
Lamarck
Modern
collected
on north or west
atolls.
Not
coasts.
Archaeological occurrence:
sula,
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
8 unworked, For-
mative.
where
The
Isla
latter
from
distribution:
anum from
Common
on the offshore
on
three coasts,
all
is
13 unworked, For-
San
COROZAL:
(Burial
mound
excavated by Gann):
Modern
from
It
mative.
atolls.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
SAN JOSE:
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
Carmen, Camp.
to Isla
Moholy-Nagy
replaced by the
is
macerophylla Gmelin
Modern
almost certainly
it
Cancun, Q.R.,
Chama
(cockleshells)
from Turneffe
CARDIIDAE
Family:
East coast,
distribution:
at
pi.
Hok Skum"
fossil
Isla
Common
Cancun, Q.R.,
on
three coasts
all
Carmen, Camp.
to Isla
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
58
unworked,
6).
"Rio
distribution:
raw materials
all
among
the
valves appeared.
MA YAP AN:
6).
in
from
listed
Modern
TIKAL:
distribution:
Common
on
east coast,
on north
Trachycardium
Also
coast; collected at
Modern
Mujeres,
CANCUN MIDDEN:
38 unworked, For-
(p.
Chama sinuosa
Broderip
distribution:
unworked, For-
mative.
UAXACTUN:
mative.
Listed in
RR
(p.
199) and
No
illustration;
East
coast
only,
Turneffe
Q.R.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
Modern
Archaeological occurrence:
mative.
Isla
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
distribution:
(Linne)
Archaeological occurrence:
west coast.
Modern
magnum
Tur-
ISLA
Plate i~?,c,cc.
$0 unworked, For-
from
distribution:
Common
Areas.
on
all
three coasts,
Aguada, Camp.
Cayo
29
Marine Species
Antigona
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
18 unworked, in
all
periods
listen
(Gray)
Modern
Archaeological occurrence:
MAYAPAN:
mative.
UAXACTUN:
and
entire
under Stela
fied in cache
fragment, unmodi-
A-n
(RR,
1995 K
p.
61 as "Cardium muricatum"}.
PIEDRAS NEGRAS:
p.
CANCUN MIDDEN:
atolls.
4 unworked, For-
mative.
TIKAL:
p.
to Isla
ISLA
from Belize
Modern
Q.R., and
Cayo Areas.
Archaeological occurrence:
ISLA
Cancun,
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
55 as "Cardium muricatum").
Dinocardium
Clench and
vanhyningi
robustum
L. C. Smith
Modern
Modern
distribution:
on north
From
Plate ic>,c,cc.
Illustration:
mon from
Isla
Contoy
at
north
tip
Camp.
distribution:
Holbox, Q.R.,
Isla
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Cayo Areas.
suspension
for
plete specimens,
pendant, Formative;
Early period.
Cache
1,
of
D. robustum Solander
is
listed
but
date,
although
listed.
This
probably
(K,
p. 61,
important as
it
unworked,
was
sula,
Turneffe
34 unmodified,
perforated
(M,
p. 66,
Carmen,
atolls.
76 unworked, commonest
Formative, 3 perforated for suspension (2 Formative; 1 Late Early period) (Table 2). Found as
offerings in 1
section of Str.
are the
most numerous
and used
Isla
tomb and
as votive offerings.
to
Archaeological occurrence:
in
subspecies).
shell
probably this
B.H.,
Islands,
DZIBILCHALTUN:
TIKAL:
Chicanel deposit
in
"Venus campechiensis").
Modern
MAYAPAN:
is
all
UAXACTUN:
in
in
Carmen,
posits
Isla
com-
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
coast.
to
coasts,
Were
common
MAYAPAN:
period (P,
TIKAL:
500 (Formative).
3
fig. 44,/,
not in text).
25 unmodified (M,
p. 66,
for food?
Family:
VENERIDAE
(venus clams)
Modern
distribution:
Very
common on
entire pe-
MOLLUSCA
3
riphery of peninsula, from
Isla
to
Carmen, Camp.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Mentioned
sp.,
as found, probably
De-
on the
unmodified," probably
not
this species,
Holbox, Q.R.,
Modern
Isla
Cancun, Q.R., on
Abbott, 1961,
pi.
39,^.
and
Chavihau,
coast.
11 unworked, in Forma-
tive,
DZIBILCHALTUN:
with
altered
Formative
drilled
holes
for
MAYAPAN:
Proskouriakofr
and concentrica,
both elegans
lists
captioned D. concentrica.
As
which
is
Archaeological occurrence:
lar
Comment: These
Aguada, Camp.
suspension.
Yuc, on north
to Isla
Archaeological occurrence:
considerably
Warmke and
Contoy
Common
east coast.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
(M-MS).
dated
coasts, Isla
387).
p.
TIKAL: Moholy-Nagy
cardia
Modern
MA YAP AN:
Archaeological occurrence:
tive,
IN
but
conchs in cache.
and
fig.
quite
is
as the local
when this
made, both specimens may be
been
tiny pelecypods
elegans
less inflated
established
common on
was
identification
46,c).
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
unworked, For-
mative.
TIKAL:
Modern
Common
distribution:
from
Isla
Mujeres, Q.R., to
on
Isla
all
three coasts,
Carmen, Camp.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
in unstratified
umbo
fig.
not in text).
On
distribution:
common on
with sawed hole below
2,
(tellins)
Modern
unworked,
deposits.
44,;',
TELLINIDAE
Archaeological occurrence:
MAYAPAN:
Family:
Very
Holbox, Q.R.,
to
Isla
Isla
at
Cayo Areas.
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
unworked,
in
Formative
deposit.
None.
Illustration:
Modern
distribution:
Not
collected
MAYAPAN:
on peninsula.
Archaeological occurrence:
MAYAPAN:
Tellina listen
Roding
Modern
Modern
None.
Illustration:
Not
collected
on the peninsula.
Archaeological occurrence:
1
and
Tikal specimen
coast,
D. elegans
this shell
has
is
abundant on
Q.R.
Also
off-
atolls.
ISLA
CANCUN MIDDEN:
mative.
all
may
shore
from TurnefTe
Archaeological occurrence:
unworked (M-MS). As
three coasts
East
distribution:
TIKAL:
distribution:
18 unworked, For-
Marine Species
Modern
bean
distribution:
coast,
from Turneffe
Contoy, Q.R.
common on
Fairly
Carib-
Also on offshore
atolls.
Absent on
Alacran Reef.
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
to
unmodified (M,
p. 66,
not dated).
Archaeological occurrence:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
ISLA
ioo
unworked,
MACTRIDAE
Family:
(surf clams)
Formative.
Mulinia
Modern
Modern
from Turneffe
from north
Yuc,
coast.
West
to Isla Jaina,
coast
Not
Is-
collected
Camp. Also
and
On
north as Seybaplaya,
east coasts.
Archaeological occurrence:
TIKAL:
Family:
CANCUN MIDDEN:
GASTROCHAENIDAE
mative.
Illustration:
Comment: One
of the
no age
p. 67,
fragment, in Formative
deposit.
ISLA
as far
distribution:
listed).
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
(Say)
lateralis
few
shells
from Dzbilichaltun
Warmke and
(=
Rocellaria hians)
Abbott, 1961,
pi.
44,^.
Puerto,
Archaeological occurrence:
Apolymetis
MAYAPAN:
intastriata (Say)
Modern
distribution: East
and north
coasts,
from
known
is
the
in these waters.
Pomacea
and Fischer)
DZIBILCHALTUN:
Xlacah, where
in all levels of
it is
ish
fig. 309,?-,
TIKAL:
p. 68).
PIEDRAS NEGRAS:
This species
fill.
mud
(W,
Cenote
in
6 Span-
Protoclassic
"Pomacea
1
Late
from Formative
Lookout phase,
in
BARTON RAMIE:
these
(M,
Archaeological occurrence:
unworked, one
one in Formative
common
very
is
available
Illustration: none.
Archaeological occurrence:
fill,
Early period
TIKAL:
Pachychilus
Illustration:
fig. 309,^,/.
Archaeological occurrence:
BARTON RAMIE:
pp. 52627,
flagellata Say").
phases
(W,
archaeological
two
in
listed to
cal context
(M-MS).
at
PIEDRAS NEGRAS:
sic
unworked
"Hemisinus
cation of one
context
in Late Clas-
notes identifi-
local
name
is
jute, the
popular
name
me
for
that the
Pomacea.
PELECYPODA
Family: UNIONIDAE
Class:
Comment: The
mens from
were
sites
published
all
Illustration:
as P. flagellata Say.
pi.
6,q.
Archaeological occurrence:
SAN
Pomacea
flagellata ghiesbrechti
Illustration:
Coe, 1959,
fig.
(Reeve)
II
52, g.
JOSE:
unworked,
937, P- 169,
pi.
69).
Archaeological occurrence:
PIEDRAS NEGRAS:
Classic caches;
with
Family:
5556,
fig.
Illustration:
Late
fig.
309,^.
Archaeological occurrence:
52,^).
BARTON RAMIE:
unworked, 4 perforated
for
THIARIDAE
758
Pachychilus glaphyrus (Morelet)
Illustration:
others, all
507, 526-27,
309,^,2/.
fig.
(W,
pp. 504,
309, l-n).
Archaeological occurrence:
BARTON RAMIE:
Nephronaias
(W,
pp. 52627,
Illustration: Fischer
cf.
vari-
4; A,a;
fig. 309,^,*/).
pi.
44;
figs.
Archaeological occurrence:
SAN
in
1
Modern
JOSE:
tombs of
others, bored
10,
S.J. Ill,
fresh-
32
S.J. I;
in
Freshwater Species
33
Coe, 1959,
fig.
in Late
sic
burial
(C, p. 55,
quadrata," which
is
MAYAPAN:
unworked
fig.
52,^),
period.
52,^.
Archaeological occurrence:
PIEDRAS NEGRAS:
Formative tomb;
in Late Clasas
pierced, probably
1,
fig.
Decadent pe-
44,^).
"Quadrula
this species).
Comment:
listed
Archaeological occurrence:
DZIBILCHALTUN:
4,
of
unworked
valves
(M MS).
lists
p.
61
Unionidae clams,
number
Land mollusca
Once favored
architecture.
component
fill
Workers
with
human
them
as
human
are
artifacts,
To
47, w).
Phalium
is
a purely
Phalium
marine genus,
see
no reason
land species
CANCUN: A
number
of species of small
these intruders
attractive.
fig.
ISLA
enormous num-
to retain
most
387,
of a
shells
some
ticularly as
wont
are
We
bers.
species
"also
and
p.
Maya
in
unworked
hole),
establish
its
during
brief occupation.
TIKAL: Moholy-Nagy's
which
preliminary notes
list
effort,
which
(Chuen)
that they
Maya
lowlands.
We
have
She
also
lists
debris.
is
little
,-r
Euglandina
important
source of food, lodav
they are not eaten.
r
J
as pendants.
Any
if
perforated
for
we
number
of land mol-
single Late
Classic
lists
6 land
snails in
K-5-5, Euglandina
Choanopoma radiosum
cache,
briefly list
intrusion.
order.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
tions
(numerous)
,
N
(numerous)
sp.
tions.
sp.
use
symbolic.
luscs
Neocyclotus (fragment')
,.
nelictna
Although
all
BARTON RAMIE:
our excava-
no
all
Willey
lists
3 species
from
sites:
evidence
,.._,.
any was obtained. The
clear
of archaeological use of
largest,
most
attractive,
and
is
common
It is
arboreal species.
MAYAPAN:
found
in
He
is
very heavily
possible
evi-
52627).
34
Discussion
sandbar separates the swamp from the Gulf of Mexusually extending out as a sandy floor to the
edge of the Campeche Bank. All coastal settlements
are situated on this sandbar. Water along the shore,
in strong contrast to
Ecology
Collection of molluscs by
ico,
col-
are present.
restricted distribution. In
and must be
carefully
when attempting
to reach
The
coast of the
Yucatan Peninsula
falls
into
northeast trade winds and lacking the strong eastwest current traversing the north coast. Perhaps
because of its protected position, sandy beaches are
Caribbean Province, comprising the mainland coast and nearby offshore islands of Quintana
Roo, Mexico, and British Honduras. Both coast and
Zone
I,
much
are
is
It will
common, and
less
much
less
ordinarily clear
A number
atolls.
and clean all year. With offshore winds, which prevail most of the year, waves are frequently very
large, and their effects on the shallow-water fauna
very violent.
Much
it
form
form of
is
atolls,
to
The fauna
in-
ralis,
mined
Lunarca
ovalis). It
in precise provenience)
distinctive material
though
mangroves
Punta Palmar.
to the east of
a series of coral
which seem
to
to
(al-
interest
and
II
above
Campeche Bank
IV above II and
are,
of course,
Ila).
The
Zones
III
and
more marked
in the
much
larger
collection
in the
as a second (calling
few
found
in archaeological
specifies archaeological
provenience and
selected species
deposits.
Table
known
for salt,
the
should be re-emphasized
modern
incomplete.
35
and
at times
may
own
often be
Fig. 2
Campeche Bank;
III,
The North
Coast; IV,
littoral. I,
The West
The Caribbean
Coast.
36
Coast;
II,
The
Discussion
37
Table
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
Archaeological
Occurrence*
Species
Zone
Zone
II
Zone
III
Zone IV
MARINE GASTROPODS
Diodora cayenensis
Diodora listeri
D,T
T
D, C,
I
Cittarium pica
D,
Fissurella barbadensis
Calliostoma jujubinum
Astraea caelata
Astraea phoebia
I,
P,
M(?),T
I
Nerita tessellata
D,I,M(?)
I,T
Neritina meleagris
Neritina virginea
D, M,
Littorina ziczac
I
I
Echininus nodulosus
D,I
Tectarius muricatus
Petaloconchus irregularis
Vermicularia spirata
D,T,P
Planaxis nucleus
Modulus modulus
Cerithium eburneum
Cerithium floridanum
X
X
S(?)
Crepidula aculeata
Crepidula fornicata
D,I,T
Strombus costatus
Strombus gigas
Strombus pugilis
I,U,T(?),B
D, M, C, I, S,
Strombus raninus
Cypraea cervus
D, I,Tancah(?)
B,
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
I,T(?),B
I,H,U,T(?)
T
I
Polinices lacteus
Natica canrena
M, C
Morum
Morum
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
~
C
CN =
H
D
I
== Balankanche
Chichen Itza
Copan
=z Piedras Negras
Dzibilchaltun
Cancun Midden
Holmul
zz Uaxactun
Isla
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Pacific)
D, M, CN(?)
Barton Ramie
X
X
to symbols;
X
X
X
X
X
X
S,P
tuberculosum
Phalium granulatum
Phalium inflatum
Polinices hepaticus
(Pacific)
D,M,I
Polinices duplicatus
X
X
(Pacific)
I,T
P
*Key
X
X
X
X
X
Cerithium variabile
oniscus
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Crucibulum auriculum
Crucibulum spinosum
Cyphoma gibbosum
X
X
X
X
X
X
D,I
Cypraea cinerea
Cypraea zebra
X
X
(not collected)
S,
Nodilittorina tuberculata
Cerithium literattum
Cerithium maculosum
Nerita fulgurans
Nerita peloronta
Nerita versicolor
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Mayapan
San Jose
Tikal
MOLLUSCA
38
Archaeological
Occurrence*
Species
Cassis madagascariensis
Cassis tuberosa
I,
Cypraecassis testiculus
M,
Charonia variegata
Cymatium femorale
Cymatium parthenopeum
Cymatium pileare
Tonna galea
Tonna maculosa
Ficus communis
Murex dilectus
Murex fulvescens
Murex pomum
Murex rubidus
M, I, B
D,I
D,I
T
C
D.I.T.U
D,M,I
I
I
Thais rustica
Columbella mercatoria
Cantharus auritulus
Melongena corona
D,
Melongena melongena
Busycon coarctatum
Busycon contrarium
Busycon perversum
Busycon spiratum
D,
Fasciolaria tulipa
Pleuroploca gigantea
I,
S,
X
X
X
X
X
X
D,M,I
I,
X
X
U, T, B
D,I
D, M,
I,
T, U, Oxkintok
Zone
II
Zone
X
X
X
X
I,
Labna
X
X
I,U(?)
D, M,I
D, M, C,
X
X
D, M,
I,
B, T,
Latirus infundibulum
Turbinella angulata
D,I,B,H,T,U
Vasum capitellum
Vasum muricatum
(see text)
D,I,T
Oliva caribaeensis
III
Zone
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
T
T
Latirus ceratus
Purpura patula
Fasciolaria hunteria
Thais deltoidea
Nassarius vibex
MAYA LOWLANDS
Modern Distribution
Zone
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
S,
IN THE
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Pacific)
(not collected)
not collected)
X
X
X
X
Oliva porphyria
CN,
Oliva reticularis
D, M, C,
(Pacific)
I,
B, T, U, Labna,
Loltun, Tancah
D, M, I, B,
Loltun
Oliva sayana
Oliva spicata
CN
(Pacific)
Olivella dealbata
Olivella nivea
Mitra florida
Cancellaria reticulata
(see text)
Conus
Conus
Conus
Conus
Conus
U, T,
D, M, C,
floridanus
mus
regius
sozoni
spurius atlanticus
D, M,
S(?)
I,
CN
T
D
T, U, Labna,
X
X
X
D,K,I
D, M,
S,
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
T, Labna
X
X
B(?),Corozal
SCAPHOPODS
cestum
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(not collected)
I,
t.
X
X
(not collected)
Bulla occidentalis
Dentalium
X
X
X
Melampus
coffeus
not collected)
X
X
X
X
Discussion
39
Archaeological
Species
Occurrence*
Mode rn Distribution
Zone
Zone
II
Zone
III
Zone IV
MARINE PELECYPODS
Area imbricata
Area pacifica
LP
U
Area zebra
Anadara grandis
D, M,
X
I,
T, U, P
D,
Glycymeris decussata
Glycymeris undata
M,
Modiolus
X
X
D,T
T
D,I
D,I
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Musculus
lateralis
Pteria
alatus
radiatus
colymbus
D,I
X
I
D
D
I,
Plicatula gibbosa
D,T(?)
Pecten laurenti
Lyropecten nodosus
D,I,T
Lyropecten subnodosus
U,
Corozal
Spondylus americanus
D, M, K,
Spondylus princeps
CN,
I,
B, T,
S, Pusilha,
Lima lima
Lima scabra
Anomia simplex
Ostrea equestris
Ostrea frons
Crassostrea virginica
D,
I,
Carditamera floridana
D,
Pseudocyrena floridana
Diplodonta semiaspera
D
D
Lucina pensylvanica
Phacoides pectinatus
D,I
Phacoides radians
D,
M
S,
Codakia orbicularis
D,
Chama congregata
Chama echinata
Chama florida
Chama macerophylla
Chama sarda
Chama sinuosa
Pseudochama radians
Trachycardium egmontianum
T(?)
B,
I,
Corozal
I,
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Actun Xkyc
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
U, T, P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Pacific)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Pacific)
S,
Corozal
{not collected)
D,M,T(?)
i,u
X
X
X
X
X
Trachycardium muricatum
D, M,I, T, U, P
D, M,
listeri
X
X
X
X
X
T
I
Dinocardium
Antigona
X
X
(Pacific)
Aequipecten muscosus
vanhyningi
X
X
Aequipecten gibbus
r.
X
X
{not collected)
D, M,
magnum
Atrina seminuda
Trachycardium
T,B(!)
Pinctada radiata
Trachycardium isocardia
(Pacific)
Noetia ponderosa
Isognomon
Isognomon
CN
D,M, T
d. granosissimus
X
(Pacific)
Anadara notabilis
Anadara transversa
Lunarca ovalis
Brachidontes exustus
Antigona rigida
Mercenaria campechiensis
P,u
Chione cancellata
D,M, T
Anomalocardia cuneimeris
D, M,
Transennella cubaniana
Macrocallista maculata
D
D,M
Dosinia discus
T(?)
Dosinia elegans
D, M,I
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
{not collected)
MOLLUSCA
4
Occurrence*
Tellina lineata
D,
Tellina
listeri
Tellina radiata
Arcopagia fausta
D,I
Apolymetis
T
T
Mulinia
intastriata
lateralis
Gastrochaena hians
Modern Distribution
Archaeological
Species
IN
Zone
X
X
X
X
X
Zone
X
X
II
Zone
III
flagellata arata
f.
ghiesbrechti
D, B, T, P
Pachychilus glaphyrus
B,T
Pachychilus indiorum
P
B
Pachychilus
largillierti
FRESHWATER PELECYPODS
Nephronaias aff. calamitarum
Nephronaias goascoranensis
Nephronaias ortmanni
B
P
LAND GASTROPODS
Oleacina sp.
Euglandina carminensis
Euglandina decussata
Euglandina sp.
B
P
D(?),M,T
Bulimulus
T
B
sp.
Aplexa elata
Neocyclotus dysoni
B,T
Choanapoma radiosum
Helicina sp.
Total: 192
species
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FRESHWATER GASTROPODS
Pomacea
Pomacea
Zone IV
Discussion
4*
Trade
Table
gives
some
Two
show up
categories
(*)
One specimen
were
sula. Shells
encampments
trade or commerce.
ci it
B. bnells
immediate
At Mayapan, 50 miles
Cancun
series, is, as
would
The
The
as such.
An
is
c
u ,,
which ,,
73 were found. Only three shells were clearly
im P orted fr m * distance, all from the east coast:
1
,-.
<
and Cypraecassis
from Chichen
shell artifacts
-j
*-c
testiculus (1).
...
at
u
r
Mayapan, ^
Ulivas
common
'
No
(77).
other evi-
found one
midden may
dwellers at the
composed of
exception, as at
found on the
Category
The
much
farther inland, a
Category A, the
abundance on
/111
an item of desiderata
clearly not
eat-
from inland sites (the balance of our material). These finds of Mollusca were in largest
part brought from the ocean for use of the
99
was
'
either for
of Noetia ponderosa
immediately
coastal
Arcopagia
tessellata (1),
shells largely
was almost
imported
shells
surely imported
might
We
stress
are based
modern
distri-
on our own
col-
believe these
We
section)
that there
is
little
probability of faunal
20003000
tions.
At
Isla
dence, there
is
no hint of difference
ous pilgrims
2200 years
in,
coast.
handful of
possibly as souvenirs,
coast,
who we know
seems
to
have been
logically self-contained.
positive evi-
in the
coast,
below.
The
snails
at other
diately adjacent
proximity of the
reticularis
could have
come from
which were,
tinklers.
as
caribaeensis),
and
Dzibilchaltun utilized in
all
that although
periods largely
its
Nine
which
local
exist.
coast:
Fissurella
barbadensis
settle-
At Dzibilchaltun, only 33 of
to
sites
numbers only
cies
to
Formative
they are
sea,
less
locally,
shell
formed
encountered;
marine species
first
appear in
The nine
offer much
identified by Willey
sites
Land
do not
spe-
clue
possible exception)
all
are
are to be
all
of the
Atlantic species,
At San
Jose
in
British
Honduras, Thompson
MOLLUSCA
42
(1939) reports nine Atlantic species, none of limited
distribution which might give hints of trade, all of
which we
More
Caribbean
two
which
We
this species).
is
of both
amount
shell.
preliminary
report
(1963)
material
of
gathered
British
Honduras border
in
from
Morum
morum"
more
shall see
coast.
shells
and
sus,
IN
Much
we have made
grateful use.
remains unidentified,
still
much
tifications.
only
but
both
(ibid., pp.
this
lots,
publication. Seventeen
8889):
manufacture of
^lhe presence
1
of so
much workedj
1
the
11
shell at
XJ
1 ,1
Holmul
most
possible
relations cannot
In the inland
picture
,.
was very
close.
cities
different.
large
amount
of shell
number
of well-established
Of
1947).
give
Two
species
intastriata (1).
Two
have been
coasts:
col-
Can-
Two
Murex rubidus
...
, .
'
(1).
v
>
rive
species
v
coast,
to
be overlappings of a
lateralis (42).
Thus,
at proveni-
trade routes.
first
bm gigas
It,from
is
cific
some hint
as to provenience.
Three
species
have
Gulf of Mexico.
We
much more
distant
the reverse.
Six species reported
Pacific
origin:
ably L. ceratus
subnodosus (n),
Two
tional
species
is
clear that
Uaxactun was
Three
species
in trade contact
coasts.
Area
pacifica,
Lyropecten subnodo-
1), Oliva
Chama
could
not be
above
is
Discussion
43
but not mentioned
in the text
is
clearly of the
The
Pacific species
are:
The
first,
Oliva porphyria,
Keen, 1958,
attractive
Atlantic
side
the lowland
was imported
Pacific ocean.
He
it
may
Cittarium pica
be of significant distribution:
in
common. -Three
very
it
Crucibulum spinosum,
Morum
tuberculatum, and
four
Bay
the
in
trade as
its
on ornamented
Islands.
on
girdles
stelae
the shell
is
found sculptured
in stone,
is
also."
at
noting
area,
Of
Maya
as
as at other sites.
far
Copan
"Wherever
much more
Olivas.
813)
site
pi.
color
in
figs.
from the
an exceptionally beauti-
("S.
is
shell
on Tikal
again as belt
stelae,
found
The
shell
is
there.
again a
is
strik-
pi. II),
un-
of the
closer
much
as
at
is
Maya
Itza the
Chichen
at
shell is trace-
products
is
emphatic here
as
it is
western
down to
throughout which, among
district of the
Peruvian
territory,
its
United States
the
the
times.
and
its
Pusilha, B.H.
fig. 1),
It
shell,
(Gruning, 1930,
483,
p.
pi.
XXI,
in the
it
southern
sites
common
is
Wherever
at other
but the
intensive exca-
choice.
seems
from the
sea,
trade
sites
are at
some distance
to
as well as the
To
raw material
for a
number
of artifacts.
species
barriers of
yet aware.
Where we
which brought
general
came from
in shells to the
more
Peten area in
life to
ex-
be collected. Perhaps
much more
With two
species, this
is
quite understandable.
is
also to
be considered
be collected
skilled
in
divers.
Groups of such
important. Such
played an
divers
(e.g.,
an annual tribute
to
the King-
Montezuma
would be
far
beyond the
Fig. 3
Trade
44
I,
Isla
Discussion
45
today,
more
times.
Trade
efficient
answer
early
in
Spondylus
common
actually
is
on the
shell
are
feathery fronds
lost the
shell so impressive.
cameo
that
made
we have
beads.
...
facts, particularly
as
the
all
southern
hand.
would be
It
sum
trade
than
rather
Moholy-Nagy has
causing or
called
supporting
it.
all
at Tikal.
sites,
relatively near at
t-,,.
1 his
extensively,
interesting to
Temporal Factors
Table
was prepared
partly to
summarize Dzibil-
by pciiods
if
Jose
was used
The
for tinklers.
Morum
related to the
Balankanche
in
Yucatan was
the
Gruta de
amount
is
of excavation in debris
this
we
can
make
only a
this
must
is
fairly closely
site.
species,
although
it
its
much
and
altered
Lyropecten
is
peninsular
periphery,
The
common on
was used
for
Atlantic
the entire
pendants in
nodosus
is
subjective appraisal. It
occurrences,
tified as
ously
changed
to period.
is
greater distance
another
valve, of
is
It
is
less
colorful
bi-
and much
less
in Atlantic
and
was
greatly reduced.
We
believe that
amount
the
The
differing figures
from
proportionate.
The
paucity
shells:
Area
paeifica (2) at
of
specimens
during
Uaxactun,
at
Dzibilchaltun (or
else-
Pure Florescent
is
which we
call
the
Copo
when
unimpressive
the population
six
after the
echinata
at Tikal.
from
Chama
a.d.
much
The
in shell definitely
Of
oniscus,
phylla,
from period
vogues
found
clear that
tuberculosum
the
it
nearby.
M.
makes
to see if
associated
readily
with
architecture,
we can
distinguish
46
association
we
cannot.
is
purely ceramic, as
we have
This
dated material.
Although, as
is
times as
Table 2 includes
in
is
Species
Early
Early
Period
Period
tive
II
this disparity
12
16
vs.
is
522).
much
is
makes
it
clear that
it
later.
Copo
Complex
(1,409
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
Forma-
Table
is
many
Pure
Modified
Flores-
Flores-
Black
on
WUWUWU
cent
cent
Cream
Decadent
WU
Unstrat-
WUWUW
ified
cenote
GASTROPODA
Diodora cayenensis
Fissurella barbadensis
Cittarium pica
Nerita tessellata
Neritina virginea
Tectarius muricatus
Vermicularia spirata
Cerithium eburneum
Crepidula fornicata
Strombus costatus
Strombus pugilis
Cypraea cervus
Phalium inflatum
Cymatium parthenopeum
Cymatium pileare
Ficus communis
Murex pomum
236
23
46
133
96+
2
226
I35
>
86
11
I
1
10
127
Fasciolaria tulipa
27
Pleuroploca gigantea
15
14
Vasum muricatum
3
i
38'
29
28
4
1
Olivella dealbata
14
28
75
46
I0
13
I
,
54
12
1
1
212
14
105
1
1
12
Oliva reticularis
Bulla occidentalis
21
215
Conus floridanus
Conus spurius atlanticus
19
13
53
Melongena corona
Melongena melongena
Busycon coarctatum
Busycon contrarium
Busycon perversum
Busycon spiratum
96
Oliva sayana
10
Columbella mercatoria
Turbinella angulata
10
PELECYPODA
Area zebra
4*
Anadara notabilis
Anadara transversa
3
3
5
Noetia ponderosa
Modiolus
d.
granosissimus
L
2
Brachidontes exustus
Isognomon
Isognomon
alatus
radiatus
Pinctada radiata
Pteria
colymbus
37
1
35
23
105
4
4
2
II
47
Discussion
Table
Forma-
Species
Early
Early
Period
Period
t1Ve
WU WU
11
Atrina seminuda
Copo
Complex
II
Continued
Black
Pure
Modified
Flores-
Flores-
on
cent
Cream
cent
WU WU WU WU
Unstrat-
Decadent
ified
Cenote
Total
28
Plicatula gibbosa
1
Lyropecten nodosus
Spondylus americanus
10
Anomia simplex
12
Pseudocyrena floridana
Diplodonta semiaspera
Phacoides pectinatus
63
21
3
Carditamera floridana
12
2
1
Phacoides radians
Codakia orbicularis
Chama
34
19
Crassostrea virginica
Aequipecten muscosus
congregata
Trachycardium isocardia
Trachycardium muricatum
Dinocardium r. vanhyningi
15
19
15
4
77
58
18
79
18
419
223
28
Mercenaria campechiensis
Chione cancellata
Anomalocardia cuneimeris
37
10
17
49
79
11
13
Transennella cubaniana
Macrocallista maculata
Dosinia elegans
Tellina lineata
Arcopagia fausta
13
1
1
FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
Pomacea
flagellars arata
Nephronaias
Total: 73
aff.
2,376
cal^mitarum
species
U, unworked;
W,
worked.
during
sometimes in
that these
We
piles.
were brought
scavengers are
now
belief
although such
considered inedible.
Another example
Prunum apicinum
in to eat,
our
is
the
Marginella.
The
tiny
more
is
Its
Prunum
larger
and much
labiatum; of 54
later periods.
in
moderate use
cockles, par-
Dinocardium
vanhyningi,
r.
It
and
all,
Only two
Of
21
Anomia
deposits.
And
Their use
is
problematical, perhaps
religious
or
number
reflect
Although
it
is
possible to
and
gastro-
probably
in Early period
medicinal.
will be
present.
Use of Shells
as
preponder-
out of a
We
Votive Offerings
from Table
plain
It is
completely un-
is
fragments
shells or identifiable
total of
The
were tiny
Some
of the shells
table,
still
Other
of material found.
and use
for the
shell
as ornaments, or for
number
for
of
as
to
number
led to a
know
of no sur-
"Ethnomalacology"
This
in this area
an empty word.
is
is
Maya's continu-
My
awesome
is
in size
and
is
nal qualities.
Time
therapeutic properties
for
plant
in specific definition,
life
history
after time, as
many ways
as
if
lists
of
they were
Maya names
to obtain
for
marine
shells,
even
among
The
generic
'shell'
143) and
p.
general
is
sense
still
the
today.
Roys (1931,
oyster in the
p.
more
328)
cites
vanished.
1 Prof.
unparalleled,
knows
Maya
of only
specific
marine molluscs,
"pel"
is
275)
for the
(Schellhas'
referred
Thompson
as
"The Mam")
conch on
as carrying a large
is
by
to
frequently depicted
his back,
and occasion-
molluscan symbol are associated with the underworld, with death, and (according to Forstemann)
the five unlucky days at
By
moon
with the
Uayeb
at the
end of the
year.
was symbolic
shell
Thompson (1950,
signs.
symbolism
a
number
in
some
and
detail
illustrates
of graphic representations.
parative material
is
(fig.
21)
More com-
numerous
Most
references
and
illustrations).
some
which probably
much
is
columns
in
Modi-
an old
Two
Well
at
Chichen
is
God N.
an old
fig.
is
Schellhas called
later.
God K,
of
whom we
clearly
whom
shall see
more
to
Chichen
one
of the ancients
collect plants,
which look
Maya
in
ideas of cosmogeny.
conch are
we
to the very
and medici-
p.
exist,
and with
did
shall see in
ally as
as
IN
MOLLUSCA
48
still
con-
is
of
thus
Discussion
49
what the
tain pure
sea. Precisely
research
The
Chichen,
at
Pure Florescent
of
is
Casa de
las
Monjas
Two
date.
of the
we
shall
probably never
of other forms
must be
significant.
we
shall
raw
shells
(best
by
illustrated
Bolles,
have been
later
is
known from
the Modified
LXXXII),
pi.
God
conch
sitting
shell.
Of
the
many tombs
have offerings of
at Dzibilchaltun,
shells.
Two
only seven
are Formative
and
five
datable
to the
are:
This
may
Maya
vessel, of
than
less
six different
on four pottery
vessels
from Chama
shell
in the
1, figs.
70,
On
is
two
of these vessels, in
communis
None
life.
all
At Mayapan, where
were presumably
burials
as offerings,
These
it
in the other.
On
let
will
"Tombs and
Fie us
may
and
topic,
lowlands.
vessels
this
to
are found
germane
not considered
Bliss Col-
shells intentionally
the Tab-
(also Late
representation of
God K,
is
(Maudslay, 1889-1902,
81). This
is
"shell
shell,
fig.
309, /-).
At
probably
tioned above.
is
From
the above
it
reason that
we
ancient
for
the
Maya
same
period were
in
worn
to
ornaments
in the Early
over the face, the other contained a single Nephronaias (T, pp. 193220).
several of the
ings,
S.J.
minor
At Tikal
prominently Spondylus.
tion of
all
Our working
defini-
at vari-
is
whereby
floor space
single interment
this is true at
is
(M,
74).
The
rare cases
where
No
Maya
sites accumulated for the same reason. Rather, we
believe they were also important to the Maya because
endowed with
the
shell at
of,
the
offerings of
any
sort.
rich
tombs
Those
in
ceremonial
structures
and
in
MoLLUSCA
No
cists
offer-
or
it
worn out
before deposition.
With
these strictures,
two
sites
does
sites
in the
Maya
Diplodonta semiaspera
Phacoides radians ( 1
Chama congregata (3)
(1
quadratus (C,
summary,
rarely,
IN
p. 55).
some
cardium
sites
very
of this material,
component
shell
Ten
of caches at Dzibilchaltun.
r.
vanhyningi
caches
volume on
much
have
we
which were
to say
artifacts,
about
but shall
making
or whether they
were
rejects or
such operations.
surprising
occurred in caches
(numerals
number
indicate
of species
unaltered
all
(fig. 4).
plex.
more
in
of the
all
number
forms of marine
other
of
in
Various
One contained
inclusions
of
chunk
of
remains,
fish
marine
scales of the
No
substela caches
were found
that
all
were found
fall
in
at Dzibil-
the class of
caches,
( 1
coral.
particularly
Ficus communis (3
life
+ fragments)
+ fragments)
18
chaltun;
Strombus costatus (5
single
reports.
specimens):
variations discussed
were found
shall
Str.
as single
We
Dino-
ample,
simply smashed.
carefully nested
obviously arranged
Copo
Unworked
made
shell,
as a whole, in
or jewelry
At Mayapan,
in his
summary
of 27 residential
Smith (1962, pp. 25663) lists only one unidentified shell and no marine material. Proskouriakoff notes, to the contrary, that "small conchlike
shells,
many
cists
She mentions
specifically only a
Cymatium
artifacts."
jemorale.
Prunum
virgineum (3)
Bulla occidentalis (fragments)
a.
Area zebra
(1 pair)
in association
At Copan,
all
p.
with objects of
387).
had been
marine
shells,
of
One Copan
identified,
both Pacific
))
Discussion
Fig.
5i
Dzibilchaltun,
ciated with
and
Str.
Copo Complex
a stingray
tail;
unworked
At Balankanche
in four caches.
in
Yucatan we find
(Andrews, 1967).
At Barton Ramie, only three caches were found,
none containing
shell of
unworked
shell
were of Classic
found
at
20 found contained
The
species
Cerithium variabile
Crassostrea virginica
shells.
Four
sp. (1)
S'trombus pugilis
Prunum
Ostrea
a.
virgineum (54)
sp. (1)
is
Smith
number
of other caches
shells,
cit.,
worm
pumice fragments,
sevr
numerous box-
casts,
and stingray
spines.
on the uniquely
are
still
in progress as this
is
written.
which
However,
Thompson (1931,
lists
unworked
unworked
84-92 ).
five
identified
as containing
92) only
p.
containing
as
princeps. A. L.
pp.
One Tepeu
fish spines,
Of
Smith, 1950,
eral
San
are:
Again, there
valves of
ceramics.
273,
pi.
22
stela
They
are
finally
com-
) )
MOLLUSCA
52
Of 55
9.13.0.0.0.
marine
Moholy-Nagy notes
objects. In fact,
This
is
the great
where
frequently at different
sites
however,
mass of unworked
briefly,
life
sites,
Summarizing
from
that "the
Comparison
site.
is difficult.
shell
Although
is
a period of
known from
modified shells
42 contained
structure caches,
IN
were included
and
They
more frequent
are
in caches than in
little
found
closely
votive cult
refer to as
of caches
different times as
rarely to
is
of
Well
is
form
related
at
Edward H. Thompson
Itza, first
explored by
of raw-shell offerings.
by decreasing amounts
shell
tively,
apparently
much more
from the
than at Dzibilchaltun,
more than
is
at Tikal, rela-
sea.
sea-urchin frag-
and
Nagy
is
and scutes
Classic
caches,
worked
shell
when
become
more common
introduction
less
of
actual
un-
frequent.
shells
Of 94 such
played a
role
in
less
the
offerings, 15
published (but
cf.
immense quantity
of pottery
and
artifacts of gold,
with
human
who
is
J.
Ladd,
six
the
sea.
much
from Formative
Florescent,
built.
when most
Mixed with
artifacts,
it
and Pure
this large
forming, as
series of
and
was
rich assortment of
,,*
species:
unworked
None
(1
One
States.
(1
Euglandina decussata
Choanopoma radiosum
Cruabulum spinosum
most
in Late
e Historia of
in 1904,
Coe notes
that
the floor of
me
numbers of offertory
were encountered in a brief
hour of diving below the waters of Lake Flores (Peten-Itza)
in Guatemala. No material of marine origin was forthcoming.
that large
))
))) ) ) )
Discussion
53
Diodora cayenensis ( i
Strombus costatus (3)
Cymatium parthenopeum (1)
Ficus communis
Murex pomum
Turbinella angulata
5//fl occidentalis
( 1
At Dzibilchaltun,
We
impossible to
It is
number
of
Pomacea
not found
is
north fagade of
evi-
To
the con-
to
Str.
i-sub
of the
of the Seven
is
whether or
sting-
Much
much
have
no
prepare these
clean or
to
intro-
flagellata arata
tell
It is clear
marine
of the
at least, there is
was made
the species
Many
Tikal).
Carditamera floridana ( 1
Trachycardium isocardia (3)
Trachycardium muricatum (1)
drift
duced.
at
that they
Anomia simplex
found
were
( 1
lump
shells
Pinctada radiata
if
Melongena corona ( 1
Busy con contrarium (3)
(
larger shells
(1)
Oliva reticularis
tive species,
that the
amazing
later,
the
Temple
at least
two very
murals of
naturalistically painted
quantity of
seashore
even far
birds,
important stingray).
survived into
modern times
for speculation
to give us a
as
seem
distinct patterns
in particular)
were
to
(which did
and childbirth
and pottery
sculpture,
Early Classic
exist),
two
with death,
and
is
at a
number
of
shell
The
have been a
We
and marine
sea
real
marine
life
beliefs
might
association, at best,
unworked
clusters of byrozoans, in
.all
an obviously
immediate identity in
The
intent
one.
The
was
shells
would seem
this
in ancient
economic dependence
could
However,
"cult of the
this
distance
to lose their
is
life.
Use of Shells
Ornaments
Worked
as
shell
is
agriculture.
as
is
at a
ence on economic
on the
its
strong or
much
greater
local
sea"
and even
empha-
what must
tion of
life reflected
we
and monumental
sites.
still
tombs
on the
times.
fish
would be
sis
ren-
are de-
in
beyond
closely associated
On
springboard
and
charming
(frontispiece), including
life
two
basis of
cate-
whether
it is
still
broader configuration.
an aesthetic
attrac-
Moholy-Nagy (1963,
at Tikal.
p.
this
was the
case
~Tf^
bo
SJS
d
-C
1N
Q
to
c
o
~-<
E
u
Cs
fA
J5
v>
U
C bo
<u
c
-3
>
<J*>
u
ii
J=!
M-l
o -o
U)
JH IS
o.
B-S
,->
"~"
_Q
rt
3
C7
rt
-rt
H H
bO
i-l
.5
4_i
C/3
i/>
D _c
-a />
n
U3
<j-
^"3
j=^S
c -a
bO
"o
_a
-o
13
o
-
E^
Ji
fc
a.
>,
_e
rt
rt
"
CO
u o
v>
*-J
rt
rt
,_]
E
X
J3
lH
*-W
in
Dh
a
rt
)
.
ft
bo
aj
c c
c
) )
) )
Discussion
55
make something
is
it
else.
Twelve
species of pelecypods
chaltun to
make
The
listed
stringing.
Two
(77)
artifacts.
were used
difficult to place
at Dzibil-
logical
found
artificial
were
shells
at
archaeo-
as "jewel
offerings.
At Piedras Negras,
a pair
Nephronaias
aff
Pendants were
(
.
calamitarum (4)
made
also
(1
Conus floridanus ( 1
Conus spurius atlanticus
area
from Early
always apparently a
an Atlantic or
usu-
shell,
made
of
we
at the
shoulder (sometimes
twice),
pattern of alteration
is
is
is
cut
it
off,
is
approximately
merely perforated
The
was
intact,
left
shell,
with
its
attractive design,
fig.
85,^,6)
(fig.
species
used at
Dzibilchaltun are:
Oliva reticularis (7)
Oliva say ana (11)
Prunum labiatum (2)
Where
were used
seems
to
form
have
off;
more
Fig.
lar,
was broken
in the side to
permit
Two
Hedlund
pan
but
tinklers
from the
in Merida, exact
much
cruder, specimen
collection of Richard E.
provenience unknown.
Scale 3/4.
is
illustrated
simi-
from Maya-
Mollusca
56
of
The
valves
this to
made from
blast
on
When
this
finally
Dzibil-
at
succeeded in producing a
instrument (and
convinced that
trumpet
was cached
off
and we know
at various sites.
it
was
a blast),
was
much
manently destroyed
of
is
to
small temple
itself has, as a
Cozumel
at
Punta
Island.
The
use.
unknown
The
Maya Lowlands
in the
lus:
Vasum muricatum
(3),
canus (39).
number
(1),
It
Most of
was
this material
more completely
listed, as
we
qualities. Finally,
of the
a
worked
all
shell
recovered at the
cameo-like
its
total
site.
perhaps the
wind-vane with
built-in sound.
Use of Shell
Raw Material
Strombus trumearliest
recorded
Use of Molluscs
Molluscs,
collected
as
Food
when used
for food,
usually be
will
will
At Dzibilchaltun,
used for
making
were
which the
artifacts, in all of
shell
would normally be
familiar coastal
left
on the beach
to
form the
its
half-pound of edible
almost or entirely
priate to
and
lost.
When
of identified
altered
shell
if
he had a gun
When
it.
available as
week
would lament
earlier or later,
it
that
if
we
would have
We
suffered
local
fied
probably
the
mulada
as pendants:
retaining
the
shell's
original
attractive
make
corkscrew-like artifacts of
little,
gourmets'
would
arrived,
direction). This
with
tastes
arrive loaded
all
if
would
tortillas,
the
wind were
in the right
soups, or the
merged
tasty. I
cannot believe
must be considered.
sea,
When
such irrational
Discussion
The
57
Cancun Midden
Isla
animal and
shell, turtle,
Only
few
Forma-
a sealed Late
human
debris dated by
It consists
of a mixture of
(Chicanel) deposit of
tive
is
and
this
the
is
taste
Such
Maya
Table
but
ISLA
area.
MARINE
Entire
Species
Calliostoma jujubinum
over the
last
to
acts as a
2000
years.
sites,
where the
shells
formed the
largely have
basis of value.
Whatever
were
clearly
collected
for
gastronomic purposes,
of the
meat
to the interior.
We,
of course, have
no
Our
First,
Astraea phoebia
t.
americana
Nerita peloronta
Nerita versicolor
it is
which we,
modern works on
after reading
would have
the subject,
consid-
for food
about.
and used
Where we were
to be a rarity
menu
on the
in the
Isla
Cancun.
Cassis,
and Turbinella,
are not
cities,
is
available, to
in
One
cannot
visit
the can-
this specialty.
"Concha"
20
30
96
66
1
Echininus nodulosus
Tectarius muricatus
10
II
Petaloconchus irregularis
Planaxis nucleus
Cerithium eburneum
Cerithium literattum
Crucibulum auriculum
Crepidula fornicata
costatus
gigas
pugilis
raninus
81
353
412
1518
5i
6
25
Cyphoma gibbosum
Polinices hepaticus
Polinices lacteus
493
1871
1
57
4
14
10
39
1
1
9
6
17
19
36
Cypraecassis testiculus
11
Charonia variegata
Phalium granulatum
Cassis tuberosa
Cymatium femorale
Cymatium parthenopeum
Cymatium pileare
Tonna galea
Tonna maculosa
Ficus communis
Murex pomum
Purpura patula
Thais deltoidea
Thais rustica
Columbella mercatoria
Cantharus auritulus
Melongena corona
Melongena melongena
Busycon coarctatum
Busycon contrarium
Busycon spiratum
Fasciolaria hunteria
Fasciolaria tulipa
elapsed. Second,
15
Nodilittorina tuberculata
Cypraea cervus
Cypraea cinerea
Cypraea zebra
364
Littorina ziczac
for seafood
in
219
Astraea caelata
Strombus
Strombus
Strombus
Strombus
change
145
Nerita tessellata
shells
Total
Cittarium pica
Astraea
Fragments
GASTROPODA
MOLLUSCS FROM
ROO, MEXICO
It,
beaches,
ash.
asset of archaeology,
be excavated in the
first to
"AbulonT In
but
Pleuroploca gigantea
4
2
1
4
2
1
258
297
555
1
219
362
4
581
11
*9
389
70
478
84
89
14
MoLLUSCA
58
Table
and much of the west coast abound in mussels. Probably many species are used. Most popular are the
Continued
Entire
Species
Fragments
IN
Total
Vasum muricatum
Oliva caribaeensis
Oliva reticularis
96
39
57
sissimus,
14
IOI
14
106
in great quantities in
the manglares
Oliva sayana
Olivella dealbata
Olivella nivea
Mitra florida
Prunum a. virgineum
Prunum guttatum
Conus mus
from beds
Conus regius
Conus sozoni
Conus spurius atlanticus
Melampus cofTeus
we
l628
in the
the specialty
1022
1022
4445
6073
Anadara
notabilis
6
5
5
1
38
19
40
Isogomon alatus
Isogomon radiatus
Pinctada radiata
restaurant or
75
36
Lima lima
Lima scabra
street-stand
is
the
is
with baby
most unattractive
when
mal,
boiled,
consumed by
peninsula.
snail in residence.
is
makes
conchs, and
much
But
this ani-
tastier
broth, frequently
a delightful
am
same
true of
is
many
latter
eaters
Pecten laurenti
Lyropecten nodosus
Spondylus americanus
Campeche,
Cittarium pica
18
Glycymeris decussata
Glycymeris undata
supplied mostly
Area zebra
now
PELECYPODA
7
6
the oyster
is
in
these delicacies
Area imbricata
Most popular
"Campechanito,"
sp.
Subtotals:
Unidentified fragments,
mostly Strombus
6
I
particularly in
common
snails,
archaeological
in
Dzibilchaltun and
Mayapan
fat,
freshwater
deposits
from
Ostraea equestris
Ostraea frons
Crassostrea virginica
south.
Lucina pensylvanica
Phacoides pectinatus
Codakia orbicularis
7
8
Chama florida
Chama macerophylla
Chama sarda
Chama sinuosa
snails, called
13
37
38
47
1
Antigona listeri
Antigona rigida
50
2
2
1
at the
4
52
14
48
18
Tellina radiata
100
Arcopagia fausta
340
1968
134
474
6547
time he wrote
the
of
New
99
species
Totals:
4579
what may be
unique practice in
at
Kaua, 18 km.
and lime
picnic
year,
identified
as
by
Pomacea)
visitors,
Honduras
in British
specialty
Subtotals:
lid,
listeri
p.
1
1
Dosinia elegans
Thompson (1939,
ated.
in excavations (to
Pseudochama radians
Trachycardium magnum
Trachycardium muricatum
Tellina
is
to Vallado-
(which we have
may
probably be
eaten as a
regional
with
on the raw
when
snails.
At
east
salt
and
Discussion
59
Excavations
Belize
the
in
River
have
Valley
in ancient times:
and
805
univalves
glaphyrus and
the
of
largillierti
Pachychilus
species
were found
in the trenches.
scattered
which
interest
snails of the
showed
that, again,
were intentionally
collected
and probably
known
or bivalve, are
area today.
do today, we
left
food and
delicacies, as they
on
when
the
at a site as
little
if
any
Some
were used
The
we
in for other
hard
to escape the
shells,
chaltun).
Food seems
and these
It
may
On
these
if
brought from
were
we
problem
face the
No
in
common on
the shore.
Only
conchs
Turbi-
commercial uses
again
to
which the
shell
was
put.
But here
it
shells
were found
in
Formative deposits,
shell artifacts
relatively scarce.
At Dzibilchaltun, we
shall risk
number
of clams
to serve
and
snails
seem
to
were
Formative
have decreed
some purpose
life
what may be
shells in the
commercial
p. 17),
were
evi-
at Dzibil-
Formative).
made
utility
where manufactured
it
unslipped
if
are exceedingly
and probably
But
a sorry
larger
As many
purposes. However,
to
frag-
drew
even
Only one
Whereas we
probably
vanhyningi (419),
in the ceremonial or
of the Chancala River in the Peten, noted that "all the streams
Xot ... of
Vasquez has suggested (verbally)
that this word is probably X-hot in Maya {hot in various
dictionaries means an object with face or head down and rear
parts elevated, which would fit well with these animals) and
that this may be the Maya derivation of the words jute and
a generic
name
for fresh-
7 Euell
interesting,
if
may
be
tastily
prepared.
how many
of
them
Maya
What began
trade.
re-
also
at
Formative midden
material
published
resulting checklist of
area.
to
The
of
less
logical shell
Negras
species,
most of
we have
and possibly
is
the archaeo-
all
Even
at Piedras
is
to
so heavily
evidenced
direction, even
Maya.
that salt
have been of
at
Dzibilchaltun,
though we have
which
we have no
inferential evidence
factor of
balance.
Table
a significant
interest.
and merges
the fact
considered
the early
life to
is
nearer,
species,
Some
trade of
we have
was of
much
could be obtained
number
monograph.
including the
at the
influence
shell,
the present
of the
still
The
Much
of 192
At Copan,
considered useful.
were deeply
which were
sites,
sea coast,
trade routes
shell.
of the
are included of
central Peten
terms of
cific identifications
sites,
finally to
However, the
committed
Cancun,
at Isla
Belize Valley
lowlands.
specimens
The
life,
modern
species,
many of the
habitat. Making
distinct zones,
extends through
all
Much
into
the last
2000
no change
monest
and present-day
Cancun), we
species
collections
at
Isla
enough of
coast.
restricted
There were
some strong
sites
may
brief
examination was
forms of marine
life.
We
made
of the evidence
found that
coast.
tures, ceramics,
shells
an increase in
tirely
handful of
reflect
hints
species in
60
and other
shells
documented
as far
had
in sculp-
back
at least
as
61
and other
Here they
offerings.
we
life
from
have
lost
specific
sea
and
at
ritual practice.
as close to
sites
as Dzibilchaltun. It
importance.
either
aesthetic
commonest
effort to
life
clear
first
picture of
faunal environment.
shell
Isla
Maya
The midden
and animals.
were
ash,
utilization of
consists mostly of
We can
shellfish
among them
were eaten
very
raw material
in the
which according
seem
manufacture of
to
creasing
many
number
of
at
Dzibilchaltun
is
so
enormous
total
accumulations
de-
shells
may
diet.
site.
prominently
to
deposits
of shell at the
all
of
be quite sure
the
votive offer-
the
midden on
Late Forma-
many
practical
ments and
tive kitchen
briefly inhabited
for
that the
little
life
or
diffi-
and Uaxactun,
have been of
was noted
ings of marine
more
de-
Excavation of the
artifacts.
sea could
It
is
art
to explain
where the
Maya
in
on the beaches
seem
to
today.
do
Plates i 21
numbers; those
preceded by
are Isla
and provenience
Institute,
of
modern specimens
Tulane University.
double lowercase
letters.
letters;
modern specimens, by
MOLLUSCA
64
FISSURELLIDAE,
b.
TROCHIDAE, TURBINIDAE
Fissurella barbadensis Gmelin (M 200).
Diodora cayenensis Lamarck (M 101).
c.
d.
Pl.
a.
IN
e.
f.
g.
Astraea tecta
(Actual size)
(Q 500),
(M 567), dd
cc (2726).
(7286). Both juveniles.
(Q 502), ee (5044).
(Q 500), ff (2710).
americana Gmelin (Q 500).
MOLLUSCA
66
Pl.
2 NERITIDAE,
LITTORINIDAE
aa,aa'.
b,b'.
c.
(M 720, Q 500).
(Q 500), cc (4815).
Gmelin (Q 501), dd (7287).
d.
Nerita versicolor
e.
f.
Nodilittorina tubercidata
g,g'.
Echinimis tiodtdosus
h.
Littorina ziczac
i,i'.
(Actual size)
(M 825),
ee
(4498).
Gmelin (Q 500),
Pie'iffer
ff
(Q 501).
(Q 502).
(1293).
IN
MOLLUSCA
68
Pl. 3
VERMETIDAE,
(Q 500).
(Q 500), bb (4759).
b.
ee.
c.
(Q 500).
f.
g.
hh.
i.
j,j'.
k.
1,1'.
(Actual size)
a.
d.
IN
(M 239 B), gg
(4068).
MoLLUSCA
70
Pl.
STROMBIDAE
a.
b.
c.
d.
(Scale 1/2)
IN
Mollusca
y2
Pl. 5
CYPRAEIDAE,
OVULIDAE
a.
b.
Cyphoma
c.
d.
(Actual size)
(M437),
gibbostim Linne
aa (6268).
(Q 500), bb (2673).
in
MoLLUSCA
74
Pl.
cassididae
a.
b.
c.
dd,dd'.
e.
hh.
i.
Melampus
jj.
ff.
g.
(Actual size)
IN
coffeus Linne
(Q-502),
ii
(7290).
9*
M
v^afl
^Ei
Efl
M^jferraSSl
^^F
^^F
^^B
^2B
19
ub
'
1|rV
n
1
'-
MOLLUSCA
-j6
Pl. 7
cymatiidae,
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
(Scale 1/2)
tonnidae, ficidae
(Q 502).
IN
MoLLUSCA
78
Pl.
IN
8 MURICIDAE
a.
b.
cc.
d.
e.
if.
(Actual size)
Florida, U.S.A.
MOLLUSCA
80
Pl. 9
MELONGENIDAE
a.
b.
c.
d.
(Scale 1/2)
IN
MOLLUSCA
82
melongenidae,
a, a'.
fasciolariidae
Melongena melongena Linne (M 1002, M 824).
b,b'.
c.
d.
Pl.
io
(Actual size)
(Q 504),
M 999).
(6578).
(4208).
cc
(M 544), dd
IN
MOLLUSCA
84
Pl.
1 1
MISCELLANEOUS
IN THE
LARGE GASTROPODS
immature specimen (Q 504).
a.
b.
Vasciolaria tulipa Linne, unusually large, specimens average less than half this size
c.
d.
e.
(Scale 1/2)
MAYA LOWLANDS
(Q 500).
(Q 500).
(Q 500).
MoLLUSCA
86
Pl.
IN
12 OLIVIDAE, CONIDAE
a.
b.
c.
Oliva reticularis
d.
Olivella nivea
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
(Actual size)
Conns
Conus
Conus
Conus
Lamarck (Q 504),
Gmelin (Q 502).
(Q 502),
cc
(3480).
regius
floridanus
sozoni Bartsch
(Q 500).
aa (3693).
MOLLUSCA
88
Pl.
13 ARCIDAE, GLYCYMERIDAE
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
gg,gg'.
h.
(Actual size)
IN
MOLLUSCA
00
mytilidae,
c.
isognomonidae, pteriidae
Modiolus demissus granosissimus Sowerby (M 720), aa
Brachidontes exiistas Linnc (M 239 B), bb (3015).
Isognomon alatus Gmelin (M 539), cc (4279).
d.
e.
f.
Pteria
Pl.
a.
b.
14
IN
(Actual size)
(M 204), ee (2657).
colymbus Roding (M-5 7i),f(i8i2).
(3966).
MOLLUSCA
92
Pl.
15 PINN1DAE,
c.
d.
e.
PlicatulagibbosaLa.ma.rck
a.
bb.
(Q 502), dd (6314).
(M 101).
i.
j,j'.
f,P.
gg.
h.
(Actual size)
IN
(M 433, M624).
MoLLUSCA
94
Pl. 16
ostreidae,
corbiculiidae, lucinidae
a.
(Q 500).
bb.
Crassostrea virginica
Gmelin (5033).
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
IN
(Actual size)
MOLLUSCA
96
Pl.
IN
17 chamidae
a.
bb.
c.
d.
e,e\
{,{'.
(Actual size)
illustrated are
upper valves.
'
l^^^^^^^^il
&k
-'*"
"'Cv'-i'-T'
;
^"As"T'
7^
-'
"
"
JUS FTP1
'v-F
'
a\
.'iVi'i'i^
^h1
'r
IH
aim
in
Bm r
_^hhh
t<
>7
'
^H
^H
'
.t*
fV*/''Wri^ *
<?
'
""
^^'i-* '-a^^
**"**
'=-''V*''
f"
M^v^'bV^
!BHB
HT-'til.BV
Mi
Hk
'
bbbbbbbbbM
~&3^
H f^y BBW
BW
i'
-
'
'^.
fc
(5^
:
-
-'
-
BBBB
v^
BBBnfl
-*"
ll
"^
BBB
'
..'
^HH
Hi
bV
^b
^h1
'
'
<<'
BflBBT
^1'-'
'"*"*'"
*HBf^
'''
BBTHYr
^^
HHHka
<
^^^B
BBB
^jot"'
BB BBBBBBfl
'HBBSfflfl^fir^ x
BBBBBBBB^^W<BVlW'-'.'^^^'t. >-/v^v> Bf
'
Bi s5ti*^3i^^
MBBBBBBBBBBB
fsBfBBBBBB
bb^v^hhI
_hbhbbbbhbbbISP^^^^^
^^BBBBB
^^^H|
*r
--F
"^'/Sf'^BV
S
Mi'^ *'*{&&*'"'
bW
:.'^
'
BB^
'
^Hl
BBBBBbI
Br
'
M1
BW
HH
B|
BL
^^Hl
Ban ^i bvhb1
_rf
''
c"
BBB^BBI
BuHnl
-'--,>
BW
'-,-<^r^
BB^^^
'*^^
1VJ
V^
1CIft
<m-*^M
bP*^^^^^"!
*hbWW'F
*P^' bJbT
^
IE
il
'
i bbv^^^^^^bI
^^P^
^^^1
WW*
W *w
HI
'
iT^ ^j%"
,'.
'
IbbK
f"-'
.^HH
^h1
",
--
'
:f:.,
W
J
Hv .wBS*- v>Si' HI
'
BJ
at
HnHHffi^^
oj *'i,&^-
bbT
;>
*W
BBH
B"
BB
--^i;^
I/bbt
HbbI
ri'-Jf
v, '-^>r^;-
V^F
_^b1
'
bV^^bbbI
EbbbhbbbmkbtcIi
hS
Bar
bbf
,V..'- ;
-<'*".'
F'Alkv
'
_.
!^)Hh^h
^^^^^^
:
A^^
'HW
bbkbbmI
"-.."? :.
2-r
^bt*
.Hi
'
I 1
Hi
AHi m.
A
M
BL
^fl
>Ct
BW
^^^^
^
*
kJ
/J
'-
bT
wJ
9
j^
/>
>m>
KSL^
^wJ
B"
BL
(*
"
-- b#
'
,;
'
Bbbbbs-
'
A^BHHBBflL^
'^BBHBBl
.;/
'.
,;
N*
>-,,
^J
^B
^B
'
"
.^bMMbk^
on
^BBBBBBfl
^BflHBflfl
C)8
Pl. 18
CARDIIDAE
a.
b.
c.
d.
(Actual size)
ioo
Mollusca
Pl. 19
VENERIDAE
Gray (Q 503), aa (979).
a.
Antigona
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
(Actual size)
listen
(M 572), cc (5957).
(M 101).
Anomalocardia cuneimeris Conrad (M 825).
Dosinia elegans Conrad (M 332).
Macrocallista maculata Linne (M 243), gg (1374).
Mercenaria campechiensis Gmelin
C hione
cancellata
Linne
in
Mollusca
102
Pl.
20
tellinidae,
a.
b,b'.
c.
d.
ee.
ff,ff.
(Actual size)
mactridae
(Q 503),
aa (7297).
Mulinia
in
104
Pl. 2
MISCELLANEOUS
aa.
b.
c.
dd.
ee.
Adams (1502).
calamitarum Morelet (M 720).
ff.
Bulla occidentalis C. B.
g.
Nephronaias
h.
Pomacea
(Actual size)
aff.
and
Fischer.
APPENDIX
Marine Invertebrates
At Dzibilchaltun and elsewhere,
number
of
life
listed
COP AN:
lumps
checklist.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
who
also
fossil.
is
Limestone
their matrix.
corals.
fossil
were normally
removed from
Insti-
it is
clear
from
The
fill.
UAXACTUN:
eleven in two
RR,
p. 66;
Tepeu
fill
(K,
3 fragments,
unknown
caches, one of
p. 60, fig.
Tepeu
caches, four in
PIEDRAS NEGRAS:
sic
monial.
entirely
amount
lists
CORAL
(Long-
two
in
two Clas-
52,^).
Comment: Dr.
fol-
material:
Colpophyllia
Montastrea
sp.:
i,
modern,
fill,
1,
modern,
in Late
Copo Complex
fossil,
fill;
two on
Solenastrea bournoni:
modern
in
modern, nine
many
coralla
had
astrea,
which
2,
one
2, fossil,
fill;
fossil in
The
is
one
4,
Formative, one
modern, two
."
fig.
JOSE: "Coral
fill,
one
in
Pure
nature,"
Decadent
HATZCAP CEEL:
shall explain. In
This
is
solid,
is
slight,
two
while in Solen-
which
vesicular.
is
a difference
is
am
moved
Mon-
tastrea
preparation of thin-sections."
"(2) All of the corals noted here with the exception of Porites astreoides have been
pi-
XXXI,
16).
tially
capable of floating.
paper on
this subject
able thing, as
is
astrea
is
poten-
enclose a separate of a
is
a remark-
is
tolerably
common on
quoted
found floating
in the
from
Classic caches
Montastrea the
easily
is
corals
it
me
44,^).
CARACOL:
two
astrea
Forma-
in
Copo
Formative, one in
in
Florescent cache.
SAN
common
the
fill.
MAYAPAN:
Forma-
in
surface.
Copo Complex
Solenastrea sp.:
tive,
15,
fill;
Complex
completed the
(1)
but important as
tive,
as
fill.
Solenastrea hyades: 4
in
me
listings:
one
fill.
Cenote Xlacah.
three in Formative
sp.: 4, fossil,
in
West
Indies. Solen-
reefs there.
But other
more common.
107
io8
Appendix
might be
a selection,
As was
chaltun
beaches.
TIKAL: Numerous. At
seems
to
from Dzibil-
least
were epiphytic
uncleaned
to
molluscs.
where
with molluscs, no
as
though
material, even
At Dzibilchaltun,
marine offerings
was
it
coral
for
fill
to suggest.
is
more
At other
clear.
all
for
its
it is
it is
At Tikal
it
none
Ceel, Caracol,
in three caches
Classic. Classification
and
R.
J.
Scolaro, of
many
so
lost
essential
characteristics
would be highly
conjectural,
PEARLS
Pearls, nacreous concretions
As they
are
are
extremely
the
to
tropics,
much commoner
than recorded
would
and
archaeological frequency
indicate,
it
is
from
Maya
1,
lowlands:
vulnerable
alternate desiccation
CHICHEN ITZA:
BRYOZOA
DZIBILCHALTUN:
search
found
M.
Frederick
was found
ceremonial association
At Mayapan, Hatzcap
fill.
it
sites its
as well as in
other cases
We would be inclined to
or refuse.
other
in the
among
sity of
would have
locally available.
occurred
Comment: Dr.
pierced, in
of
fill
High
Priest's
p. 36, fig.
37).
2,
Grave; probably
p. 53).
were found,
six in
caches,
nine in one Pure Florescent cache, and one in Florescent or later midden.
On
common
shallow-water
when
living they
TIKAL: Very
found.
numbers
of
Bryozoa were
in terms of context.
COPAN:
SAN
JOSE:
III-IV.
DZIBILCHALTUN:
3, pierced, in a
in cache, S.J.
tomb, Transitional
V or close of IV.
S.J.
(T, p. 182).
in burial jewelry
GORGONIANS
one cache,
a considerable
in
tities,
lists
and unpierced,
TIKAL:
PORIFERA
11, pierced
UAXACTUN:
2,
(M-MS).
perforated as pendants in Tzakol
perforated, in
Tzakol
burial.
Tepeu
cache;
1,
un-
A fragment of "blister"
109
Appendix
Comment:
Pearls
come from
in
of molluscs
Most archaeoas
classified
baroques
(irregular in
number
quality.
specimens would be
logical
little
They
of fire
it
would appear
undamaged ones
attractive
Could
it
num-
mind
in the
However
from the
by the Spaniards?*
the Spaniards
ingly sold
and Pinctada
shells.
M.
open the
these specimens
of Mexico
to
as the
modern
or no price on the
but
how
chroniclers of
margaritifera,
distinction
was made
If so,
The same
them by weight
to
purchaser."
CIRRIPEDIA
species
I 95^,
58).
p.
Many
of inferior quality.
gigas, the largest
Among
conch in
these are
Strombus
lit-
toral,
And among
edible oysters
the
com-
mon
(S.
in evaluating
"A
rather
amusing point
is
well-known
shell
specialist,
found
in a single
all
of these
and prob-
before interment.
TIKAL: Moholy-Nagy's preliminary summary (M-MS) lists more than 200 Balanus. It will be interesting to see
if
were
these
ECHINODERMS
It
is
produced by
this
tifera.
by a
DZIBILCHALTUN:
BARTON RAMIE:
"About
fifty tiny
derm
at
both ends"
TIKAL:
(W,
p.
tubular beads
shell or echino-
cut
509).
echinoderm fragment,
2 "sand dollars,"
(M MS).
though
their quality
best
but
as pearls,
were
mixed
ones,
to
accept them,
same when
selling
tricki-
the
wonder
if
he
is
entirely right in
To mind comes
Boekelman's footnote,
will bear in
mind
minded
made by
so
many
The
greatest
market for pearls is not the United States, as might be supposed from the great concentration of wealth in this country,
but in China, India, and Asiatic countries, and to a lesser
degree in Europe. In the East pearls
gious symbolism, in Europe
the statement
more primitive-
less so,
still
and
maintain their
in the
reli-
United States
Appendix
IIO
nonorganic
various
..,,.,
obvious
of
context,
ritual
materials
against visitors.
marine
c
a
origin were included in the panoply of orienngs.
\
(composed largely of
of
At San
debris at Dzibilchaltun.
Jose, a
S.J.
or
II
possibly III
mixed with
181). Pumice,
Bryozoa (T,
corals or
and
lava.
is
p.
formed by the
Although not
pumice
blocks,
inter-
on the
pumice
floats
sea beaches,
with the
this
luscs
where occasionally
In
Cancun Midden
this category,
at
will be pub-
however, two
number
of the ancients, in
arming
so
much
appendix lacked
listed in this
Many
as
clear,
of the mol-
raw material
for
But lumps
of
are
elaborately
of the Sea"
which must
the
uses.
"Cult
reflect a
we may
never prop-
much
close
is
that
less
and
less
common
its
climax
importance.
We
site
of
first
phase of
much
great
They
clearly
offertory
separately.
sites, as
The
of
WTMM/IRV
fish
sea.
which
lished
and the
erly understand.
its
sea.
Mention of
practices
the r
and importation,
r
necessarily
were chosen,
pumice with
that they
and
shells)
fact
of collection
the difficulty
despite
;
r
inclu-
chunk
The
may
is
References
Gibbons, E.
Abbott, R. T.
American
Princeton, N.J.
seashells.
1954
Anders, F.
1963 Das Pantheon der Maya.
Andrews, E. W., IV
Graz.
Maya.
Nat.
1959
Dzibilchaltun:
1962
the
of
city
lost
1962.
Hatt, R.
G.
149-83.
2:
Tulane
Program.
Dzibilchaltun
sity
Inst.,
Johnson, R.
J.
Maya
shells.
Research,
Iglesia,
Chichen
Itza,
San Fran-
Yucatan.
in
Guatemala.
(1958)
2:
Proc.
22940.
1946
1958
Report no.
Couthouy,
J.
Texas.
distribution
Marginella.
of
new
species
genus
the
of
W.
1902
H.,
1 96 1
and C. T. Simpson
The Mollusca
eries Comm.,
20 for
first
part
J. M.
Copan
1952
Lothrop,
to the sacred cenote.
1952
1883
J.
vols.
W.
Art
sonian
no.
Fischer,
1894
P.,
2,
Inst.,
Carnegie
1957
Americans.
Smith-
P. Foshag,
and
J.
Chichen
Mus., Harvard
2.
Mahler
Bliss
Col-
Harvard Univ.,
and H. Crosse
sacrifice,
Mem. Peabody
Yucatan.
Usumatsintla
pp. 179-305.
W.
Maya
Maler, T.
190103
Inst.
K.
Berlin.
Fewkes,
S.
Itza,
alten
Nat. Geog.
pottery.
120:540-49.
DlESELDORFF, E. P.
1926-33
past.
Longyear,
1900,
Davalos H., E.
Return
1 96 1
W.
Mag., 120:550-61.
of Porto Rico.
vol.
data.
raphy, 7: 447-52.
LlTTLEHALES, B.
vol. 1,
pt. 4.
Dall,
1962
2.
P.
Description
1837
and D. F. Squires
Tikal
Ibid.,
Car-
of Uaxactun, Guatemala.
artifacts
'
Coe,W.R.
1959
The
1947
S. F.
Underwater archaeology
33d Int. Cong. Amer.,
San Jose.
Stanford.
Kidder, A. V.
cisco.
1959
1958
J.
Borhegyi,
Keen, A.M.
2 57-77-
La
recent
Gould.
2:
179-306.
2:
I.
The
1964
Smith-
Americans.
Inst.,
(1880-81),
Middle American
1963
sonian
BOLLES,
Art in
1883
BOEKELMAN, H.
1935
Holmes, W. H.
Balankanche, throne of the tiger priest. Tulane Univ., Middle Amer. Research Inst., Pub.
32
C.
S.
On
1957
67.
1969
I.
Hollister,
Univ.,
H.
T.,
W. Brainerd
1953
1965
60: 477-83.
Inst.,
Mem. Peabody
vol. 2, nos.
1,
Mus.,
2.
Marden, L.
et
dans l'Ame-
1959
Ill
Nat.
References
112
Maudslay, A.
i 889-1 902
SCHELLHAS, P.
P.
Ame-
ricana.
1904
London.
5 vols.
vol. 4, no. 1.
Smith, A. L.
1950 Uaxactun, Guatemala: excavations of 193137.
Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pub. 588.
1962
Moholy-Nagy, Hattula
Shells
Yucatan.
Carnegie
2 vols.
Inst.
Wash., Pub.
84
Molluscs
the
of
Pelecypoda.
Panamic-Pacific
Research
Paleontological
Oviedo y Valdes, G. F. de
185155 Historia general y natural de
y tierra-firme del
islas
Pacific:
N.Y.
Ithaca,
Inst.
eastern
tropical
mar
Indias,
las
oceano.
vols.
Madrid.
Perez,
J.
P.
186677
Diccionario de
la
lengua Maya.
Merida.
Spinden, H.
191
The
1962
Inst.
Wash.,
Pub.
Inst.
Marine
Thompson,
1
Ibid.,
J.
Boekelman
1939
1950
Inst.
i960
1.
E. S.
district,
Excavations
Maya
British
at
Inst.
San
Honduras.
Field Mus.
British
Honduras.
of the
Inst.
Inst.,
1964
Itza,
Pub.
The genus
Yucatan, Mexico.
W. T.
Carnegie
Inst.
New
World.
Tulane Studies
Geol., 2:
39-68.
G. L., and R. T. Abbott
Caribbean
seashells.
Narberth, Pa.
96
1
1
Willey, G. R., W. R. Bullard, Jr., J. B. Glass, and
J. C. GlFFORD
1965
Warmke,
2.
Prehistoric ceramics
Tulane Univ.,
Maya.
its
Vokes, E. H.
in the
The ethnobotany
Mem.
Roys, R. L.
Carnegie
Yucatan.
Maya and
Univ.,
Harvard
Peabody
Mus.,
Toltec. Mem.
Shells
Labna,
of
1957
193
and
Mus.,
Tozzer, A. M.
Carnegie
subject matter
Mem. Peabody
10:
108-72.
its
Univ., vol. 6.
chultunes
Carnegie
art:
1937
J.
Cayo
368403.
Maya
development.
193
Sci., 8:
London.
J.
study of
The
1897a
1965
no.
Mayapan. Carnegie
Pub. 619, pp. 321-442.
Rice, W. H., and L. S. Kornicker
artifacts of
Maya-
conchological illustrations.
Harvard
Thompson, E. H.
Proskouriakoff, T.
1962
associated structures at
Inst.
B., Jr.
The
historical
Olsson, A. A.
and
Carnegie
320.
Sowerby, G.
406.
1961
Residential
pan.
Maya manu-
scripts.
Mercer, H. C.
1896 The hill caves of Yucatan. Philadelphia.
Merwin, R. E., and G. C. Vaillant
1932 The ruins of Holmul, Guatemala. Mem. Peabody Mus., Harvard Univ., vol. 3, no. 2.
1963
in
Wash.,
Prehistoric
Valley.
vol. 54.
Maya
settlements
in
the
Belize
Aequipecten
gibbus, 25,
15
pi.
muscosus, 25,
15
pi.
8, pi. 3
floridanum,
8, pi. 3
literattum, 8, pi. 3
Anadara
grandis, 22
notabilis, 22,
maculosum,
13
pi.
variabile.
Chama
Anomalocardia
cuneimeris, 29,
19
pi.
echinata, 28
Anomia
simplex, 26,
17
macerophylla, 28,
florida, 28, pi.
15
pi.
Antigona
29, pi. 19
listeri,
rigida, 29.pl.
pi.
19
17
Charonia
Aplexa
elata,
34
Apolymetis
Chiuae
20
19
Area
Choanopoma
radiosum, 34
Cittarium
22
umbonata, see
Codakia
pica, 5, pi. 1
pacifica,
A.,
imbricata
16
Columbella
Arcopagia
fausta, 31, pi.
20
Conus
Astraea
caelata, 5, pi. I
mus, 20,
phoebia,
tecta
17
5, pi. I
americana,
12
pi.
6, pi. 1
Atrina
Crassostrea
A. seminuda
seminuda, 24, pi. 15
rigida, see
16
Crepidula
aculeata, 8, pi. 3
fornicata, 8, pi. 3
Brachidontes
exustus, 23, pi.
14
Crucibulum
Bulimulus
sp->
auriculum,
34
8, pi. 3
spinosum, 8
Bulla
Cymatium
femorale, 12,
Busycon
coarctatum, 14,
contrarium, 15,
pi.
pi.
9
9
pi.
Cyphoma
gibbosum, 10,
Cypraea
cervinetta, see
Calliostoma
jujubinum,
pi.
pi. 5
comment under
5, pi. 1
Cancellaria
Cypraecassis
Cantharus
testiculus, 12, pi.
Cardita
floridana, see
Dentalium
Carditamera floridana
Carditamera
t.
Cardiurn
magnum,
cestum, 21
Dinocardium
r.
vanhyningi, 29,
Diodora
Trachycardium magnum
muricatum, see Trachycardium muricatum
see
cayenensis, 5, pi. 1
Cassis
listeri, 5, pi.
madagascariensis, 12
21
Diplodonta
semiaspera, 27
II 3
pi.
18
C. zebra
ii4
Index of Species
Dosinia
Marginella
concentrica, 30
discus,
labiata, see
Melampus
coffeus, 21, pi. 6
Echininus
nodulosus,
Melongena
7, pi. 2
bispinosa, see
Euglandina
pi.
10
campechiensis, 29,
pi.
melongena, 14,
Mercenaria
34
19
Mitra
Fasciolaria
21
Modiolus
d. granosissimus, 23, pi.
14
Modulus
corona, 14.pl. 10
carminensis, 34
decussata, 34
sp-,
apicina, see
30
comment under F.
comment under
papillosa, see
hunteria
Pleuroploca gigantea
modulus,
21
8, pi.
Morum
tuberculosum, 11
Ficus
communis, 13,
pi.
papyratia, see F.
Mulinia
communis
20
Murex
Fissurella
barbadensis,
5, pi. 1
florifer,
Fulgur
perversum, see
13, pi. 8
recurvirostris
hians, 31
dilectus
pomum,
Gastrochaena
comment under M.
see
Glycymeris
Musculus
decussata, 23
lateralis,
undata, 23,
23
pennacea, see
pi.
Nassa
13
Nassarius
Helicina
sp-,
34
Hemisinus
sp.,
Natica
canrena, 11,
32
pi.
Neocyclotus
Isognomon
dysoni, 34
14
radiatus, 23, pi. 14
Nephronaias
aff. calamitarum,
cf.
Jaspidella
jaspidea, see
comment under
21
goascoranensis, 32
Olivellas
ortmanni, 32
Nerita
Lambidium
tuberculosa
pi.
yzabalensis, 32
morum,
see
Morum
tuberculosum
16
infundibulum, 16
ceratus,
pi. 2
Neritina
Lima
meleagris, 6
virginea, 6, pi. 2
Nodilittorina
Littorina
tuberculata, 7, pi. 2
ziczac, 7, pi. 2
Noetia
Livonia
pica, see Cittarium pica
Lucina
ponderosa, 22,
pi.
13
Oleacina
Lunarca
ovalis, 22, pi.
fulgurans, 6,
peloronta, 6, pi. 2
Latirus
sp-,
34
Oliva
caribaeensis, 17, pi. 12
porphyria, 17
13
Lyropecten
sayana, 18,
spicata,
pi.
12
12
18
Olivella
Macrocallista
maculata, 30,
19
mutica, see
comment under
Olivellas
Index of Species
"5
Quadrula
comment under
Olivellas
Orthalicus
Rocellaria
princeps princeps, 34
Ostrea
16
Spondylus
16
Pachychilus
glaphyrus, 32
indiorum, 32
largillierti,
32
princeps, 25
Pec ten
Strombus
irregularis, 7, pi. 3
Phacoides
radians,
16
Tectarius
muricatus, 7,
27
Phalium
pi.
listeri,
Pinctada
30, pi.
radiata,
20
20
30, pi. 20
Terebra
14
cinerea, 21
Planaxis
dispar, 21
nucleus, 7, pi. 3
Thais
Pleuroploca
gigantea, 16, pi. 11
Plicatula
Tonna
maculosa, 12,
pi.
Trachycardium
egmontianum, 28
Pomacea
magnum,
21
18
28, pi. 18
muricatum, 28
ghiesbrechti, 32
Prunum
pi.
18
Transennella
apicinum apicinum, 19
apicinum virgineum, 19,
cubaniana, 30
pi.
12
pi. 2
Tellina
granulatum, 11,
f.
gigas, 9, pi. 4
pugilis, 9, pi. 4
Petaloconchus
costatus, 9, pi.
Couthouy, 20
Vasum
capitellum, 17
Pseudochama
echinata, see
Turbinella
Chama
17
muricatum, 17,
pi.
Vermicularia
knorri, see V. spirata
Pseudocyrena
floridana, 27, pi.
16
spirata, 7, pi. 3
Venus
Psoronaias
quadratus, 33
semigranosus, 33
Xancus
Pteria
colymbus, 24,
Purpura
echinata
See Turbinella
pi.
14
University of
Connecticut
Libraries
c>to<
Opt c<^