The

Guide

Farmers'
A

Book

Ready Reference
and

Rules

of Useful

American

for

Book
Farming

By

B. L.

C. S. PALMER,
Teacher

PRICE,

THE

and

Practical

ONE

Farmer

DOLLAR

HAMMOND
BUFFALO,

PRESS
NEW

Facts

YORK

550\
T2^

COPYRIGHTED

1915

By
THE

HAMMOND
BUFFALO.

PRESS
N.

Y.

FEB 25 1916

"CLA420908

PREFACE

S:
1^

;^

In

venient

THE

compiling

in

had

mind

the

been

free

and

The

book

who

having

of

of

least

at

fact

He

of

some

the

has

and

cou-

cultural
agri-

current

and

less

tion
inclina-

better

might

his

wants

for

that

have

information

2.

1.

classes:

two

The

boiled

ners
begin-

who,

not

college training, wishes

information

the

The

farmer

average

agricultural

an

writer

literary verboseness.

or

right

start

to

by

little time

has

for

primarily,

advantages

himself

farmer

sentence.

designed,

more

the

condensed

is afforded

technicalities

anxious
the

many

pages

single

from
is

are

had

avail

four

for

than

average
or

in

expressed

down,

to

three

BOOK

GUIDE

information

The

works.
read

to

of

demands

of

source

FARMERS'

which

stitutions
in-

those

teach.

The

of expression

method

convey,

in

several

volumes.

small

one

will
be

of

be

have

will

writer

hereby

Backus,
of

from

the

the

chapter

Beatty,

of

the

firm

Rivers, Michigan,
Root

Company,

of

the

to

his

he
of

University

Kellogg

Medina,

on

for

the

the

Doctor

; to

contributed

growers,

and

many
wered
ans-

Rural
L. S.
most

E.

to

F.

of

Three

the

to

"Bees

on

tegrity
In-

freely

so

Remedies;"

chapter

It is

tion.
considera-

any

to

drawn

strawberries;

firms

all

especially to The

who

the

reliable
listing. Un-

have

Co., strawberry

chapter
Ohio,

Their

of

reliable.

indebtedness

freely

and

"

for
for

Missouri,

Troubles

the

required

press,

has

;ind

but

who

will

dropped.

ineluded

stations

agricultural

columns

"Cow
of

is

be

experiment

whose

for

that

all

acknowledges

and

State
on

are

knowingly,

be

complete,

ters
chap-

they

feature

published;

questionable

Crops,"

agriculture.

of

will

tilizers,"
"Fer-

These
but

to

occupy

as

of

farmer,

important

are

only

such

"Rotation

students
an

editions

list not

not,

colleges

Yorker,
of

found

the

his questions;
New

later

dealing

square

concerns

agricultural

as

make

to

and

and
is

ordinarily,

treated.

the

to

him

enabled

farming,

carefully

value

firms, which

been

would,

Orchard,"

fully and

all teachers

to

of

enlarged

purpose

"The

of inestimable

assistance

dealings

The

been

be

directory

book, will

the

"Alfalfa,"

only

great
The

whose

that
modern

topics

has

writer

of

live

etc., have
not

by the

book, information

The

''Lime,"
"Cement."

used

and

A.

I.

keeping.
Bee-

' '

Criticisms

and

suggestions

for

future

editions

will

i)e

gratefully

received.
C.

S.

PALMER.

is

nation

"The

destroyed

or

peace,

only

conditions

these

by

by

fed

not

war;

it.

influence

exercise

temporary

It

on

is

builds

which

soil,

the

that

dispersing

together,

society

humane

holding

in

instrumental

is

home,

his

man

on

it,

and

or

and

nations

causing

to
or

become

empires

to

powerful."

pear,
disap-

Liehig.
"

in

FACTS

USEFUL

ADVANTAGES
What

well

revel

city

man.

low

are

cares

stocked

well

anxieties

and

and

boss

own

may

ordinaryweek
off, at

or

his

of

fear

farm

of the

to

rent

pay, taxes
in his domain.

factor

partment
S. De-

U.

the

of

first place, the farmer, if he is at all successful, has

his own
time and
leads
being displaced. He commands

"In

the

of

fear

of

owner

the

LIFE.

life?

take a day
can
He has no
job.
losing
occasional
is only an
the bill collector
and
Speaking on this subject, W. J. Spellman,
of Agriculture, says :
is his

He

time, without

any

The

"

from

in his freedom

FARM

OF

of farm

of the advantages

INDEPENDENCE.

1.

FARMING

FOR

DISADVANTAGES

AND

some

are

RULES

AND

no
an

himself
independent life. In the second place, if he is wise, he may
maintain
his
for
He
all
food
the
family.
produce nearly
necessary
may
and
a
good garden, an orchard, a flock of poultry, keep a few cows
If
of
his
the
most
bread.
wife
and
own
daughters
pigs, and
grow
know

how

how

be

prepare
frugal, the

be

to

with

wealthy people

health

happiness by

and

water,

been

known

staunchest

men,

still

are

blossoms

the

There

does

vice

There

alert

the

for

and

uplifting

and

to

are

help

instincts
What

the

are

1.

man

the

preservation of

of the

OF
in the

The

conducive

to

to

pure

physical

CHILDREN."

It
ablest
from

has
and
the

farm.
Nature
upon
in the running brook," there
the

and

woods,

the

on

in

young,

which

tend

the

hand,

every

life

wanting.

the

among

buds,

To

or

than

country
and

liml).

Nor

be

among
and
possess

to
to

develop

the

in

need

one

the

not

are

generous

city.
ever

broadening

domestic
associate

be

animals

with
and

pets
mane
hu-

child.

STEADY

crops

INCOME."
will miss

the

life?
While,
usual

no

doubt,

the

envelope every
pay
in mind
be borne
that he already has his
and
stock that will later be ready for the

country

it should

growing

farm.

on

are

spent

chief disadvantages of farm

Saturday night,
in

the

factors

LACK

city-bred

and

beckon

for their

of the

some

from

restored

majority, of our
professional life,are

were

not

influences

care

wreck

been

has

"books

are

temptations

fewer

are

life

UP

and

years

meadow

possible

fruit.

the

and

business

early

the

in

more

shop,

or

BRING
if not

many,

If there

ideal teacher.

an

TO

in

whose

of those

ranks

that
both

an

physical

surroundings
long life.

PLACE

GOOD

3.

long

equipoise and

mental

vigor,

man,

office

active, out-door

an

is

than

higher

much

Many

"

in

healthful

air and

fresh

be

living may
of living,

city."

in the

work

applicationto

understand

and

manner

for the farm

expense
time
the standard
same

money

HEALTH.

BETTER

2.
close

too

pay

actual

appetizing

an

small, while at the

very
the standpoint of food, may

from

on

in

made

even

is

food

to

back

in

his

farm

had

little

so

knew

he

short

no

LACK

and,

farming.

The

the

of

use

farms.

to

gas

But

his

the

"At

the

is

now

one

to

mail

has

the

for

of

feature
serious

the

convenient
and

well

as

air,

and

pianolas

table

of

or

farm

local

the

taken

has

for

power

of

By thorough
just about

neighbors,
and
what

whether

careful
the

from

distance

tramps,

investigation

he

to

will

make

or

fire and

of

weigh

conditions

and

be;
the

well
can

then

change.

dining
city

the

groaning!
often,

and.

other

less

poses."
pur-

on

police
all

own

cation
lo-

and

schools

determine
his

past.
Pianos

on

physicians,

lack

the

the

the

more

should

it is best

wood-stove

of

lamps

lights

life, depending

farm
are

place

do

oil

electric

flows

water

things;
not

of

its rarity;

for

and

and

of

handle.

delivery

while

does

growing

farm-house.

from

it is growing

city

melodeon,

good

the

is

thing

mobiles
auto-

quote

we

kitchen

the

and

the

Rural

up.

many

food

back-to-the-lander

The

decide

with

that

conditions,

uncongenial
etc.

must

gas

heat

many

difficult to

more

on

washer,
on

and

the

pail is remarkable
nigh disappeared

doleful

the

groans

furnishes

disadvantages

and

things.

girl
miracle

gasoline

stream

Other

churches;

in

spruced

to
to

telephone

water,

replaced

country
it's

girl's table
Acetylene

have

and

objections
bathroom,

country

rapidly becoming

is

hot

even

the

life

country

found

The

while

Reliance

gravity.

cooking

as

and

steam

the

by

crowded

in

in

life
folk

well

has

pump
house

country

heat

at

diately
imme-

power

conditions

its way.

on

being

is

door-yard
water
Carrying

come.

Hot

the

is

home

the

day

the

hard-working

the
in

of
her

the

to

things

of

order

present

country

sale

and

city

the

refrigerator

reconciled

be

to

and

the

for

property

in

engagement

This

pleasanter for the women

bewilderingly
complex, more

easier

he

opportunity,

roads
state
being made
are
delivery have
come,
In
this
connection
distances.
annihilating
are
Island
Agronomist, the following:
Long

rural

In

an

often

income,

farm.

extent,

some

new

grasping
personal

city wife, accustomed

and
electricity, her

it hard

find

would

steady

CONVENIENCES."

OF

been

has

the

and

after

up

another

purchased
2.

; so,

money

advertised

cancelled

he

time,

fixed

the

the sale, he was

surprised to find that
above
what
his
and
$3,000, cash profit, over
decided
him
and
This
set
to
thinking;
having
to accumulate
$3,000 in
easier
quicker method
or

cost.

of

the

than

more

had

equipment

without

figuring

On

auction.

that

at

in

caught

farm
a
and, for three years,
purchased
and
intelligence that he had
displayed

he

and

cost

being

who,

man

energy
missed

same

BOOK

GUIDE

mind

in

movement,

city office. But

almost
entirely

being

he

the

it with

the

sold

land

the

to

worked

' '

S'

has

writer

The

market.
* '

ARM

TEE

tection,
pro-

these

forehand
be-

ment
judg-

FACTS

USEFUL

BUYING
Hoiv

find

may

Watch

of the

some
covers

ten

in which

large
This

If for

depends

dairy farm,

one

size of the

farm

by

it up,

buy

to

75 it better

get

or

of

replies.

in

one

farm

high

farm

the

be

is to

used

for

a
good start.
large enough
be needed.
will
fifty acres
up
and
what
wish
to do.
capital
you

your

down

run

which

hundred

from

the

Gauge

paper

some

to

that

advertisement

An

locate.

many

you

for
purpose
will be
acres

the

upon

farm, twenty

truck

for

you

or

to

write

papers,

in

advertise

shall I buyf

farm

wish

bring

will

fifteen words

or

How

If

listed in this book,

dealers
section

the

farm

daily and

in the

advertisements

the

FARM

for sale'^

farm

FARMING

FOR

RULES

AND

at

and

of cultivation

state

try to bring

price and

low

more?

pay

but
not
the farmers
only in money,
resources,
depends upon
live
to
has capital enough
on
in knowledge
and ability. If a farmer
will follow
the rules
and
income
much
without
for a couple of years
farm,
in this book, he may
profitablystart with a run down
laid down
This

he

provided

Always

1.

the

during

should

Do

paid

be

machinery

that

the land

accept

work

the

them

If

2.
attorney

to

of

amount

is

make

be

by actual

determined
the

is stony,

Attention

owner.
so

The

made.

farm
kinds
of
hilly, so that
many
fields
whether
the
venient
conare
advantage,
it
is
broken
impossible
by ditches that
up

are

so

advisable

thought
the

should

He

for

transaction
in

see

purchase, employ

to

any

that

determining

you,

the

case,

should

seller

not

in

the

advance

exceed

furnishes

reliable

twenty-

abstract,

an

deed; also that there

showing a clear title, and a full warranty
should
The
deed
no
legal claims against the personal property.
recorded
3.

as

soon

Do

not

as

failure

and
for.

his

are

be

it is executed.

purchase

on

terms

first year's crop

a failure.
prove
first
his
the wall because
crops
and

is

plowing

that

to

charges, which,

his

dollars.

profitably
of

conditions

in different

seen

be

advantage.

to

it

or

this land

examinations

Several

it.

it is

l)e used

barn

estimates

the

whether

to

as

may
should

farm

the

be

may

farm?

buy

you

moisture,
in

not

cannot

to

five

so

difficult, whether

made

to

before

land

tillable

measurement.

buying

in

farm

excessive

and
of

amount

be observed

price.

low

correspondingly

see

summer,

drouth

at

sJiould

cautions

What

of

get it

can

expenses
markets
poor

were

may

that

Many
were

you
a

less

can

not

meet,

profitablethan

correspondingly more.
always be expected and

should
has

would-be-farmer

he

had

Drouths,
should

your

gone

to
pected
ex-

crop
])e vided
pro-

30

FARMERS'

THE

If

4.

by renting

start

he

has

man

work

can

only

such

justified in giving the farm

vegetables,and by keeping
started
Hoiv

desirabilityof

the

may

and

cow

pig

for which
definitely in mind the purposes
then
its
the farm
adaptability to these
study
;
special attention to the following particulars:

Is it clay, sand,

Soil.

for

suitable

and

gravel?

or

It is
crops.
it is too cold, too

farm

general

early cultivated crops,

difScult and
also, more

as

unsatisfactory

treatment
requiring just the proper
The
the
of
soil should
depth
lumps.

of

crops,

possible, have

If

soil.

the farm
do

so

with

this with
2.

and

you
no

farm

the

in

wet

If

Water.
be

put down
find

4.
fences

unruly
in

New

the

farm

dairy

York

chase
pur-

giving

purposes,

and

wet

work

than

It is

hard.

too

soil,

other

is any

avoid

to

at

baking and

hard

Many

soil is

the

because

loss

for

gotten in early enough

could

land

drained

to

be

made

be

to

by

improved

Go

pay.

in

exactly its condition

determine

and

farm

convenient

expensive

wells

does not

need

is

wanted,

for both
on

and

summer

without
install

make

this.

sure

that

there

and

winter.

Let

the

pumping

ing
Dairy-

other

plant.

is

You

man
can

them.

dairying, look well to the pasture and the

usually
are
bought here and there of farmers
bounds.
As pastures usually run
difficult to keep within
to pasture
cow
about
five
one
required
acres
are
State,

Pasture.
and

be

be

profitablycarried

that

around

run

all farm

must

season

plenty of living water,

cannot

to

particular.

this important
3.

to

wish

you

be carefully determined.

cannot

crops

farms
a

have

who

many

Clay is good grass land

not, however, suitable for

in order

are

Practically

many

poultry and

you.

farms

spring that

drainage and
over

to

Many

profitablemarket.

feels

shallow
be raised profitably on
cannot
is one,
bureau
the farm
agent of that county go over
is
He
advise you.
paid by the county and will

expense

Draitiage.
in the

wet

alfalfa

which

he

he determined?

farm

Have

1.

help

With

two,

or

may

little hired

successful.

very

attention.

entire

his

With

he

$1,000,

or

his city job until

still retain

been

have

this way

in

near

place and

$500

capital, say
the city.

small

farm

small

BOOK

GUIDE

it.

If

for

Cows

makes
the most
Barbed
wire, which
popular and
during the summer.
Three
$1.75 per
spool of eighty rods.
cheapest fence, costs about
be
should
which
The
fence.
strands
posts,
required for a good
are
from
cents
six to ten
placed not farther than one rod apart, will cost

each.

buildings ample and suitable for your purposes,

farm
? Many
build
at once
must
new
repair, remodel
or
or
you
and
frames
above
ground, but sills so rotten
buildings have excellent
will
lapse.
colthe
that
be
have
walls
buildings
to
repaired
or
so
they
poor
roofs
and
sound
See that the floors are
whether, or not, the
their
often
wish
to sell because
need
buildings
shingling. Farmers
5.

Buiklings.

Are

the

FACTS

USEFUL

just about

are

that

writer

man,

away,

6.
and

if it

the

house

winter

Well

and

ever

goes

Are

more,

on

possible,in

is

good

Do

not

immediately

Find

where
are

well

in the

cellar under
in

freezing

the

hundred

dollars, or

be serviceable.

it may

If there

in

Is the

yourself be surprised

let

spend

chores

hole?

Is the

do

easily do

water

from

the

ings
build-

weather.

wet

cleaned

of

the
to

could

disagreeable mud

been

ever

that

hours

two

if there

open

which

markets

your

long, steep hills

and

are

to

go
better

climb,

loads up steep hills is costly

heavy
horses or with trucks.

locality. Drawing

Timber.

8.

with
if there

See

is

furnish

wood

on

would

be

enough

quantity of good, first-growth timber

farm

arrangement,

repair them.

convenience

and

protect vegetables

to

Roads.

dangerous, whether

and

it

Has

must

them.

to

other

some

Determine

and

the roads

try

Cellar.

cellar in order

Market

7.
over

men

if

barnyard

you

three

11

able to

not

are

mind

convenient

cellar drains

the

the

on

now

buildings,

the

they

in

it takes

more

dry.
enough

warm

has

FARMING

FOR

arrangement

is the

or

finding that

into

See

hour.

an

drainage

the

that

with

and

down,
to

as

unhandy

so

one

half

study

The

buildings.
are

tumble

to

careful

Make

RULES

AND

the
a

fuel.

for

farm

valuable

asset,

as

building and repairs. Do not, however,

for
the place to pay
is enough timber
be led to believe that "there
on
it."
is a difficult and
costly task
Getting out and marketing lumber
and
the returns
are
rarely what are expected. Unless there is a good
local market, the owner
cannot
usually dispose of timber to any great
advantage.
it would

If

I have

only

lumber

part of

Writing

the

price and

the

owyier,

this subject in the Rural

on

wants

all

cash,

E.

S. Brigham

where

the remainder?

I horroiv

can

for

New-Yorker,

says:
' '

bankers
of

value

farm

the hands
of

use

amount

the laws

property

of good

the

probably
The

usually

interested

also

are

prospective purchaser will do

The

because

land.

find

in

have
in

the

having

desirable

territory

the

farms

to

which

in

visit the

their

banker,"

local

conservative

and

idea

of the

Bankers

they serve.
community

fall

into

respectablepeople who will make the best possible

If the purchaser needs
he will
to borrow
money

it necessary
to appeal
loan
a banker
can

which

of the

very

well

fair

State.

Bankers

to
on

the
a

banker

local
farm

usually consider

is
a

for

loan.

usually limited
farm

mortgage

by
as

who
has a good moral
security and a person
character,
show
a reputation for
meeting his bills promptly and who
good
can
a
in
for using the
would
trouble
no
probably have
money
purpose
The
interest
in
borrowing 60% of the value of the farm.
vary
may
different States under
different conditions, but will probably be 6%.
should
be made
Payments
a
can
only in this way
promptly, because
farmer
other person
or
gain a reputation which will enable him to
any
for doing business.
credit necessary
A poor
it
of whom
secure
man
a

very

THE

12

can

FARMERS'

said

be

'his

word

business

easily where
hampered.
'

What

is
a

good

as

rich

bond'

his

as

of whom

man

BOOK

the

be

will

opposite

he

the

equipment

for

moderate-sized

bull

100

horses

350

harness
Heavy
Light harness
Heavy
wagon
Light wagon

40

(single)

20

70
35

Plow

11

Mower

43

Cultivator

Grain

drill

85

Reaper

and

Spring

harrow

binder

125
15

Disk

23

rake

Hay

20

Roller

20

Manure

spreader

100

Weeder

Heavy bob sleds

Single buggy

25
35

Cutter
Milk

25
small

and

cans

tools

25

hens

16

Horse

sprayer

60

Four

pigs

20

Twenty

may

be

$400

thoroughbred

Two

How

do

farm?

Cows

One

to

will

able

is tnie

'

would
10

GUIDE

farmer

the

get

outfit at

an

small

pricef

By

buying at auctions.
Although stock usually sells at auctions
the writer's
at the
top figures, it has been
experience that farming
tools are
struck
off
low
at
usually
price. In buying second-hand
a
them
first and
tliat they are
make
tools, however, always examine
sure
not

out

worn

useless.

and

DON'TS.

Don't

be in

Don't

expect

Don't

forget that
help is scarce

farm

; that

Don't
corner

Don't

may
vears.

think

grocery

others

are

have

get

hurry
to

buy.

get rich

in

it takes
and

one
a

are

year,

are

the prices you

what
the farmer

frightened
he

if
must

saying this

to

the
know

or

deal

great

wages

that

after it and
been

to

two.

of

work

hard

to

run

at

the

high.

paying for vegetables

is receiving.
are

owner

your

of

the

decision

farm
in

prospective purchasers

tells
a

few

for

you

days.

the

past

that
He
ten

USEFUL

Don't

the
farm

while

sold

is

Don't

't

will

think

he

Don't

be

one

Don't

run

Don't

let

Don't

fail

of

any

want

mile

to

for

much

only

risk

the

real

to

examine

fail

Don't

take

talk

to

too

good

may

say.

grind.

Even
if

bonus,

the

such

of

value

would

family

as

If

the

happy.
un-

oil

railroad,

farm.

the

be

or

lieved
be-

owner

sell.

farm

six

miles

from

railroad

as

you

away.

of

title.

imperfect

an

agent

estate

inside

the

with

much

to

ax

your

hurry
of

you.
the

vermin.

Don't

an

development,
the

enhance
not

as

neighbors

promised

where

new

some

would

pay

for

full

that

may

13

there.

neighborhood

greatly

soon

this

would

in

the

have

been

have

FARMING

FOR

that

they

may

is

he

buy

Don

gas

farm

the

on

man

remember

but

them,

RULES

everything

granted

for

take

with

Talk

AND

FACTS

the
risk.

local

banker.

house

thoroughly;

it

may

TH^

14

ARM

BS'

GUIDE

BOOK

DRAINAGE.

farmer?
of drainage important to the average
to consider.
There
is no
more
important subject for the farmer
of
that
three-fourths
all
unprofitablefarming is due to
It is safe to say
This subject is only just beginning to receive the
lack of drainage.

Is the subject

attention

its

which

Farmers

are

their land

must

demands.

importance

what
the expense,
matter
realize that, no
in order to yield satisfactory profits.
drained

Mention

of

some

1.

By

2.

It

drainage?

benefits resulting from

the

it

the water

removing

beginning to
be properly

gives a greater depth for plants

to

feed.
makes

and

soil mellower

the

tends

to

prevent

baking and

cracks.

helps

Drainage

3.
for

roots

to

useful

and

ventilate

the soil.

bacteria,

but

Air

is absolutely necessary
into
soil
penetrate

it cannot

that is full of water.

Contrary

4.

available

moisture

land

drained

general belief,drainage increases

to

are

crops.
finer; thus

soil

15"

was

6.

lessens

Drainage

warmer.

that

the

than

warmer

9.

Drained
lands

What

helps

erosion

1.

Large, flat

2.

Bogs

3.

Lands

4.

Depressions

5.

All land

areas

are

and

the

from

land

larger

of

amount

crops

some

too

water

wet

because

than

stands

Fruit

is intermittently wet

2.

Corn

3.

Heaving

missing, singly

trees

weak

and
out

undrained

most

too wet
or

coming

water

for

two

land.

in blocks.

patchy.

of crops

of the

of the overflow

tliat hold

of the visible signs of

1.

plant food

and

getting sour.

time.
Mention

inches, the drained

heaving.

where

in hillsides

that

peat bogs of

in the

soils.

having clay subsoil.

swamps

that

of drainage?

in need

most

and

keep

yield much

soils

are

to

particles in

undrained.

Drainage increases the available

promotes the growth of useful bacteria.
Drainage

test

of

depth

at

7.

8.

soil

the

increasing capillary attraction.

soil

the
Drainage makes
showed
Lancashire, England,
5.

is because

This

for

of

the amount

during the winter.

or

summer.

of streams.
from

three

above.

days

at

FACTS

USEFUL

4.

Grass

supplanted

5.

Hard

soil and

unsatisfactory

FOR

15

FARMING

large, blotchy

in

by plantain

of drainage

methods

What

RULES

AND

areas.

crops.

used?

are

of
Boring holes, sinking wells, or blasting holes by the use
to
fields
where
These
methods
impervious
an
are
applicable
dynamite.
a
deep,
layer of hard clay, shale or rock, separates the top soil from
beneath.
layer
porous
1.

Surface

2.

This
is the cheapest method.
Ditches
are
only to their own
depth. They are unsightly and
work.
the general farm

ditches.

effective,however,
with

interfere

This is the modern

and
effective method.
Tile drainage.
most
is
in
than
often increased
value more
drained
by this method

3.
A

farm

hundred

two

Do

2.

The

carried

should

drain
than

larger

not

at

draining?

"

all.
the lowest

occupy
lateral

the

in

earlier

drains,

of the field.

portion

if much

is to

water

be

away.

3.
is

main

be

should

It

well, or

be worked

can

surer.

in tile

he observed

the work

1.

farms

drained

better and

are

crops

rules should

What

Well

cent.

per

the spring and

fall of two

feet in

one

of

ditches

will be

thousand

if
sufficient,

tile

the

properly laid.
4.

very

bottoms

The

carefully with
laid may
5.

Care

6.

The

How

deep

of the main

from

it will not

In
to

land

sandy
depth

of four

foot in

feet.

the drains

increase

an

each

of drains

four

or

not

to

of

of

tile laid

piece

one

tile when

displacethe

do damage

ounce

that

properly
im-

line.

covering.

after with

be looked

should

the

and

even

Remember

some

care,

washing and that animals

prevention in this last particular
in

cure.

tile he laddf

depth

half

An

pounds

many

should

"The
and

be exercised

into it.

will be worth

the entire

up

be

should

together.

close

outlet

crawl

not

ends

block

should

that the water

can

the

in

depth.

feet

will range

The

about

twenty

inches

is two

depth

to

feet.

Up

be placed deeper
clay
in the depth of the drain
between

In clay land

tile will usually not

permit
drains."
Cornell Leaflet.

an

an

of

drains

increase

increase

in the

in the

about

two

depth

of

interval

three

land.

will mit
perrods for

increase

the interval

to

three

in

than

may
an

from

commonest

laying the

between

the

"

How

may

ditches for tile draining he

They may
cheapest way
The
from

cost

$30

is

of tile
per

dugf

be dug with a pick and

by the special machines

draining, when

acre.

machines

shovel
that
are

;
are

but

by far the best and

made

for

this purpose.

used, will average

not

far

16

TEE

How

far

distance

depend
hard

upon

porous

The

Use
the

tile

of

of

amount

be

to

Don

be

to

near

through

4,

use

too

without

drain

5-inch

or

from

bottom.

the

tile,

size

the

depending

upon

DON'TS.

main

forget

that

the

Don't

forget

that

drainage

spoil

laterals

it

very

fall.

tile.

small

Don't

if

in

while

rods;

joints

the

some

join

benefit,

five

If

removed.

Don't

Don't
them.

't

try

or

course,

land.

the

enough.

DEAINAGE

Don't

four

of

slope

of

will,

lines

the

used?

3,

water

the

tile?

the
tile

be

of
and

as

be

into

hard-burned

the

close

may

should

placed?

soil

the

as

the

enters

water

kind

What

be

get

water

he

arrangement
of

feet

BOOK

GUIDE

tile

of

and

should

seventy

the

does

lines

structure

they

soil,

RS'

apart
the

clay,

How

should

opart

The

ARM

to

the

more

right

at

fall,

the

more

does

not

remove

angles.
will

water

any

water

be

removed.

that

would

remained.

your

drain

by

knocking

the

tile

apart

when

you

cover

in

USEFUL

FACTS

AND

RULES

FOR

17

FARMING

FERTILIZERS.
is

What
A
How

fertilizer?

fertilizer is anything

f
classified
fertilizers

are

Into
What

?
fertilizers

natural

Natural

fertilizers

with

artificial fertilizers.

fertilizers and

natural

are

sources

supplies plant food.

that

those

are

that have

special treatment;

no

been

as, stable

derived
and

from

natural

barnyard

manure,

ashes, leaves, etc.

What

f
artificialfertilizers

are

Artificial fertilizers
of supplying
What

those

are

definite elements

some

plant foods

necessary

Nitrogen, phosphorus
How

the

may

in

The

amounts

commercial
amounts

are

is meant
One

by

are

and

to

been

have
the

with

prepared

potash.

on

the labels

Nitrogen 2-5%"

containing 2%

view

supplied by artificialfertilizers?

always stated

"2-7-12

soil.

of avaHahle
nitrogen, phosphorus and
fertilizerhe determined?

Thus, "Available
nothing more.
What

that

means

the

on

of

2%

potash

bags.
nitrogen, and

fertilizer?"

of nitrogen, 7%

of

phosphoric acid

and

12%

of potash.
How

may

of fertilizersin large quantitiessave

users

By buying
Are

the ingredients and

home-mixed

They
What

are,

fertilizers
as

Nitrate

are

used

to

of soda, ammonium

fish,etc.

What

is nitrate

doing the mixing

as

notwithstanding reports

substances

dried

good

on

those

to

purchased

the

cost?

themselves.

tories?
from the fac-

the contrary.

furnish the nitrogen in artificial

lizers?
fertisulfate,cottonseed

meal, dried

blood,

of soda?

Nitrate of soda is a chemical

compound, found in great quantities
in the dry, mountainous
of
it is often
regions
Chili, and for this reason
called "Chili
about
saltpeter." As purified for market, it contains
It is easily soluble and
16% nitrogen and costs about $50 per ton.
becomes

available

for

On sandy, porous
land
it is
plant use.
easily lost by bleaching. It is the only artificial fertilizer that should
be used as a top dressing.
at

once

FARMERS'

TEE

18

is ammonium

What

sulfatef
sulfate

Ammonium

but

tendency
with

in connection
On

part of

what

foliage.

is the

What

make

to

plant

the

is

about
should

and

sour

of illuminating

of nitrogen,
20%
always be used

it

excess,

the

of

source

its principal effect?

nitrogen have

does

Nitrogen
causes

gives

rich

the

rank

too

green

color

to

growth.

of fertilizers?

phosphorus
Thomas

Bones, phosphate rock and

What

manufacture

the

It contains
land

the

stalks.

and

in

Used

by-product of

lime.

leaves

the

On

is

bone-black.

and

coke

gas,
has a

BOOK

GUIDE

slag.

rockf

phosphate

animal
origin, is found
rock, thought to be of marine
and
in
South
Florida
the
Carolina,
South,
notably
parts
many
sold
under
the
and
rock
is
fine
The
Tennessee.
dug out, ground very
further
In this form
it is ready to apply without
of "floats."
name
When
the
available.
but
is
ground rock is
only slowly
treatment,
much
more
quickly available as
treated with sulphuric acid, it becomes
is
known
In
condition
it
acid
this
food.
or
as
phosphate,
plant
phosphate,
superfrom
of
contain
phosphoric acid.
and may
14% to 20%

Phosphate

in

of

substances

What

potash, sulfate of
and
the sulfate
48%

50%

Kainit

is

Germany.
to buy

What

of the

one

It contains
the

as

is considered

the

gives

sulfate

the

materials

The

muriate

potash.

It

great potash mines

the

potash,

but

it is not

so

It is said

to

destroy

the

of

able
profitwhite

plants.

some

is the

400

.16

best

to

=2500

1600^.14=11429
2000

.50=
the

for

most

crops,

although

the

tobacco.

on

he needed

determine

one

may

from

13%

to

cheapest potash fertilizer?

would,

20,000+. 02=
400;
20,000+.08=1600;
20,000+. 10=2000;

of

results

best

salts

sulfate.

or

roots

of potash.

Muriate

12%

muriate

upon

prey

potash

from

the

lice that

How

kainit.

and

potash
of actual

is kainit?

What

What

furyiish the potash for fertilizers?

to

of

Muriate
contains

used

are

most

4000

equal

ten

pounds
pounds
pounds

tons

of 2-8-10 fertilizer?

of

sodium

of

acid

of

nitrate

phosphate;
muriate
of potash.

profitable fertilizerto buy?

which
That
proved
only be answered
by actual test.
suitable
for
be
not
neighbor, two miles away,
profitablefor your
may
The experience of others may,
value, hence
however, have some
you.
diana
from
made
tests
obtained
by the Inwe
append the following results

This

can

station
"On
increase

clay and
yield.

in

loam
But

the greatest
soils,the complete fertlizer made
smaller
yield with potash and phosphoric acid

20

THE

What

RS'

GVIDE

in general, of the

he said

may

ARM

BOOK

of commercial

use

fertilizershy

farmers?
In

said

be

it may

general,

fertilizers.

attention

More

of green

turning under
should be kept up

in order

get into the habit

of turning

the

as

clover, rye,

soon

be done

Mention

profitfrom

most

few

the

away

of

the

and

crops

the

nitrogenous fertilizers;

crops,

soil

turnips,potash.

to

yield crops?

always lacks potash and will not produce good

often called by the farmers
Many other black soils,
be improved
by potash.

soil

it.
' '

in order

potash

always needs

Muck

without

will

are

of the conditions upon

fertilizersdepend?

some

commercial
On

the

seasons

the land

When

applied.

be

What

and

for each.

be said that well rotted stable manure,

which
general, it may
all the plant foods that are
needed, is the best fertilizer that

contains

lands,

such

year,

fertilizers
usually needed

Grass

What

Once

for artificial fertilizers will

need

In

each

crops

green

Alfalfa, lime

Potatoes

the land.

with.

Corn, phosphorus

can

under

and

artificial

much

too

use

given to drainage, tillage and

in the soil
The
supply of humus

be

crops.
get the

buckwheat,

or

some

to

farmers

that

should

is

(whether

wet

what

element

sour

profitfrom the

dry), drainage and

is usually

fertilizers to

made

of

use

cultivation.

lacking?
lime.

DON'TS.

FERTILIZER

Don't

expect

Don't

buy fertilizers and

let your

Don't

expect

get much

benefit

to

the

is usually associat-ed with

which

Phosphorus,

or

which

crops
' '

take

place of

the

manure.

green

piles go

manure

to

fertilizers

from

on

waste.

that

land

is

poorly drained.
't expect

Don

fertilizers to take

't forget that, if there

be increased
of fertilizers must

is

Don

Don't
sure

that

Don't
needs.

are

needed

and

to

get the
unless

result.

same

you

amount

are

reasonably

good drainage

are,

probably,

more

portant
im-

fertilizers.

't pay
use

year

soil,that the

vation.
culti-

will pay.

forget that lime and

than
Don

each

in the

humus

heavily in debt for fertilizers

run

they

Don't

no

the place of good tillage and

for fancy
fertilizers

names.

blindly, determine

by

test

what

your

soil

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

FARMING

FOR

21

MANURES.

Distinguish

between

Barnyard
contains

haryiyard
is from

manure

is free from

manure

mixed

droppings

the

manure.

feeding stalls and the yards and

stalks,etc. Stable
hay, corn

the
with

straw,
refuse.

external

the value

and

of barnyard
fertilizers.

Compare

stable

and

stable

not
and
stable manure
only
are
Barnyard
supplying nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash,
which
is always needed.
humus

Is the practice of

putting the

later, a good

in

uneven

When

land

plant food,
they also supply

but

in

piles to be spread

by

process
to be

the crop

causes

ripening.
applied

be

This

It also

is lost

to the landf

the

saves

If

full value

directly after making,

of the

so

manure.

ordinary dairy farm with thirty to forty cows

season
by not properly caring for the manure?

an

ficial
of arti-

direct

the value

possible after making.

as

better.

the

much

one-half

denitrification.

in

manure

soon

about

as

and

growth

should

As

On

the chemist

to

the

on

that

onef

No; by this method

known

manure

with

manure

how

is lost

much

each

Nearly
the

to

the

pay

of

wages

good

hired

through

man

summer.

Give

rules for the

some

1.

the

enough

It should
and

sun

barn.

lose about
Save

2.

pit.

cement

On

the
A

they
to

liquid

If left
in

four

for

spent

of

only

not

posed
ex-

of

eaves

the

be

may

exposed the

seen

pile

manure

months.

by using absorbents

manure

little money

influences

the

manure
piles are
the
directly under
of black, rich water

waste.

its value

from

away

the

are

streams

going

one-half

cover,

farms

many
but

shower

every
and

away

manure?

kept under

weather,

After

rimning
will

rain.

the

to

be

of

care

these

catch

or

would

purposes

it in
be

well

invested.
Can

anything be applied

to

Acid

"floats,"

phosphate

the latter,will help.

and
This

fertilizer, since, when

For
How

should

use

the

one

also makes
used

of land-plaster, see
manure

manure

pile to prevent loss?

part
the

of the

manure

former
a

under

of

two

evenly
nitrogen in

more

alone, it contains
answers

to

anced
balcess.
ex-

lime.

be spread?

Always from the wagon,

preferably with a
field each
light dressing of manure
a
over
year
heavier
applications at longer intervals.

manure

is much

spreader.
better

than

22

TEE

is the

Why

manure

spreads the

It

spreader

an

S'

GUIDE

BOOK

advantage?

evenly, makes
of manure
spread

ton

times

four

is worth

made

manure

quickly available.
as

ARM

much

as

finer

it

with

thus

spreader

more
soon

as

perfectly
im-

fall and

left until

when

as

and

spread.
the

does

How

milk,

with

fed

their

hence

food,

correspondingly richer

Pigs, fowls, sheep, horses,

$30

about

obtain

sheep $2. To
best advantage.
a

How

When
heats

it will be

out

What

is green

By

hard

very

run

on

is meant

manure

plant food

and

Don't

expose

Don't

put

out

pile
limbs

the

as

Don

put

Don't
food

and

any

the

to

floors under
In

it

and

sheds

spring when

the

little of its value

very

in

manure

lost.

mix

under

turned

are

DON'TS.

the

to

the

action

land

the

piles on

around

manure

that

crops

green

piles

manure

trunks

to

of the

be

and

sun

rain.

spread later.

of trees; spread

it

as

far

go.

horse

clear

accumulate

manure

in hills in

manure

forget that liquid

should

Don't

manure

is

contact

it will heat

with

immediately

and

spoil.

seeds.
available

as

plant

be saved.
lime

with

manure:

land

use

plaster,acid

phosphate

"floats."

or

Don't
the

leave

manure

in the stables

to

scent

up

the barn

and

taint

milk.

Don't
is

the

't let your

Don't

used

produce
and

humus.

MANTJBE

Don't

is excluded

cement

on

it all winter.

preserved and

well

air

the

is put

manure

to

hog $12,

be

must

manure

will

manure?

green

furnish

to

allowed

cattle

the

manure.

horse

$19,

cow

; a

year

of their

heating?

packed

Often

little.

very

drawn

is

manure

the

and

kept from

he

manure

may

values

these

manure.

1,200-pound

cows.

of fertilizer in

worth

richness

to the

according

stock

the farm

Grade

is of less value.

manure

feed, produce

rich

uct,
producing a rich prodthoroughly digest their
Animals
in good condition

poor

those

or

differ in value.

animals, and those

doing hard work, more

animals,

Young
as

of differentanimals

manure

one

forget that

of the

props

that

rightl}' used
properly cared for and
the
of
farm.
the
prosperity
keeps up

manure

THE

IMPROVING

methods

WJiat

of course,

WITHOUT

OR

BARNYARD

us(el

barnyard
to

FARMING

23

IZERS
FERTIL-

MANURE.

improve

to

soil without

the

eommercial

f
The
methods
crops.
green
If
is
land
and
wet
conditions.
soggy,
nnder

turning

conform

FOE

COMMERCIAL

manure

and

Draining, liming

RULES

SOIL

he

may

fertilizersor
must,

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

the

accomplished without drainage. If the owner

make
afford
tile
drain,
to
not
they will
deep surface ditches where
can
if the soil needs
lime.
do the most
good. After draining determine
and
the field has been drained
When
limed, turn under
green
crops.
hardly anything

What

soil is very

If the
other
a

crops

second
(lid

How

He

the
of

rate

to

be grown,

land

two

per
and

using three

rye,

hay

when

soil.

poor
of rye.

all
For

crop

from

crop

practically

to the acre?

tons

in the

tons

his

grow

on

another

or

increase

three

than

more

plowed

the

sowed

to

will

This

rye.

to raise clover

attempt

may

Illinois farmer

an

nothing
it at

buckwheat

crop,

soil?

poor

begin with

poor,
Do
not

fail.

will

for

hest

the

are

crops

green

be

can

fall and

spread

air-slaked

lime

over

it very
thoroughly and
to the acre.
bushels
During

harrowed

acre,

one-half

plowed under, the field

sown
thoroughly
beans, two and one-half
again
soy
In September the plants were
turned
to the acre.
bushels
under,
a
chain
and
having to be used on the plow, the field harrowed
again
of three bushels
at the rate
to the acre.
The next
to rye
sown
spring,
turned
of May. the second
of
about
the middle
was
under,
rye
crop
and
seeded
the field again thoroughly harrowed
to a grass
mixture
red clover and two of
containing ten quarts of timothy, six of mammoth
red top.
The growth was
rapid and in August the young
plants were
The
stood
the timothy
next
clipped high.
season
as
high as the
horses' backs with a fine clover bottom.
three
The field yielded over
of cured hay to the acre.
tons
the

latter

part

of

the

May

next

Under

what

conditions

commercial
When

organic

What

What

are

the soil lacks

is not

been

The
from

turned

Soil

humus.

benefitted

supplied, fertilizers
a

lack

the soil is light colored

plants

was

to

crops

much

indicaticms point to
When

rye

under

than

valuable

more

f
fertilizers

matter

has

humus

the

and

harrowed

are

valuable

as

of

so

may

be

humus

and

that

out

worn

by commercial

tends

used

in the

it contains

with

profit.

soil?

to become

hard.

fertilizer,besides supplying

legumes, clover, alfalfa,soy beans,

the air and
decaying give it up to

etc.

the

no

fertilizers. After

They

soil.

take

humus
up

f
gen
nitro-

What

he

always

must
The

land

but

weeds,
of

FARMERS'

THE

24

when

done

be

must

it

bringing

BOOK

landf

poor

Good

brings

and

moisture

up

tilled.

thoroughly

conserves

TT

tillage
food

new

destroys

only

not

within

the

reach

plants.

How

in

Plow

usually
should

marked

plowed

clay

should

be

lime

and

as

soon

to

at

as

possible

harden
action

the
If

land.

such

to

humus.
down

on

tends

leave

and

harrowed

effect
land

fall

the

needs

that

land

plowed
Tile

once.

Unless
after

in

the

plowing.

in

clods

of

the

in

the

draining
fall,

always

be

treated?

Such

frost.

spring,
should
harrow

land

the

clods
have

newly

FACTS

USEFUL

AND

RULES

FOR

25

FARMING

LIME.
What

the functions of lime

are

in

the

soilf

Corrects
the growth of useful soil
(1)
sour
soil; (2) promotes
to
liberate
bacteria; (3) helps
plant food; (4) helps to soften hard
clay; (5) enables sandy soil to retain more
moisture; (6) renders some
of the soil less injurious; (7) acts
of the toxic substances
direct
as
a
of the clover family.
other members
plant food for alfalfa and some
What

are

of the indications

some

(1) When
of

presence

the succession
Discuss

soil will turn

moist

moss

litmus

be

tested

that

conditions, however,

of
coloring matter
For
sour.
actually
only a few minutes.

the

and

two

when
should

paper

ways;

If, on
ably
reason-

Under

decompose

may

color

lime.

of

in need

red

litmus

in

tested.

drying, it is

soil solutions

the

on

paper
soil to be

after

sour

leaving

reason

the

the soil; (4)

litmus
the

paper
red color

the

paper,

this

in

the soil is

(2)

red;

soil.

sour

blue

with

(1) Bury a piece of the litmus

its removal, the paper
shows
a
indication

for

test

paper

soil?

the

paper

sorrel; (3) failure of red clover

of timothy by red-top.

Soil acidity may

certain

litmus

blue

in

of lime

and

the blue

sure

of the need

the

the soil is not

remain

buried

be tested with
sample of the soil
in a fruit jar, shake
twice its bulk of water
thoroughly and let settle.
If the clear liquid above
blue litmus red, the soil is sour.
turns

(2) Place

TEST

NEW

to

FOR

ACID

SOIL

satisfactory test for soil acidity has

ment
Truog. of the Agricultural Departrecently
It is somewhat
of the University of Wisconsin.
more
complicated
is
than
the litmus
special, though simple, apparatus
test, and
paper
A

much

needed.

The

Place

in

devised

test

by Prof.

is conducted

300

zinc sulphide and

the

and

reliable

more

been

c.c.

50

E.

as

follows

flask

Erlenmeyer
of

grams

neutral

grams

calcium

dihydrate, CaCU
211.0, or 75 grams
HgO, exactly 9 c.c. of soil and add 250
minute
over
(alcohol or
a steady flame

of

.6
one
over

the

mouth

solution

of the flask
lead

filter paper,

the hexahydrate,

CaCL

Boil for
of pure
water.
then
Bunsen
burner),
place

c.c.

that

dried,
hydrogen

has
and

been

moistened

boil for

with

exactly two
If
soil
the
minutes
is sour,
sulphide, an ill smelling
more.
phide
off and
will be driven
will discolor the paper,
forming lead sulgas,
A bulletin has been prepared by the university
with the acetate.
with a color chart representing different degrees of acidity. The
exact
basis for
of amount
of soil and time of boiling form
measurements
a
determining acidity in different degrees.
a

10%

of chemically pure
chloride, consisting of

of

acetate

and

26

THE

Discuss

the

Most

of

use

of
are

for

and

hard

Mention

cause

crops

loss of

fertilizers hasten

its

single

in the

lime

removal,
The

year.

should

cultivation

proper

in their order

Mention

impossible.
"

of the

some

plants

some

tJiat

Corn, millet, golden

plants

that

crops

Economics.

Farm

benefited hy lime.

are

are

and

indifferent

are

the

carrots.

cranberries, huckleberries,

limetsone,

cautions

the

should

be

of

oxide.

about

red-top

$11.00

What

are

per

the relative

Chemically,
hydrated

lime

56

and

and

third

lime?

huying

per

lime

all the

is recorded

ton,

added

at

$11.00

of the lime
of

pounds
of

it and

to

ton.
per
he added.

which

man

sold

it

him

This

gave

74

pounds

of
be

compounds?

quick lime
of

in

water

that

water

therefore, that it will require about

limestone

lime.

hydrated

instance

An

values

100

in

fertilizers?

as

'^

pounds
to

and

used

are

variety of lime you

are
buying and
pay
has the highest lime value, is also sold
lime
lime, caustic lime, lump lime, stone
is applied to it it
and
slakes"
comes
bewater
lime with water
known
also
cultural
agriadded,
as
lime, calcium
hydrate, precipitated lime

When

for

that

which

burned

ton

lime

ohserred

which

Quick lime,

names

calcium

quick
he

sure

of lime

varieties

hydrated lime, e. g.,

lime, water-slaked
and
other
by
fancy names.
bought quick lime for $4.50
under
of hydrated
the name

seen,

and

to lime?

potatoes and

rye,

strawberries,

of

some

Always
accordingly.
under

seed

sorrel.

Ground
What

onions, celery
most

injured hy lime?

are

Watermelons,

What

mal
ani-

more

fruits.

stone

and

sometimes

be

Beets, alfalfa, cantaloupes, clover, peas,

beans,
Kentucky
blue-grass, timothy, wlieat, oats, barley and

What

soil, but

lime
apply, the more
you
of leguroots
replaced. The
minous
not
the use
can
decay properly without
they decay, the nitrates stored by the bacteria
lime
Without
comes
the following crops.
the land be-

unless

available

not

do

out, and this

turned
under

crops
; and

lime

and

successfully unless the soil contains

the land, the more
heavier
lime will
be injured by using
gravelly soils may

1,000 pounds in
manure
fertilizers,or green

manure,

BOOK

raised

of

extent

will take

you

GUIDE

the soil.

commercial

some

the

to

even

8'

The

lime.
supply
Light, sandy
lime.
Not only

much

the

in
be

not

can

of

be needed.
too

of lime

need

crops

ample

an

AR

equal

are

ground
twice
lime

to

limestone.

It

will

the

of

ground
weight

amount

hydrated
same
The
fineness of lime is an
mining
quick lime.
important factor in deterthe comparative
values of its different forms.
Unless
ground
will not
fine, limestone
give satisfactoryresults, especially the
very
of

first year.

more

to

ecpial tlie

FARMERS'

THE

28

Will

appreciable

lime

applied

he

While

Yes.

it

directly

to

desirable

is

soil

unplowed

when

the

ground

is bare.

What

is

important

in

it

to

absolutely

are

How

much

500

sh"uld

other
than

to

apply

is

What

800

to

varieties.

It

Land

it is

lime,
and

for

floors
gas

the

especially

the

upon

roosts

will

It

escaping.

in

pay

horse

lime.

expect

Don't

buy

Don't

use

Don't

store

Don't

pay

lime
of

lime

of

crops

lime.

or

of

amounts

three

it
for

the

rather

years,

some

rock
be

not

wherever

upon

the

found

used

liquid

liberally

it

and

less,
odor-

whitish,

natural

should

Use

throw

absorbing

houses,

poultry

is

It

ammonia.

as

manure

the

upon

ammonia

piles,

manure

manure.

DON'TS.

LIME

I"on't

two

grinding

by

to

green

benefit

gypsum.

known

well

of

used?

While

of

escape

or

intervals.

for

now

under

equivalent
in

it

is

places.

winter

of lime?

benefit

or

once

obtained

substance
the

under

lime,

name

apply

to

fall,

acre?

per

what

thoroughly

as

practicable

continued

the

be

summer,

turning

longer

at

for

full

fore
be-

plowing?

often

is

any

nitrogen.

their

should

late

in

apply

to

other

best

it

the

quick

another

and

preventing

and

is

the

of

powder

Scotia

Nova

applied

without

to

manures

or

lose

to

lime

the

get

be

and

non-corrosive
in

the

receive

amounts

is

plaster

that

to

lbs.

land-plaster

soil

and

better

is

large

to

manure

essential

lime

From

order

of

addition

The

the

preferably

land,

the

them

cause

fertilizers

on

fertilizers

with

possible,

as

act

not

mixed

is
will

the

with

incorporated

will

it

land,

the

to

of fertilizers?

lime

lime

If

extent.

applying
May

action

the

separately,

applied

If

with

interfere

lime

BOOB

GUIDE

to

take

unreliable

of

fertilizers.

dealers.
it is

when

place

the

quick

lime.

more

for

not

hydrated

needed.

lime

than

you

would

for

quick

FACTS

USEFUL

AND

RULES

FOR

FARMING

29

ALFALFA.
is alfalfa?

What

Alfalfa

in
known
(Arabic, best-fodder ; French
name
lucern) was
Asia
490
B. C.
It is a deep-rooted, long-lived perennial belonging
clover
to the
feet high reto four
family (Legiirainosfe); stems
one
sembling
sweet
clover; flowers purple, rarely white, leaves slender
and toothed
It is the most
valuable
of the forage crops.
near
apex.

Where

alfalfa be

can

Alfalfa

part

some

1.
for

is

crop

flourish

not

2.

The

by

3.

the

then

4.

be

must

tender
a
as

often
5.

they

The
and

inches

seed

under

No

this

or

the

to

try

in

coat

on

of

prepare

Alfalfa

will

raise it only

very

wet

lime,

from

season.

1,000

necessary,

By

this

is meant

supplying to
It is
plant growth.
already be in the
may

for

necessary

from

particular,

weeds.
the

as

It is well

out.

fallow

summer

start

very

weak,

puny

and

Thorough

young
to

precede

kill all the

preparation

alfalfa
the

weeds

plants
alfalfa

are

with

by dragging

up.

bed

be

must

mellow

alfalfa be

specificrule

free

be

mixed, moist

should

are

good

to

to

way

drainage.

do

to

firmy packed.

soil is well

When

in

crop,

as

usually

be inoculated.

easily choked

cultivated

and

die.

made

and

sour.

which

soil should

The

system

safest

tile

this, as the bacteria

there, the plants will make

always necessary
If they are
soil.
not
and

be
is

bacteria

The
of

A
good rule is
good crop of com

not

not

start

States

United

soil.

acre

per

drained.

well

grow

soil should

The

soil those

the

for grotving alfalfa?

thorough

soil must

2,000 pounds

to

be

must

would

as

of

all parts

necessary

wet, soggy

on

soil

such

on

are

soil

The

the

in

farm.

every

conditions

What

raised

be

can

of

raised?

well

supplied

with

humus,

layer of dry lumps or dry manure

surface
would
See
spoil the crop.
and
fine down
to the solid ground.

rowed
har-

well
a

that

few

the

sown?

be

given

when

alfalfa, as it depends
a
general rule, it should be sown
upon
in the spring, about
of May, in the North, and
the middle
in the fall
in the South.
If the ground
is weedy, it is generally better
to keep
it harrowed
and
the
seed
in
That
the
during
summer
sow
August.
in the fall,however,
seeded
must
the chance
run
of insects and
dry
weather.
Should
be very
late
September and October
dry,
sowing
would
Alfalfa
needs
probably be disastrous.
plenty of moisture,
live in undrained
soil.
although it cannot
the

season

and

can

the

soil.

As

to

sow

How

of

free
its

sufficient to inoculate

be

Soil

3.

the

15

and

sJwidd

he

directions

full

clover

for

grown

several

successfully.

acref

per
10

has
used

be

may

East

15

to

West.

in the

pounds

hest?

the

are

alfalfa

successful

any

acre.

sown

in the

pounds

of alfalfa

varieties

What

25

to

one

sweet

bacteria

same

alfalfaseed

From

where

ground

from

contains
much

of soil from

pounds

to 400

hundred

Two

2.

How

will supply,

C,

D.

use.

field would

years

ohtainedf

he

of Agriculture, Washington,
Department
with
tubes of the culture
sealed
charge,

The

1.

for

for inoculating

bacteria

may

BOOK

GUIDE

FARMERS'

TEE

30

only two varieties that are hardy

the
Turkestan
The
in the North,
imported from Turkey under
was
Grimm
The
of
States
the
United
Agriculture.
Department
auspices of
introduced
and was
by the
County, Minnesota,
originated in Carver
the

are

Station.

Experiment

Minnesota
the

Turkestan

and

Grimm

It

be

to

seems

little hardier

than

and

leaves,

Turkestan.

What

of alfalfa?

the enemies

are

Dodder,
is about

with

parasiticplant

only

the

that

enemy

dodder

is the

Foxtail
How

worst

It cannot
your

experiment

How

may

seed

seed.

Should

alfalfa

seed

he

sown

to

and

destroy the

often

set-back.

temporary

submit

them

to

practicallyall

the

and

acre,

and,

crop,
be
should

wire

will

alone

or

with

alone.

sow

in

hot

very

six

about

crop?

nurse

results

good

oats

This

furnishes

protects the

high

in

order

been

have

barley, five

beardless

or

milk.

seasons,

inches

remove

Very

sowing it with
in
cutting when

and

forage
alfalfa

samples

34

to

by

obtained, however,

pecks

Get

No.

of

It is usually safer
the

no

North

ohtainedf

he

removed

he

sieve

20-mesh

the

station.

dodder

dodder

in

will

sheep
only

or

alfalfa

be obtained.

always

stem

alfalfa

in the West.

enemy

alfalfa

good

may

slender

upon

preys
horses

Very close cropping by

plant, while giving the

East.

long

alfalfa.
withstand

to

able
valuThe

the

winter.
is

What

striking peculiarity of alfalfa?

Its roots
out

of

the

is not

soil and
When

go

reach

should
Cut

alfalfa he
ten

as

per

soon

the

into

other

any

affected

alfalfa

said, "when

deep
of

by dry

soil and
crop.
weather.

take

For

this

up

plant food

reason

it needs

entirely
deep
a

cut?
as

cent,

the
of

red

the

blossoms

plants

are

or,
appear,
in bloom."

as

it has

been

may

to

way

the

mow

If

silage.

only

the

same

31

timothy,
during

as

matures

crop

it into the

it is to put

save

it with

over

the groivth of

to hasteyi

he done

may

Gro

it

or

the

silo

or

This

harrow.

disc

thin

often

alfalfa crop?
give the

to

seems

crop

lease of life.

new

Why

FARMING

for soiling.

What

put into the

silo for
the

about

season,

FOR

cured?

and

It may
be cured
be put into the

rainy
uii"

alfalfa he

should

How

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

is

alfalfa valuable
is best

This

Journal:

Alfalfa

is the best

Alfalfa

increases the

Alfalfa

is

Grow

soil

doctor,

liuraus to the

it adds

and

soil.

flow.

milk

high in feeding value,

don't buy it.
protein

your

erbs"
Prov-

"Alfalfa

following

the

by quoting

answered

the Farm

from

balances

and

the

ration.

corn

"

Alfalfa

sod

is the

Alfalfa

larger

grows

corn

all

of

greatest

crops.
has

subsoilers,and

equal

no

as

hog pasture.
Alfalfa
farm

every
An

is the

Alfalfa
and

means

feed

Alfalfa
it always

does

things, and
good.

fills the

Alfalfa

insures

Alfalfa

protein

Alfalfa

for

better

loafs

is the

what

you

for
pays
cattle.

and

beef

and

the ton

than

agricutural

the

clover

job

with

i\

fair

privilege; it

the

that

crops

follow.

ch.-ince

is the

It

tains
con-

corn.

or

of

wonder

Raise

homes.

the

on

larger yields from

to

on

of heaven.

and

never

haymow

best feed

cheapest and

grown

farming.

money
raise.

you

be

of alfalfa.

enemy

is good
more

what

makes

more

greatest

alfalfa

Growing

should

grown.

hog's idea

and

condition,

good

be

can

alfalfa tield is

Foxtail

feed

it

where

in

stock

keeps

the

twentietli

century.

It

yields from
more

two

valuable

three

to

than

times

much

as

AiFALFA
sow

alfalfa

on

wet

Don't

sow

alfalfa

on

weedy

Don't

neglect

Don't

turn
want

clover

or

tiuiothv

and

is

DON'TS.

Don't

you

as

hay.

to

the

inoculate
cows

to lose them.

into

or

sour

soil.

ground.

the soil.
the

alfalfa when

the

dew

is

on

it

less
un-

32

FARMERS'

TEE

Don't

let

Don't

alfalfa

the

neglect

get

write

to

to

BOOK

ripe.

too

station

experiment

your

their

for

tins
bulle-

alfalfa.

on

rank

GUIDE

Don't

cover

Don't

get
first

at

alfalfa

the

seed

if

frightened
give

it

time,

deep.
alfalfa

the

especially

if

does

the

not

right

come

up

conditions

thick

and
been

have

provided.
Don't
it
to

get

be

afraid

You

started.

rid

of

that

vt^ill
your

not

best

you
want

cow.

cannot
to

get

get
rid

of

rid

it,

of

any

alfalfa,
more

once

than

you
you

get
want

USEFUL

RULES

AND

FACTS

FOR

33

FARMING

POTATOES.
What

potatoes?

are

enlargements of the underground

potatoes are
Sweet
potatoes are the enlarged roots.

Irish

plant.
On

kind

what

Potatoes
the

kind

do

supplied with
Hoiv

clover

sod

Other

for potatoes.
harrow
or

the fall and

good

well

and

of potatoes?

crop

(alfalfa,cow-peas,

legumes

PIom'

for

deep

and

rye

and

liarrow

soy

profitable

are

the

to

If the

spring-tooth drag.
a
the
spring, so much
again in

Acme

drained

well

loam,

for

soil is the best foundation

well drained

on

under

the

same

ground

better.

good

beans,

peas,

to

crops

turn

depth, using
in
is plowed
do

Potatoes

best

soil.

it is not

be

potatoes?

rich, sandy

vetches), buckwheat

in mellow

to

the soil be prepared

should

and

//

it contains

soil,provided

any

humus.

beans

an

almost

on

best in

the

of potatoes.

crop

raised

of soil is best adapted

Potatoes

be

may

he raised?

potatoes

can

plant food.

proper

What

of soil

the

of

stems

feasible

to

under

turn

green

crops,

what

rotted

stable

manure.

fertilizersmay

used?

Commercial

fertilizers

is very

manure

thoroughly rotted, it

Commercial

crop.

well

or

fertilizers should

should
never

Unless

the

be applied to the previous

be applied directly to the

potatoes.
What

brand

In

general

contains

Are

fertilizersis the

of commercial

for

This

will depend, as
it has
been found

large

ashes

wood

Wood

per

ashes

cent

of

other

any

best

crop,

on

that the best potato

for potatoes?
what

the

soil lacks.

fertilizer is

one

that

potash.

good fertilizerfor potatoes?

should

be

never

used

on

potatoes,

as

they promote

scab.

Eoiv

should

the

Opinions
cut

the

Is there

differ

any

do

better
choice

end

as

The

seed-end

stem-end.

widely

lengthwise

potatoes

seed-pieces

seed-pieces

regards

than

between

for planting?

be

cut

on

this

and
small
the

point ; but it is, probably, best to

piece in a hill. Large
put only one
ones.

seed-end

of the potato

and

the stem-

seed?

sprouts

sooner

and

will give

better

vield

than

the

34

THE

What

FARMERS'

affect does

of

GUIDE

early sprouting

in

BOOK

cellar have

the

the

upon

value

the seed?

early sprouts in the cellar sap

off before planting, numerous
broken
are
from
the injured eyes.
The

Is it advisable
Small

small

plant

to

if

potatoes,

the life of the

weak

and

If

tubers.

useless shoots

they
grow

potatoes?
from

planted

hills

that

produced

only

small

similar crop.
to produce
When
selected
sure
a
potatoes, are almost
from
good hills, small potatoes will do very
well, but the general
be discouraged.
practice of planting them should
How

Uncut

seed, 10

should

When

is required per

seed

much

12

to

seed

the

acre?

bushels

; cut

potatoes he

seed,

8 to

10

bushels.

cut?

Ordinarily it does not matter; but the seed pieces should not be
heat and
left in piles,as they would
soon
spoil. In a cold, wet season
been
has
much
more
quickly than that which
freshly cut seed rots
to dry.
If a cold wet
allowed
spell is expected, better plant whole
potatoes.
is the best time

When

to

plant potatoes?

Plant

early potatoes
of May.
the middle

about

soon

as

the

as

Late

ground
should

potatoes

probably

is warm,

be

about

planted

after.

month
Mention

good varieties

some

of early potatoes.

Early Rose, Early

Early Ohio, Six Weeks,
Bovee, Michigan, Early Trumbell.

Salzer's

Andrus,

Earliest
Mention

good varieties of late potatoes.

some

No.

Yorker

3, Sir Walter

No.

Carman

are

potatoes

New

planted?

very

four

the

potatoes

inches

The

deep.

the seed pieces; hence

apt to get sunburned

little deeper than

the surface

near

be

be planted about

should

Potatoes

formed

Rural

Mountain,

2.

deep should

How

Raleigh, Green

are

potatoes

planted

when

unfit for

and

cooking.
How

far apart should

Plant
in

apart
How

much

in
the

rows

covered

about

three

feet apart

and

from

15

to

18

inches

rows.

should

Cultivate
season

potatoes be planted?

is very
with

escaping and

every

potatoes be cultivated?
ten

days until

dry, cultivate
a

thin

insure

dust
a

shallow

mulch.

good

the

crop.

This

tops

often
will

cover

enough
prevent

the ground.
to

have

the

the

moisture

If the

ground
from

36

The

is much

and

the

Warm,
How

Potato
inches

high, before

Use

machine

The

plants

Various
to

How

may

in

the

potato

scab

but
Soak

1.

at

2.

not

plant

4.

Do

not

use

live

These

in.

Which

This

to

Hotv

did

red
This

The

force.

scab

has

more

or

yet been
less effective :

covered,
dis-

not

dry.
sunlight before

scab-infested

on

ground

ashes

planting

until

ground.
or

barnyard

and

the wet

rot

by bacteria which
infected
fields,or from

caused
the

and

disinfected

moist

warm,

affect

has no
crops
six years.
about

rot

cellar

before

so

often

the

new

crop
to

seen

their

All

bins.

fertilizer.

scab

on

have

may

favorable

is very

for

manure

green

bins

fungus

when

origin
should

of potatoes
the development

rots.

better, tiillculture
of

considerable

or

depends

course

on

flat culture?

somewhat

commercia]

upon

the

season

flat culture
.scale,

but, if potatoes

is the

onl}^ method

recommended.

1.
of

the

cleaned

to be raised
be

to

the

in

the

is

potatoes

of

are

rot

be thoroughly
of

to

of the dry
in storage?

are

rots

stem

is put

out

under

in

cause

potatoes
in the

with

spread

lime, wood

plowing

is the

persistent spraying with

the
six
about
plants are
ten days.
repeat about every

green,

Do

What

are

be

3.

will

controlled

he

become

which

by

assigned for scab, but it is,probably,

be either planted with the potatoes
may
which
been
potatoes have
planted.

which

soil in

the

Expose

outsides

The

prevented

the potatoes before cutting,for two

hours, in a solution
If not
formalin
to 30 gallons of water.
planted

pint of 40%
they must
once,
1

the

plant.

prevented?

preventive of potato
following methods
are

the

the

been

have

absolute

kill

potatoes?

on

causes

lives

An

of

be

irregular-shaped,brown

as

rapidly and soon

to late blight.

Begin spraying
and
blight appears,
will give a fine spray
thoroughly covered.

fungus growth

which

or

parasitic plant (Phytophthora

the first blight, as it causes

the

scab

causes

BOOK

than

when

that

must

he
be

may

mixture.

spread

is favorable

weather

blight

Bordeaux

due

These

potato Mights

may

What

more

leaves.

moist

by

serious

It is at first noticed

decay.

to

potatoes
spots on the

GUIDE

is also caused

blight

late

infestans)

BBS'

FARM

THE

potato

one

He

plowed

the

field in the

his yield

more

300

than

fall,turning under

per

cent?

heavy growth

clover.
seems

Wisconsin

different

increase

grotver

to

be

about

the

experiinent

fertilizers

with

best

station

the

method

of fertilizingfor potatoes.
(Bulletin 117) reports a test of

following

result:

Green

clover,

241

bushels

174
He

2.
and

six

Few

about
ten

for

to

husbandry.
which
yielded

3.
about

When
of lead

at

hills each,

50

potatoes

as

almost

made

was

Did

of seed

field.

The

using for one

from
they run

next

the

difference

bin.

from

the

with

row

When

dug
from

obtained

were

seed

selected

stocky.

more

planted

he

year

row

the

start, that

the

tion
selec-

kept separate
good tubers, finding only

seven

vigorous and
good potatoes as
the selection pay?

l)eing much
yielded as many

seed

the potatoes

once

least

from

field
hand-dug
hills which
yielded at

over

yet, the importance

as

soil.

sandy

on

tilizer,
fer-

no

acre;

per

acre;

per

mixture
the tops were
when
began spraying with Bordeaux
times
six inches
during the season.
sprayed seven
high, and
3 pounds of arsenate
he added
the striped bugs began to appear,
mixture.
for every
50 gallons of the Bordeaux
He

as
began cultivating about
ground, at first deeply then more
of fine dry dirt on
the surface

He

4.
the
mulch

the life liisforij

of tlie Colorado

Give

bushels

by going
only those

writer

half-acre

noticed

nine.

other

in

dozen

was

row

one

the

realize,
The

others

selected

this

seem

about

the

foliage

the

farmers

of

rows

and

from

tubers

potatoes.

half

bast

test

seed

his

merchantable

in potato
all hills

from

of

the

The

acre.

per

bushels

197

manure,

37

FARMING

FOR

fertilizer,192

obtained

had

selecting

least

in

bushels

stable

of

tons

commercial

of

pounds

700

10

acre;

per

RULES

AS'D

FACTS

USEFUL

The

eggs

laid

are

the

on

soon

the

as

and

more

the

during

tops

out

were

shallow, keeping
dry season.

hcctle.
side

under

of

leaves

the

almost

soon

as

dark-reddish

hatch
out
slugs
slugs, or larvae, attain their full
three
weeks
after which
they go into the ground
growth in about
month
There
beetles about
after hatching.
to pupate,
a
becoming
four
sometimes,
generations a year.
are,

as

the

potatoes

whose

main

What

is

are

"potato

These

up.
is to

business

canker"

soon

The

eat.

flower
cauli"black
scab," "warty,
as
or
canker," also known
in 1896.
It has
in Hungary
its appearance
disease," first made
in
is now
and
getting a foothold
spread through Europe
upper
Canada,
having been brought to that country in imported potatoes.
It begins in the eye
The disease is not indicated
by the potato vines.
of the
in
brown
which
small,
quickly grow,
nodules,
potato,
rusty
a shapeless
assuming a cauliflower-like form, until the potato becomes
odor.
with an unpleasant, rotten
mass
"Potato

What

may

See
stock.

he done
that

your

If canker

to
own

appears

"potato

prevent
seed

and

is sound

in the

field,do

for at least six years.

No
remedy
disease; and only eternal vigilance
most
our
important crops.

canl-er"?
not

plant

use
more

yet, been
prevent it from

has,
can

do

not
as

any

imported

potatoes there
found

for

ruining

one

the
of

38

THE

FARMERS'

GUIDE

POTATO

Don't

plant

Don't

expect

Don't

neglect

Don't

use

Don't

plant

Don't

plant

Don't

let

't

Don

Don't

Don't
rotten

potato.

cut

wait

fail

raise

to

potatoes
from

seed

until

go

the

and

the

through

soil

same

poor

sprout

seed

your

soil

on

that

contains

no

humus.

potatoes.

on

on

seed

to

potatoes

sulphur

the

soil.

cultivate.

to

lime

DON'TS.

drained

poorly

on

BOOK

in

then

blight

year.

hills.

the

cellar,
leave

it

bins

if

in

before

appears

the

after

year

now

and

you

prevent

can

piles

you

then

to

it.

spoil.
begin
and

to

remove

spray.

every

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

RULES

FARMING

FOR

39

CORN.

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,Iowa, Nebraska

In

and

In

the

in

parts of

How

entire

of

climate

are

there?

he raised?

corn

may

south,

and

north

extreme

States.

soft.

sweet, pod and

suited

is best

requires

Corn

"Western

corn

Six, dent, flint,pop,

What

the

Missouri.

and

the

half, except

eastern
most

types of

many

States

parts of the United

other

what

Spates f

of the United

Belt"

"Corn

comprise the famous

states

What

corn?

for

during the growing season,

high temperature
nights and plenty of moisture.
warm

long days of bright sunshine,

profitablevariety of

is the most

What

largest

The

determine

earliness

their
West.

will

that

raised

are

of the

few

What

is

good

Clover

and

East

the

the

varieties

dent

dent
now

are

varieties

of

beginning

in the
to

place
dis-

precede

grass.

clover

corn?

sod

which

on

soil is best

suited,

for

barnyard

rotted

well

spread during the previous winter

or

spring is ideal.

corn?

drained, sandy or gravelly loam, well supplied with humus.

of soil,provided it has
kind
be raised
however,
on
any

well
may,

sufficient
How

of

must

of the East.

to

crop

been

kind,

What

Corn

or

has

manure

in

farmer

Each

section.

your

general, the flint varieties,because

In

early

the flint varieties

in

ripen

this for himself.

plant?

to

corn

should

richness.

and

depth
land

be prepared

for

corn?

Plow
First, select good soil. Corn is not a poor land crop.
deep
A
harrow
obtained
both
be
cannot
thoroughly
good crop
ways.
unless
mistakes
the ground is mellow.
One of the common
of farmers
is that
their land
it
thoroughly.
Going over
they do not prepare
and

once

The

with

more

the harrow

finer the soil,the

is

What

one

of the

more

most

will often

increase

plant food

it will

the

crop

ten

per

cent.

give up.

important factors in securing

a,

good

corn

crop?
Selected

seed.

through the field

stalks, cut, and when
in a pile by themselves.
Go

well-leaved

vigorous
and
place the ears
save
only from
Give

rides for
Select

rounded

at

stalks that

yielded

at

Select
cutting time.
husk
cured,
thoroughly

at

If there

least

two

is sufficient

good

ber,
num-

ears.

selectingears?

medium
both

ears,

ends.

well
The

filled with

color

should.be

straight rows
bright and

and
the

well

kernels

40

FARMERS'

THE

firm

the

on

should
and

cob.

taper

The

should

ears

IDE

hollow

not

Save

gradually.

very

from

in
that

ears

butt

tip, but

to

uniform

are

in

size

shape.

What

should

care

in

heat

been

selected?

to

freeze; then

to

extremes

of

cold.
sJiould

Test

determine
is the

corn

planted
not
only

with

be done

to

of

crop

after they have

ears

dry thoroughly before being allowed

dry place where
they will not be subjected

or

What

to

should

They
store

be given

causes

if the

seed

he

will grow.
It is estimated

$4.00.

of

just before planting?

seed

stand.

poor

loss

kernel

every

the

The
will

plants

One

but

also

poor

ear
poor
knows
today

every

of

expert

corn

grow,

of

cause

that

that

its vitality is

strong.
How

can

seed

Prof.

P.

be tested?

corn

G.

the following method

''Make

of

Holden,

Iowa

the

Agricultural

College, suggests

inches in size; fill it

Rule
with a brick.
firmly
tamp
off a piece of good cloth into squares
board
checker
21/2x21/: inches
fashion, and
number
the squares
Place the cloth, which
1, 2, 3, etc.
should
be the size of the germination box, on
the sawdust
and
tack it
sides and
of corn
to the
ends of the box.
to be tested
Lay the ears
side by side on the table or floor. Remove
six different
six kernels from
No. 1 in the germinain square
places from ear No. 1 and place them
tion
Then
side up, and crown
box, germ
pointing from
remove
you.
in a like manner
2
and
in
six kernels
from
No.
No. 2
ear
place
square
in the germination box, and
When
the squares
in the germination
so
on.
box
all
of
cloth
and
the
kernels
filled,
are
lay a piece
good
over
Place
this a cloth
it.
erably
considdampen
by srinkling water
over
over
larger than the box and fill the box M^th moist sawdust, tamp
with a brick or board
and
firmly pack on top of the corn.
Keep the
about

in

box
or

box

three

side

inches

down,
days

thus
for

the stem

sprouted kernels
"The
may

be

above
described

firmly

in the

squares;
kernels

then
and

will then
to

read

germinate.
containing the
cloth as carefully

in each
box

the

when

the

three

root

It requires about
of

that

time

possible and

as

or

sprouts
five
back

roll

top layer of sawdust.

completed
follows

as

of the

kernels

end

point,

and

up

test.

the

side of the box,

Now

examine

move
re-

the

six

square.

briefly

bottom

grow

the

At

cloth

second

raise the upper

of the kernels

crowns

to

corn

the

remove

sprouts

30x30

and

freeze

the

it easier

making

the

the

which

and

deep

sawdust

it will not

toward
;

inches

moist

place where

the

four

and

half full with

box.

laid

in

On

and
Two

away

inches

tbis is laid
the

squares,

dampened, then a third

which
is placed two
of
inches more
of the larger cloth may
folded
be,

set

cloth

the

second

cloth
cloth

ruled
laid

off in
on

the

larger than the box, on

packed firmly. The edges

much

sawdust
over

germination
of sawdust
packed
for

on

top of the sawdust.

Soak

sawdust

the

least

at

hours

two

better

"

Use

night.

over

41

FARMING

FOR

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

good quality

and
also for the
sheeting for the cloth that is ruled ofiFin squares,
Do
not
grade cloth,
cheap, porous
cloth covering the kernels.
use
a
the work.
interfere
with
and
it
the sprouts will grow
greatly
through
as

of

"Leave

the

stem

all

out

Describe

accurate

and

of the best tested ears

fifty to one hundred
the ear ; number
the
half
kernels
from
each, using
on
what
determine
remaining half-ears so that you may
will

found

be

that

Use
prolificthan others.
for the next
produced the rows
not
fertilized,would
being cross
should,
Plant
How

shotiJd

great
each way,

true

frost

of

is

planted and

he

three

in

kernels

silage, it

for

rules

row

and

rows

each

row

the

ear

duced.
pro-

stronger

and

the

that

from

The

ears

of the

ears

rows,

seed.

to

may

kernels

many

If

the

planted closer

hillf

in

more

it is

or

Use

hill.

if

feet

3i/"

rows,

is small,

planted;

is

acreage

in

variety
and

in

warm.

i/jto II/2 inches.

from

Plant

deep.

is

ground

the

moisture,

hill.

be

and

nvei-

how

deal

planter if any
hand
a
planter

horse

Go
to

breed

plant

the

much

seed

remaining
year's crop.

considerable

amount,
Give

danger

corn

be

the

just deep enough to obtain

of corn
is planted too

Plant
A

planted

all

when

deep

ears

be planted?

seed

corn

will

rows

some

more

When

the

as

corn.

Select

It

examined.

when
well

of obtaining seed

method

row"

''ear and

the

insure

two

weak

thoroughly
reading,

without

once

To

inches long
germination, as

least

at

than

more

clotlis.

the

fail to grow."

kernels

whose

and

show

that

ears

the box
be

should

sprouts

Throw

the

Make

drying out.
freezing and
Never
use
21/2x21/2inches.
the
sawdust
scalding both

the edges of the box to prevent

receive the kernels
to
squares

around

margin

two-inch

only

smnll

be used.

may

for cultivating.
the field with

over

kill the

that

weeds

four

inches

close

to the

weeder

three

or

just starting.

are

four

When

after

times
the

planting

is three

corn

or

be cultivated
at least six inches
it may
deep and
the roots begin to spread, only shallow
but later, when

high
hill

their crop from

farmers
lessen
10%
permissible. Many
the
roots
.that
fine
food-seeking
are
to 15%
by cultivating so deeply
is
inches
after
and one-half
deep enough
injured or destroyed. Two
with
shovel
Never
the plants get well started.
a
go through the corn
plow.

cultivation

is

flow

should

often
Often

least
:ibout

enough

twice
two

moisture

penetrate
successful

week,

inches
and

be

to

kill the

weeds.

often

enough

or

thick

give

cullivatcd?

corn

on

it to

fine, dry dust.

growing.
corn

If the

The

dust

mulch

is

season

keep a
of
the
ground.
top
the growing
plants.
to

dry,
of

This

will

is

Water
one

the

not

at

dust
the

conserve

does

of

cultivate

fine dry

mulch

easily

secrets

of

42

TEE

What

FARMERS'

fertilizersare

iest

GUIDE

for

BOOK

corn

Well
is the best.
rotted barnyard manure
Commercial
fertilizers,
especially those rich in phosporus. will pay ; but they should be sown
handful
of fertilizer
broadcast, rather than placed in the hill. A compact
harm
than
placed in the hill of any plant will do more
good.
What

is the
Corn

of

cause

smut?

corn

affect any
fungus that may
part of the
The
carried
plant above ground.
ripened spores of smut
fungi are
and
when
the
wind
fall
the
moist
surface
of
they
on
by
part of
any
;
Soft li";.sue,
caused
the plant, not too mature
they take root and grow.
by injury to the plant, is a fruitful field for smut
spores.

fieldsof

What

Corn
and

from

tender

at

least three

may

be

controlled

should

When

Leave

It should
to

circulate

now

may

weather

rapid growth

effective.

be

to

season

this method

but

all the

field should

The

them.

the

Gather

crop.

is not

be
The
be

to

posgone
smut

mended.
recom-

the

as

until

the

of

husked

piled loosely in
the

fed

be

of

uses

to

corn

an

open
sides and

cribs ; this not

corn

lower

to

husks

glaze ; if for the corn,

white.
begin to turn

cured.

well

taken

begin

ears

to

crib, which

the

on

all kinds

of

makes

the

will allow

the air

A
special wire is
air,but is rat proof.

bottom.

only admits

corn

prevent it from spoiling?

the

farm?

poultry. During the

work, will do nicely on timothy
stock

and

not
at
horses, when
of corn
tened
be fatthree times a day.
good ears
Hogs may
than
other
is
kind
food.
of
It
on
corn
cheaper
on
sary
necesany
for poultry, especially during the cold weather.
It is not a hot
a

dozen

weather

food.
an

corn

food

he

of the

some

Corn
with

soon

freely through

for

made

Mention

cold

be

he cut?

corn

should

care

old

the

bum

during
by spraying,

in the field until

What

from

times

silage,cut as
little longer, or

makes

corn

surface.

stalks

If for

leave

smut?

corn

Such

soil.

field and

new

over

liable to

he controlled?

smut

the

rich, moist

on

all affected

Burn

by

most

are

much
corn

may

tules

corn

grown

exposes

How

is caused

smut

when

ration

excellent
the

on

of

mixture

to

ear

for

CORN

Don't

use

Don't

plant

Don't

neglect

seed.

poor
too

to

The

cows.

Corn

cows.

balanced

properly

part of

one

close.
cultivate.

with

corn

writer

stalks

other

DON'TS.

meal

are

to

does

two
not

valuable

rations.

of oat

advise
as

meal

ing
feedcoarse

THE

44

Oats

On

is

There

acre.

What

Whole

to

Wliat

Oats
are

even

as

yield

from

forty

stage,

ripe, the

dead

the

straw

will

to

sixty

bushels

of

be

per

in varieties.

food?

stock

feeds

for

grains, make

other

horses

while

ground oats,
for nearly

feed

excellent

an

for stock

is better

Its straw

than

that

of any

sown?

bushels

of

oats

The

better.

that

moisture

good

oats

be

From

sown.

crop?
nurse

the

cover

should

acre

per

nurse

as

considered

are

This

of sowing oats.
satisfactory method
thoroughly covered.
depth and they are more
most

one-half

be said,

may

much

be

is the

and

two

and

of the best

one

with

oats

Drilling
gives them an
two

oats

If left until

bushel

milk

the

passed

the

to

soil oats

has

cereals.

other

should

Flow

much

of stock.

kinds

all other

grain
yellow.

one-half

so

of

mixed

especiallyif
of the

is

oats

BOOK

GUIDE

the

as

great difference

no

he said

may

just

cut

weigh

not

S'

cut?

quality.
well prepared

poorer

field is about

the
will

grain

be

should

when

be

sJiould oats

When

or

crop,

ground

the seeding is often

ley
and baralthough wheat
and
too thickly
require so

killed

out.

WHEAT.

different types of

What

wheat

raised?

are

winter
wheat,
winter
wheat, hard
wheat, semi-hard
hard
The
wheat.
macaroni
and
wheat
hard
soft spring wheat,
spring
braska,
in
flour is made, is raised
Kansas, Nethe best
which
wheat, from

Soft

winter

northern

the

softer varieties

soil

What

loams

are

same

as

for

fitted the

than

oats,

needs

so

When

and

how

should

States

United
humid

more

The

Canada.

and

of the

section

East.

best for wheat-raising.

Wheat,

oats.

richer

in many

abandoned

been

raised

clay

the

in the

is bf.'iffor wheat

Heavy
be

are

of

part

soil.

sections

wheat

The

is

however,

raising

of

ground

The
a

"finer

wheat

has

should
feeder"

largely

of the East.

be sown?

early in the spring as the ground can be

sown
early enough in the fall to get a good
in drills,and usually it will
stand
Wheat
before winter.
is best sown
six to eight
from
in phosphorus.
Sow
to apply a fertilizer rich
pay
of
the
seed.
size
the
pecks to the acre, depending upon

Spring

worked

wheat

winter
;

is

sown

wlieat

is

as

FACJ\s

USEFUL

AND

RULES

FARMING

FOR

45

BUCKWHEAT.

WJiat

be said

may

is

Buckwheat
of soil.

kind

huekwheat

raise,

to
crop
it must

easy

its blossoms

that

in order

an

fact that

The

the

favor of

in

be

it does

as

in cooler

well

on

than

later

sown

"set"

may

cropf
almost

any

the other

crops,
vantage
ad-

is often

weather,

an

Buckwheat
busy farmer.
always finds a ready market
It
makes
excellent feed,
price
advancing every
a most
year.
profitableto sell it and buy something
although usually it is more
be
not
cheaper. Tt is an excellent crop to precede potatoes, but should
It
is
both
and
useful
catch
followed
a cover
by oats or corn.
as
a
crop
the

to

is

the

and

crop.

should

How

Buckwheat
to the

be soum?

huchwheaf

be drilled

may

It

acre.

responds readily

THE

is the

best

meadoiv

Timothy
timothy makes
clover, it is an

is

by far

When

timothy he

What

should

Cut

begins
woody,

bushel

one

CROP.

meadow

for

roughage
for

feed

cattle

tor

grass

North.

the

horses;

and,

Clear

mixed

with

sheep.

or

cut?

the

the pollen
it begins to blossom; i.e., when
heads.
If allowed
to get too ripe, it becomes

for

the

unpalatable
rule also applies

This

best

the

just
on

appear

about

fertilizers.

HAY

excellent

an

broadcast,

sown

or

to

eirass?

excellent

timothy

to

in

as

to

stock

and

the

which

clover

succeeding
be

should

is injured.

crop

cut

as

soon

as

it is

in bloom.

THE

What

the

are

White,
Describe

It

other

clover

Describe
Red

for

low

is

is
red

low

and

for

the

farmer?

northern

sweet.

trailing perennial with

meadows,

it spreads

as

feed

clovers

clover.

white

is too

important

red, alsike,crimson

White

mixture,

most

CLOVERS.

lacking.

but

rapidly and
Its blossoms

should

found

be

will often

supply

small

the

in
the

white

blossoms.

every

pasture

ground
best h.oney for

cover

where
bees.

clover.

and
(medium
mammoth)
is, with the exception of
It
farmer.
alfalfa, the most
important
legume for the northern
its
the
roots
furnish
to
humus,
supplies nitrogen
and, as a
soil,
long
nutritive
too wide
feed, it helps to balance timothy which has a much
ratio. Red
it a favorite with
clover ripens with timothy, which
makes
It lasts about
farmers.
two
and, if sown
alone, will yield two
years;

clover

46

TEE

in

crops

Alsike

is

is

not

will

often

It

works

finer

Its

hay

the

will

spring.

variety

do

the
in

varieties

other

red

the

when

varieties,

red

lie

to

seems

the

than

disadvantage

its

to

than

merits

crop

the

will

fact

not

but

that

it

grow.

when

and

heat

or

as

for

It
crop

cover

early

pasture.

requires

It

south

best

fall.

the

alone.

sown

does

in

sown

valuable

used,

is

acre

be

potatoes

very

proves

the

to

early

after

considerable

needs

should

which

annual

an

sometimes

pounds

soil,

in

slender

more

which

where

catch

as

15

good

is

clover

sown

About

seed

farmer

progressive

clover?

orchards.

in

makes

soils

on

crimson

Crimson
is

and

yielder.

succeed

is

What

the

makes

clover

manure,

No

Sow

it.

earlier,
It

good

so

often

green

purchased.

shorter

somewhat

timothy.

with

sown

is

clover

and

clovers

can

for

BOOK

clover?

alsike

is

What

GUIDE

under
be

without

along

get

to

attempt

it

than

S'

Turned

season.

fertilizer

better

AR

of

Ohio

the

River.

What

Sweet
is
for

Its

roots

Cattle

fifteen

may

Barton,

fed

be

pounds
had

it

on

from

Falmouth,

to

be

and
acre.

per
A.

Ky.

A.

in

better

or

as

cows

many

It

bloat.

alfalfa
Seed

Berry

will

and

Seed

further

Co.,

as

on

Sow

in

forming

other

soil

under
the

at

for

Iowa,

spring

any

poor

seed

feed

the

will

directions

Clarinda,

as

nitrogen

acre

grow

fail.

North,

the

and

early

starts

per

would

builder
for

harbor

It

of

sections

many

soil

alfalfa.

never

clover

where

wild

twice

for

clover?

sweet

remarkable

as

clover

feed

afford

conditions

seem

either

of

growing

popular

than
will

merits

the

found

clover,

stock.

crop.

of

of

becoming

now

bacteria
and

said

be

may

rate

growing
or

of

E.

CULTURE.

STRAWBERRY
Mention
If

to

develop

heavier

plants.

other

not

only prevents

the

fruitfulness

increases

it also

of soil is best adapted

kind

dency
tena
plants which
and
fruit-producing organism

system

crown

This

show

mother

the

varieties

of

the

will

will produce flowers, vegetables

kinds
Certain
produce strawberries.

also

iorating,
deter-

from

variety.

to strawberries?

soil that

Any

it is the

culture

strawberry

successful

plant selection,using

but

crops

of

secret

of

than

What

of successful strawberry culture.

secrets

is any

there

secret

the

of

some

47

FARMING

FOR

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

farm

common

or

of

soils

not

are

If I were
in which
the soil is prepared.
important as the manner
I
would
mellow
of
select
to have a preference
clay
soils,
sandy loam, or
better strawberries, but because
loam, not because these soils will grow
easily worked.
they are more

so

How

sJioidd
In

in

manure,

of

used

manure

In

the

depending
this

spring

by discs, spring

soil

the

for strawberries?

preparing soil for strawberry plants it should be plowed late

with
it should
be covered
fall,and during the winter months
of
fifteen
the
at
rate
to twenty
tons
the quanusing
tities
per
acre,

the

soil.

field be prepared

the'present

upon

be

should

manure

tooth

harrow

and

condition

thoroughly

such

tools.

of

mixed
If

the

the

with
soil is

in

deficient

phosphorus, it should have an application of 400 pounds

of bone meal applied to each acre
and thoroughly worked
into the soil
in connection
with the manure.
Phosphorus is the element which aids
other
m
plants
ingredients which
they could not use
assimilating
the
without
also aids in bringing plants
phosphorus. This element
full maturity.
About
into
the only way
farmer
a
intelligently
may
determine

whether

by the crops
yields, it is more

is

to

Mention

well

those

up

than

is

likelythat it

satisfactory
crop

of the desirable

some

There
do

build

soil requires an
application of'phosphorus
If his soil has been
it produces.
factory
giving satishis

not

or

contains

sufficient phosphorus

of strawberries.

varieties of strawberries.

of varieties of strawberries, all of which

large number
particular locality. The most
dependable varieties

some

which

have

been

tested
States and
throughout the United
satisfactoryin all classes of soil and under all
climatic conditions.
These
varieties are
Warfield
Glen
Early Ozark
Wilham
Belt, Senator Dunlap, Haverland, Brandywine, Sample
Mary

are

been

have

found

to

Chesapeake.

and

from
and

the very

This

list of

varieties

earliest to the latest.

should
best

The

strawberries

They

are

berries
give the grower
all productive varieties

time

to

set

be set?

strawberry

spring

will

universally popular.

are

When

be

as

soil

will permit.

During

plants is just as early

the early spring months

in

the

straw-

THE

48

FARMERS'

GUIDE

BOOK

condition ; the roots

calloused
and
are
berry plants are in a dormant
properly pruned will send out feeding roots and begin growing
Fall
for the simple fact that
immediately.
planting is undesirable
dition
during the fall months
plants are in a green,
succulent, growing conwhen

and

perfecting their fruit-bud

are

at

this time

if

they

is

directions

Give

greater shock

transferred

were

plants should

of

should

roots

the

should

plants

in the soil for

roots

very

above

surface

the

extend

The

are

What

care

the

be

dormant

case

period.

down

it is from

this

of fillingin the

way

opening

the

which

is

be pressed up against the

of the plant should
extend
just

body

or

into

soil should

the

given the plants

he

should

the

soil,as

in the

important

which

would

their

them

plants.

straight

crown

of the

than

transfer

be pruned before setting. The tip ends

The
roots
shears or a sharp knife.

and

them,

firmly.

to

off with

be cut

niade

plants

spring during

for setting strawberry

Strawberry
of the

the

upon

in the

and

system,

crown

row

form,

runners

to suit

the grower.

firstyear?

liave thorough cultural

first year plants are
set they should
after
should
be
methods.
The
first cultivation
given immediately
week
be repeated every
plants are set, and these cultivations should

The

or

days throughout

ten

done

as

rain

after each

soon

dry

and

season,
as

the
is preferable, because
and
it isn't good
surface

cultivation

soil will

the

of

roots

Shallow

permit.

plants

strawberry

be

always should

tion
cultiva-

work

near

practice to break any of these feeding

These
plants are set they begin to blossom.
going
underwhich
will
relieve
should
be
the
from
flowers
picked off,
plant
of pollen secretion.
the
To
allow
strain
a
plant to fruit
it
weakens
and
often
has
the
after
been
set
causes
soon
greatly
plant
In a few
it to die.
after plants are
set
weeks
runner
plants will
These runner
begin to form.
plants should be allowed to set directly
in line with
the original row
and
until
along each side of the rows
which
of plants is about
12 or
15 inches
each
wide.
Runners
row
form
after the row
has been
be pulled off and
treated
made, should
the same
continue
Cultivation
until late in the fall,
weeds.
should
as
the plants should
be mulched
and
with straw
during the early winter
the

or

some

What

weeks

Two

roots.

material.

coarse

After

plants

off and
with
or

he

should

care

mowed

after

weather

the

plants the

fruited

have

foliage

should

which

may

spores

conditions

I refer
it will

second

year?

first crop

their

conditions

if weather

the old

fungus

given

are

favorable

be

burned.

be

present.

to

such

vines

the

should

mulching,
destroys any

the

This
When

conditions
But

I
as

speak
will

should

of

be
gether
to-

sects
invorable
fa-

permit
it rain

quickly.
off,it would
prevent the burning for
in this case
the plants would
be sending up a new
several dnys, and
In
which
would
be
the mulchthis event
ing
injured by burning.
growth,
into piles and
hauled
and
old foliage should
be raked
away.

the

foliage

soon

after

to

dry,

the vines

so

are

that

mowed

burn

Is it necessary

working

are

the

to

should

of lead

arsenate

to

49

FARMING

FOB

strawberry

spray

foliage. Should

the

upon

of lead

arsenate

RULES

straivherry plants?

to spray

It isn't necessary
of

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

applied

be

fiftygallons

or

seven

insects

some

present,

using

once,

of water,

three
ounces

spraying
pounds of
of Paris

quantities of spraying
green
material
insecticides
the
use
according to the amount
required for
Should
the patch of plants which
is to be sprayed.
the plants be
such
leaf
affected by any
fungus spores,
as
spot, blight or mildew,
Bordeaux
be sprayed with
is known
mixture, using what
they should
to

as

the 4-4-40

How

must

of

water.

smaller

solution.

the

may

If

he

fifty gallons

For

be

insects
at

unless

plants

farmer

farmer

wishes
the

grow

get

kind

good price for his strawherries?

to

the top-notch price for strawberries,

self
in a class by himwill put him

secure

of fruit

that

to accomplish this is to set a strain of plants

only way
that are
so
perfectly developed in their fruit-producing organisms as
berries of the fancy kind.
it possible for them
to make
to produce
In picking the berries they should
be picked so that each
berry will
This
and
the
of
stem.
stem
retain its full calyx and
piece
calyx
a
which
will prevent
the berry,
will aid it in
air from
getting into
holding its shape and color nicely. The berries should be graded when
picked, putting fancy berries and second-grade berries by themselves.

and

Then

the

arrange

simple
getting
he

the

could

Hoiv

top

of each

box

in

are
followed, the farmer
price for his berries that will

get from

any

often should

new

other

attractive

an

should

rules

give him

have
a

way.
no

larger

If

return

stratvherry plants

he

profitahleto raise
Only

few

farmers

your

and

than

set?

seasons.

Is it

in

crop.

be allowed
not
to fruit for more
Strawberry plants should
field of plants should be set every
Therefore, a new
When
plants are allowed to fruit for three or four years,
year.
and
conditions
become
made
favorable
greatly deteriorated
are
insects and
In
districts
where
some
fungi.
strawberry plants
been
of years
allowed
to fruit for a number
insects are
doing
alarm.
damage and causing much
two

these

trouble

own

than
other

they
for
have
siderable
con-

plants?

fruit

growers

find it

profitableto

grow

stock of
strawberry plants and nursery
work
and
which
all kinds
is a
requires deep thought and great care
is carried on
unless this work
along scientific lines it isn't profitable.
I certainly would
advise anyone
not
to grow
strawberry plants from
allowed
bad
the plants which
This is very
to fruit.
are
practice and
when
the
always results in a loss, because
plants are taken up from
of
the plants which
left for fruiting are
fruiting bed the roots
are
interfered
loss of fruit.
with, which
naturally causes
a
their

own

plants.

Growing

50

What

should

care

When

plant
or

FARMERS'

THE

plants

be

and

removed

conditions

providing
day or two

when

from

first received

are

should

crates

cave,

given the plants

he

BOOK

GUIDE

they

the

the

into

set

the

cellar

cool

the

lid from

the

nursery

crate

permit

will

firstreceived

are

plants
the plants cannot
should
be dug
set

to

grower

receipt. If for any reason

be set for several
days after they arrive, a trench
should
be done
in.
This work
in a shad}^ place and the plants heeled
in the cool of the evening, and
the soil where
the plants are
heeled
be thoroughly soaked, and the plants should be watered
in should
every
the
field.
be
to
transferred
until
evening
they can

^thin

hij "male"

is meant

What
A

male
The

organs.

of their

a')id

''female"

plants?

strawberry
both

which
have
variety develops Mowers
of the flowers
center
pistil cones

female

and

male

with

surrounded

are

When

filled with

these

pollen.
are
organs,
the
over
ripe they burst and the pollen is distributed
which
into
the
ovaries,
carried
and
causes
at
the
receiving
point
pistils
which
is formed
the fleshy part of
of seeds, around
the development
varieties produce flowers of a strictly female
female
The
the berry.
The
flowers of these
which
develop only the pistil cones.
character,
from
varieties.
male
receive their pollen
Therefore,
varieties must
anthers'

or

become

anthers

all

and

farmers

should

varieties
mistake

fruit
be

distance

The
the

upon

for
or

rows

system

be

should

small

made

yield

of

will

apart

The

is known

Where

this system

row.

female

the

varieties.

fruit, but

set?

propose
is what

strawberries

that

male

ends.

following.

growers

narrow-matted

of

plants he

strawberry

mind

in

rows

not
cause
only
hard, undeveloped

rows

growing

depend entirely
popular system
the double-hedgerow

most
as

is followed

the

rows

feet apart and

plants set two feet apart in the
to make
to fill
These
be allowed
enough runners
plants should
between
to
the original plants and
vacancies
enough runners
be made

should
rows.

the

form

between

this point will

at

far apart should

How

in

bear

should

growers

set

of ill-shape with

berries

in

which

male

on

both
This

wide.

Mention

three

sides of the

system

some

until the

rows

rows

requires 7.250 plants

1.

Neglecting

2.

Starting new

3.

Lack

4.

Failure

to

5.

Failure

to spray

6.

Neglect

to

to

keep

the weeds

out

fields from

12

to

15

and

plants taken

raising.
grass.
from

worn-out

fruiting

beds.
of thorough
burn

prepare

and

systematic
the

over

old bed

properly,
a

cultivation.

before

starting

if necessary.

rich, mellow

inches

acre.

per

of failure in strawberry

causes

about

are

seed

bed.

it

anew.

52

TEE

How

FARMERS'

should

black

Black

GUIDE

raspberries

he

set

be

set

the

raspberries may
bend
tips which

from

the

this

tips should

the

cared

same

and

over

be

and

BOOK

for?
red

as

take

They

ones.

in

root

gate
propa-

soil.

the

To

vent
pre-

off when

pinched

three
about
they are
Some
and
varieties
one-half
feet high.
of black
have
the
raspberries
These
habit, the first year, of trailing on the ground.
long vines should
when
and
the
be kept in the rows;
tips begin to spread out and look

yellow

they

old

be

kept

in

as

soon

as

be

may

stalk

the

may

As

hills.
the

for

covered

be

crop

They will take root

plants.
Black
spring.
raspberries
away
wood
with
the reds, the bearing
be cut
may
All
old
is gathered.
should
wood
be piled
new

in

cut

the

and
may
out

and

burned.
What

Black

Gregg,
How

much
If

good

realized
What

from

an

is

Plum

and

of black

As

ones.

Farmer.

raspberries?

field, black

the

red

leading varieties
Snyder,

Kansas

raspberries

high

$500

as

has

may

been

exceptional.

of blackberries?

Eldorado,

Lawton,

Mersereau.

Erie

Rathbun.

Ward.

and

How

should
Set

blackberries

and

five
old

remove

What

disease
Often

be set

six

or

wood

attacked

by its resemblance
and

die.

well

cultivated

suckers

out

and

same

as

pinch
for

reds

bearing.

blackberries

are

for?

Keep
Thin

through

often attacks

pale, wither

cared

high.

feet

when

blackberries

recognized

and

raspberries.

red

as

same

off tips when

turn

of

than

this

but

acre,

raspberries?

acre

an

taken

profitable

the

are

from,

been

has

more

Blowers,

be

be realized

care

of black

Cumberland,

Diamond,

may

even

prove

leading varieties

the

are

by

to

There

is

how

and
the

red
no

known

which

rust,"

"red

dust.

it be eradicated?

may

The

leaves

cure

for

may

and
this

stalks
disease.

Dig

the

diseased

plants

and

up

bum

them.

EASPBEERY

Don't

use

Don't

employ

Don't

set

Don't

wait

until

the

Don't

spoil

your

market

Don't

neglect

soiled

out

baskets.

poor
more

to

DON'TS,

pickers.
than
buds

fertilize

you

can

start

by
and

take
before

putting

care

of.

setting
poor

cultivate, if

out

berries
you

want

in

the
the

on
a

spring.
bottom.

good

crop.

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

RULES

53

FARMING

FOR

CURRANTS.
What

the

are

varieties

best

Red

Cherry,
general

Wilder,

of

currant

sf

Prolific

Fay's

Cross, Pomona,

tion.
Perfec-

and

prefei^s the Wilder

currant,
purpose
is
It
to all other varieties.
large, a good yielder, of good flavor and
do not dwindle
after ripening. The bunches
hangs well on the bushes
fruit at the point, as is a characteristic
of several
other
to small
down
For

writer

the

varieties.
What

do

care

require

Currants
need

be expected

not

fertilized.
What

do

all sickly and

Bow

dead

Currants

as

raspberries. Grood

crops

cultivated

and

been

have

well

six feet apart

rows

each

way.

should

soon

canes

they

the leaves

as

and

burn

may

be

each

in the

start

them.

kept

during
year
spring cut out
are
probably in

be removed
Borers

in check.

propagated?

currants

are

bushes

require f

currants

in this way

care

same

the

be set in

period. As

the dormant

them,

the

part of the old wood

small

and

about
unless

should

They

pruning
A

need?

currants

by layering or by cuttings. To propagate

by layering, bend down, in the spring, strong, vigorous branches
and
them
Roots
will start
at the
with dirt.
points.
partially cover
In the fall the branches
the parent
be separated from
plants
may
and a new
set of roots.
plant started for every
What

enemies

Stalk

borers,

propagated

are

borers,
and

cut

the currant

upon

prey

currant

burn

and

worms

how

white

stalks

all dead

sprinkle with

worms

and^

currants

as

fresh

they

may

lice.

soon

as

powdered

he

destroyed?

To

prevent

they

appear.

hellebore

the stalk
To

in the

kill

ing
morn-

closely for the appearance

of worms.
If not
killed as soon
as
they appear,
they will
of their leaves
and
If there
soon
strip the bushes
destroy the crop.
bushes
too many
be sprayed
to be dusted
are
conveniently, they may
of
of
the
with
solution
a
hellebore, using one
ounce
powder to ten
while

the dew

lice,which

The
red

or

with

be

Currants

on.

must

be

watched

of water.

quarts

in

is

spots,
a

necessary

be

may

dilute
to

work

the

of

let the

worms

and

wliale

spray

CURRANT

Don't

the leaves

destroyed by spraying

solution
shoot

under

get the

them

cause

with

oil soap.
For
these
under
the leaves.
up

DON'TS.

start

of you.

to

tobacco
insects

puff

up

solution
it will

FARMERS'

TEE

54

GARDENING.

MARKET
What

should
market

Be

when

firstprecaution
gardening?
he

the

will

there

that

sure

BOOK

GUIDE

be

starting
for

market

the

in

what

The

raise.

you

of

husiness

portance
and
finding markets
getting good prices ranks
equal in imbeen
has
It
often
with the ability to grow
good vegetables.
does not
said of a gardener: "He
how
to raise good stuff,but
knows
be sent
how
all produce may
to commission
While
know
to sell it."
with
in nearby
hotels,
cities, the alert producer will contract
men
the wholesale
for considerable
above
and
restaurants
boarding houses

of

art

prices.
kind

What

soil is

of

adapted

gardening

market

to

In
th" south.
Deep, loamy soil, well drained and sloping toward
known
what
is
have
must
market
as
"early
gardener
words, a
in which
be plowed
land
land"
that can
early in the spring and
before ordinary agricultural land
seeds will germinate and
can
grow
other

"

be worked.
should

How

be

It should
before
Give

planting
of

some

Always
a

horse

rich

he

Deep

fittedfor crops?

plant

in

necessary

fight

If he

weeds.

with

market

In

order

what

with

he

vegetahles

may

for

distances

should

be

not

his

on

it will

The

horse.

plants will

the

tion
direc-

mature,

working.

planted?

Lettuce, onions, cabbages, radishes and beets may

of the ground will permit.
Beans,
the condition
as

soon

is

convenient

the most

not

crops.

either with

done

be

may

be cultivated
be best to plant so that all can
distances
at which
seed packages give
on

but

garden

gardener will have

has plenty of land,

market

The

thorough tillage

success.

cultivation

that

so

rows

cultivator.

and

plowing
for

general rules for planting

the

constant

land

mellow.

and

absolutely

are

hand

or

hands

gardener's

the market

planted until the ground

is

and

warm

be

planted

vines

all

and

as

com

danger of frost

over.

gardener?

is the hest fertilizerfor the market

What
As

stable

with

If this

nitrogen should
directions

Give

Sow

or

not

be

had,

for raising heets for

hand

with

red

well

the best with

do

rotted
in

fertilizer rich

commercial

about

about

two

inches

high,

When

the beets

to

2 to 3 inches

at least

rows

one-half
thin

market.

turnip varieties.

drills in

covered

arc

used.

be

be

should

can

only the early

by hand

vegetables

all crops,

nearly

manure.

an

three

inch

seed

inches

deep.

inches.

in diameter

20

The

the

are

the

sown

The

seed

plants

are

apart.

When

Keep
they

be

may

weeds

down.

ready for market.

and

Pull, wash

to

from

and

season

Use

bundles
the

30

to

Tie

cents

in bundles
dozen

per

55

of three

each.

ing
bunches, accord-

work

for market.

rows

20

in the

row.

roots, pull off the

apart, half

inches

about
the
price ranges
much
is
for
market
preparing

of

deep and

market,

same

cut

for

as

off

tie in

and

sheath

discolored

outer

inch

an

for

ready

When

The

beets,

less.

planted?

he

sliould cucumbers

Ilo\r

in

apart

four.

of

while

plant

inches

fibrous

the

leaves.

cents

FARMJXCr

FOR

supply.

and

sets

tw^o

15

for raising onions

(live directions

abont

JWLEti

all dead

remove

price ranges

The

AND

FACTS

USPJFUL

two
in one
or
Dig a hollow, throw
of phosphate, mix
shovelfuls
of rotted manure,
or
a couple of handfuls
with fine dirt and plant 15 or 20 seeds coverwell with the earth, cover
ing
and
started
safe from
14 inch deep. After the plants are well
bugs, thin to four or five of the best plants in a hill. This rule may
for squashes and melons.
be followed

hills six feet apart

In

Tlow

vines

may

he

each

way.

kept free from striped hugs?

out
raised, get soap or craker boxes, knock
and
the bottoms, cover
with mosquito netting or wire door screen
place
the hills. Boxes
over
alone, by shutting off the cold wind, w411 cause
If boxes
than
the vines to make
a better growth
they otherwise would.
of lead
arsenate
be sprayed with
not
be used, the vines
an
can
may
dust.
road
slaked
old
with
lime, or common
solution, or sprinkled

If

only

few

garden

should

How

Keep
and

corn.

tendency
harm

more

WJ(at

are

tine dry mulch

of dirt

Do

the

not

water

bring the roots

practice is kept
than
good.

some

are

for in

he cared

to

the

unless

vines

of the directions

dry

very

season?

the surface, same

vegetables. Artificial

for potatoes
watering has a

on

toward
up

the

moisture
and

constantly

on

as

the

surface

thoroughly,

and

it will do

for raising cahhages?

in a seed
be started
bed as early as the
Early cabbages
be worked.
When
ground can
they are five or six inches high they
be transplanted in rows
three
20 inches apart in
feet apart and
may
the rows.
This gives ample space
for cultivation
in
with
horse;
a
fact, many
plant as close as two feet. Cabbages are heavy
growers
the ground should
feeders and
be rich to get good results.
Late cabbages
be sown
later than
three or four weeks
the early ones.
may
should

What

must

Dust
the
or

may

worms

three
be

he done
the
are

times

to

protect the cahhages from cahhage

cabbages with
hatched.

''Slug

It will

be

during the season.

purchased of any seed firm.

Shot"

or

necessary

Devices

"Bug
to

for

go

worms?

Death"
over

applying

as

the
the

soon

as

field two

powder

TEE

56

is club

What

Club

how

S'

BOOK

GUIDE

it he

may

prevented?
known

hrassicae), also

{Plasmodiophora
foot," is a disease

root

"clump

and

and

root

AB

foot"

"club

as

of cabbages causing

affects the roots

tbat

ally
plant graduTurnips, cauliflowers,brussels sprouts, kale,
and
rutabagas are often affected by club root, but
radishes, kohl-rabi
by a micro-organism
not
badly as cabbages. The disease is caused
so
is no
mold.
There
a slime
is not a bacterium
nor
which
a fungus, but
recommended:
but
the
measures
are
following
preventive,
sure
to swell

them

Be

1.

small

On

2.

the

to start

sure

The

bunches.

and

of the

leaves

die.

then

and

wither

in knots

up

seedling

young

plots sulphur

be

may

in unaffected

used

often

soil.

with

factory
satis-

very

results.

Quick lime

3.

before,

will

infected

Don't

5.

raise

Never

6.
on

If

should

roots

be

successively on
great vitality and

collected
the

cabbages
have

feed

the

diseased

parts

to

and

burned.

field.

same

live in the

will

animals

whose

The

ground
is

manure

soil.

the

7.

and

leaves

of the disease
spores
from
five to ten years.
used

applied the fall

the acre,

to

beneficial.

be

All

4.

of 75 bushels

the rate

at

purchasing stable

that it is free from

see

manure,

the

spores

of the disease.
What

quick-growing fruit

he set to add

may

to

from

the income

the

garden?
Peaches, plums, dwarf

What

and

varieties:

Early
Early

Crawford.

Later

varieties

and

Greensboro,

("raves,

Rivers.

Early

Champion,

Elberta, Fitzgerald, Niagara,

North

the

Late

rants.
cur-

Crawford,

Hale.
is leaf curl

What

Soon
to

of peaches for

of the hest varieties

some

are

raspberries,gooseberries and

pears,

curl

Leaf

and

up
is caused

curl

dormant,
with

after

the peach
become
twisted

may

Dig

of the

mixture

of failure:

(2) it is
as

done

not

late to

thoroughly
How

it he controlled?

may

leaves

bordeaux

it is too

how

in

out

come

into almost

the

spring they

shapeless

are

The

massses.

apt
dition
con-

in the inside of the leaves.

by a fungus which works
controlled
be satisfactorily
by spraying the trees, while
can
with lime-sulphur solution, diluted at the rate of 1 to 10, or

causes

and

and

spray

to

peach
out

with

be

borers

hole.

Spray around

which

arsenate

There

two

are

mon
com-

the
has

on

all sides.

controlled?

sharp knife,

of lead

formula.

(1) The spraying is not done early enough,

When
the buds
begin to break,
thoroughly.
must
be done
The
for leaf curl.
so
spraying
the branches

cover

5-5-50

base
been

of

or

kill

the

added.

by thrusting

tree

with

bordeaux

wire

into

the

mixture

to

FOR

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

57

FARMING

FLOWERS.
What

for fall planting?

Lilies,nareissus, tulips, jonquils,seyllas, snowdrops,
best bulbs

the

are

and

crocuses

anemones.

these

should

When

Set
How

bulbs

bulbs
time

any

bulbs

deep should

Lilies,12 inches
12

6 to

narcissus,
3 inches
deep;

flowers

be set and

December.

far apart?

hoiv

apart each way, top of bulb to be 6 inches

apart, 4 inches deep ; tulips, 4 inches

deep

apart!

inches

apart, 2 inches

2 inches
crocuses,
1 inch deep.

What

September and

between

jonquils, 6 inches apart, 3 inches deep; seyllas, 3

inches deep ; snowdrops, 2 inches apart, 2 inches deep ;

apart, 2

inches

be set?

be

may

raised

deep

profitably by

apart'

4 to 6 inches

anemones,

'

farmers

for

commercial,

purposes?

Asters, gladioli,peonies,
(rive directions for
Asters
about

the

in

When

be transplanted in the open

may

results.

before.

the year
How

shoidd

They
lower

others.

all

18

about

ground,

inches

is
loam, containing plenty of humus
be spaded
should
Barnyard
manure

sandy

warm,

best

few

house, the seeds being planted

they
danger of frost is over

green

of March.

middle

and

peas

raising asters.

be started

must

sweet

Do

put

be cut

should

tie in

and

with

for

necessary

the

under

plowed

or

in the hill.

manure

for market?

be prepared

asters

leaves

not

Rich,

apart.

long stems as possible. Pull off the

of twenty-five each.
Begin packing

as

bunches

the blossoms
which
on
by making
pillow of crushed
a
newspapers
box.
of the
are
laid, the stems
Begin the next
resting on the bottom
layer a little farther back, and so on until the box is full. Put in
the

of

top

Where

may

They
listed

box, before

nailing

and

the number

asters

be sold and

address

name,

are

the

may
in

be

shipped

this

bunch, according
large hotels

with

to

on

the

cover,

with

paper

your

of bunches.
at ivhat

price?

the flower

bring

book.

to

They
quality and

to

supply their

commission
Often

season.

tables

10

from
with

whose

men

cents

to

contracts

bouquets

cents

be made

may

for

names

25

the

summer

season.

What

variety of
For

best

Only
should

asters

are

early asters, queen

for late varieties,any

white
or
pink asters
be full,showing

no

salable?

most

of

the

of the

should

yellow

market

and

break

large branching
be

raised

centers.

for

of day

varieties

market.

are

The

are

the

good.
heads

58

Look

They

hills

and

they

are

do

ten

inches

for

and
up

trellice

this

around

them

When

shoidd

cream,

stems

and

ends
are

be

cut
not

What

pests

poisoned
controlled
solution.

bran,
by

to

Good

need

peas

peas

ideal

is

strings

or

should

mulch

the

brush

stout

this
inch

one

Before

netting

wire

may

filled

be

in

moisture

much

the

or

be

should

keep

be

and

of

out

times

picked

The

stems

other

will

peas,

have

around,

every

vines

sweet

fresh,

each.

seven

the

of

perfectly

twenty-five
six

is

varieties

colored

must

frost

the

as

soon

early.
market

for

of

develop

as

too

light

thread,

explained

spraying

just

planted

stop

day

long
are

the

and

they

if

blooming.

peas?

soft-bodied

help
as

about

row

inches
of

top

They

sweet

upon

will

On

dirt.

Sweet

out.

bunches

will

and

Lime

hand,

trellice,

the

blossoms

pods

Cutworms
peas.

prey

at

prepared

pink.

white

The

even.

not

be

he

in

tied

picked,

peas

the

spring

the

only

light

with

tied

usually

can

use

or

in

four

place

firmly.

mellow
them.

planted

not

peas

markets

white,

in

peas

siveet

City

he

peas

They

shoidd

wide,

Dig

day.

all

sun

freely.

sweet

ground.

Horv

the

for

drying

prevent

sweet

is

climb

watered

be

Plant
the

if this

vines

to

should

made

the

pack

with

crowded,

too

die.

and

foot

the

in

manure

if

peas?

and

deep

be

but

the

As

and

put

crop.

knocking

by

or

boxes

receive

will

peas

not

stems

the

destroy

shot,

the

stvcet

bottom

inches

should

purpose

the

soil, plant

mellow

four

cover

used.

and

of

inches

two

are

be

manure

the

in

of

deep

in

Do

many

for

the

slug

water.

directions
where

about

apart

base

location

well-rotted

place

the

at

cultural

trench

of

wither

teo

often

with

hot

start

alters?

which

bugs

dusting
or

BOOK

raising

in

aster

by

to

try

to

the

Select

observed

black

GUIDE

8'

kerosene

not

apt

are

he

the

of

pan

controlled

be

into

What

for

out

may

off

should

cautions

Wliat

AR

TEE

lice
the
under
vines

the

are

cutworms

away,

or

"Insecticides."
with

tobacco

of

enemies

worst

they
The

or

may

lice

whale

sweet

be
may

oil

fed
be
soap

FARMERS'

THE

60

fruit

growing
the

cross

and

the

fertilize
a

great

there

course

are

BOOK

exceptions

many

is grown

tried

be

may

to

this

prove

Cover

of

branch

will

blossoms

just prevent
mosquito netting which
that the blossoms
through, and it will be found
bear
not
fruit, even
though the netting is removed

coarse

will

this in

to

ever,
this connection, how-

In

extensively.
a
necessity in a fruit
might be well to state that bees are
their aid the blossoms
do not set, that is
locality,for without
is
It
is
that other insects
not
true
fertilization
accomplished.
the
distribute
wind
and
thus
pollen to a certain extent
if
there
bees
at
all
the blossoms, but at the same
are
time,
no
A
fruit.
of the blossoms
will not bear
simple experiment
many

localities where
it

of

but

secured,

supply

GUIDE

the

with

from

bees

ting
get-

this branch

on
as

soon

as

the

petals fall.
hees work

Do

If
or

the

skin

the

ripe fruit and

on

of

the

spoil itf

fruit has

been

punctured

by birds, it is true that the bees will work

fruit thus exposed, but such
fruit would
the

hence
alone

all do

from
carefully guarded
This
by the bees.
again.

colonies

many

of hees

This
depends
definitely answered

and

man

any

other

this

question

could

one

and

over

over

fort

care
so

than

more

Sound

fruit.

of

demonstrated

man

one

by themselves
fruit, if
be unwill
insects,
touched
Bees

be

not

can

positively say

how

with a
man
However, one
little help in the busiest
for as
can
usually care
part of the season
if
five
hundred
is
Colonies
of
colonies,
he
as
experienced.
many
be properly taken
bees, in order to produce good results, must
care
A
thousand
colonies
in good condition
of.
weak
not
for producing
honey-fiow opens, will not prosurplus honey by the time the main
duce
many

acres

as

best

of land

can

the

on

been

has

insect

be unfit for

harm.

and

other

some

the pulp and juice of

market
way,
any-

on

skin

the
birds

kept

Mow

real

no

possibly puncture

not

can

after

bees

by

much

condition

one

as

ten

at

the

Is it possible to

farm.

could

man

colonies

that

the

main

time

hees

remove

are

from

in

and

strong

very

flow

the

very

begins.

Jiollow

trees

the

or

walls

of

huildingf
Yes,

this

be

done

may

be

without

is to
trouble, but the easiest way
down
the tree
cut
of the siding of the building, as
or
r"move
some
but
if
the case
is
this
bee
be;
impractical a device known
may
as
a
be
will allow
the opening or entrance
which
placed over
escape
may
the bees
to pass
out
but
them
will prevent
from
going back
again.
If a hive containing comb
is arranged close to the opening on the outside,
them

all the

bees

except

the

introduced
the

may

various

to

queen.

the

processes

bees.

secured
A

new

Most

in
queen

of

the

this way,
will have

who
hives, so that one
particular difficulty.

is desirous

to

start

from
in

trees

this

be

to

books

modern

of transferring bees

practically all of

or

on
or

way

on

bees

hand

and

describe

buildings into
need

have

no

much

As

61

FARMING

FOR

reasonably he expected?

profit can

What

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

$10.00

as

the

above

has

colony

per

$2.00

average.

this is

secured, but
$3.00 a colony

been
to

would

siderably
con-

be

safe figure.
Hoiv

increase

much
If

is allowed, a fifty per

swarming
be allowed
No
colony should
average.
the parent colony is too greatly reduced

for

normal

one

their

make

into

tin

heating

Will

No.
cluster

Almost

convenient

is inclined

swarm

to

cluster

good drenching so
until they can
dry
kind

What

There

and

of

are

the

not

as

many

if

yard they

the

same

bee

be

bee

keepers

the

good

be

to

spray

How

kinds

many

During

no

pump

they

will

knows.

one

the

bees

is at

hand

forced

are

soon

ings.
get their bear-

once,

soon

of hees

bees

are

although
are

also

there

in

as

are

of

bees

to

parentage

varieties

of the
not

can

of bees

can

for

cluster

up

Carniolan

the

Caucasians.

poultry,
queens
be controlled,

kept in
mongrel
majority of
ning
beginare

were

and
the

preferred by
the

of

as

mating

the

be hopelessly mixed

Italian

somewhat,

used

at

varieties

of different

this country,

in

it issues
bees

etc., started

that

different

would

The

result.

is beyond

this

course

hest?

number

ordinary

an

sivarms?

woods

instance, owing to the fact that since

drones
takes place in the air, the male
hence

fact,
three-

off.

hees

are

the

wings

their

wets

if

quickly

very

pans,

for

make

to

size of

until the

point
tin

beating

of

can

after

immediately

swarm

at some
anyway
How
the custom

be made

for

ringi^ighells, etc., stop

every

In

increase

ficult
dif-

amateur.

average

pans,

all

at

year.

of

fall, but

by

in

the

one-third

size colonies

of the

it is not

favorable,

are

only about

is

full

ten

reach

the

If

which

nucleus

colony

conditions

all

when

expert,

frame

strength if more
keepers usually

in

colonies

of

number

the

than

more

swarm

bee

and

artificially,
however,

double

to

to

is perhaps

increase

cent

Professional

issues.

swarm

increase

matter
an

yearf

natural

an

once,
than

in

he expected

can

bees

colony f

the

normal
early part of the summer
a
colony consists
of one
in the hive
several
the only perfect female
hundred
queen,
thousand
and
drones
to
from
or
(the male
bee)
anywhere
twenty
thousand
worker
which
The
female.
the undeveloped
fifty
bees,
are
of
is
ruler
the
hive
the
not
as
was
formerly supposed, but is
queen
mother
the
A
in the
the
she
lays
simply
good prolificqueen
eggs.
four
will lay from
thousand
two
to
height of the season
eggs
per
tinual
Conweight in twenty-four hours.
day, or nearly twice her own
drone
bees enables
her to do this. The
feeding by the worker
with
and
is the male
bee
suitable tongue
he has no
sting nor
any
"

"

"

which
is

to

lazy

work

but

hence

because

the

he

drone

has

no

does
tools

no

work,

to

work

not

with

so

much
nor

because

weapons

he
with

62

FARMERS'

TEE

which

The

indicates, they do

name

pollen, nectar,
Can

hive.

the

defend

to

their

GUIDE

stunted

are

field work

all the

and

females,

such

as

bringing

as

in

etc.

takes

who

one

workers

BOOK

of hees keep from

care

being stung

one
can
so
Yes, if necessary,
protect himself with a good veil,
is
that
there
no
practically
danger of receiving a sting;
gloves, etc.,
but practical bee keepers after they have been
stung a very few times
the stings lose their
for
much
in
this
bothered
not
are
way,
very
the
to
immune
is
the
becomes
poison and no bad
affect,that
system
follow.
affects,whatsoever

7s there

is

There

of bees stinging neighbors

danger

any

danger,

some

cattle

sweaty

or

but

at

the

time

same

if allowed

horses

their cattle?

or

to

little.

very

in

get

that they may

so
flight of the bees, will irritate them
the
usual
not
such
instances
after all,
thing. If
are
taken, neighbors need not be annoyed in any
are

the

Comb
is sold

just

thrown

out

extractor

as

in

bees

left it.

small,

The

For

this

tions
precau-

way.

and

boxes

square

extracted

need

to

the

reason

build

profitableto produce,

more

proper

is,the liquid honey is thrown

and
it is put back
good as ever

comb

is the

the

bees

line

is the

honey

fugal
filled by the bees, in a centriof large combs
works
somewhat
the
which
on
principle of a

as
leaving
filled again by the bees.
cheaper as the bees do not

Which

the

honey

That

separator.
the

''extracted"

and

produced by

is

honey

in this way

liquid honey
honey
cream

by ''comb"

is meant

direct

be stung, but

of

What

sionally,
Occa-

comb

new

comb

or

of the

out

in

the

extracted

each

cells,

hive

and
is

honey
time.

extracted

honey

who
has
but
circumstances.
One
a
largely upon
quired
reproduce comb
honey, for the equipment
the
for extracted
honey production is quite expensive and
for only a very
few colonies.
outfit would
usually not be warranted
at least,produce
Professional
bee keepers, the majority of them
tracted
exbe
of the latter can
honey largely. Nearly twice as much
it
about
but
the
time
comb
at
of
only
same
brings
honey,
produced as
in the market
comb
half as much
as
honey.

This

few

When

depends

colonies

had

extracted
adulterated

better

honey
with

crystallizesis

sugar

that

an

indication

that

it

was

kind
of pure
will
No, for almost
granulate or
honey
every
in
time.
of
in
the
south
will
Some
kinds
crystallize
honey produced
two
to
crystallize in only two or three days time, but usually from
is required.
The
be returned
to the liquid
six months
honey may
For
best results the
the very
state by heating it gently in hot water.
should
be no
hotter
than
140
water
surrounding the dish of water
if
much
than
A
this
kept up very
long
higher
degrees.
temperature
flavor.
will give the honey a burnt

kind

WJiat

of

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

is the

hive

FOR

RULES

6:{

FARMING

best?

definitely. Complicated patent

the cheap wooden
boxes
hives are
sold to
that they are
supplies sell a standard
hive that is preferred by the majority of honey producers,
ten-frame
but if comb
honey is to be produced the upper
part of the hive should
for extracted
be of a different style than if the bees are
run
honey.
This

What

question can
usually very

answered

little if any
better than
in bee
replace. Dealers

the different parts of

are

be

not

bee hive?

regular bee hive consists

of

tloor

bottom

board; a brood
frames
the
contains
the comb;
that surround
that holds
sections for the surplus honey, and
the square
the
super
is a plain box
The
brood
chamber
cover.
or
usually with notched
to give added
dove-tailed
corners
strength, and with the ends of the
of the
at the top to hold the projections of the top bars
box babbeted
which

chamber

frame

that

combs

in

surround

were

they might

and

bunches

the

enable

to

used

not

The
of

by means
suspended

is

that

pattern

comb.

the

clusters,

or

bees

sheet

bees

build

to

the

build

it would

the
comb

as

frame, which

combs

of the

impossible

to

acts

If

straight.

crosswise
be

build

to

is known

what

of each

their

comb

induced

are

of

in tlie middle

that

so

ten

frames

these

foundation
as

the

frame

this
in

or

separate

one

of inspection. The
or
super
purposes
upper
that
from the fact
it holds the superabunpart of the hive gets its name
of honey.
bee kpeeper does not rob his bees ; that is
The modern
ance
from

comb

he

does

but
much

for

another

from

take

not

simply removes
as
they could
do

bees

When

If there
in

honey
enough
Such
over,

is

the

in

often

brood

nest

and

change
How

ca7i

The
there

was

chances

in

is often

the super

in

what

must

that

are

condition

good
not

no

would

also

still the

bees

the

not

are

old

get

some

as

be done

to

storing

the

colony
strong
honey-flow opened.

when

the

in

trouble,

cause

for

the

empty

room

the

the bees to store

finished honey
way

food,

times

not

was

honey there rather

they get into the habit of storing below they do
in the super.
store
the honey above
tempts

the

own

ten

good shape until the main

If the
surplus honey is then produced.

do

course

prolificthis
when

be

to

is not

and

properly

the

super,

of

there

themselves.

good honey-fiow and

bees

colonies

and

work

which

of

for their

they require

difficulty?

the

correct

honey
the surplus

possiblyuse

not

that

them

was

to set

burning

take the honey out with

above, does not remove

be

removed

the

not

is

queen
in the

above,
readily

hive?

and

in which
hole in the ground
the
all
after
bees were
killed to

The

modern

the hive

sulphur,
spade.
the honey

from

than

flow

over

the

bees

beekeeper
need

but

as

mentioned

simply takes the

tween
surplus. A board containing what is called a bee escape, is placed bethe super
and
and the brood chamber
the bees go down
through
into the lower
not
they are
get up again. In a few hours
part and can
all out of the super
and the surplus honey can
then be removed
without

TEE

64

of

knowledge

the

and

from

is

this
and

for

that

mention

Do

hees

such

of

have

is

negligent
anything

What

is done

put

the

If

brood,

the

may

in

the

bees

be

American

may

be

these

is

the

yard

of

plenty

forbids

space

dysentery,
but

bee

the

most

European
keeper

or

unless

become

to

the

bee

diseased

before

he

same

winter?

the

covered

be
with

ice.

the

winter

in

and

stand

the

after

may

new

ture.
temperait

hives

walled

the

the

swarms

tered
win-

however,

It does

unless

snow,

be

in

put

water

may

double

weather.

cold

with

may

states,
in

space
be

which

even

northern

the

the

case

colonies

the

dark

summer

for

or

reasonably
of

winter

put

thing;

hives

walled

leaves,

or

part

on

double

in

material

whole

kept

harm

no

entrances

next

season

hives?

same

die

not

starved

reduced

as

easily cured

whole

nothern

solid

did

simply

in

swarms

the

through

die

but

family)

such

packing

and

hives

get stopped

put

human

shavings

winter

to

the

though

be

sively
conclu-

are

of

as

the

especially packed

hives

such

bees

brood

already

not

which

safer

of

adult

the

his

with

over

in

the

during

are

hive

cellar

// colonies

loss

hees

filled

is

is usually

impossible,

sembled
re-

person.

There

The

shows

lack

but

for

nearly

so

money,

market.

honey,

it.

with

Except

should

of

allow

to

as

about

cover

even

of

paralysis
those

are

regular

comb

average

this

the

show

to

$1000.00

that

chinery
ma-

to

order

in

of

machinery

the

on

be

diseases

like

being

in

offer

claim

to

article

Ohio,

the

by

statements

here.

colonies

the

by

deceive

to

able

would

These, however,

does

the

such

few

(not

brood.

between

made

made

been

manufactured

as

standing

as

been

feat

diseases

other

told

he

diseases?

foul

or

fusion
con-

no

to

not

as

never

Medina,

thing

had

honey

them

are

paralysis

proof

so

newspaper

many

of

such

years,

no

of

Company
no

ever

is

there

There

over

stings,

no

uproar,

has

honey

spite

product

has

one

why

the

If

no

machinery

hy

Comb

in

is

comb

natural

no

that

so

there

of

the

be

thirty

section

serious

BOOK

kind.

any

I. Root

that

nearly

reasons

is then

manufactured

will
A.

The

contrary.

fact

GUIDE

S'

There

impossible.

never

conclusively
single

genuine?

No,

has,

of

he

honey

bees.

the

trouble

no

comb

Cfl/n

AB

or

hives.
to

very

because

of

the

chilled, there
By

careful

small

per

result

is

no

attention
cent.

of
harm

the
in

however,

foul

disease

putting
the

new

winter

USEFUL

AND

FACTS

THE
How

the

orchard

proper

pnmmg,

can

By

should

When

It has

he

made

pay?

to

drainage.

he pruned?
is the time to pnine
in the year
time when
during the winter

month
that every
safest to prune

it is the

orchards, but

65

FARMING

spraying, cultivating,fertilizingand

said

been

FOR

ORCHARD.

orchard

the

RULES

dormant.
Station,
Experiment
are
Hendrick, of the Cornell
which
fruit
and
Facts
gives the following "General
Principles,"
every
the trees

should

grower

know

1.

Winter

2.

Summer

3.

Root

pruning

4.

Prune

weak

increases

pruning

decreases

the

vigor of

varieties

growing

the

the vigor of

decreases

pruning

vigor of

the

plant.

the

plant.

plant.

in

heavily

winter; strong

the

sorts, lightly.

growing
5.

Suckers

6.

Heading-in

Checking
fruitfulness, but
7.

8.

Heavy

9.

All

watersprouts

or

thickens

often

are

the effect of over-pruning.

the top.

growth

by girdling, notching
the expense
of vigor.

at

pruning

pnming

of young

induce

may

delays fruiting.

trees

take into

must

twisting

or

the

account

habit

of

growth

of the

tree.

Some

10.
and

year,

bearing wood
How

should
Do

more

from

the

into
old

not

than

tnd

fruits

still others

too

prune

of

limb

What

care

should

When

cuts
not

cut,

are

more

saw

should

at

one

limbs
is

than

one

2.

When
of

to

the

the age

of

the

the

may

in

close

cut

and

rot

cause

diameter,

and

are

ivhat

leaf buds

pink of

year

sun

enter

blossoms

to

the

wT.tersprouts

all

cross

limbs

freely. Cut

the

in

the

shoidd

open,

main

hollow.

they should

out

way.

trunk.

If surfaces
be painted.
If they must

If
of
Do

be

he used?

using commercial

phur,
lime-sul-

water.

show,

Add
forty of water.
of
solution.
fiftygallons
to

and
remove

little

remove

another.

eight gallons of

lime-sulphur

of lead for every

of last

pruning?

will

inch

first year

The

next

removed,

are

left,it

that

in

spraying hegin

gallon

take

must

injured limbs
The

rubs

or

time.

one

and

so

he taken

Spray before

1.

gallon

much

off large limbs unless

they
the
under
side
first.
on

cut

When

touches

limb

pruning

that

on

he pruned?

branches

entire

of

growths;

large limbs.

small

out

every

stub

on

others

account.

orchards

that

this year's wood,

on

older

the dead, diseased

trunk

thin

bear

spray
two

again, using one

pounds of arsenate

66

THE

When

3.

weeks

FARMERS'

later
4.

of

How

two-thirds
use

should
As

solutions

so

be

too

Mention

applied f

considerable

It will readily be

pressure.

must
apple raising profitable,the orchard
purchase of effective spraying apparatus
for the easy
and
convenient
tanks
mixing of

justify the
of

of the pests that infest the orchard.

some

codling moth, San Jose

moth, canker
worm,
shell scale,scrufy scale,blister mites, tent caterpillar,and
Describe

the

The

San

Jose

San
Jose

scale has

in

is darker

It

color.

is carried

scale

with

from

it must

appearance
the
thrives on

lime-sulphur,

to

others.

many

them

bark

tree

of

rough,

the

on

oyster shell,

minute

if not

trees, and,
brown

appearance.
Trees

of

feet

birds.

thoroughly and persistently.Besides

excellent
spraying mixtures
are

sprayed

be

of

the

tree

commercial

of the

some

scale, oyster

scale.

checked, will kill the trees, giving

affected

Care

strong.

Bud

The

ite
favor-

fluids.

spraying

but

two

make

to

to

construction

the

and

fallen, repeat,

good, Bordeaux
being the
effective as lime-sulphur.

are

the solutions

use

under

order

be large enough
and

to

not

spraying

that, in

seen

have

petals

the

spraying solutions
It is, however, not

fine spray

of

BOOK

again,

same

Other
many.
be taken

should

GUIDE

preventives.
lifestory of

the

Give

codling

The

of the
of the

moth

wormy

When

fruit.

poison

and

the

why

the arsenate

hatched
be

must

the
Paris

or

it remains
apple where
the apple, crawls
leaves
the

under

cocoon

cocoon,

broods

are

moth,

the

The

in

one

on

of

eggs.

or

of the

end

is the

portion
pro-

skin
fruit

reason

the lime-sulphur
into

its way

spring

large

leaves

This
to

until

trunk

next

again begins laying

and

hatched

feeds

the

the blow

is added

green

down

bark.

loose

are

causes

its first meal.

and

of the
then

that

laid

killed, it bores

is not

worm

moth

enters

worm

for

ready

of lead

If the

Bordeaux.

codling moth.
is a small, gray
apples. The eggs
the

it is full

the

or

center

It

grown.

the tree and

a
spins
from
it emerges
the
In some
sections
two

year.

the orchard.
for plowing and harrowing
shallow
in the spring, as soon
Plow
the condition
of the soil
as
After putting the soil in good
cultivate thoroughly.
will permit, and
often enough
down
and a good dust
to keep the weeds
tilth,harrow
is essentially manmulch
the surface.
"Remember
that cultivation
ure."
on
the
Go over
it again after each
as
rain, or as soon
ground is in
of July and
the middle
condition
Cease
to work.
cultivating about

Give

sow

rules

What

cover

may

crop.
be

Buckwheat,
or

turnips.

for

sown

cover

crops

oats, field peas,

These

should

be

crimson

allowed

to

clover,

ripen

rye,

and

soy

rot

on

beans,
the

rape,

field.

TEE

68

Give

rules for setting the

2.

Dig

enough
The depth

the

in the

3.

Spread

4.

See

5.

Tramp

6.

Remove

for the

inches

two

tree

BOOK

nursery

of roots.

ends

large enough

hole

to set

GUIDE

trees.

off all broken

Trim

1.

8'

roots

deeper
by

it

the

color

be noted

may

fine loamy

soil

the

in

was

small

the

over

lay straight and

to

than

nursery.

bark.

of the

and

roots

deep

it

press

down.
that

no

the roots

the soil above

since nearly all the roots

are

the

down, but
of the

three-fourths

least

at

left under

air-spaces are

open

it loose

leave

of

top

the

top.

on

wise,
tree, other-

leaves will dry the

the

gone,

roots.

tree

to

death.
roots

what

should

age

One-year

How

long does it take

ripen early
sometimes

come

differs with

bear

known

Multiply the distance

trees
to

apart in the

are

the

The

acre.

the

as

dip

them

to

transplanting

vice

As

will

Bismarck

The

versa.

that

rule, apples

planting, while the Northern

before fruiting. Trees
grown

years

those raised

than

sooner

of

to the

trees

the

and

the product
gives the number

rule

two-

hearing?

into

come

varieties.

nnmher

than

soon.

in feet between

rows

same

18

much

bear

ride for computing

a,

tree

different

wait

to

will

well-tilled land

Give

just

into bearing early and

the second
after
year

come

Spy has been

on

apple

an

from

shock

less

into bearing

trees,

time

happen)

never

planted?

receive

trees

and

he

trees

year

The

(which should

dry

are

setting.

before

in water
At

the

If

7.

on

sod.

acre.

the

by the distance

rows

of trees

the number

will be

of plants

hills to the

or

acre.

is the

What
On
All

north

planted

favorahle location for

most

on

south

orchard

northeast

or

land

slope

and

slope, the orchard

should

be

an
on

orchard?

high ground.
suffer in dry seasons.

rather

is liable to

thoroughly surface

drained

and

If

under-

drained.
Mention

of the leading commercial

some

Baldwins,
What

are

For

Fameuse
Mcintosh

kitchen
Red

for late fall.

Red
and

use

and

Astrachan

20-ounce

of

Duchess

Sweet, Sweet

Golden

and

and

Wealthy.

of the early varieties?

some

Red
Astrachan,
Transparent, Pameuse.

Sweet

of apples.

Spys, Kings, Greenings, Gravenstein

Sour:
Yellow

varieties

Bough.

eating "out
make

Oldenberg, Striped Harvest,

of

hand"

combination

Pippin would

make

the
that
a

Sweet
is hard

valuable

Bough,
to

beat.

addition

is used

method

What

is young,

the

above

on

into

grow

the

the

on

tree

be with

and

eggs

larvae

all the

the

of
and

the

limbs

in

apple pests f
others.

few

Encourage

in the orchard.

the

disinfect

wood,

rotten

of

has

tree

to

with

fill with

and

water,
1,000 parts
corrosive sublimate
solution, common
and
stones
If the cavity is large, use
1 part

In

place.

spot

rotten

in

limhf

or

Remove

in

distance

fruit.

fire a gun

Never

short

will hold

and

may

further decay he prevented, if

trunk

of

When

braces.

wood

firmly held

brace

strong

for you.

to work

may

trunks

the

prevent

branches

of the

hatch, chicadee, woodpecker

Nut

How

sides

the

grafted together and

loaded

birds feed

the birds

to

together by living

held

are

are

they

place, however
What

69

FARMING

FOR

orchardists

some

sprouts

crotch

titme

short

limbs

main

The
tree

hy

RULES

f
from, splitting

the trees

the

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

fillin with

hogs or sheep benefit the orchard?

Hogs will benefit the orchard, unless
Sheep, turned into
they uproot the trees.
is harvested, will improve it.

In

mixture

Bordeaux

sublimate,

corrosive

cement.

cement

lieu

of the

be used.
may
around
them.

Will

What

care

Care
The
in

should

taken

be

be taken

should

year's
this regard.
next

crop

neglect

Don't

to

be

prune,

spray

while

prune

old orchards

Don't

try

Don't

prune

Don't

cut

Don't

leave

Don't

use

to

the trees

grubs,

the

crop

the

are

in

full bloom.

much

first year.

the

soil.

wet

on

cultivate.

limbs.

lower

stubs.

dull

tools.

Don't

climb

Don't

fail to cut

Don't

omit

Don't

prune

Don't

prune

Don't

leave

Don't

prune

the trees, use

a ladder.
the highest branches.

painting all

wounds

over

limbs

that

expect

young
to do

Don't

hurry

in

Don't

let

Don't

fail to cut

Don't

omit

Don't

allow

tree

one

too

long and

cold.

hard.

year

what

has

been

neglected for

pruning old trees.

be lop-sided.
the under

pruning
the

trees

in

are

rub.

and

cross

in diameter.

inch

an

in the fall if your

winters
is frozen.
the wood
when

Don't

and

too

raise apples
with an axe.

off the

after

DON'TS.

spray

Don't

orchard

pick

for

search

apples'!
the short fruit-bearing twigs.
to break
almost
totally destroyed by carelessness

ORCHAED

Don't

their

the

who

those

by
not

may

in

side of large branches

of the tree.

first.

the center

prunings

to

stay in the orchard,

burn

them.

ten.

70

FARMERS'

THE

BOOK

GUIDE

WEEDS.
What

is

weed?

There

place"; **Any
time

same

with

Why
useful

or
comparatively
crops."

2.

They

use

3.

They

shade,

4.

They

increase

5.

They

may

6.

Some

weeds

7.

Milk

is often

Stink

or

8.

9.

of all

tainted

plants

useful

plants,

supply

for

need.

operations.
of crops.

stock.

to

by

useful

profitablerotation

the

poisonous

are

out

the

eating

cows

such

weeds

as

Wild

harbor

favor

and

the

development

of injurious

diseases.

seeds

Weeds
farm

weedy

decrease

the

1.

By

he

of seed

value

grain, clover, grass

and

wind.

the

get

can

clean

of

value

the

one

at

farm.
the

No

one

will

buy

price.

same

distrihuted?

seeds

the

that

so

from

detract
when

weed

are

them

choke

with

interfere

which

lessen

seed.

10.

How

and

the cost

often

Weed

alfalfa

crowd

soil and

the

the plant food

up

fungus

and

from

Weed.

Weeds

insects

useless,

injurious?
They absorb water
plants.

Garlic

weeds

are

1.

plant out of
weed, viz.: "A
unsightly plant that is at the
or
so"; "A
plant that interferes

of

injurious,troublesome

farmer's

definitions

several

are

Many

wind

seeds
catch

can

have

them

to
light silky hair attached
easily; as, dandelion, Canada

thistle,etc.
2.

By

water.

without

water

Ragweed

are

injuring
often

3.

all

Some

or

cleaved

may
in

animals.
possess

be

vitality.

their

distributed

By birds and
flowering plants

barbed

seeds

processes."

To

The

thousand

miles

Speedwell

common

by
and

this way.

"It

seeds

carried

is estimated
that

are

this class

that

about

10%

of

of
dispersed by means
belong the Beggar Ticks,

Saffron,
Meadow
Mistletoe
and
Other
as
Burdock,
plants,
and
Seeds often
animals.
that cling to birds
exude
sticky substances
without
birds
animals
digested
the
stomachs
of
being
or
pass through
or
having their vitality impaired.
4.
By man.
Along railroad
tracks, in all kinds of packing, in
weed
seed
barnyard and stable manure
are
lodged and distributed.
take
When
Where
flourish.
root
animals
fed
weeds
and
are
ments
implefrom
field to another
transferred
are
one
they frequently carry
seeds in dry dirt. This is dislodged and the seeds take root and grow.
of America
weeds
came
Many of the most
injurious and troublesome
with seeds from
foreign countries.
etc.

such

How

FACTS

weeds

classified?

are

germinate, bloom, fruit and

which

Annuals,

1.

fruit the second

Biennials, which

2.

Perennials, which
annually.
How

Quack

with

Those

and

Plantain.

Do

not

let

weeds

3.

Sow

4.

Be

field.

the

farm.

only

in fence

Cut

ground;

those

as.

ory
Chic-

to

the

on

roadsides,

in pastures.

and

corners

time

best

the

get rid

of

weeds

is before

with
harrowing weeds
perennial underground
not
roots
of
dragged all over
are
pieces
plant.
joint will start a new

the

that

is cleaned

separator

Sheep and goats will

destroyed in no other way.

of

of

1.

Rotation

2.

Hoed

3.

Summer

4.

Early

5.

Seeding

6.

Pasturing

7.

Smothering.

8.

Hand

weeds

that

can

upon

often

be

eradication.

weed

crops.

fallowing.
after-harvest

cultivation.

down.

sheep.

Pulling.

kinds

of

crops

of

weeds

Red

Pig Weed,
different

being brought

crops.

rotation

Certain

before

check

and

eat

the different methods

does

price.

any

broken

6.

Mention

at

in

short

Every

See

5.

seed is dear

Foul

seed.

pure

careful
the

that

the

When

Thistle,

Canada

firmly established.

are

as, the

ing
seed-

eradication.

seed.

to

go

places,
that

Remember

2.

a^,

spread under

not

principlesof weed

in waste

headlands,

do

that

roots

the

of

some

1.

Why

and

grass.

2.

Mention

roots

season,

one

die.

blooming

year,

creeping stems;

underground

with

Those

1.

they

to

year

then

and

year

die in

perennials be divided?

may

and

from

last

3.

71

FARMING

FOR

RULES

AND

USEFUL

help

to

to

seem

Root

and

is

placed

crop

check

weeds?

flourish

Barn
upon

Grass
the

best
with
same

with
corn

certain
and

ground

crops;

potatoes.
these

are

checked.
Give

the

rule

iveeds
for figJtting

in hoed

crops.

well
lished
estabare
cultivating before the roots
will
off
and
will
be
cut
immediately
merely
;
in thinking
often makes
a
start
costly mistake
again. The farmer
need
do not
are
cultivating until the weeds
that his potatoes or corn

Begin

hoeing

otherwise

and

the

roots

FARMERS'

TEE

72

four

just peeping
weeds

he

may
means

of the

out

weeds

when

the

four

times

are

after

thvj

established.

well

are

What

high. Going through them

ground is as effective as

five inches

or

BOOK

GUIDE

against the practice of

for destroying weeds?
said for

or

falloivirigas

.wmmer

of the most
effective means
for eradicating
fallowing is one
that
The
it destroys humus
and
weeds.
objections to it are
It
it.
amount
lost
is
renders,
year's crop
by
however, a larger
one
for
assists in conserving moisture
of soluble plant food available and
western
of the other northIn Washington
and
the next
some
year's crop.
is
other
the
land
raised
where
states
only every
a
year,
crop
is equal to what
would
it is said the crop
one
being harrowed
year,
Summer

if

be

obtained

of

putting

; as,

set

back.

What

may

crops

and

to

as

labor.

he smothered

This

grass.

winter

weeds

of destroying

method

smothered

be

particularly annuals,
has the advantage
cut
early before the

out?
such

quick growing crop,

the ground
will quickly cover
be

method

hay should

The

some

and,

the weeds

will

Hov)

quack-grass he destroyed?

may

down

of weeds,

kinds

some

by seeding

weeds

Sow

labor

is saved.

crop

favor of seeding
with

overrun

cleaned

may

and

cost

destroys the
immediately after a harvest
Mustard.
Other
Flax, Cockle and Wormseed

of little expense
mature.
weeds
are
How

the

Fields
be

one

Thus

year.

shallow

he said in

may
weeds

each

destroyed hy early after-harvest cultivation?

he

False

annuals
are

harvesting

may

Plowing

raised

were

and

in

weeds

What

one

as

rape

or

in their

These

buckwheat.

condition,

weakened

out.

If
harrow.
plow lightly and
with
be
raked
are
large quantities, they may
up
Harrow
of
burned.
rake and
frequently during the remainder
a hay
If the season
is dry, nearly all the roots
will be destroyedthe season.
In the spring plant corn
down
by
or
keep the grass
potatoes and
survived
This will destroy the roots that have
hoeing and cultivation.
Canada
thistles may
be destroyed in the same
the other processes.
As

the

soon

the

as

crop
present in

roots

is harvested

way.

Is it advisahle
"Were

valuable
when

to

quack-grass seed for pasture?

sow

it not

for

forage plant.

pastured;
to plant."
"

but

its weedy
It

because

Cornell

character,

makes
it

Leaflet.

fair
so

hay
readily

quack-grass
and

becomes

would

is relished
a

weed,

by

be

cattle

it is

safe
un-

USEFUL

How

sorrel

may

Sorrel

soil,

indicates

ivild

may

Wild
be

may

parsnips

He

be

will

Is

foul

seeds.

be

for

necessary

spraying

and

under

spray

cent

rod.

square

of

solution
be

may

of
50

to

fence

sour

100

sodium,

good

before

to

microscope

Bulletins
A

seed

his

farmer

260

and

fanning

mill

sowing.

weeds?
of

pounds

gallons

of

killing
about

sulphate

will
be

Fifty

arsenate,

iron

water

should

For

acre.

the
small

or

Farmers'

seeds

in

present

varieties.

pressure.
one

weeds?

enable

glass

of

biennials,

wild

kill

used

that

gallons
weeds

of
in

eight

gallons

12

or

tard
mus-

will

give

the

tion
solu-

walks

to

the

used.

Don't

let

Don't

sow

weedy

Don't

fail

to

corners.

necessary

other

prevent

to

machine

WEED

the

prefers

seed.

to

seed

eradicating

of

considerable
for

to

weed

no

recleaning

weeds.

sufficient

be

take

different

sulphate
other

It

the

going

reading

solution

copper
some

will

per

with

of

pounds

is

be

of

any

from

examination.

method

good

there

common

the

like

farmer

will

identifying

in

soil.

remedy.

best

them

their

for

assist

Spraying

fine

the

mustard,

that

study

necessary

will

382

wild

can

sure

little

Very

identify
will

be

can

grain.

73

eradicated?

preventing

measure

FARMING

gravelly

or

is

he

and

important

What

sandy,

manure

by

out

FOR

poor,

and

parsnip

killed

RULES

AND

eradicated

be

liming

hence

How

FACTS

weeds

cut

get

DON'TS

the

start

of

you.

seed.

the

weeds

along

the

sides

of

the

road

and

in

FARMERS'

TEE

74

GUIDE

THE
Docs

the

farmer

average

BOOK

PASTURE.
attention

enough

paij

to the

of

improvement

his pasture?
He

often

does

into

turned

The

condition.

farm.

It should
afford

will
wet

Swales,

not.

Suggest

good

some

no

or

the

profitable land

most

white

top and

their
the

on

seed

sod

good

of the

grasses

mixed

of

pasture

pasture
matters

are

farmer.

the

to

of

substitution

the

or

of vital importance

be

are

only yield plenty of grass, but such a variety as

balanced
The
ration.
a
drainage of a piece of

not

red

for the

little

pasture
pasture should

land,

pasture

grasses

with

stock

the

unprofitable meadows
to improve
attempt

places and

waste

mixtures

for

permanent

No.

pasture.
2.

lbs. timothy,
lbs.

red

lbs.

alsike clover,

clover,

lbs. Kentucky
lbs.

blue

tall meadow

lbs. orchard
lbs. red
What

is

good mixture

for wet,

pounds of timothj^,5 pounds of

of white
and
3 pounds
clover.
is the most
important pasture grass,

What

fesque,

grass,

top.

land!

sour

Five
clover

grass,

red

top, 5 pounds

and

of

alsike

why?

without
roots
going
Kentucky
spreads
grass.
relished by all kinds
to seed; it starts
early in the spring; it is much
of stock.
costly, no
Although pure seed is hard to get and somewhat
it.
be without
Timothy, at its best, is good for
pasture sliould ever
in pastures only to supply
and
should
be sown
only about four years,
started.
other
feed while the
getting
are
grasses
blue

from

It

pasture mixture

with a permanent
a field sown
fore turning into pasture?

Should

It would
How

Lime

spreader.

Can

to

it,if

sour.

Sow

one

is thin
sodium

the

it would

as

acre.

be

the

mow

land

grass

can

Spread

not

of

coat

for

hay

at

he plowed
manure

as

least

he
over

on
pasture seed mixtures
can
get on the ground.
you

of the

early

nitrate
if the

Yes;

best to

old pasture that

an

may

grass

be

the

he profitahly used
is in

trial test

profitableto

of

need
a

on

an

old

he

mowed

he-

once.

improved?
it with

places

manure

where

the

pasture?

200
Use about
of nitrogen.
pounds
should
demonstrate
whether
half acre

continue

the

treatment.

T~H

76

FARMERS'

BOOK

GUIDE

FORESTRY
is the

What

price

average

principal New
White

obtained

$30.07

38.49

Elm

28.37

28.56

Basswood

27.36

Chestnut

White

20.54

Spruce

Cherry
Hickory
.;
Ash

46.22

Hemlock

43.03

Yellow

Maple

of

to the diversity of
Owing
planting is to be desired
be utilized
wooded
species can

utilized

be

the

for

repairing

as

the

lands

and

species

that

the trees

due

to outside

tend

tendency

such

danger

fact that

the

great

some

insect pests as some

of the trees
constructions
same

to

wood

is best pure

or

light-

hard

the heavier

the

farm,

the

on

quick growing,

our

fuel while

woods

The
stand
mixed
tools, etc.
ferent
also in taking advantage of the difdemanding
speciesdo better on the
farm

better

species do
produce cleaner

to

have

of

other

the

for

uses

for

the pure
stand
advantage over
soil qualities. The moisture

Mixed

which

Plantation

Woodlot

Farm

mixed

of

19.82
40.47

Poplar

planting?

mixed

low

21.31

38.49

establishment

may
has

27.70

Pine

27.07

Beech

In

the

of

all

Birch

$46.25

Oak

Sugar

for

mills

at

woods?

York

Oak

Red

feet

M.

per

timber

locations.
of the

account

on

Next

other.

each

prune

drier

the

on

fact

damage

the

insect pests,wind
storms, etc.,on account
as
of the trees will not be subject to the
many
others
and also due to a difference in the root
in

mixed

stand.

The

ferent
dif-

of the

crowns

thoroughly utilize all the atmospheric space

also be said to be
species. This may
one
a
The
forest floor will
of soil protection.
true
regarding the matter
and
of the sun
the
the direct rays
be more
amply protected from
For
small
farm
woodlots
far
loss.
rains
of
a
heavy
eroding action
species

more

of only

plantation is far

mixed

quicker with

established

is the

What

similar

Those

best

that

digging
hand

walnut
of

the

of

sand

as

pure

winter

are

plantings.
and

walnuts

black

the

of

size to

case

of

bottom

thickness

until

the

to
as

mimic
our

nature.

seeds,

nut

be kept in a moist place, fairly even

temperature
is to pit them.
is done
best
This
method
by

in the

over
same

over

conditions

Forest
in

of any
forest tree seeds it is well
fall naturally to the ground
such

The

trench

of storing

method

etc., should
winter.

over

planting than

storage

seeds

acorns,

preferable.

more

mixed

forest tree seeds?

In the

on

will

stand

will

than

nuts

of

then
;
are

accommodate

black
the

walnut.

easily the amount

Spread a layer

trench; cover
layer of

another
all

stratified

in

this

with

nuts

and

this

way.

of seed
of

clean

another

Care

black
sand

layer
should

USEFUL

taken

be

AND

FAC1\S

this

that

is located

pit

the direct
preferably where
soil too early in the spring as
buildings.
is the

What

best

RULES

FOR

where

there

of

rays
on

the

tvillows

to propagate
way
willows
are
among

is good
will not

sun

slope

north

FARMING

in the

or

and

77

soil

drainage

warm

shade

up
of

the
some

poplarsf

the easiest of our

tree
Poplars and
species to
plant
propagated vegetatively or by cuttings. Theoretically any
be
it.
The
best
and
propagated
by taking a cutting
rooting
way
may
to make
cuttings from
cuttings for poplar or willow is by making
the previous year's growth
the size of a large
8 to 10 inches long about
is
in
lead pencil. The
these
best season
to make
February and March.
25 to 50 in each
tied into bundles
and
These cuttings are
bundle
are
in
box
sand
moist
filled
sawdust.
down
with
moist
a
or
placed tops
which
The
will slowly callous over
and
base ends
have been turned
up
small
rootlets will appear.
The rapidity of this development
depends

be

deal

great

be

areas.

that

taken

and

that

What

is

forest

cuttings
than

willow

and

Poplar

the

more

no

be

not

forced

too

the soil is ready the cuttings should be planted on the

As
the callous is well developed care
should
soon
as

After

rapidly.
proposed

Cuttings should

of heat.

the amount

on

1"

handled

tree

placed

are

or

in

the ground

IVo"

of the tops shows

in this way
will make
a.

at

above

slight angle
the surface.

rapid growth.

seedling?

term
forest tree during its first
The
seedling is applied to any
before
done.
The
season
growing
height
transplanting has been
of
follows :
trees are
our
as
growth of seedlings of some
Ajiierican

Honey
Sugar

Elm

Locust

in.

Hardy

Catalpa

12

in.

White

Vine

12

in.

24

in.

12

in.

is the best time

The

best time

November

if the pruning
wood

12

to

Locust

Basswood

from

to

Majilos

Black

What

in

wound

to prune

is done
and

be smooth

shade

White

Spruce

Black

Walnut

in.

in."

in.'

12

in.

I
trees?

trees is the dormant

period. Usually
first of April in this latitude. However,
of the tissue of the
early in winter giving away
In pruning
the surface
thawing may
occur.

shade

to prune

first until

freezing

should

to

24

the

and

parallelto

the

surface

of the

trunk

of the

An applicationof white lead or some

other good paint should be
be taken
in the development of the
Care should
immediately.
that
the entire
it develops evenly over
callous
covering this wound
Do not prune
of bleeding.
trees in spring on
Do not
account
surface.
of
in
mid-summer
trees
account
dry
on
defoliating.
prune

tree.

made

in a ivoodlot,it is desired to ascerof mixed hardwoods

tain
the ^lumber
of board feet contained in the stand.
Methods
used in doing this work
are
"cruising."
usually termed
is to go
which
There
several
method
methods
are
are
good. One
it is anticipated
which
the least diameter
through and first determine
will be cut.
Go through the stand and determine
the different species
of logs which
it is possible to obtain
by ocular estimate the number

Having

stand

THE

78

from

log

16'

S'

log

was

and

results

may

hand

on

to

measure

16

diameter

400

equals

be worked

by applying
that

assumes

diameter
the square
be
feet long would

feet board

400x18/16

of 16'

It

simple.

is

rule

450

or

any
duced
re-

mated
estiIf

measure.

feet. Other

board

accordingly, thus giving the

out

quantity of white

pine seed,

hoiv

would

raise

you

pine seedlings?

white
In

be ascertained

of the stand.

total volume

Having

long

instead

18'

diameters

minus

4x24

minus

24

BOOK

GUIDE

of these logs may

contents

The Doyle
Doyle rule.
in
feet board
is
equal
long
a
log 24" in
by 4. Thus
as

the

The

the tree.
the

ARM

soil,white

drained

well

loam

sandy

or

soil is in

the

where

4 feet
in fair fertility,
condition
good mechanical
prepare
This
the seed on hand.
wide
and
to accommodate
as
long as necessary
fall
and
thrown
9"
in
least
at
the
be
should
deep
spaded or plowed
area
The
and thawing will kill
the
action
weather.
the
of
to
freezing
up
soil particlesmaking it
of the insects and tear down
out
a
great many
it
is
work.
As
much
easier to
early as
possibleto rake the ground in
should
be raked
the spring the area
carefully, or if there is a
over
harrowed
then
with a spike-tooth
and
disked
disked,
cross
large area
has
After
the
been
and
then
raked
harrow
thoroughly
area
by hand.
be rolled and
raked
lightly. The seed should
raked, then it should

distributed

be

then
about

seed

one

each

to

planked lightly

surface

the

over

square

inch.

The

the

seed

pushing

thus

broadcast

should

area

down

then
the

into

will

there

that

so

bed

seed

the

rolled

be

soil

be

the

or

same

lightly
fertilityto a depth sufficient to
soil taken
After this application a light ring of humus
the seed.
cover
in
the
and
leaves
litter
woods,
from
underneath
decaying
should
be made.
After this second application,pine seedlings or straw
is used
If straw
care
should
the bed 5" or 6" thick.
be placed over
The
bed should
should be taken not to introduce
grain or weed seeds.
to
is
that
seeds
it
the
and
germinate
begin
be watched
seen
soon
as
as
depth

the

mulch

held

should

be
18"

up

birds.

from
screen

Do

not

high.

every

the

screen

on

be

taken

during

5 o'clock

4 and

between

afternoon

should

lath

The

bed.

the

over

Care

and

removed

be

constructed

leave

sifted

be

should

there

same

should

leaves

or

by stakes

shade

50%

straw

or

of the

loam

sandy

the top

over

Then

is wide.

the seed

which

to

of

screen

screen

be

may

protect the bed

the
rains.
Remove

and

to

do

not

In

place
this way

it

on

the

until between
morning.
and
has good air ventilation.
gets the advantage of the fall of dew
be from
these seedlings should
At the end
of the first growing season
to
is
inclined
the
soil
for winter:
Where
21/2" to 3" high. Protection
7 and

the bed

in the

8 o'clock

bed

should

be

remain

past
What

frost

with

heave

put

on

mulch

after the

should
surface

be

spread

over

the

seedlings. It
frozen

and

in temperature

are

of the soil is thoroughly

of sudden

until after the danger

in the

changes

spring.

is heeling inf

Heeling
from

on

light

the time

in is the
it has

operation
been

in the

received

in

temporary

shipment

holding of
until it may

tree

be

stock

planted

or

is

the

for

sufficiently deep

dug

in.

heeled
thrown

more

seedlings

the

drained,
tops

toward
it would

than

in

direct

of

rays

of

method

is tlie best

the

the

another

deeper

than
is

should

pointed

spring

the

first layer;
until
all
up
in a
well-

done

The

will

process
toward
the

be

south

tarded
reon

sun.

fence

for preserving

treatment

be

to

trench, dirt is
lings
layer of seed-

easily worked.

vegetative

tops

trench

kept

be
is

soil that
as

A
stock

the

the

then

in

north

were

in

this operation

Heeling

the

of

roots

placed

little

and

roots

for.

cared

laid

of the

What

on

and

top
the

location, preferably

be

more

account

the

are

shady

should

accommodate

to

79

FARMING

transplanting.

the

then
seedlings are
down
thoroughly
packed

placed on
is placed

are

dirt

the

of

layer
and

over

FOR

for

stock

of

holding

temporary

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

posts from

decay?
Fence

should

posts

are

actually required

the

trees

in

are

piling in
in

piled
thoroughly

the

way

dry

prevent

is to

decay

when

post

set

air

the

where

be

and

moist

Another

about

The

hot

out

the

the

cold

The
52

oil

than
15

maple

6 to

seasoning

years.

4 years

willows

size

posts
in

One
and

each.

be
pense
ex-

post

diameter

cold

wood

driven

cold

the

creosote

oil

of

barrel

barrel

of

creosote

to

face

Ash.

years.

piled and

of

about

further
6"

will
used.

treatment

Without

to

As

creosote.

and

wood

quartered

post

round

in

of

One

posts.

manner

covered

are

species

preservative

fence

in

6"

pores

pores.

5c

cedar
6''

oak

rapidly

more

boiling point.

of the

the

Such

white

White

to

the

where

thorough
they

to

the

the

on

ordinary

our

that

so

is immersed

post

about

be

$5.

about

costs

or

up

creosote

the

bathe

and

will

life of

the

to

10

in

rush

tank

immerse

the

posts, depending

200

gallons

doubles

will

of treatment

cost

when

moisture,

excess

about

treat

opened

having

creosote

place

creosote.

the

is reached

boiling point

the

as

in

by placing the posts

Heat
half their length.

one

soon

apply

is

this

do

takes

band

are

should

of labor.

is to

method

good

to

matter

they

This
charring should
together.
charring the
1/2". By thoroughly

come

I/4"

least

at

when

possible,

as

If

season.

post in

fence

line, decay

dirt

soil

the

soon

as

they

winter

the

they
place rapidly and
of the
simple treatments

One

of

before

half

in

cut

piled

be

take

year.

base

the

at

slight, only

is very

to

one

the

char

be

thoroughly

to

will

and

year

should

order

seasoning

will

thoroughly,

done

and

should

They

in

within

be

or

year

state

form

crib

cut

use.

dormant

open

this

be
for

ment
treat-

will

beech

thoroughly

last

and
dried

7 years.

is the

When

Cut

best

during

are

exhausted

for

them

to

time
the

from

to

clear

last

part

their

recuperate

and

land

of

of July

efforts

to

start

store
new

small
or

growth

At
August.
and
food,
up

growth.

this

time

it will

be

plants
difficult

THE

80

is Portland

Cement

is

Cement

Portland

BOOK

CONCRETE.

AND

CEMENT
What

GUIDE

8'

finely powdered

material

is concrete

What

broken

stone

make

and

it

cement

from

in

to

ten

tioned
propor-

being filled

stone

The mafilled by the cement.

terials
of water
used
sufficient amount

sand

of the

and

thoroughly
a
of a jelly-likeconsistency.
will begin to stiffen in half
twenty-four hours, and in

mass

voids

sand

cement,

properly

are

of the

the voids

mass,

from

made

materials

These

mixed

be

must
to

dense

the

and

by the sand

largely of
proportions.

in proper

artificial stone

gravel.

or

form

to

as

so

shale,

consist

must

is in reality an

Concrete
and

the

from

and

limestone

of

burning of a properly proportioned mixture

used
the materials
or
clay. In other words
be mixed
chemically
lime and clay and must

resulting

Due

of water

so, will set up

will be hard
as
a
or

month

action

the

to

hour

an

rock.
Mention

profitablyused
Portland

and

cement

top

gravel he

mixed

about

5 parts of

thick

inch

an

walks

is to make

method

common

for

made

base

gravel

of

consisting
this is to be

mortar

part

one

parts of sand.

two

part of cement,

idea being to have

dense a concrete
as
Would

slight

for

some

skilled labor
is

in order

in cement

the cheapest for barns or houses?

construction
concrete
depends largely upon
and
be obtained
sand
the
can
gravel
places
for

in the

considered

burn, rot,

concrete

parts of gravel, the

should

make

to

he

the

more

and

mere

The

cartage.

of

of wood

case

expensive
has

compare

no

cost

very

or

brick

work.

wood.

the
at

used
does
In

cality.
lo-

very

is

of forms

cost

frequently the lumber

Concrete
a building.

and

the construction
as

is rich

three

possible.

as

consideration,

for

which

mixture

often

and

cost

not

of

cost

In

parts of sand, and

two

walls

cement

The

end

walls
and
making of foundations,
walks
fence
cisterns,
silos,tanks,
posts,

2i/4 parts sand, and

coat

great variety of

ing
proportion of cement, sand and gravel should he used for watertroughs?
is
The
mixture
common
employed for this type of construction

What

does

the

he

may

nature.

and

sand

cement,

with

covered

item

general

part cement,

one

one

this purpose

For

of

of

for

the farm

on

Cement

the

are

barns, for

and

houses

should

How

be used

may

of which

work

such

and

Cement

some

purposes,
floors for

on

Portland

which

for
purposes
the farm.

the

of

some

an

can

be

not

require

first cost

ployed
em-

crete
con-

concrete
However,
in the
for maintenance, and
thus
struction.
favorably with any type of con-

than

FACTS

USEFUL

cinders

C(m

he used

Cinders

harden

concrete

Portland

long will

How

under
is

water

Portland

cinders

is not
answer

is the

mass

very

the

principal

employed.

hydraulic material, and

will harden

of this cement

is also

concrete

Cement

81

strength

where

concrete

some
types of floor work
where
work
in foundation

of gravel, and
purpose
desired
cinder
quality
Will

making

for

instance, in

for

important

FARMING

FOR

place of gravel?

in

used

are

RULES

AND

in water

thus

made

concrete

air.

or

keep?

cement

Cement

be

can

kept practicallyindefinitely when

it is

moisture
and
dampness.
dry place and protected from
a
is injured in storage is by coming in contact
Portland
Cement
The way
It is someresults in its hardening.
with moisture.
This of course
times

stored

in

reconditioned

through

but

screen,

that

and

is. broken

up

results

cannot

best

be

finely pulverized by passing

ed
expected from recondition-

cement.

is the

What

One

quantity of

barrel

in

cement
holds

of cement

barrel?

cubic

3.80

feet and

consists

of

four

bags.
kind

What

of sand should he used for making concrete?

concrete
to use
particularly important in making
a
good
sand
and
is essentially a
quality of
gravel. The making of concrete
manufacturing
operation,and it can be spoiledas easily by poor aggregate
The
sand should be coarse,
as
by poor cement.
hard, and clean,
A very
and the gravel clean and durable.
small percentage
of vegetable
It

is

will

matter

render

unfit for

aggregate

That

use.

which

contains

and
not
appreciable quantity should also be discarded
Sometimes
concrete.
of
of
the
making
grains
purpose
which
the
sand
with
coated
are
obtaining of good reclay
sults,
prevents
unite the grains of sand when
cement
cannot
as
they are in such
Sand
condition.
and
contains
dirt or loam
be
a
gravel which
can
struction
Conaccording to the instructions given in "Concrete
easily washed
about the Home
and on the Farm,"
published by the Atlas
mica

in

used

for

any

Cement

Portland
Can

the

advisable

It is not
of the

Can

chemicals

the

By

which

making concrete?

to

contained

use

sea

water

in

mixing

concrete

on

account

therein.

ivaterproof?

selection

of good, clean

sand

and

gravel, by making

the

of rather
wet
density, by using a
sistency
conjust flow sluggishly and
by placing the
in one
continuous
operation, it is possible to obtain a concrete
will be water-tight under
all ordinary pressures.
of

"

concrete

in

he made

concrete

concrete

he used

tvater

sea

Company.

that

mix

maximum
which

will

"

82

FARMERS'

THE

Is

concrete

of

the

affected
fire

Under
best
such

work.

of

is

cracked
affected
can

the
be

under

concrete

depended

to
upon

to

heat

severe

depth

of

resist

all

not

and

heat
to

surface

the
it
more

ordinary

has

and

fires.

one

the
become

found
two

one

pose,
pur-

construction

from

has

than

this

for

protect

been

is

fact

in

largely
fireproof

in

of

where

cases

used

found

been

has

is

beams

non-conductor

some

checked

and

It

and

mortar

or

serviceable

very

known.

columns

good

very

In

proven

materials

concrete

underneath.

has

concrete

encasing

as

It

inches

firef

by

fireproof

BOOK

GUIDE

inches.

that

to

two

material

slightly
this

Concrete

has

TEE

84

What

Plenty of
exercise, fresh

health?

outside

and

inside

water

pure
air

night
in serving others.

ourselves

is the difference in effectbetween

What

body

the

when

get

cannot

is

of the skin.

brain

work

while

it

is to

It should

generally tends

She

should

off"

time

The

frequently.

rest

bath

by

one

who

the

opens

meal

when

or

debilitating

produce sleepiness.

"take

housekeeper

to

hot

bath

is very

bath

hot

the

some

used

hot

just after

taken

be

not

To

done.

be

be

not

after

or

The

rub.

the

cold hath?

and

should

bath

cold

after

glow

healthy

pores

Should

warm.

getting
For-

well

exercise

after

taken

be

should

bath

cold

The

hot

food,

Pure
body.
thoughts.

the

Thinking

day.

and

BOOK

GUIDE

S'

of the rules of good

some

are

day?

every

of working
stopping to relax

mill

tread

fashion

affects the nerves.

By
imagination and
in
Large
be
a given time.
accomplished
can
several times a day, more
from
an
corporations are trying this out with their employes purely
will
It
and
cents.
in
dollars
it
them
and
economic
standpoint
pays
time to "make
she will have
a real
more
the housekeeper because
pay
is not always
"homemaking.
home."
Housekeeping
kills

the

"

is the hest substitute

What

given under

milk

Cow's
and

Children

What

he allowed

children

Should

with

be diluted

should

should

constitutes

the

contains

milk

physician. Cow's

direction

protein

more

trained

than

the

of

nurse

or

mother's

milk

water.

drink

to

coffee or

allowed

be

never

milk?

for mother's

tea,

tea?

coffee,beer

or

other

lants.
stimu-

good school lunch?

and
butter
and
sandwiches, bread
or
Egg, meat
peanut butter
Nuts
and
cookies
and
pie occasionally.
jelly,apples, oranges, custards,
be given
Candy and nuts should never
raisins,a few pieces of candy.
on

an

sweet

the right time, they

found
kinds

candies

Homemade

allowed

are

are

best.

Children

not

must

pure

unduly

have

candies

in

crave

and

"corner

the

at

adulterated

and

cheap

children

will

at

amounts

the

If

stomach.

empty

certain

erate
mod-

buy

grocery."
amount

of

in their diet.

Is it safe to
Most

give children

emphatically

no.

patent medicines?
No

remedies

should

be

given except under

remedies.
the direction of the family physician, except the simple home
contain opiates and
are
deadly in their
The so-called soothing syrups
should
for children
and adults
of all kinds
medicines
effect. Patent

be avoided

like

plague.

FACTS

USEFUL

Wliat

RULES

AND

FOR

85

FARMING

the cooking of \a) meats,

general rules that govern
(c) starchy foods, (d) vegetables?

(h)

the

are

eggs,

(a) Meat and eggs are classed as protein foods and are therefore
should
and
subject to the principles of protein cookery. Meat
eggs
be cooked
will toughen
not
at a high temperature, as high temperature
is composed
of
it less readily digested. Meat
the protein and
render
fibres toughen
The
fibres held by connective
muscle
muscle
tissues.
becomes
is
when
and
soluble
tissue
then
boiled, the connective
the
connective
known
tissue, the
as
gelatine. Generally the more
Thus
cooked
if tough cuts are
a
long time below
tougher the meat.
tissue is
the connective
tender and
the boiling point the fibres become
of meat
such
beef steak, are
seared in order
cuts
softened.
Tender
as
and thus retain the juices.
to toughen the outside of the meat

(b)

being

Eggs

protein food

cooked

in water

cooked

Fried

scrambled

eggs,

The
same
temperature.
If
of
custards.
to
the
subjected
they are
making
applies
curdles.
the protein coagulates, toughens and
temperatures
and

should

omelets

Starch

(c)

cooked

be

is made

up

which

but

in cold water

at

low

tiny grains which

of many

boiling

the

palatable and
if
the holing point than

below

water.

at

more

are

eggs

just

boiling

in

time

shorter

cooked

hard

and
point. Soft cooked
if
cooked
easily digested

be

should

do

eggs

principle
to high
solve
dis-

not

they
water, swell and burst when
form
is
this
it
easily digested.

absorb

In
heat.
subjected to moist
be cooked
in
and
cereals should
Starchy vegetables, white sauces
swell
burst
and
and
the
such
that
starch
grains
palatable
a
a
way
This requires continued
flavor is developed.
cooking by moist heat.
are

(d)
strong

All vegetables belong to one

mild
juiced. The
strong

or

should

these

cooked

be

in

of two

classes.
onions

being

of water

liberal amounts

They are either

cabbage and

and

in

an

uncovered

juiced should be cooked in a small quantity of water

pan.
in a covered
Vegetables should not be overcooked
as
they are
pan.
be very
irritating
unpalatable and develop strong flavors which
may
to the digestive tract.
mild

The

Is it desirable

to

commercial

use

It is undesirable
use

of

ill effects, the

health.

What

is the

One
medium

canning powders.
these powders may

use

result

may

It is entirely possible to
by sterilization,therefore

meat

While
not

the occasional
show

immediate

effects upon
the
all vegetables and
definitel
fruits inin

run

serious

risk by using powders

cheese, nuts, legumes.

test

that
It

keep
why

good substitutes for

Milk, eggs,

floor.

with

use

continued

foods are

What

to

vegetables canned

canning powders?

of

good

is "even"

should

weight.

have

hroom?

enough
a

smooth,

to

stand

straight

alone
handle

when
and

placed
should

on

be

the
of

Is

FARMEB.S'

TEE

86

there

majority

The

it

Are

paper

Not

With

towels,

paper

as

very

point

view

What

of

some

Paint

makes

makes
it

the

Are

vucuum

the

ordinary

Can

good
is

railway

are

tary
sani-

stations

used.

be

never

They

used

Saturate

cheese

duster.

Some

better

than

and

device

duster
for

cloth

prefer

made

be

can

the

farm

this

buy

the

using

by

and

jar

without

along

little

day.

every
as

it

have

saves

It

house.

the

is

one.

home?

you

black

the
'

and

machinery,

with
to

at

while

on

housecleaning

should

give

sweeper?

through

all

"

continual

get

up"

housekeeper
made

he

stand

to

an

leum
Lino-

of

the

cannot

we

for

dust

up

every

dusters"

as

indispensable

stirring

easier

carpet

"brushing

for

it.

in

be
is

kitchen

amount

prevent

ordinary

the

compared,

be

is

to

evitable.
in-

should

hours

certain

is

steam

dingy

many

It

have.

spine.

is

and

has

where

kitchen

and
so

floors?

and

wall

The

dark

excellent

and

walls

off.

It

not

are

sweeper

cleaner

carpets

"dustless

does

hardly
carpet

saving

floor

head

should

up

which

schools,

spend

to

covering.

heels

the

vacuum

labor

rural

kitchen

has

who

sweepers

They

taking

towels
From

wiped

color.

floor

best

Rubber
affects

The

are

one

bare

the

that

work.

which

Paper

washing.

kitchen

for

for

easily

cheerful
the

to

finish

best

the

bright

abomination

at

some

should

towels

finishes

hest

the

walls

The

to

Public

for

investment

one,

ment.
invest-

good

much.

too

save

good

prove

The

carriers.

are

painted

cost

and

makes

Y..

good

practical.

are

might

it

etc.,

desirable

are

lavatories.

public
disease

cloth,
They

they

few
N.

Rochester,

homef

private

the

only

family

kitchen

the

in

of

dish

for

and

Co.,
large

investment.

an

convenient

are

Machine

$30.

costs

machine

expensive

too

are

Dishwashing

Fearless
but

and

dish-washing

practical

BOOK

GUIDE

have
cheese

'

ordinary

cutting
a

cheap

cloth.

'

'

it

and

machine
with

kerosene.

satisfactory

oil

USEFUL

FACTS

RULES

AND

MAKING
//( ii-hat states

may

all the

New

In
What

Only the rock,

distinguished by

be

What

kind
Use

of

not

necessary.

fire

brick,

evaporator

an

What

the

should

farmer

may

purchase

buckets

The

sap

should

be

not

The

making

of

which

allowed

to

set

He

up.

are

stones
can

or
use

making?

and

it is made.

With

he done

on

appears

should

he done

The

should
pan
into it.
This

run

boiled

be

to

to the

the

as

while

sap

red.

become

to

twelve

every

it is

what

is

kept

syrup,

if the

the sap

from

If

light colored

hours.

hoiling?

remove

of

particle

every

scum

or

after syruping off?

the pan

thoroughly
seem

may

but

Maple

colorless

as

sap

It is

tub.

surface.

with
be

color
least

skimmer

long-handled

dirt that

it is.

the

be kept
the sap is put into the pan
it must
if
the sap
it is syrup.
Long boiling, even

"When

boiling vigorously until

is kept clean, will cause
the
off
is
at
wanted, syrup
syrup
should

be

but

it white,

than

longer

Strain

into the store

impure

would

buckets

better.

run

makes

more

perfect,

be

it is

that

the

in

would

when

again

were

stand

to

hours

is put into maple syrup

the
darker the sugar,

what

process

is

arch, using

own

already

arch

an

buckets

pan.

Twelve

twenty-four
when
it is gathered

Wliat

his

Covered

sap ; 2. rapid boiling ; 3. frequent syruping off.

all other utensils must
be absolutely clean and
sweet.

and

hours.

What

buckets.

build

may

sheet-iron

it may

its bark.

he used?

the best tin

and

tap the soft maple

Fresh, clean

1.
The

out.

shape of

the secrets of good, sugar

are

not

and

The

or

sugar?
Never

color

States.

the Middle

maple.

utensils

spouts
he

or

hard

or

sugar

metal

and

for maple

sap

87

he made?

sugar

England

FARMING

SUGAR.

MAPLE

maple

supply

trees

FOR

washed

light-colored

and

rinsed

before

of time, when

waste

can

sugar

not

more

be

more

sap

made

sap
is ing
wait-

without

doing it.
What

done

be

may

with

the sweetened

ivater

oljtnined

by washing

the

pan?
It
cider

is

By

with

or

the

and

into vinegar.

barrel

which

fine wire

to knoiv

one

skimmer.

thick

made

whiskey

covered
Hoiv

be

can

or

behavior

it is time

of the syrup

When

viscid, it

is

settle

be

and

left with

strain
the

into

bung

hole

clean
open,

screen.

when

it

Let

should

no

ready

to

when

longer runs
to "syrup

'^

syrup

off?"

poured off the edge of a dipper

off in small
drops, but seemf
off."

FAR3IER8'

THE

88

After

off,

syruping

BOOK

GUIDE

what

done

he

must

to

the

prepare

the

for

sijrup

ynarketf
in

Place
felt
"lime"
tin

smaller

(made

cones

hold

that

cans

exclude

If

is

it

until

and

rapidly

cool,

year

desired

first

The

it

weather
is

is

it

full

even

with

tight
hold

will

into

sugar

so

to

as

small
rich

its

the

cakes,
is

it

Then

breaks.

best

the

gas

maple

boiled

is

syrup

taken

off,

stirred

night

good

sugar

the

making?

sugar

In

order

and

thaw

sugar.

the

spell

warm

maple

for

best

the

during

freeze

protracted

cap

and

the

out

self-sealing

in

can

moulds.

make

runs

the
wax

season

must

the

down

take

to

cap-neck

the

place

make
the

into

the

of

Fill

and

settle

and

through

strain

(flannel)

wool

more.

to

and

thickness

proper

cool

screw

dark

or

poured

part

there

thickens

it

What

and
in

for

well

flavor

it

each.

gallon

to

good

or

let

then

air

all

Keep

pliers.

sand;"

"sugar

or

boil

and

pan

purpose)

on

Whenever

days.

should

buckets

be

to

be

down

laid

to

drain.

is

What

the

the
If

into

bottom
that

Keep
Give

trees
to

half-inch

slightly
deepened.

candy

not
are

tree.

to

bit.

The
When

In

"tapping

in

bottom

the

of

weighs
is

In

the

at

glass

often

more

cans

formed.

light.

the

to

eleven

crystallize

sugar.

is

sugar

exposed

not

than

more

to

apt

trees.
that

trees

tap

hole
the

over"

should

be
is

season

do

not

bore

spouts

about

new

holes

may

be

may

in

the

be

require

that

deep,

inches

two

it

advanced

diameter.

in

buckets

two

flanged

bored
well

inches

ten

diameter,

metal,

the

use

under

are

in

more

or

tapping

slanting.

found

granulated

granulated

place

feet

two

In

cool

it
it

into

or

the

the

tapping

better

is

the

used

for

rule
It

in

syrup

your

legal

light

the

in

stand

rock

clear

that

weight,

thick

so

the

gallon,

the

to

often

so

syrup

boiled

is

syrup

pounds

If

of maple

candy

rock

the

of

cause

cans

slightly

trees.

USEFUL

RULES

AND

FACTS

PROFITABLE
How

The

1.

breeds.

egg

89

RAISING.
f
classified

be

early, begin laying when

weight. Leghorns, Minorcas,
representatives of this class.

quite

mature

of

light
Buttercups are

Cicilian

burgs and
lay white

These

and

nonsitters

are

young,

POULTRY

different varieties of chickens

the

may

FARMING

FOR

Ham-

They

eggs.

the
breeds.
include
These
Plymouth
general purpose
and
few others.
Island Reds
a
Rocks, Wyandottes, Orpingtons, Rhode
quite so early.
They are heavier than the egg breeds and do not mature
They are excellent table fowls and good layers. They are good sitters
and
who
raises only a
and
the best for the farmer
are
good mothers
small
flock.
They lay light brown
eggs.

2.

are

The

3.

The

the

best

different

breeds.

meat

Chochins,

The

representativesof this class.

breeds

and

and

easilytamed

considered

are

poor

close confinement.

stand

Brahmas

Langshans

and

the largest of the

They are
docile,
layers. They are very
They are persistent sitters.

the Bantams,
Games
These include
(except
fancy breeds.
Games), Polish, Frizzles and Silkies. They are bred for show
or
general poultryonly and are unprofitable for the farmer

The

4.

Indian
purposes
man.

Which

of

the

breeds

egg

best

is the

for

i\Iore tlian ninety percent of the

"White Leghorn for egg production.
How

many

eggs

hen

per

be

may

egg

production f

successful

poultrymen

the

expected from

breed

the

egg-producing

breeds?

will, of

This

flocks that

many

when
at

of

production

egg

eggs,

Which

do

not

than

more

average

20

eggs

each.

average

there

are

However,

and
fed, it should
selected, housed
average
been
strains
have
for each
hen.
developed
Many
The
record
of 308
than
200
each, per year.
eggs
hen owned
by the Oregon Agricultural College.

flock is properly

least

that

The
the poultryman.
depend upon
No doubt
farm-yard fowls is about 70.

course,

120

eggs

produce
is held

is the
There

more

by

is very

The
Wyandottes
Rocks, which make

By ivhat

method

All successful

little choice
are

should

between

quite

not

them

so

favorite

chicks

poultrymen

close

lice be attained:

Each

them.

has

persistent sitters
with

as

its advocates.
the

Plymouth

some.

be hatched?
now

use

attention, their mfiny

advantages
does
have
to depend
not
poultryman
be hatched
of chicks may
large numbers
from

breeds?

best of the general-purpose

incubators.
are

upon
at

While

they require
By their use the
caprices of the hen;

obvious.
the
one

time

and

dom
perfect free-

THE

90

What

should

care

During
comfortable,
to

see

water

given

to

the

chicks

young

of

with

of water

the

chicks

that

has

become

with

do

not

foul

stale.

should

which

over

used

be

drink

or

should

The

sharp sand,

coarse,

Care

the

of

end

the

the drinking fountain

floor of the brooder

at

wet

get
or

life it requires

toward

chill removed.

the

hatched?

ivhen

chick's

sleep and,

temperature,

even

BOOK

GUIDE

8'

is scattered

chaff

the hen

is allowed

or

litter.

straw

How

first forty-eight hours

that

covered

be

he

the

drink

period, a

chicks

sJioidd the young

If hatched

to run,

under

moistened

will obtain

meal

corn

the

meat

hen

balance

he fedf
in

good results.
bugs. They

with

be fed

may

and

insects

from

and

weather

warm

chicks

The

always
too early

must

hatched
if the young
chicks are
plenty of pure water,
is a more
the ground, the problem of caring for them
to be placed on
with
ration
balanced
well
with
be supplied
a
serious
They must
one.
York
State College of
sufficient grit for digestive operations. The New
rations and
the
following
Cornell
University, gives
Agriculture, at
directions for feeding chicks to maturity :
have

THE

Mixture

No.

1"5

lbs. rolled

oats

lbs. bread

crumbs

lbs. sifted

beef

lb.

Mixture

with
No.
sour
1, moistened
a
day:
milk, fed five times
Mixture
No. 2 in shallow
tray containing
little of No. 3 (dry) always before
a
chicks.
Shredded
food, and fine
green
food.
scattered
over
grit and charcoal

Mixture

scrap

meal

bone

Days

skimmed

(best grade)
1

METHOD.

THE

RATIONS

5 Days

No. 2

2 Weeks

"

day. No. 3,
with sour
skimmed
milk, fed
cracked
(fine) moistened
corn
3
three
No.
times
oatmeal
(dry)
a
day;
always
pinhead

lbs. wheat

lbs.

lb.

No.

(cracked)

2 in

light litter twice

available.
Mixture

No. 3

lbs.

wheat

lbs.

corn

lbs. wheat

lbs. beef

4 Weeks

"

As

bran
is

meal

above,

given

except

twice

that

the

moist

mash

day.

middlings
scrap

(best grade)
1

lb.

Mixture

bone

meal

lbs. wheat

lbs.

cracked

lb.

hulled

Mixture
3
3

No. 4

range

Reduce

corn

oats.

day.
dry
To

corn

of moist

meals

mash

to

No. 4 in litter twice

always

one
a

day

available.

Maturity:
No.

lbs. wheat

on

are

Mixture
mash

chicks

{or until

6 Weeks

(whole)

No. 5

lbs. cracked

"

day

hasten

3 and

No. 5 hopper

of moist

mash

development.

fed.

One

meal

if it is desired

to

FARMERS'

THE

92

BOOK

GUIDE

and
free from
strictly sweet, clean
mustiness, mould
or
losses
from
Serious
frequently occur
disease, due to the
decay.
fowls taking into their bodies, through their intestinal tract or lungs,
bandry,
of the fungus
the spores
causing moulds.
Dept. of Poultry HusCornell
University.
should

be

"

Rations.

Contest
the ^^^

At
fed

was

contest

Storrs, Conn., the following grain

at

Coarse

wheat

200

bran

Standard

took

made

up

75

middlings

30

scrap

30

Beef

scrap

Low

grade

There
hens

100

feed

Gluten
Fish

25

flour

little boxes

were

as
they liked.
follows :
as

Cracked

holding grit,shells
There

also

was

provided

Kafir

40

oats

20
10

corn

Buckwheat

10

beef

Coarse

10

scrap

OTHER

FEEDING

GOOD

No.

Dry

MIXTURES.

1.

Mash.

meal
bran

10

"

Wheat

middlings

10

"

scrap

No.

Young
rice until well
the

quantity

make

thinly

over

the

and

feed

to

water

pounds

10

Wheat

Oil meal

Boil

pounds

60

Heavy white
Barley

Beef

the

grain"

"scratch

BO

corn

which

charcoal

and

Wheat

C^orn

pounds

100

Cornmeal

one-half

mixture

Chicks

done.

good soft dough.

and
pan,
the chicks

surprisingly
grow
preventive
a good

fast

and

of bowel

the

on

on

corn-meal.
a

until
this

Range.

thoroughly

Grease
bake

"

"

2.

When

of white

Add

baking
well

cold

This

mix

it with

sufficient

water

tin, spread this dough

done.

mixture.

strong.
very
troubles.

cooked,

It

food

Soften
will

with

them

cause

is said

to

cold
to

be, also,

USEFUL

RULES

AND

FACTS

Feeding.

Dry
Whole

in

200

wheat

360

"

130

"

tlie litter

morning

and

No.
Cracked

a1

4.
15

corn

pounds
"

10

Oats

''

this the

with

following dry mash:

meal

Corn

Wheat

middlings

Wheat

bran

Meat

exercise.

indnee

to

noon

Wheat

Use

pounds

corn

Oats
Scatter

93

3.

No.

Cracked

FARMING

FOR

pounds

12

scraps

meal

Oil

Alfalfa
Fine

meal

'.

charcoal

Salt

1/2 OZ.
No.

Cracked

5.
4

corn

Wheat

pounds
"

Oats
Use

with

this

Corn

meal

following dry mash

"

scraps

"

middlings
No.

Cracked

6.
1

corn

Whole

wheat

peck
1/2 bushel

this the

following mash

Bran

200

100

"

Middlings

100

"

Ground

oats

Ground

lightly.

come

two

bone

directions
Fit the

While

the

for providing

ground

In

six

divided
hens

as

weeks

his

hen-yard

were

50

"

10

"

rape?

the rape
if for Avheat, sow
broadcast
it will be ready for the hens.
in

one

again, if not eaten

parts, he kept his hens
up

pounds

meal

Corn

once

"

Oats

Give

bushel

Buckwheat

with

'*

Wheat

Feed

pounds

bran

Wheat
Meat

the

into

two

part, the
down

too

supplied

parts,
other

sowing

both

cover

writer

The
to

rape.

Rape will
by alternating the

closed.

was

closely;
with

and

so

green

food

all summer,

FARMERS'

THE

94

although

not

the

they

rape,

poultrymen

turned

into

dry

of

few

that
a

green

meat

of

green

exercise.

poultry house

Is artificialheating of the

plenty

containing

ration

balanced

grit and

scraps,

production of eggsf

essential for the winter

are

houses,

Warm

feed,

were

consumed

conditions

What

hens

the

as

soon

hens.

for

ration

As

range.

only about one-half the usual amount

It seems
increased.
their egg
production was
of Dwarf
Essex
as
realize the importance
rape

and

rations

free

on

BOOK

GUIDE

advisable

harm
than
See that
do more
good.
the
be
roof
let
just
over
low,
building;
are
no
time
kind
feed
the
at
hens
of
the
the
right
the roosts
right
;
; give
will get
for their living in the litter,and
make
scratch
them
you
all
Hens
that gulp down
The exercise is absolutely essential.
eggs.
in
do
not
hold then stand around
lay.
the food they can
groups
No

in

cracks

should

How

will

artificial heating

there

the

for the high-classmarket?

he sorted

eggs

form
be strictlyfresh, and unifancy price, eggs must
to produce
fancy
and
in size, color
shape. It costs no more
and
the
charges
than it does to produce common
express
ones,
eggs
them
the same.
Often, by a little sorting, five to ten cents
on
are
York
The New
be obtained.
the market
above
dozen
price may
per
brown
Boston
the
market,
market
eggs.
prefers white eggs ;
command

To

How

good laying

may

only method
by the
good layers are not

of

some

are

of trap

aid

flock

ful
good layers is l)y care-

of

been

It has

nests.

but

the

that

learned

carefully selected

and

breed.

some

the

particular breed,

any

developed strain, of
What

developing

of

The

selection

he obtained

hens

signs of good layers?

If a hen has grown

last.
layers always moult
feathers
by October
1, she is probably unprofitable.
of the best layers are
usually colorless.
2.
The shanks
1.

The

3.

smooth

have

What

best

the

Charles
the

eggs

has

summed

is

very

good layer.

taught poultrymen?
up,

The

for

Country

man,
Gentle-

200-egg hen

substantial

it is possible for the domestic

consecutive
days.

high fecundity

than

That
a

contests

sign of

fowl

present-day reality.
to

produce

more

than

in 365

That

in

is the

comb

egg-laying

L.

the

That

rather

recent

velvety

Opperman
following facts

That

250

and

new

marked

is

primarily

question

of strain

or

family

can

result

of breed.
the selection

and

improvement

mating
of the

of

highly prolificbirds
egg production.

average

USEFUL

continued

the

That

FACTS

the

That

FARMING

of breedinac

stock

can

95

lines

upon

activity is inclined

of certain

that

alter

to

breeds.

pure

weight of the eggs from

be
materially increased

average

strains

producing

FOR

ovarian

to

conformation

and

the weight

selection

tendency

emphasize inherent

RULES

AND

both

high and low

selective
through

breeding.
the

That

index

to

That

when

equal, if

the

That

for

things

single-bird

absence

equal the so-called

are

strains

birds

of male

is the

pen

only absolute

production.

^g^

the superior, of many

not

affect the egg

the

or

capacity
other

the

That

nest

trap

bird's

from

of

the

mongrel

be

may

pure-breds.

laying

does

pens

not

yield.
heavier

the

breeds

the best

are

winter

layers.

abundant

That

an

with

proper

feed
in conjuncsupply of plain, wholesome
tion
is conducive
housing and management
to increased

production.
That

in the

the cost

poultry

That

feeding

of

their

so-called

profit or

for

soil where

on

there

standard

rations

connection

in

use

of unknown

principal essentials of

the

Build

1.

from

of birds

pens

Mention

in itself make

not

efficiencyof different

the

exactly determined

be

does

loss

business.

with

cannot

small

perimental
ex-

performance.
poultry

proper

is

house.

drainage.

natural

Dampness

is fatal to chickens.
2.

should

house

The

be

ventilated

well

warm,

and

free

from

the

south

drafts.

and

not

be

The

4.

instinct

should

roosts

places,

and

windows

have

prevents
the

upon

the

on

development

of

much

of

fowls.

Too

had, especiallyin winter.

birds

in

the south

face

Sunlight not
only
vitalizing affect
a

it has

but

can

high

sides.

east

germs,

it

the house

Let

3.

will

on

the

level.

same

natural

The

no
high places for safety. If there are
commotion
at
roosting
crowding
or
no

seek

is to

there

all be

be

time.
Ventilation

5.

side.

south

They

be

may

allow

the

obtained
air to

7.

Use

good plan is

to

build

the

muslin

enter, but

the
dropping boards under
hens
floor space, help to keep the
warmer
the droppings to be more
easily removed.
6.

by

nests

This

roosts.

in cold

under

windows

on

the

prevent drafts.
will

weather

the front

give
and

more

allow

edge of the

and a hinged door in front

openings behind
will give the
This
the
collecting
eggs.
may
be a
should
There
hens the privacy which
laying.
they like when
platform back of the nests wide enough for the hens to walk on.
where
the sun
be provided a dust box, located
8.
should
There
reach it. Keep it well filled with fine road dust.
can

dropping

boards,

that

be

with

lowered

when

FARMERS'

THE

96

GUIDE

BOOK

essential "poultry furniture"

sists
condrinking fountains, self-feeding hoppers for dry mash, feed
will
The
not
be so
drinking fountains
grit boxes.
troughs and
if they are
raised on a small platform a foot or
easily contaminated,
Besides

9.

dust

the

the

box

of

above

so

the floor.

College of Agriculture, suggests

Missouri

The

"hen-happiness and
Allow

each

Provide

hen

one

full egg

four

feet of floor space.

square
of

foot

square

following for

the

basket:"

glass

to

fifteen square

every

feet of

floor space.

quite half

high

as

in

cupolas
are

Build

every

the
What

inches

of

of dirt.

This

Provide

eight

house

the

will make
ten

place the

the

on

higher

of

inches

to

front

slat

is free

from

not

tops

than

the

fifteen

every

similar

cracks

back, ends and

stone, then two

a dry floor.

coarse

to

and

of muslin

by making

or

floor eight inches

side

foot

square

openings for drafts

no

south

is wide.

one

barns.

Fill in four
two

as

floor space,
Be sure

feet of

square

the

on

the house

by placing

Ventilate

there

windows

the

Locate

to

and

the

that

roof.

surrounding ground.
of clay and then

inches

roosting

space

and

one

of

straw.

nest

to

six hens.
Cover

the

grain

in the

the

are

with

floor
straw

rules for

so

foot

to

as

taking

eighteen inches

or

encourage

care

Peed

exercise.

of the poultry house?

be done
This may
by spraying, whitewashing
Keep it clean.
fresh
clean
litter.
that
there is absolutely no
See
cumulation
acproviding
The
should
nests
of dampness.
ahvays be provided with
lice.
able
formidclean
and be free from
Lice and mites are
dry straw
business.
Unless
of the poultry
enemies
prepared to
are
you
in check, you
had better take up some
other occupation.
keep them

and

What

are

The

best methods

the

preparations given
One

of

the

successfully.
manufactured
is
Chemo,
'

An

'

for combating lice and

' '

excellent

hand

POULTRY

sprayer

"Useful

under

convenient

most

and

sold

by

is furnished

TROUBLES

AND

The

Formulas"

may

commercial

preparations

Chemo

with

THEIR

mites?

the

be

used

Co., Buffalo,N. Y.
liquid.

REMEDIES.

regarding sanitation,pure food and

The
will be few poultry troubles.
fowls
die
if
to
know
that
off,something
should
his
begin
poultryman
it. Usually it
is wrong,
and
he should
locate that trouble and correct
is dampness, filth,
quarters, drafts, cold,
ventilation, too crowded
poor
of the more
common
Following are some
feeding, or impure food.
over
troubles and suggested remedies
:
If all the required conditions
feeding are complied with, there

FACTS

USEFUL

BUMBLEFOOT.
and

large

becomes
some

roost

to

Remedy.
Remove

Soak

"

linseed

LIMBERNECK."

droops

to

Remedy.
oil for
to

keep

Remove

"

fowl.

grown

scales

LEG.

carbolized

where

acid

carbolized
warm

on

skin

the

bird

is unable

control

the

It is caused

by eating putrid

meat.

the

Give

cause.

If not

This

"

Dip

"

seems

within

cured

to

or

or

which

head

teaspoonfuls of castor
days it is not advisable

the

The

"

Remedy.

assume

lives under
parasite which
a rough, lifeless appearance.

tar, kerosene

pull

the

all tiie barbules

moisten

with

loop

rub

oil,or

of

It will

bills

red

with

them

and

Twist

remove

though

as
worms

hair, put

If this

sweet

feather
of the

some

the

pipe,
wind-

those

oil,and

to

pipe.
wind-

be

not

can

except

the

trying

in the

it into

method

long feather,

fowl.

the

their
forked

of horse

out.

worms

from

it out.

draw

several

or

of oil of cloves

mixture

windpipe

one

double

remove

keep opening

by

Make

"

it and

turn

and

by
to

in coal

legs

fowls

It is caused

the

is caused

vaseline.

GAPES.
swallow.

times

with

by putting

lance

open
and

puss,

of carbolic

soft litter.

legs,causing them

of the

Remedy.

into

day

thoroughly.

indicates

it.

SCALY
the

soon

through
a
high

from

clean

anoint

and

remedied

be
a

place

solution

half

upon

The

ground.

the

fowl

the

in

water,

may

after

poultice,and
Keep

soft

any

of

ten

to

trouble

the

Often

meal

and

toes

infection

an

and

water

warm

the foot

Bathe

teaspoonful

thinnest.

the

in

foot

the

sharp knife.

one
water,
vaseline.

result

the

at

perhaps, by jumping

caused,

foreign substance;

any

with

skin

of

97

floor.

hard

It is the

clumsy.

of the

abrasion

begins swelling

foot

The

"

FARMING

FOR

RULES

AND

insert

several

around

kill the

and

worms

used,
tip,
gently

the

at

others.
WHITE

The

DIARRHEA."

watery ; the fowl

and
closed.
eyes

around

stands

in

with

listless attitude

for

remedy

The
writer
has discovered
no
Remedy.
red dissolved
A
good preventive is venetion
heaping teaspoonful to each pint of water.
"

white

become

droppings
a

in

the

head

and
down

this disease.

drinking water,

the nasal openings, dulSymptoms

are
a discharge from
The
fever.
discharge is at first thin and watery,
ness, prostration and
thick
and obstructs the breathing.
three
become
but in two
or
days

ROUP.

"

Remedy.
well
for
of

"

ventilated
a

second

water.

effective.

Remove
room,

the

free from

two,

into

Spraying

the

or

bird

from

drafts

solution
bird's

the

of air.

of 1

head

flock and

ounce

with

Plunge

the

of boric
kerosene

in

place

fowl's

acid

warm,

head,

1 quart
oil is often
very
to

FARMERS'

TEE

98

CROP

effort to swallow

large, firm

Remedy.
work

then
food

about

opened

swallow

to

and

the

Feed

and

milk

on

gradually change

in

by

be

to

seen

of the

some

be

may

crop

with

oil,

sweet

or

spoon

with clean, warm

the crop
and
skin, using the
crop

the

in each

stitches

cut.

together for

day

two,

or

soft mash.
is the result

This

caused

be

may

an

result.

may

removed
out

beaten

eggs

raw

to

FEATHER-EATING."
and

given,

death

or

conditions

the

teaspoonful of

contents

this is done, wash

the openings, both

sew
water,
up
four separate
best silk,and making

and

is

crop

the

inch

an

After

hook.

button

is

fingers,endeavoring to force
be done, the
not
gullet. If this can

the

through

out

bird

the
with

the crop

The

so.

no
help
breathing difficult,and

the

Force

"

do

to

appetite

loss of

If

distended.

much

aggravated,

become

able

being

without

and

is

first symptom

The

BOUND."

BOOK

GUIDE

confinement,

close

too

of
or

depraved appetite,

of animal

lack

matter

in the food.

Remedy.

Give

plenty of grit and

that

mites

"

possible. See
VERTIGO.
one

side.

under

"

stream

bird

the

Place

by

begin

large

feed

Don't

allow

Don't

frighten the hens.

Don't

neglect

Don't

allow
't

Don

the

neglect

provide

to

hens

to

to

supply

over

Don't

change

rations

Don't

neglect

to

Don't

forget that it

Don't

keep

Don't

feed

Don't

forget that

Don't

neglect

heads, under
to

kill and

to

or

sunlight.
its head

cure.

they

same

ones.

grit.
kind.

of any
all times.

at

water

pure

healthy

with

food

rotten

eat

days old.

two

are

pen

and

meat

up.

feed.

Don't

chicks

in the

sick hens

backward

filth.

or

until

chicks

Don't

young

effect

scale; work

lice,dampness

tolerate

Don't

the

too

on

night.

direct

or

if

free run,

DON'TS.

POULTBY

Don't

heat

cool,shady place. Holding

will often

of cold water

at

and

upward,

its head
much

too

in

them

trouble

not

throws

be caused

It may

Remedy.

bird

The

"

do

food

animal

abruptly.

provide

food

green

is the

for

busy hens

that

winter.

produce the

eggs.

lot of "boarders."

mouldy

to

grain of
milk

sour

put

any

good

little fresh

"

for

hens

don't

the
use

chicks.

and

lard, vaseline

around

and

wings
keep off the lice
the

is

kind.

vents

kerosene.

or

of

sweet

oil

on

hen-hatched

FARMEBS'

TEE

100

GUIDE

PROFITABLE
Into

what

two

type

cattle.

beef

and

chief differences between

the

The

DAIRYING.

cattle he divided?

may

cattle

dairy

Into
Mention

types

following

BOOK

table

dairy

the

gives

and

beef

cattle.

principal characteristics

of

each

Dairy.

Beef.

Form

Wedge-shaped

Head

Rectangular.
Larger and thicker.

Eyes

Small, long, narrow.

Bright, prominent.

Muzzle

]\Iouth and

Neck
Shoulders

Fine,medium
length,thin Short, thick.
Thin, lean, bony.
Heavy, well-fleshed.

Back

Crooked.

Straight.

Flank

High.

Low.

Thighs

Thin.

Full, heavy.

Large prominent.
Soft and pliable.

Same.

Udder

and

milk

veins.
.

Skin

and

Mention

hair

the

Holstein-Friesian

Ayrshire
to

medium

"

white, horns

and

large, white,

"

Small.

found in the United

place of origin.

chief dairy breeds

principal characteristics

Same.

nostrils large. Same.

with

in size, varying

usually turning upward

black

in
;

color
from

States, giving

patches
from

the

red

county

from

and
of

land.
Hol-

brown

Ayr

in

Scotland.
Swiss

Brown
hair

between

the

Belted

Dutch

broad, white

by a
tips ; from

black

with

horns

"

light to dark brown,

light tuft of
a
with
line along the back, black
narrow
nose,
and
meal-colored
hoofs
black,
band; tongue

shade

horns,

surrounded

mouth

"

about

from

Switzerland.
the

same

the

belt surrounds

as

body

Holstein-Friesian, except that

from
;

the Jerseys,
Guernsey
a little larger than
skin
flesh-colored ; from
fawn
yellow, nose
color,
"

small,
Jersey
Island
of Jersey.
"

Mention

the

gray

or

fawn

hair
the

colored, v/ith black

leading beef types found

in the

United

yellow
Island

noses;

reddish

or

of

sey.
Guern-

from

from
Durham,
England.
Hereford,
England.
Polled
(hornless) Hereford, developed
AberdeenAngus, from Scotland.
Polled Durham,
developed in the United
Scotland.
Galloways, from
or

from

in the

States.

the

States, with place

of origin.
Shorthorn,

Holland.

United

States.

is the

Which

opinions differ, the Herefords

Although

endure

hardy,
develop early.

They

very

are

young

of cattle

How

the

buying

can

be well

farmer?
recommended.

well, and their

of temperature
faces.
distinguished by their white

are

of

dairyman

toward

profit should

use

the

for

farms
beef

into

types

beef

the

breeds

make

who

dealers
cautions

lots from

in small

cows

not

care

duce
intro-

to

his herd.

be obto/ined?
farmer
who
is selling
raising it yourself ; 3. By
different
farmers; 4. Purchasing
of buying and
selling.

By purchasing the entire herd

or
going into other business ;

1.

his farm

What

who

dairy

may

from

They

strain of the

any

American

dairyman

The

the

extremes

the attitude

be

should

What

for

breed

profitable beef

most

101

FARMING

FOR

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

business

some

By

in buying

be observed

should

from

2.

dairy?

trying to breed uji and develop his herrl.

He
cows
only at an exorbitant figure. He is,however,
ready and anxious to dispose of his culls, the "boarders", very hard
The
ginner
bemilkers, jumpers, kickers, and others that are undesirable.
in
himself
find
who
a
picked-up dairy will, usually,
procures
posession of a herd that is not only unprofitable,but difficult to keep
has owned
who
dairy of this kind
a
bounds.
within
Only a person
Nearly

is

farmer

every

will sell his best

losses

annoyances,

and

discomfitures

it will

that

him.

cause

of cattle shall

breed

What

depends

This
the

which
are

the

understand

can

the best

// for

kept.

if for cream,

buy?
individual

and

tastes

milk

If for shipping
Guernseys or Jerseys
be

would

which

cream,

the

upon

are

cows

better, Guernseys

to
are

or

the
the

purpose

for

city, Holsteins

preferable.

Jcrseysf

the
Although opinions
more
would
satisfactory.
more
Guernsey
prove
butter
much
almost
which
as
milk,
averages
tractable and
give more
fat as that of the Jerseys.
three individual
or
be judged by two
not
of cattle can
A breed
some
will give richer milk than
Holstein
then
Now
and
records.
a
Holsteins.
milk
than
some
will
give more
Jerseys, and often a Jersey

differ, the writer

DON'TS.

COW

Don

't

run

cows.

your

Don't

neglect

Don't

keep

that, for cream,

hardier,
They are

believes

dehorn

to

that

cows

are

the

calves.
the

unprofitable;use

scales

Babcock

and

test.

Don

Don't

't breed

expect

too

young.

much

from

cross

between

Holstein

and

Jersey.

TEE

102

Don't

something

jump

try

to

raise

all

RS'

GUIDE

if

feed,

your

BOOK

land

your

is

adapted

better

to

else.

Don't

keep

Don't

forget

Don't

expect

Don't

teach

over

Don't

poor

neglect

beef

breeds,

that

much

your

if
need

cows

milk

cattle

fences.

your

pasture.

from

to

are

you

variety
timothy

become

in

the
of

hay
unruly

business

for

milk.

feed.
alone.

by

tempting

them

to

USEFUL

FACTS

COW
Choked

TROUBLES
When

"

lodges either

the

at

first

the

attendant

rubber

of

carefully

may

toward

it

toward

the

lungs, it
cheek

the

near

and

causing it

against

keep

the

from

to

to

gullet

"high

as

into

arm

animal's

the

in

length

care

that

10

to

feet

taking

if air

mouth,

hold

clevis

"low
be

may

the

it does

choke,"
passed

not

pass

obstruction

the

into the

throat
If

out.

assistant
If it is

carefully pressed
If the hose is passed
by ])assing the opposite

stomach.

easily be determined
noting

animal's

the
drawn

by having an
jaws apart.

reaching

move

and

usually

the

first is known

The

throat,

on

can

in

down

or

passed into
grasped and

safer

animal's

the

down

"thelungs,

wind-pipe

passing his

hose

ol)struction

the

he

may

choke

the

be made

in order

mouth

piece

end

hand

about

103

choke."

"low

the

case

is timid

operation

in the

stomach.

object causing

the

the

the

the second

and

In

and

of the

FARMING

REMEDIES.

choked

becomes

entrance
to

FOR

THEIR

AND

cow

(oesophagus), close
choke"

RULES

AND

in and

passes

out

animal

Ihe

as

breathes.

Bloating

animal

the

tap

is made

The

blade

paunch,

and

allowed

to

left

from

by turning

this purpose

in

back

obtained

be

will

be

of

place by

the

round

making

If the

stick about
A

rough

string tied

two

to

the

to

each

in

as

end

is not
the

used

be

and

be

side

into

be

may

should

six to

the

be

on

inches

eight

so
urgent, i-elief may
animal's
For
itioutli.

in

diameter
first

by

of the

corners

trocar,
used.

may

the gas

cut

puncture

from

inches

can

one

close

case

gag

the

to

the

rib, and

last

bone.

the stick back

a

edge-wise

for

by placing

needed.

Press

blade

the

point

The

to

necessary

known

ordinary pocket knife

through the animal's

an

thrust

be

escape.

special instrument,

but

line of the back

the

cloth.

once.

may

side, just

usually
long

at

bloated, it is usually

is badly

cow

this purpose,

for

small

the

If the

"

passing

and

wrapping

mouth

over

and

the

foot
in
hold

animal's

head..
with fore-quarters elevated
is beneficial in
Standing the animal
water
helping the gas to escape ; also bathing the flanks with warm
will prove
of the stomach.
useful, by stimulating contraction
Hard

Udders

Hard

"

udders

are

due

to

an

inflammation

of

the

of the
gland, usually due to bacterial infection.
Simple inflammation
is
after
freshening,
usually due
comes
udder, which
immediately
on
is
to the active changes taking place in the gland at this period and
rich a diet frequently hastens
Too
less serious.
the trouble, especially
In this condition,
heifers.
on
light diet and
a
place the cow
among
A
of one
salts dissolved
in water.
give a drench
pound of Epsom
drench
fi-om
throat
is given by turning the liquid down
the animal's
long-necked bottle.
a
?

If the
rub

it

hard

udder

thoroughly

two

develops
or

three

at

period and
daily with

is due

later

times

hot

to

bacteria,

ointment

of

104

THE

quarts
Milk

the

that

S'

I D

BOOK

drench

pound

bicycle

common

tube.

Insert

This

and

pump

of

Procure

"

Milk

turpentine.

and

full of air.

udder

is

Fever

glass milking

or

31 E

frequently. Keep the bowels

in
salts dissolved
of Epsom
one
of water, then-half-pound doses repeated daily.

equal parts of lard

initial
loose by an
two

AK

is

tube

almost

an

sure

perfectly

are

in

tube

the

and

pump
the

Care

cure.

clean

and

the

pump

be taken

should

that

silver

3-inch

and

teat

only

air

pure

in.

pumped

has become
changed
Gargeted milk is milk which
Gargeted Milk
fluid
from
the
the
solids
in
portion. It is
separating
udder,
milk
in the
of bacteria
glands.
by the presence
generally caused
with
milk
under
for
"Milk"),
washing
Treat
(See
as
same
ropy
others.
last
to
to
and
spreading
milking
prevent
antiseptics daily
in a pint of water,
one-half
of Poke-root,
given
extract
Fluid
ounce
beneticial.
three times daily as a drench, or given in the feed is very
for several
Continue
days.
treatment
"

the

Gnawing Bones
as
pica and

Cows
of

the

In
is

Alkaline

animal.

attractive

to

animal

the

generally supposed
in

salts

food

the

assimilation

becomes

be

to

The

the

poor
the

due

to

part

digestion and

the

disease
and

of

of the

some

following

the

months.

condition

The

dies.

even

lack

last for

may

be due
It may
to imperfect
animal.
of the
treatment
The

water.

or

on

improving

ar

"

to

in this condition.

cows

cases

some

tion
This condiForeign Material
the
depraved appetite on
part
a
especially
are
salty tasting substances

Eating

or

is due

is known

necessary

digestion
consists

prescription

is

or

in

mended
recom-

Iron

sulphate

Powdered

nux

Powdered

gentian

Common

Continue

the

Abortion

acid

or

Remove
of
no

the

discharge

cow

go

to

from

cow

is

at

Hoof Disease
mud.
dirty water
or
moisten

in 1

pint
Syore

may

be

of

twice
soft

least

months

off loose

with

by

be

may

the

and

with

feed.

the

ounce

herd.

the

with

womb

wash
1

of

continue

filthy stables, or
of

by injury

caused

animals

Do
thoroughly.
after aborting.

part and

solution

day

other

Syringe

caused

Shave

daily

and

of creolin
stables

ounces

dram

is cured.

to

once.

two

Usually

"

and

at

1 ounce

Disinfect

seen.

bull for

trouble

communicated

herd

twice

animal

the

serious

containing

water

warm

easily

It is

this mixture

of

until
is

This

"

ounces

treatment

infection.

ounces

8
8

tablespoonful

root

ounces

salt

Arsenous

Give

vomica

with

1 gallon
daily until

not

let

the

standing
warm

chloride

in

water

of

zinc

water.
.

Teats

"

purchased

Rub
at

on,
any

after

drug

milking, carbolated
store.

vaseline,

which

FACTS

USEFUL

AND

Often

Tuberculosis

RULES

introduced

FOR

into

the

FARMING

herd

The

creamery.

of

stages

the

disease.

listlessness,
the

tirst

disease

the

under

have

the

be

the
If

disease.

symptoms

dry

short,
detected

there

and
is

There

rise

no

is

no

several

in

cure,

the
if

noticeable
of

flesh,

then

in

temperature

temperature,
present.

early

of

loss

which

days,

froiri

the

Early

test,

rise

in

etc.

tuberculin

for

testing

loss

diarrhoea,

the

for

not

are

cough,
by

temperature
skin,

usually

are

Later

may

taking

day.

syrnptoins

milk

through

"

the

105

tite,
appe-

stages

of

consists

of

injecting

the

the
cow

culin
tubering
followdoes

not

106

FARMERS'

THE

GUIDE

BOOK

MILK,
is milk

Why

needed

contains, in the right proportions, all the nutrients

Milk

and

nourish

animals?

all young

good food for

build

the

up

It is the

body.

known.

perfect food

most

to

is the composition of milk?

What

100

Every

of

pounds

contains

milk

about

uents
following constit-

the

87

Water
Fat

Milk

sugar
Casein and

Mineral

3.3

albumen

0.7

matter

hy rich milk?

is meant

milk

rich

By

is meant
milk

The

fat.

butter

pounds

100

Total

What

pounds
pounds
pounds
pounds
pounds

milk

that

different

of the

contains
of

breeds

high percentage

Station, after

The
New
Agricultural Experiment
respect.
:
great many
tests, gives the following averages

Shorthorn
Devons

Guernsey
Jersey
does

the

The

milk

2.

The

last of the

feed

While

also, of

very

milk

is usually the

perishable

Hoiv

By
The
dust
space

the farmer

may

stable
be

should

allowed

and

good

cow

be
to

for

and

sealed

any

clean
her

with

ventilation.

The

of

richness

entirely upon

the

the

its

milk,

cow.

of milk?

valuable

product

Bacteria

of

farm,

of the

flourish

all kinds

milk

that

it is,
in

it

will

milk?
clean

surroundings
matched
There

accumulate.

up.

first.

the

It is only the clean

length of time.

odors.

produce

keeping the

most

dries

cow

than

the

on

almost

nature.

bad
it quickly absorbs
retain its original character
and

the

vary?

cow

same

is richer

drawn

characteristics

the

the

just before

fat depending

milk

in fat

from

little effect

very

of

some

are

is richer

has

of butter

percent

tlic milk

of

1.

The

What

richness

3.4%
3.6%.
4.4%
4.6 /^^
5.5%
5.6%.

Holstein-Friesian

Ayrshire

How

differ in this

cattle

York

of

cows

and

lumber
should
and

be

and
no

plenty

milkers

must

wholesome.
cobwebs
of

or

window
both

be

FARMERS'

THE

108

specialcare

What

as

them
What

causes

within

has

this kind

of

pails
and

bad

in milkf

flavors
in milk

seams

can

not

free from

as

should

seams

tlushed

be

purchased,

be

take

for you.

by dirt, foul odors

be caused
in

found

If

the

or

taint

the

the

and
leeks, turnips, cabbage, rape
rye
especiallyif fed just before milking time.

as

What

and

and

fix them

him

have

may

tinned

crevices

utensils?

milk

stable,
digestive

in the
has

conditions
cow
cow.
If the cow
is milked
will be affected.
of any
sort her milk
bitter.
Milk
of calving time, the milk will become
few weeks
' '
' '
Certain
is unfit for human
smell
feeds, such
use.
a
barny

bacteria,
disorders

All

BOOK

choosing

in

heavily

be

local tinner

flavors

Bad

exercised

he

them.

If

solder.

to your

that

make

possibleto
with

full

should

utensils should

All milk
is

GUIDE

is the

and

cause

milk

of

cure

milk

more

or

less,

milk?

ropy

is caused

by fungi which
develop in the milk after it
into long filaments
microscopic plants which grow
milk
that
The
the
becomes
is probably due
stringy, or ropy.
so
source
to stagnant
becoming infected may
pools of water, and a cow
spread
To get rid of it,remove
the cause.
it to others.
See that the cows
have
of
which
water.
Determine
to plenty
affected
access
cows
are
pure
the udders
them
of all suspected
after the others.
Cleanse
and milk
one
once
a
day, with
a
percent solution of carbolic acid or
cows,
of the milkers
The
hands
should
in an
creolin.
be washed
anticeptic
animals.
All
after milking the affected
solution
milking utensils
and
scalded
after
these
should
be thoroughly washed
using. With
do
than
conditions
not
last
the
ten
usually
longer
days
or
precautions
Ropy

is drawn.

They

weeks.

two

T)o thunder

well

showers

to

seems

of

warmer

man

much

as

and

same

by

milk

in

the

process

explain

to

it

existing just
refrigerators

way.

work

passed the stage of experiment and

of them
With
dairymen.
one
many
milk
of four
and
the
milkers,
good

must

be

the

all other

with

have

Care

that

humid

attempted
amosphere

success?

the

cleaner.

installed

the

necessities

easily do

can

have

unsatisfactory, since

is

much

machines

considered

quickly, although

sour

more

or

this

but

be affected

Milking
now

be

the

shower;

to

Bacteriologists

milking machines

Are

milk

cause

understood.

result

before

the souring of milk?

hasten

showers

Thunder

is not
as

are

engine runs
milk-handling

taken

that

the

machine

is

are
one

will

properly

uniform

speed. Cleanliness here,

is
absolutely essential to
devices,

at

success.

Will

it pay
If

farmer

If however,

The

farmer

machine

to

own

at

owns

separator
must

have

is

least

cream

ten

separator?
cows,

milk

separator

house

used, a
solid, unyielding, absolutely

profitable.

will be

will be almost

level

necessity.
founda-

FACTS

Vt^EFlJL

lion.
be

If

large

needed

to

What

proceed
Laval

De

to

before

trial test.

You

which

be

may

will find that

she

What

Cool

one

and

The

to

each

or

more

the

Sharpless,

firm
set

easily cleaned

for

their

up

for

than

others,

produce

cow

should

the

ijearf

produce

5,000 pounds

(]uart of milk

from

the

as

milk

2.15

year.

per

and

profitable.
un-

pounds.

making?

butter

separator

of

"boarder"

weighs

home

for

is

she

3,000 pounds,

than

cream

in

as

soon

55"

possible to

F.

lower.
2.

Never

3.

]\Tix

eighteen

mix

all

iiuurs

warm

be

to

cream

ueioie

with

",'reain

Cool

G.

Let

churning
7.

If it is desired

just before

to

10.

Wash

of
11.

about

one

to

least

at

can,

70"

75"

to

this

F.

hours

from

six to eight

period.

temperature

eight

for

as

more

or

soon

ripe.

as

(over night)

at

the

the

the

Add

be

make

the

60"

to

added

F.
to

when

the

Use

granules

off the

draw

with
as

about

are

the

size of

peas,

buttermilk.

cold

twice, by

water

much

cold

the

butter

each

water

pouring

time

as

it

half

on

the

buttermilk.
the

salt

demands

of the
butter

Work

13.

If the butter

the

packages.

while

one-half

and

to one

12.

attractive

55"

artificial coloring, it should

use

butter

it off.

the

to

churning.

wheat, and

draining

amount

or

of

to

Stop churning

9.

varying

vat

one

churning should be such as

thirty-fiveto forty minutes, usually

in from

cream

and

stand

cream

temperature

come

8.

in

temperature.
The

butter

churning

to

cream

the

cream.

cimriniig.

of
Ripen at a temperature
hours, stirring it frequently during
5.

coo!

churned

4.

the

Send

best

purchasing

houses.

more

are

general directions

the

are

1.
or

will

rid of her.

Get

some

is the

advise

not

have

possible

matters

important consideration.

an

good dairy cow

produces less

A
If

If

these

machine.

machine

order

all good.

are

buy.

you

milk

much

States

United

his

does

mail

engine will
speed regulator.

separators?

cream

writer

small

All

buying

that

the

by

out

of

109

necessitate

cream.

before

swear

The

it.

sent

and

literature

Hoiv

will

will

the

cool

to

FARMIXa

separated,

this

consideration

prove

machines

cheap

needed

manufacturer

Each

and

reliable makes

the most

are

then

be

FOR

is to lie

machine

into

taken

be

should

the

will

RULES

of milk

amount

turn

Water

AND

for each

ounces

granular form, using

ing
pound of butter, accord-

is in

market.

just enough

is to go

on

the

to

distribute

market,

it should

the
be

salt

evenly.

put in neat,

FARMERS'

THE

110

DON'TS.

MELK

put

milk

Don't

try

to

Don't

tolerate

Don't

neglect

Don

't

Don

't

milk

Don

't

set

in

sell

with
the

milk

that

vessel

has

milk.

impure
milkers.

wet

to

BOOK

GUIDE

milk

the

dirty
down

clean.

cows

hands.
in

the

stable.

not

previously

been

scalded.

USEFUL

FACTS

AND

RULES

FOR

FARMING

111

CALVES.
Is it

profitahlefor the farmer

The

advantages
capital

to raise his

all with

are

farmer.

the

who

considerable

dairy?

own

It is only the

and

the

class

with

man

of

that a
can
buy
cows
go out
often
keep. Besides, the high-priced cows
are
and
not
being as represented
some
even
ing
provbred sires,the descendants
to be unprofitable. With
of wellpure
known
start
milking families for several generations, the farmer
can
with
herd
and
in
scrub
build
few
a
splendid dairy.
a
a
years
up
In fact, the cows
less.
their way
The cost will be much
will pay
and

afford
dairyman can
disappointments, many

reward
What

for his efforts.

farmer

the

rules

to

should

the

govern

in

farmer

selecting the calves

he

to

raised?
Raise

calves

scales,applied
real

merit

time

and

from

individual

known.

be

can

The

cows.

raising
cows
right, there need
are
from

offspring.

What

care

he

should

of the

taken

test

by

means

and

as

her
his

waste

merit.

be little doubt

the

which

will not

of unknown

mother

of the

Babcock

the only
are
cow,
intelligent farmer

The
calves

money

the sire and

only the good

to each

If both

to the value

calf?

young

the mother.
This
Always
contains a
calf needs.
special physicing property that the young
After three days
it may
The
be taught to drink.
calf should
always be kept in a waim,
if
dry place with plenty of fresh air and sunlight. It will not grow
compelled to sleep on a cold, damp bed.
let it suck

How

may

With
that

it

calf he taught

the palm

pail and
fingers.

in

suck

can

when

days.

Hoiv

white

calf

fingers into

two

them.

Lower

the

in

is sucking

calf's mouth

the

hand

your

milk

gently

for

so

into

the

withdraw

the

usually be
downward,

ficient.
sufas

it

its nourishment.

for feeding the

calf

the

new

time

the

it should
trouble

calf.
young
three
times a

milk

calf is ten

and

loss

days old
fed

be

never

result

much

so

from

for the

day

feed

the

first fourteen
be

may

slightly

it will not

that

overfeeding

want

from

than

any

cause.

may

The
After

between

upward

; but

More

more.

other

the

From

air

repeated two or three times

process
the calf's head
will have
to be pushed

directions

increased

insert

of

will

naturall.y looks

Give

to drink

upward
the

the

This
Often

Give

first milk

the

calf he raised witJiout milk?

young

this

time

middlings

calf
a

should

have

fresh

porridge composed

and

one

Begin by boiling

two

part wheat

spoonfuls

milk

of

one

bran
in

may

for

part
be

pint of

at

least

gradually
water

and

weeks.

two

oil meal,

one

part

ted.
substitufeed

with

FARMERS'

TEE

112

GUIDE

BOOK

be gradually increased
and
porridge may
Let the mixture
the milk
until only the porridge is used.
diminished
it
then
boil
cool
is
let
to milk
while
to
warm.
being
stirred,
come
a
will
want
Feed
three times a day, alwa.ys just enough so that the calf

milk.

The

of the

araoimt

little more.

What

changes

in the feed of the calf

made

he

may

older?

it grdivs

as

the
being used for butter or sent to a creamery,
started
be
the
fresh
two
on
gradually
calf,
old, may
when
the calf is seven
be started
The change may
or
separated milk.
that
it
will
be
and
old
on
a
changed so gradually
complete
eight days
ration
it is fourteen
of separated milk when
days old. At the time the
be fed at the rate of one
stock molasses
should
change is being made
milk.
If
much
is fed, it will have a bad
too
of
to
a gallon
tablespoonful
If

is

milk

the

weeks

when

effect upon
as

as

soon

best

begin
for

ration

meal

to

it,by feeding

eat

should

it

is white

calves

young

calf

The

of the calf.

bowels

the

it will

get

ration

meal

in the bucket.

dry

shorts

and

oil

The

meal, equal

parts.
How

the ration

Besides
or

calf he fed.during

tlie

should

above

as

A good pasture
alfalfa hay.
and
have plenty of shade

should

the calf

where

sleep nights
looked after, if

can

details must

be

What

diarrhea

causes

be caused
by over
filthysurroundings.

diarrhea

may

Remove

it may

occur,

with.
and

the

to the

If

the

must

by giving opium

been

be given

this

one

size of the
stools

smell

be

suceesful

dairyman.

in calves?

sour,
too

It may
filthy feeding utensils.
in
feed, or wet,
abrupt change

cause.

recommended
the

on

the

by

diseases

of cattle

according to the nature

is not wide-spread, but
to be a simple diarrhea
or

irritant

remove

two

calf.

ounces

Reduce

Department

the

particularly sour,

only
easily dealt
cases

is

from
oil may

castor

milk

stage of the

and

isolated

matter

of

their revised

in

and

by

it may

of

stomach
be

one-half

be

given,
or

two-

replaced by

magnesia, and in any case a tablespoonful or two of

meal.
harm
is often done
each
Great
be given with
and
These
to
at
outset.
the
serve
merely
astringents

the bowels

up

"

and

retain

the

irritant

source

of the trouble

ally
liter-

in the sheepfold.' When

the offending agents
up
and
in
carminatives
demulcent
this
expelled
agents may
way,
nitrate of bismuth, and 1 dram
1 dram
anise water, 1 dram

'to shut
have

for

would

these

calcined

ounce

lime-water
bind

assumed

be

bowels, and

thirds.

vary

disease

is

first object is to

The

according
one

will

When

you

All

storms.

he cured?

following remedy
Agriculture in their treaties
edition, 1904:
"Treatment

get shelter from

the

in calves

The

disease.

and

by using
feeding,

also

Hoiv

given, the calf should

get some
grass
The
indispensable.
pasture
with
shelter
covered
dry bedding
a

is almost

("scoivers")

it is caused

Often

the summer?

the wolf

USEFUL

three

arable,

gum

of

the

FACTS

times

shoukl

stools

AND

RULES

Under

day.

FOR

increase

until

such

day

in

FARMING

course,
or

two

11.3

the consistency
they become

natural."

teaspoonful of dried
much
simpler remedy
A

is

railk

7.9 sour

Calves

should

long.
gradually'

taken

often

the

for

milk

day

or

two,

effective.

proves

milk

sour

that

If

with

fed

for calves?

either

be

he fed hay?

calves

and

harmful

be fed

mfiy

Care

May

whey

or

blood,

or

whey,

animal's

any

that

food

has

stood

not

ration

be

too

changed

when?

so,

calves
Most
will begin to eat a little hay when
they are six weeks
be fed to them
old, after which a little fine clover hay or alfalfa may
to good advantage.
It will often pay
to buy alfalfa hay for this purpose.

How

calves

may

After
may

he vealed
four

about

be given.

days

the

on

this should

To

whole

without

milk?

whole
added

be

milk
skimmed
milk, sweet
fine
corn
gradually
meal, or

oil meal

until it forms
jelly. To make the jelly,boil oil meal in water
If kept cool, it will keep until used up.
Begin by using
railk and increase slowly until a pint is used
in
a half-teacupfulin the
the milk twice a day.
a

tliick paste.

Does

the calf neml

water?

calf will drink

The

early age, if it has an opportunity,

that it needs.
does
give it all the moisture
This need
of the calf for water
is not generally understood.
At feeding
is not only hungry
time the animal
but very
thirsty ; and, as a result,
it has a chance,
itself with milk or drinks too rapidly when
gorges
often causing digestive troubles.
at all times.
Supply it with water
A pasture containing running water
is ideal for the calf.
Its milk is

since

its skim

its food
How

the

may

at

an

not

from growing?

he prevented

horns

the hair

felt,with

be

water

ration

is its drink.

water

Press
can

milk

back

the

spot about

and

rub

moistened

as

large

as

the

silver

thoroughly,

stick of caustic

quarter.

usually be sufficient.

will

CALF

Don't
Don

button
of

end

DON'TS.

overfeed.
't feed

calf cold milk.

young

Don't

compel

Don't

change feed abruptly.

Don't

let the children

the

calf to sleep

worry

on

the

wet

calves.

bed.

One

as

soon

as

it

potash,
ment
thorough treat-

ering
cov-

Don

enough
will

't

As

the

BOOK

GUIDE

calves

the

put

grass.

in

pasture

calves

learn

so

to

eat

small

that

the

grass,

it
less

will

furnish

not

other

feed

they

need.

Don't

unruly

that

fences

use

the

calves

can

jump

over,

early

in

unless

want

you

cows.

Don't
them

FARMERS'

THE

114

out

Don

the

put
late

too

't

let

the

calves
in

the

flies

to

pasture

too

fall.

keep

the

calves

from

growing.

the

spring

or

keep

1000

for

FARMEBS'

THE

116

pounds. For
1000-poimd

of feed

equal

to

protein,equal

to

What

is

standard
example, it has been decided that a proper
milk
22
is
of
amount
an
pounds
cow
giving
per day
29 pounds of dry matter, containing 2.5 pounds
of
14.1 pounds of carbohydrates and fats combined.
ration?

halanced

BOOK

GUIDE

bulk

and the digestible protein

will most
ically
economcarbohydrates are in that proportion which
produce the particular results desired in feeding. The proper
ratio for dairy cattle is about 1 :6.
balanced

ration

is

in which

one

the

and

What

by "narrow"

is meant

According
below

What

are

the

rations

thus

of the

There

is

digestive system,

ratio of
above

to

offer the

in

much

the

best

carbohydrates

and

results, because

proportion

same

to

excess

wasted

be

to

or

to

8 is "wide."

rations?

material

no

protein
1

induce

there

that

the
she

disarrangement

is less likelihood

of

deficiencies.

unsupplied
Are

apt

nutriments

secures

utilizes them.

of balanced

are

rations?

one

usage,

while

advantages

Balanced
animal

general

to

5.5 is "narrow,"

"wide"

and

balanced

rations

absolutely necessary?

Perfectly balanced
do is to
dairyman can

rations

not
are
practicalor possible.
approximation which
produces

the

use

All

rny

the

best

results.

How

can

The
ration

dairyman

can

his stock.

for

Looking
attempt

balance

dairyman

down

far too broad.

equivalent

Since

in 100

portions and

his

example,

list,he
cattle

the table

feed, he

meal

it would

find the amount

can

Carbohydrate

He
the

sees

ratio of

.1.488

that this ratio

meal, which

comes

nearer

is

in smaller

equivalent

9.32
1.776

2.048)2.048
Gives

folly to

56

contains.

be

the ratio, 1 : 32, is

the protein and carbohydrate

follows

as

contains

timothy

4 lbs. cottonseed

selecting a balanced

because

Protein
20 lbs. of

in

that

once

straw,

gives him

his rations

guide

at

oat

of any

pounds

balance

as

"

sees

on

rations?

own

IX

Table

use

For
the

winter

to

his

11.096
5.4

to

little too

narrow,

the required

so

ratio,and

tries 3

pounds of
is,also,somewhat

cheaper.
The

New

York

State

College of Agriculture

plan for balancing rations in New

York

State.

gives the following

It is entitled

METHOD

READY

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

FOR

BALANCING

FOR
DAIRY

117

FARMING

RATION

FOR

COWS."
TABLE.
PROTEIN.

MEDIUM

PROTEIN

LOW

tein.
pro-

12%

Com

10.3

Wheat

bran

Oats

11.4

Mixed

wheat

than

Less

HIGH

PROTEIN
GROUP.

GROUP.

GROUP.
total

12%

tein.
pro-

More

15.4

Malt

.16..3

ff-ed
.

than

total

25%
protein.

26.3

nits

stir

Linseed

Oil

Meal

',3.9
.

Standard

wheat

11.9

Wheat

total

2.5%

to

dlings
mid-

Cotton

Seed

Meal

.45.3
.

16.9
11.3

Rye

Wheat

Rour

Barley

12.0

Buckwheat

10.8

dlings
Mid-

Seed

Cotton

feed...

Chop

Dried

beet

pulp

and

Corn
'

'

10.5

meal

cob

(shuck in)

'

'

,18.3

Pea

Meal

20.2

8.5

Cull

Beans

21.6

Foods

In

Are

FACED

DARK

Ordinary

TO

HOW
The

hay,
in

cora

grains (corn)
Buckwheat

(free

composition

far

as

from

shuck)

Foods

''Light"

31.2
i d d

26.7

In

TABLE.

tiie State

of

New

fodder.

These

between

protein

or

the balance

as

Type,

THE

in

stalks

dried

Type.

USE

foods

ordinary coarse
silage and corn

25.0

Distillers'

..

PTeavy

25.0
dried

grains

20.0

feed

8.1
....

Feed

Brewers'

19.2

Buckwheat

Hominy

Gluten

York
are

and

are

mixed
similar

always
carbohydrates

is concerned.

ration

The

is

then

usually balanced

For
If

be

Low

will

the

sake

food

make

of variety it is advisable

are

well

hay, silage or

com

If clover

or

to

use

three

protein food

grain foods.
and

high
one
together, equal parts by weight, the mixture
with the ordinary mixed
ration
balanced
to be used

protein food,

low

one

protein

the grain tood.

into three
conveniently divided
Medium
12%),
protein (12% to 25%)

grain foods may

protein (lessthan
protein (over 25% )

Ordinary
groups:
and
High

on

medium

one

mixed

fodder.
alfalfa

hay

is

largely used,

less

high protein food

is

necessary.

silage she will readily

in full milk, giving 4%
milk, or better, should have 1 pound
eat, a cow,
milk
of
giving milk with less
of grain to 3 or 31/2 pounds
daily ; a cow
1 pound of grain to SM.. or 4 pounds of
have
than
4% of fat should
An
ideal grain ration should
weigh about 1 pound to the quart.
milk.
"light" food.
should
contain at least one
To secure
this,the mixture
In

What

amount,

are

in

addition

to

what

hay

concentrates?

Concentrates

are

grains and

meals.

and

118

THE

Will

stock

ARM

well

do

S'

alone

concentrates

on

GUIDE

BOOK

feed.
V.
German
requires coarse
investigator, Emil
"Wolff,decided, about the middle of the last century, that dairy cows
24.5 pounds of dry matter
should
have
tain
daily and that this should conof digestible protein, 12.5 pounds
of digestible car2.5 pounds
bohydrates
of digestible fat, nutritive
and
.4 pounds
ratio, 1 :5.4.
More
This
the "Wolff
Standard."
is known
recent
as
investigators
and widened
the ratio, especiallyfor milk
have
changed it somewhat
himself
need
not
concern
greatly about the
production. The farmer
the required
exact
ratio, provided he supplies food that contains
stock

All

"

for, while

cow

one

studies

dairyman

table would
to thrive

seems

require

will

others

be exact,

To

nutrients.

or

more

less

to be made

have

best
for

the

the characteristics

and

certain

on

for each

animal

of

amount

same

result.

The

needs

of each

animal.

protein,

successful

the
of the important principles that should govern
cows?
feeding of dairy
1.
The average
requires about 24 pounds of digestible dry
cow
matter
daily.
should
nished
be furof this digestible matter
2.
Roughly, two-thirds
third in concentrates.
in the form
of roughage and one
of the total dry matter
should
be
3.
two-thirds
Not
less than
digestible.
to yield the best
4.
are
Variety in feeds is required, if cows

What

some

are

results.
5.
which

is

desirable

so

in

which

succulence

The

in

feature

is found

summer

in

dairy ration,

pasture
be

may

grass

and

furnished

by silage or
will clean up.
roughage a cow
7.
1 pound
of grain to every
three or four pounds of milk
Feed
yielded daily, varying according to the roughage supplied and the per
meal
is
richer
The
the milk, the more
of butter fat in the milk.
cent
required.
during other
6.

Feed

8.

grain

and

to feed

and

seasons

all the

good arrangement

of the

feeding is

for

silage in the morning and

hay after the other feeds

Vary

one-half
are

feed

to
at

consumed.

one-half

of

the

night after milking,

A little hay may

if desired.

be fed at noon,
9.

roots.

the

individual

of feed

amount

according

to the

size and

ounce

daily

production

cow.

10.

Salt regularly

11.

Water

12.

Change

three-fourths

regularly, taking
from

barn

the

feed

to

of

an

chill off the

pasture

water

feed

is sufficient.
in the

gradually

winter.
in

the

spring.

15.

to high producing
varying the
grain in summer
cows,
fed according to pasture supplies.
short pastures.
Use soiling crops or silage to supplement
in good flesh.
Keep dry cows

16.

Give

13.
amount

14.

Feed

laxative

foods

to

cow

for

week

previous

to

her freshening.

FACTS

USEFUL

Work

17.

taking

two

gradually

up

18.

Reduce

19.

Watch

20.

Let

21.

At

weeks

three

or

RULES

to

the

do

this.

to

FOR

full

grain

FARMING

ration

119

after

freshening,

grain ration slowly as production decreases.

and feed according to individual
needs.
cows

the
your

all feed
the

AND

be

fresh

and

clean.

price (1915)

present

cottonseed

is

meal

one

of

the

cheapest protein feeds.

What

the

are

principal ivinter food stuffsfor cattle?

fodder and stover, orchard

Timothy, red clover, alfalfa, corn
grass,
alsike
mixed
and clover, oat straw, bean straw
clover,
top,
grasses
millet.
the relative values
Study the feeding table to determine

red
and

different

of these
What

the

are

Bulletin

rations.

characteristics

of the more
common
feeds?
teristics
114, Pennsylvania Station, gives the following characthe heading, "Selecting Feeds"
:

No.

under
ALFALFA

MEAL,

easier to adulterate,

convenient

more

handle

to

than

hay, much

price usually excessive, rich in protein.

BEET

for silage or roots

soaked
but
PULP,
up, a good substitute
higher
price.
BRAN,
(wheat) light,bulky, appetizing,high in mineral
matter,
in
fiber.
crude
at
high
Relatively expensive
present prices.
rich in protein, very
BREWERS'
variable in composiGRAINS,
tion,
with
other
be
fed
must
feeds.
bulky,
in protein usually pays
low
to sell it and
BUCKWHEAT,
buy
back the middlings.
BUCKWHEAT
source
IMIDDLINGS,
heavy, usually economical
of protein,tend to make
butter.
soft,oily
in

'

"

BULKY
corn

and

bran, gluten feed, ajax flakes,distillers' grains,

FEED,
cob

meal.

and
cottonseed
fodder
CONSTIPATING,
meal, corn
hay.
of energy.
CORN,
Pays
easily digested, usually cheapest source
to grind.
crude
CORN
AND
COB
MEAL,
fiber,nearly
bulky, considerable
in
ration
because
of
fine.
to
meal
Ground
nature.
corn
bulky
equal
be fed
COTTONSEED
MEAL,
high in protein, heavy, should
of
with
makes
hard
for
else,
relatively
source
butter,
cheap
something
one-third
of the
than
constiute
not
more
protein, ordinarily should
mixture.

DISTILLERS'
in

protein, not

readilv

GLUTEN

usually

HOMINY

corn

eaten

grains, lower
FEED,

desirable

and

CHOP,

rich

corn,

light,bulky, high

GRAINS,
mostly rye.
digestibleprotein.

similar

in character

in
in

protein,should

economical

usually

protein, palatable, heavy.

LAXATIVE,
oil meal,

mostly

alone.

"dried

DISTILLERS'
to the

GRAINS,

DRIED

Good
bran

source

economical

substitute

of

be fed

with

other

grains,

protein.
source

for

corn

of

energy,

meal

slightly,silage,roots.

low

if needed.

in

THE

120

MOLASSES

FEEDS,

S'

BOOK

GUIDE

in

usually high

NOT

and

materials

waste

price for their feed value.

PALATABLE,
gluten feed, brewers'

in

high

and

too

distillers' grains,

meal.

cottonseed

OATS,
good feed, rich in mineral matter, high in crude fiber,not
for balancing a ration, too expensive
high enough in protein to use
to feed at the past year's prices,good for calves, especially so if ground
sifted out.
PROPRIETARY

and

hulls

contain

quently
usually variable in composition, freuseless waste
material, high in fiber and

FEEDS,
seed and

weed

of energy
labor of
furnished, save
the amount
relatively expensive
mixing.
to grow.
desirable substitute for silage,usually cost more
ROOTS,
in
low
succulent,
SILAGE,
appetizing,economical,
protein, should
be fed after milking, a little hay or dry fodder
should
always be fed
for

it.

with

How

of the best

One

for

feeds

grown

up-to-date farmer

the

has

farm

solved

milk

products.
of economical

problem

the

feeding f
the

By

cared
proper

relished.
afford
fodder
for
as

to
on

crops
is the

and

then

and

silo.

modern
in

placed

will furnish

way

timothy.

of the

use

for

It will, also, be more

The
time
has come
raise timothy, except
a

to

smaller

custom

buying

on

of

is suicidal

SILOS

principlesshoidd

What

extra

dairy farms

the

as

AND

far

the

feed.

horse

practice of cutting 50

most

grain

for

to

to

the

must

raise
70

erly
propin the

acreage

and

farmer

He
to

and

cattle

American

the

corn

time

proper
several
times

palatable
when

of Indian

acres

the

as

using the

acreage,

The

sell.

feed

much

as

few

silo at

the

of

better
can

not

produce his
grain and
of timothy,

his

acres

of Western

New

York

profitis concerned.

as

SILAGE.

he observed

good

one,

or

none

in the

construction

of a silo?
cylindrical form is the
be air tight and height in proportion to its diameter,
best.
It should
Modern
The
in order to get the proper
Silage Methods
gives
pressure.
the following table of capacitiesof different silos; also the required
of cattle fed 40 pounds
for different numl)ers
daily for six
acreage
Build

at

all.

months.
Capacity
Tons
26
38
49
60
61
67
83
93
97
119
151
189

The

USEFUL

What

FACTS

FARMING

FOB

121

silagef

is

called

Silage, also
What

RULES

AND

crops

ensilage, is

he used

may

the

food

green

preserved

in

silo.

for silagef

soy-beans, clover, sorghum, peas, oats, millet, etc., have

is preeminently the best crop for
silage,but Indian
corn
states.
England and Western

Cowpeas,
the

New

should

When

Cut
the

for

used

been

the

and

carried
it

be

be

does

first the

info

put

with

cut

Feed

food

the

the

pieces about

It should

inch

an

tread

well

be

long and
down

as

edges.

carbonic

and

is

preserved

puts

up

is formed.

acid gas

all bacteria

and

food

tke

about

bushels

two

fodder

other

night. Any
although the
noon,
or

green,
it is apt to

mature,

destroyed.

are

the

same

for winter

as

The
The

heat

oxygen

canned

corn

or

use.

silage he fedf

at

alfalfa

into

blower.

the housewife

shotdd

if too

the silof
cutter

heats

mass

being exhausted,
which

If too

glaze.

to

the feed put into the silo spoil?

not

partially cooks
fruits

beginning

are

affect the milk

in, especially around

At

How

ears

and

silo with

into the

comes

Why

the

cutf

unfit for fodder.

corn

It should

for silage be

sour

become

should

Hoiv

when

corn

is apt to

silage

mould

raised

corn

satisfactory

most

meal

some

in the morning
per day, one
that the farmer
have
may

rich in

protein to

results

the
be

the

other
fed

at

by feeding

obtained

are

balance

and
can

somewhat

wide

ratio

in the silage.
Is silage good for horses
Good
which

silage is all right for horses

blue mould,
is injurious

shows

feed

rule, it is safer

to

What

by

is meant

* ^

the

horses

but

and

alfalfa

silage,especially that

poor

should
or

never

timothy and

be

used.

As

grain.

soilingf"

By "soiling" is meant
bringing fodder fresh from the fields and
in inclosures.
feeding it to cattle confined
Soiling is growing more
from
results
it have been
and wonderful
popular each year
reported.
The objection to it is the labor involved.
What

are

Winter
and

peas

Which

the

best
rye

(for early soiling), Indian

corn,

clover, alfalfa,

oats

mixed.

will produce
In

soiling crops?

all recorded

better results, silage or

tests

soiling has

soiling?

produced

the

greater

milk

flow.

THE

122

Summarize

the

Prof.

following

ten

2.

The

4.

Silage

of

Because
is

it

an

silo

The
contain

which

near

8.
cattle

silo

The

and
9.
and
10.
into

two-fifths

assists

of

the

in

as

reducing

farm.
short.

are

required

space

stalks,

as

the

leaves

of

value
is

manger

well

the

the

by

forage.

corn

feed

the

stormy

ground

feeding

the

of

pastures

storing
of

of

near

in

hand

at

of

waste

located

silo

silo

plant.

corn

when

of

amount

means

about

The

7.
feed

small

prevents

the

succulence

capacity

stock
feed

summer

the

have

and

entire

the

live

the

economical

should

palatability

of

use

good

formulated

has

feeding.

increases
is

farmer

the

make

to

silo

3.

6.

put

helps

Farmer.

the

to

University,

every

winter

for

Silo

Purdue

preserves

plant
It

5.

silo,

silo

corn

green

why

reasons

The

1.

of

BOOK

GUIDE

the

of

Skinner,

S'

Advantages

H.

J.

fair

an

the

and

husks,

corn

plant.
of

assurance

ing
hav-

weather.

cost

of

flow

during

in

grains

fattening

sheep.
Silage

greatly
the

decreases
There
silo.

are

no

increases
cost

stalks

the
of
to

milk

the

winter

son
sea-

production.
bother

in

the

manure

when

corn

is

THE

124

FARMERS'

GUIDE

No.

seed

Cotton

clover
"

with

or

35

meal

of

pounds

silage

10

and

Corn

seed

Distillers'

with

meal

grains

mixed

hay,

or

and

stover

corn

No.

Cotton

seed

leguminous

with

hay

feeding

hay

about

10

or

of

No.
A

seed

meal

Cotton

seed

hulls

timothy

No.

(corn

timothy,

100

lbs.

oats

ground

stover

and

lbs.
lbs.

100

lbs.

200

lbs.

100

lbs.

100

lbs.

100

lbs.

200

lbs.

12.

meal
and

as

11.

together)

.400
...

with

lbs.
lbs.

40

middlings

Chops

125
125

Ration.

meal

seed

with

stover.

or

grains

Cotton

lbs.

silage

meal

Buckwheat

300

10.

Fattening

No.

Distillers'

lbs.

100

Cotton

Corn

with

meal

Corn

Oil

stover,

corn

pounds

lbs.

200

silage.

9.

meal

timothy

500

clover

meal

Corn

Feed

lbs.

8.

Bran

roughage,

lbs.

200

of

pounds

meal

Cotton

Feed

600

alfalfa.
No.

Feed

7.

bran

Wheat

Feed

BOOK

clover

hay.

lbs.

part

of

the

FACTS

USEFUL

AND

BULES

PROFITABLE
is the

What

best

hreed

FOE

HOG

125

RAISING.
market?

for the general

to raise

of hogs

FARMING

Chinas, Duroc
Jerseys and Chester White
Berkshires, Poland
market
themselves
breeds
have
all proved
special
good
hogs. For some
and
of course
the
markets
strictly bacon
breeds, the Tamworths
of
themselves
well
the
Yorkshires
have
proved
great
Harapshires
as
as
is the best breed
to
It would
merit.
hardly be possible to say which
above
raise for the general market.
Any of the four breeds mentioned
be
should
satisfactory.
The

How

the Eastern

may

raise and

farmer

properly

for

care

hundred

one

hogs?
Note.

following

The

"

this

to

answer

of Animal
Professor
Mumford,
Agriculture, University of Illinois.

W.

H.

order

to

for

properly

care

will be necessary.
equipment
and the time at
severity of weather
For
early farrowing, it is necessary
welfare

PASTURE

The

providing
for

breeding
the

of

consideration

and

and
In

year.
to do

by

College

of

the pigs
have

to

are

sunshine

be farrowed.

to

is essential

which

the

upon

well

hog house,

warm

special

for

the

animals.

of young

careful

the

hogs, some
depend

will

housing
which

to furnish

windows

hundred

one

The

equipped with

furnished

was

in

EQUIPMENT.

THE

In

question
Industry

LOTS

and

from

EXERCISE.

AND

receive
of pasture lots must
man
stockthe
convenience
to
of
standpoint

construction
the

good of the hogs. It

market
hogs, receive plenty
winter, hogs will not take

is essential

the

One

so.

of the

best schemes

of

exercise

that
at

all

exercise

proper

hogs,

provide exercise

to

seasons

unless
is to

both

of
pelled
com-

place

feed
troughs at opposite ends of the lot,
sleeping quarters and
back
for each
and
that distance
least
requiring the hog to travel at
feed.
Forty rods is not too great a distance for this purpose.

the

FEEDING.

After
the

the

growth

proper

parts which
amount
a

equipment

successful

breeder

go

make

to

or

fat, and

of

these

is essential.

water,

hog

to

or

and

in

foods

amounts.

relative

functions

body
carrying

water,

All

varying

their

principal constituent

include

matter.

in

breeding is considered,
requirements for the

The

pig.

the hog feed

mineral

of feeds
Various

of the

food

off waste
digestion and
sufficient
drink
water,
probably
drink
the hog to
to force
more
form
a slop.

as

will

necessary

feed

up

constituents, but

general knowledge

value

ash

hog

the

know

development

and

for

necessary

should

hydrate
protein, carbocertain
a
require
Consequently

composition

require large
In

matter.

but
water

in

winter

by

and

amounts

of
the

summer

it may

mixing

food

be

it with

126

THE

Protein

FARMERS'

GUIDE

is necessary

build

to

BOOK

tissue and

up

so

is

sary
especiallyneces-

It may
be supplied by legume
during the period of growth.
pastures; legume hay (alfalfa,clover, soy beans, etc.); packinghouse
contain a larger perproducts, as tankage ; middlings and bran, which
centage
than
milk.
common
grains, or by
fat is essential to furnish
Carbohydrate
or
and
produce
energy
fat.
The
main
is
of
source
carbohydrate
though carbohydrate
corn,
is supplied in oats, barley, bran, middlings, grass
forage, as rape,
and

rye

oats, and

to

in such

extent

some

feeds

mentioned

above

as

supplying protein.
Mineral
skeleton.

is required
is found

matter

Mineral

to
in

build

the

body

framework

or

all

feeds, but in small amounts,

it is necessary
for best development to supply it in the form of bone
so
meal, which
supplies phosphorus; limestone, which
supplies calcium,
also supply material
and salt and potash, which
for bone construction
and
other vital body functions.
matter

THE

GROWING

PIGS.

As

the
of carbohydrate
hog matures, a larger percentage
or
the
required and less of the other food nutrients.
However,
brood
sow
to grow
requires all of the foods needed
the pig for the
will
development of her offspring. The pigs for two months
proper
of their
from
sustenance
their dams, following which
time
get most
the cheapest feed can
be supplied by forage crops.
is the
Alfalfa
best of these, followed
like rape, soy
by clover, bluegrass, or annuals
and
oats.
be supplemented
The
beans, cow
pasture should
by
peas
contain
slop which
ground grain, bran or middlings, and milk.
may
The
with
feeds to supply what
slop should be made
the forage
up
lacks.
A
does
not
legume forage
require a high protein supplement
feed; a grass pasture requires protein in the supplemental feeds, as
middlings, milk and tankage. A good growing ration for pigs without
60 per cent, middlings SO per
forage is corn
cent
and tankage 10
With
a legume
pasture, tankage is unnecessary.
per cent.

fat

is

FORAGE

With

CROPS.

of

forage crops throughout the growing season,

be grown
to a weight of 100
to 150
can
pounds very
cheaply.
be of a fattening nature.
During the fattening period, the feeds should
is pre-eminently a fattening feed, and
Corn
belt is used
in the corn
for that purpose
almost
After
entirely in pork production.
making
the best use
thousand
bushels
of corn
possible of forage crops, one
should
be sufficient for finishingone
hundred
hogs to the weight of
250 pounds.
Other
be substituted,
feeds, such as ground oats or barley, may
use

proper

the pigs

least in

at

Is

hogging
If

fence
to

in

the

few

hogs.

fattened
the

off corn

farmer

for
corn

In

part, for the

profitable?
has

acres

this

no

and
way

market, but
will

com.

be

him
his stover, it will pay
to
give the harvesting and husking of it over
not
only will the hogs be easily and quickly

need

great

the labor

saved

"

an

for

and

expense

important

of cutting and

item, especially

when

ing
husk-

the

of

is short

farmer

droppings

the
in

field where

One

of

acre

hogs.

Why

does

the

hogs

ration,

the

to

corn,

ten

fatten

the

time

of the

raised

from

FARMING

miss

not

if dwarf

and

should

they

selected

single kernel, and

All

the

edible

was
rape
much
the

better.

Essex

seed,

so

should

little

so

pay

127

be.

cultivating,

last

farmer

Eastern

FOR

will

The

in

the

field at

the

RULES

help.

are

will be added

weeds

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

be

sown

sufiicient to

attention

the

to

hog

industry ?
his attention

Principally,because
that

If

the

warm,

add

he

farmer

dry

well

and

will

causes

by giving the

their

sow

suitable

pasture, he may
a
no

greater
labor.

Often

rations.

this

be prevented
she is due

can

the day

farrow.

to

What

is

good ration for

with

sows

pigs?

Wheat

middlings

100

lbs.

Wheat

bran

100

lbs.

Tankage

20

lbs.

lbs.

Salt
What

protection shoidd
Fasten

be

must

good sized piece of fat poz'k on

dairying
hogs.

from

buildings, which

provide

young

in her

lack of protein food

be had

may

profits. It possibly might mean

his dairy and
with comparatively

to devour

sows

with

his

gets from

he

suitable

erect

occupied

so

profitthat

ventilated, and

materially to

profitthan

realize the

to

Eastern

very

What

failed

has

has been

inches

arond
clear

the

of

from

being crushed

little fine straw

shoidd

the

floor.

may

while

one

will prove
artichokes

rape

in

pasture

pen?

it will

be

it.
above
nailing brackets
pigs will be safe

by

the young

very

would

feed

Don't

give

brood

let your

Don't

forget

Don't

cook

hog
to

feed

see

to

house
that

good hog

to

the

for

feed

the

other.
small

your

house.

twenty-four

hours

after

pigs.

young

get filthy.
hogs have
your

fatten

that

sow.

anything

sow

water.
farrowing, except warm
Don't
feed anything sour

Don't

brood

the

to

corn

lots, so

DON'TS.

Don't

the

more

or

feeding in the
hogs are
A
satisfactory in the East.
be a great help in the fall.

Don't

much

two

the

try to get along without

have
too small
a
pasture.

water.

so

that

mother.

HOG

and

board

the

pasture he arranged?

field of Jerusalem

Don't

pigs in

young

1x6

it and

under

by their

possible, arrange
be
growing in
Essex

pen

Secure

back

If

Dwarf

provided for the

farrowing

the

Push

How

he

clean, dry bed.

in
corn
hogs; give them
a

the

ear

128

THE

S'

GOVERNMENT
is the

What
and

work

to secure

LABOR
States

Uinted

GUIDE

for those

BOOK

BUREAUS.

Government

out

doing
of employment f

to

supply

laborers

has divided
of Labor
the United
tricts,
States into disDepartment
and
in
each
of
"zones,"
or
one
placed
charge
or
more
agents
whose
duty i.-"not only to supply all kinds of help, male or female, but
work
ing
for those who
seek it. The
to secure
agents are really conductlabor
and
the operation of the system,
free government
bureaus
carried out, has been
proving very satisfactory. Following are the
as

The

different

with

zones

offices and

their

sub-offices

Island.
Massachusetts, Rhode
Principal office,
Mass. ; sub-offices,Providence, R. I., Portland,
Bedford, Mass.

1, Maine,

Zone

Long Wharf,
Me., and New

Boston,

Jersey, Connecticut, New

Vermont.
Principal office,U. S. Barge Office, New
offices,
Buffalo, N. Y., Matawan, N. J.
2, New

Zone

New

York,

3, Pennsylvania,

Zone

S. Second

135

Delaware,

West

St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Zone

4, Maryland.

Zone

5, Virginia,

Office,Stewart
North

Carolina.

Hampshire
York
City

and
;

sub-

fice,
Principal of-

Virginia.

sub-office, Pittsburg, Pa.

Building, Baltimore, Md.

Office,119

W.

Main

folk,
St., Nor-

Va.
Zone
South
Carolina.
6, Florida, Georgia, Alabama,
Principal
Jacksonville,
Fla.
sub-offices.
office.Federal
Bldg.,
Savannah, Ga.,
;
and
Mobile
Birmingham,
Ala., and Charleston, S. C.

7, Louisiana, Mississippi,Arkansas,
Orleans, La.
Station, New
office.Immigration
Zone

Miss., and

Tennessee.
;

Principal

sub-offices,Gulfport,

Tenn.

Memphis,

Mexico.
Principal office.Immigration
N.
Mex., Big
Sub-offices, Albuquerque,
Spring, Brownville, Laredo, Eagle Pass, San Antonio, Del Rio, El
Tex. ; Tucumcari
and
Paso, San
Amarillo,
Angelo and
Deming^ N.
Zone

Station,

8,

Texas

New

and

Galveston,

Tex.

Mex.

9, Ohio

Zone

and

Office,Post Office Bldg., Cleveland,

Kentuckv.

Ohio.
Zone
Wabash

10, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,

Ave., Chicago, 111.
11. IMinnesota, North

Zone

Bldg., Minneapolis,

Dakota, South

Zone

13,

City, Utah.

Bank

Oklahoma,

Nebraska,
Bldg., Denver, Colo.

Colorado, Wyoming,

Savings

Dakota.

Office, 845

S.

Office,Federal

Minn.

Zone
12. Missouri, Kansas,
Bldg., St. Louis, Mo.

Central

Wisconsin.

Iowa.

Utah.

Office, Chemical
Principal office.

Sub-offices, Salt

Lake

USEFUL

Zone

FACTS

Montana

14,

Zone

Nooksack

Lynden,

Friday

Ureka

and

If
If

at

near

employer's
you

bureau,

and

mail

to

addressing

it

Service."

For

letter

and

of

as

Distribution

follows

Branch

in

blank,

reside,

Immigration

Centerville, N.

Y.,

Immigration

I advance

Sometimes
that

He

will

also
I

Must
Not

do

if

not

you

accept
the

the

and

man's

qualifications

requirements

very

have

the

bureau

it is advanced,

case

that

the

bureau

not

carefully

and

agent

right

the

me?
sees

train.

security.
chooses

been

sends
the

takes

man

for

baggage

ivhom

anyoyie

the

man

Y.

met.

send?

to

The

agents

seldom

send

study
that

men

fit.

Where
Labor

In

is purchased

send

farmer's

the

fare for the

it is necessary.

ticket

the

railroad

your

Service,
Buffalo, N.

Must

if

fully
truth-

and
you

S.

an

blank,

which
U.

want.

you

for

S.

U.

what

carefully

Branch
at

laborer's

zone

living

are

him

help;

"Distribution
you

bureau

tell

the

Bernardino,

Cal.

questions

the

Nogales,

Naco,

postmaster

your

employ

office

if

addressed

mento,
Sacra-

office. Post

San

Calexico,

government

agent
ask

to

nearest

instance,

S.

office, U.

Principal

Diego,

Answer

follows:

as

be

would

the

the

on

work.

for

San

from

wish

you

land,
Port-

Bldg.,

Principal

Arizona.

Indio,

and

bureau,

if

blank,

looking

are

call

from

Custer,

Sub-offices, Fresno,

Sub-offices, Douglas,

Ariz.

get assistance

distance

Exchange

Nevada.
Cal.

and

Cal.

Angeles,

may

Tacoma,

Townsend,

Wash.

and

California

and
Tucson,
Phoenix, Yuma
San
Luis
Backersfield,
Obispo
How

Port

Cal.

Monterey,

Los

Bldg.,

Literary

Walla,

Ore.

Francisco,

18, Southern

Zone

BIdg.,

208-210

Walla

office.Railway

California
San

Bldg.,

129

office, Power

Rooms

Angeles,

Harbor,

Principal

17, Northern

Zone

Appraiser's

office,

Spokane,

Port

Sub-office, Astora,

Ore.

Office

and

16, Oregon.

Zone

Principal

Sub-offices,

Bellinghara,

FARMING

Idaho.

Principal

Wash.

Everett,

Aberdeen,

FOB

Idaho.

and

15, Washington.
Seattle,

Bldg.,

RULES

Sub-office, Moscow,

Mont.

Helena,

AND

may

I obtain

more

information

concerning

the

Government

Bureaus?
Address,
D.

Division
C.

of

Information,

Department

of

Labor,

ington,
Wash-

130

THE

FARMEBS'

GUIDE

GENERAL
Don't

think

Don't

loaf

Don't

deny

''DON'TS"

wife

the

work

when

job

the

on

FOR

FARMERS.

it all.

know

you

BOOK

is to be done.

children

and

needed

money

necessary

or

pleasures.

when

try to

Don't

try to get along with

it is

save

cheaper

to

toggled
better equipment.

equipment

or

do

you

harness

up

quarter.

equipment

and

it is the

because

half the work.

one

the effort costs

when

penny,

can't

you

cheapest, it

may

the most.
wife

let the

board, buy her

Don't

Don't

cattle

year

humiliate

go

Don't

think

your

Don't

carry

45,

the

over

winter, they'll starve

your

shabby
buggy
carriage and

and

the boys

or

they

law.

to

and

is all wrong

neighbor

all

are

you

right.

grouch.

't club the stock.

wife, "Make

that

Don't

tell the

Don't

stable your

Don't

swear

Don't

be unreasonable

Don't

fight out

Don't

always take the other

Don't

stay

but don't

become

or

at
a

Don't

sign

Don't

invest

promoters

the

through

family by driving
good horse
a

your

Don't

one

at

gray

through.

Give
plug horse.
will stay by the farm.

Don

and

machine.

washing

the

starve

get stoop-shouldered

blind

farm

or

use

stock

buy

family the

Not

hungry,

Don't

Don't
wash

clothed

go

Don't
cost

half

Don't

mining
may

cows

Don't

let your

the boys, the wife

the year

fellow's

barn.

laugh and

wrong,

grievances,talk them

for

keep

cool.

the neighbors.

or

over.

word, think

for

yourself.

around, get acquainted around

town,

strangers.

in

mining
proposition

forget

go

year."

loafer.

be honest

machinery.

with

your

papers

Don't

exposed side of

things

when

curse

home

the

on

do another

hat

to

and

give

thousand

get-rich-quick schemes.
succeeds,

even

though

its

sincere.

family

your

yards be

other

stock, or
in ten

holiday

now

and

receptacle for old rubbish

then.
and

broken

ARM

THE

132

GO

TO

WHERE

BOOK

GUIDE

ADVICE.

FOR

STATIONS.

EXPERIMENT

STATE

THE

S'

primarily

experiment stations, although established

The

to

duct
con-

for assistance
be called upon
in agriculture, may
this service.
for
is
There
charge
no
solving your farm problems.
m
Station, at
of Experiment
to Director
all communications
Address
The following list gives, first
the station is located.
the place where
the town
postofficewhere the station
or
of the State, next
the name
in
of the director or special agent
by the name
is located, followed

work

research

charge.
J. F.

H.

L.

station, Tuskegee

kegee
W.

tion,
sta-

TusMoore;
Institute,

MASSACHUSETTS"

AEIZONA

Tucson,

"

ARKANSAS

C.

Georgeson.

R.

H.

MINNESOTA

MISSOURI"

Collins,

Fort

COLORADO"

CONNECTICUT

station, Storrs;

Storrs

Haven;
H.

ward.

Lincoln,
Reno, S.

NEVADA"
H.

P.

Gainesville,

Rolfs.
R.

Experiment,
of

B.

Lin-

E.

A.

nett.
Bur-

JERSEY"

NEW

Durham,

J.

MEXICO"

NEW

Hartenbower.

New

Brunswick,

State

bian
college, Fa-

Lipman.

C.

A.

Guam,

Doten.

Kendall.

J. G.
Island

F.

H.

J.

Loach.
GUAM"

D.

HAMPSHIRE"

NEW
C.

GEORGIA"
De

Bozeman,

NEBRASKA"

"

Evans.

Hay-

H.

Newark,

FLORIDA

Paul

Grove,

field.

Jenkins.

DELAWARE"

Fruit

Mumford.

MONTANA"

station.

State

"

umbia;
station, Colstation,

College
B.

Mountain

Gillette.

B.

F.

P.

C.

lege,
col-

Agricultural

"

Lloyd.

R.

E.

Hunt.

New

Woods.

F.

A.

MISSISSIPPI
T.

-Berkeley,

S.

farm,

University

"

I'aul;

St.

Nelson.

CALIFORNIA-

R.

Lansing,

East

Shaw.

Forbes.

Favetteville.
Fayetteville, M.

"

W.

Amherst,

Brooks.

P.

MICHIGAN"
C.

Sitka,

J.

Patterson.

Carver.

ALASKA"

H.

-College Park,

"

Uniontown,
G.

MARYLAND-

burn,
Au-

College station.
Canebrake
Duggar;

ALABAMA

Garcia.
HAWAII
E.
station,

"

V.

H.

Honolulu,

IDAHO

La

INDIANA"
IOWA"

Ames,

Davenport.

E.

Urbaua,

ILLINOIS"

Fayette,

H.
B.

tion,
College stastation,
Raleigh; State
Raleigh; B. W. Kilgore.

CAROLINA"

NORTH

West

Curtiss.

C. F.

DAKOTA

NORTH
W.

Manhattan,

KANSAS"

Goss.

A.

W.

Ithaca,

Jones.

S.

J.

M.

Jar-

college,

T.

dine.

J.

Lexington,

KENTUCKY"

OHIO"

H.

P.

State

LOUISIANA"

Sugar

station, Baton

station,

Rouge;
Orleans;
Park, New
W.
station, Calhoun;
Orono,

North
R.

C. D.

E.

Thome.

Stillwater,

L.

L.

Corvallis, A. B. Cordley

OREGON"

Louisiana

Woods,

"

Lewis.

Audubon

Dodson.

Agricultural

"

Cooper.

Wooster, C.

OKLAHOMA

Kastle.

MAINE"

eva,
State
station, Genstation,
Jordan; Cornell
T. Galloway.

YORK"

NEW

Sugar planters'
P. Agee.

Moscow,

"

lulu,
Hono-

station,

Federal

Wilcox;

State
college,
college. Institute
Nutrition, H. P. Armsby.

PENNSYLVANIA"

Watts;

R.

L.

of

Animal

State

FACTS

USEFUL

THE

STATE

RICO"

PORTO

AND

EXPERIMENT

Federal

ISLAND

VERMONT
Hills.

B.

Schoene;

J.

N.

lege,
col-

Clemson

"

Norfolk,

Ball.
.J.

W.
Blackburg,
truck
station,

WASHINGTON"

Harper.

SOUTH
W.

D.

J.
T.

C. Johnson.
CAROLINA"

SOUTH

E.

Burlington,

"

VIRGINIA

-Kingston,

133

Continued.

Logau,

T.

Hartwell.

L.

FARMING

UTAH"

ers'
plant-J.

FOR

STATIONS"

station,

D. W.
May;
Sugar
Mayaguez,
Piedras,
station, Rio
Crawley.
RHODE

RULES

DAKOTA"

J.

Brookings,

WEST

Wilson.

D.

E.

TENNESSEE"

Pullman,

D.

I.

Cardiff.

H.

Knoxville,

A.

VIRGINIA"

Morgantown,

Sanderson.

WISCONSIN"

H.

Madison,

L.

sell.
Rus-

H.

G.

Morgan.
TEXAS

College

"

B.

station,

WYOMING

Youngblood.

ADVICE
The

Laramie,

"

Knight.

FROM

THE

various

bureaus

to

supply

information

Many

of

U.

S.

under

DEPARTMENT

OF

AGRICULTURE,

the

of Agriculture may
be depended
Department
desire
special line. For
instance, if you
information
to the
as
of bug that
identity and life history of a peculiar kind
have
discovered
of your
send
a
one
preying upon
you
specimen to L. O.
crops
of Entomology,
Howard, Bureau
Washington, D. C. Following are the addresses
of
the
different
bureaus:
Weather
G.
F. Marvin,
of
Bureau,
chief; Bureau
Animal
of Plant
W.
A.
Industry, A. D. Melvin, chief; Bureau
Industry,
Taylor,
of Soils, Milton
chief; Forest
Service, H. S. Graves, forester; Bureau
Whitney,
of Chemistry,
C. L. Alsberg, chief; Bureau
of Crop Estimates,
chief; Bureau
of Entomology,
L. O. Howard,
gist;
entomoloL. M. Estabrook, statistician; Bureau
of
PublicBureau
of
chief; Office
Henshaw,
Biological Survey, H. W.
Roads, L. W.
Page, director.
upon

free

of

the

charge,

notably

agricultural papers,
The

and

Gentleman,

their

on

all

questions

sent

The

to

by their

them

New

Rural
their

will, through

Grower,

Fruit

staff

of

Yorker, Country
experts, answer

subscribers.

BULLETINS.

FARMERS'

free, so long as the supply lasts, to any

application to his Senator, Representative, or
D.
C.
Delegate in Congress, or to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington,
of the limited
Because
supply, applicants are urged to select only a few numbers,
The
entitled
which
them.
bulletins
to
of special interest
are
choosing those
Work"
Station
give briefly the results of experiments performed
"Experiment
experiment stations.
by the State
in

Bulletins

resident

22.

The

30.

Grape

34.

Meats:

36.
44.

48.
51.

54.
55.
61.

of

this

list

United

the

of

Feeding

will

Animals.

Farm

128.

Culture.

134.

138.

Irrigation

139.

Emmer:

140.

Pineapple

142.

Principles

152.

Value
Scabies

Pacific

and

Seed

and
Its Products.
Fertilizers.
of Cotton.
The
Manuring
Varieties
Standard
of Chickens.
Birds.
Some
Common

99.

Insect

79.

113.

120.

121.
127.

Dairy
Asparagus

The

Experiment

78.

Coast.

Cooking.

Commercial

97.

77.

Millets.

Herd.

the

81.
85.
88.

64.

101.

104.
106.

Frost.
Notes
on
of Dairy
Cattle.
Breeds
to
How
Grow
It.
The
and
Apple
Insects
Affecting Tobacco.
Other
and
Beans,
Peas,
Legumes
as
Food.
Insecticides.
Important
and
Their
Food.
Uses
Eggs
as
School
Tree
Rural
Planting
on

on

Composition

Cotton

sent

on

Diseases

Produce.
Geese.
of
Soils.
Station
Work
Experiment
Work
Station
Experiment
Corn
Culture
in the South.
Fish
Food.
as
Alkali
Lands.

62.

be

States,

Marketing
Ducks
and
The
Liming

Farm

Station
Enemies
of

Work

Shade

"

VI

X.
Trees.

in
A

Field
Grain

and
for

Garden.
Semiarid
the

Regions.

'"'

"

"

Grounds.

154.

Growing.
of

of

The
Home
Care.
and

Nutrition
Food.
Cattle.
Fruit
Garden:
of

.ind

Nutritive

Preparation

FARMERS'

TEE

134

BULI1ETIN""

FARMERS'
Propagation

The

157.
158.

How

162.

Experiment

164.

Rape

166.
167.
169.
170.

Cheese
Cassava.

Plants.
Small

of

Build

to

172.
173.
174.
175.

Making

Principles

-.ttttt

XXII.

"

Grape

Mites

on^

Citms

'

1:

Part

and
Juice.

Use

The

of

Un-

Culture.

Cranberry

Cranberry

in

Injurious

Ctu-

ture.

182.

Horseshoeing.
Pruning.
Food.
as
Poultry

183.

Meat

179.
181.

185.
188.

Beautifying

190.

Weeds

Used

in

195.
196.

Usefulness

197.

Importation
for
Propagation.

Work

"

Strawberries.

200.

Turkeys.

203.

Canned

204.

The

Cultivation

205.
206.

Pig

Management.

Milk

213.

218.

Use
The
Farm

of

278.

Leguminous

279.

Method
Grass.

284.

Insect

287.

Grape
Poultry

289.
290.

Beans.
The
Cotton

291.
292.

of Apples.
Evaporation
Cost
of Filling Silos.

283.
294.

Use
Farm

Green

ing.
ManurJohnson
XL.

"

Enemies

of the

of
the
Mountains.

Rocky

Bollworm.

Fruit

of

Food.

as

Practice

295.

Potatoes

298.

Food.
Food
Value

in

and

Columbia

the

Basin

Other
of

Root

Corn

Crops

and

Corn

as

ucts.
Prod-

301.

Home-grown

302.

Sea

Toad

303.
304.

Corn
Harvesting
Machinery.
Growing
and
Curing
Hops.

306.

Dodder
in Relation
Seeds.
to Farm
Roselle:
Its Culture
and
Uses.
A
Successful
Alabama
Diversification

and

Eggs

307.

310.

Tea.
Cotton:
Its Culture,
and
Diseases.

Island

provement
Im-

Farm.

Fruits,

Jellies.

and
Preserves,
of Mushrooms.

Sand-clay

Milo
Clover

219.

220.

Tomatoes.

221.

Fungou-s

and

Fever

Its

Treatment.

Grain

demic
Epi-

Rust

of the
Diseases
Cranberry.
Miscellaneous
in
Cotton
Insects
Texas.
Canadian
Field
Peas.
Production
of Good
Seed
Corn.
The
Okra:
Its Culture
and
Uses.
The
Guinea
Fowl.
Citrus
Gulf
Fruit
in
the
Growing
States.
Corrosion
The
of Fence
Wire.

243.

An
Example
Fungicides

2^5.

Renovation

246.

Saccharine
far
Sorghums
Cereal
Breakfast
Foods.

Forage.

249.

251.

Experiment

XXXIV.
Corn.

of Model
Their
and
Diseases
of
of

Farming.

Station
The
Germination
of
Cucumbers.

Work
Seed

venting
Pre-

257.

Table.
Soil Fertility.

264.

Practical
Information
in Irrigation.
Brown-tail
The
Moth

266.

Management

270.

Modern
Home.

271.

Forage
Oregon

Control

for
and

for

the

Beginners
How

Conveniences

and

Successful

272.

274.

Farm.
Flax
Culture.

331.
332.
337.
338.
343.

to

for

Practices
Western

Hog

in

Farm

Western

Washington.
and

Seed-corn

the
a

up

Crop.

the
Sandy
North.

Jack-

Corn
Belt.
Run-down

Cotton

Farming.

Farming
Forage
Crops
Deer

and
Nuts

Grain

the

Potatoes.
in
Farms

Small

in

United

the

for

Hogs

States.

in

Kansas

Oklahoma.
and

Their

Cropping
Dairy

Uses

Systems

Food.
New

as

for

Farms.
Macadam
Roads.
Alfalfa.
Cultivation
The

of Tobacco
Tennessee.
Disinfectants.

and
Common

Some

Computation

The
Farm

by

349.

The

350.

The

351.

Tuberculin
The
Tuberculosis.

in

tucky
Ken-

for
of

Use

the

Values.
Energy
of Farm
Repair

England

Rations

of

Animals

The

Equipment.

in the
Dairy
Industry
Dehorning
of Cattle.
of

Test

354.

Onion

355.

Successful
Poultry
Farm.
A
Primer
of
Forestry.
Practical
Forestry.

Conserve
the

of

347.

358.
Soils

Moisture.

Crop

328.

Plantation.
Silver
Fox

to

It.
of

Sweet

"

256.

Lands

Building

330.

Roads.
Burnt-clay
Farm.
Hay
and
Storing
Corn.
Southern

Dry-land
a
Farming
on

as

324.
325.
326.

345.
346.

Home

and

Successful

pine

539.

in
Use
Fruits.
Worn-out
Soils.

Vegetable
Garden.
of
Preparation
Vegetables

263.

in

Management.

323.

The

"

Work

Fungous

East

School
Garden.
The
from
Lessons
the
of 1904.

253.

Station

and

Covrpeas.

254.
255.

XXXIX.
Gasoline

Eradicating

Celery.

322.

239.
242.

for

Experiment

Raspberries.

238.

and

281.

Harvesting

232.

Work

282.

318.

234.

Station

of

313.

229.

Control

to

Alcohol

Crops

224.

How

Engines.

311.
312.

223.

and

XXIV.

Plants.

American
of the
of Game
Birds

198.

Experiment

ing,
Cur-

Grounds.
Home
Medicine.

the

Station
Experiment
Manure.
Barnyard
Annual
Flowering

192.

Butchering.

Keeping.

and

276.
277.

Moth

Uplands.

Farm:

the

on

The
Gipsy
It.

Feeding.

Scale
Trees.
of Forestry.
Primer
Forest.
Corn.
Broom
Manufactured
Home

Insects

Farm.

Work

of
Insects

fermented
176.
178.

XXI.

"

the

on

Station
Horse
and

Experiment

275.

Crop.

Forage

as

Work

Coutinued.

Irrigation

Ditches.
Station

BOOK

GUIDE

South.

for

Cattle

Culture.

359.

Canning

Vegetables

361.

Meadow
Uses.

Fescue:

363.

Tlie

of

364.

365.

Farm

367.

Lightning

Use

Cotton

and

II:

Home.

Culture

and

Food.

as

Farm.

in
Sections.

Management

Dairy

Part
the

Its

Milk

Profitable

in

and

Northern

Lightning

to-growing
Pota-

Conductors.

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

Eradication

371.

of
Bindweed,
Morning-glory.
How
to
Kats.
Destroy
Profit.
for
Farm
a
Replanning
of
Lands.
Drainage
Irrigated

372.

Soy

The

or

Wild

369.
370.

373.
375.
377.
379.
380.
382.

386.
388.
389.

390.
391.
392.

394.

442.

The

443.

Barley:

444.

Remedies

445.

Mosquitoes.
Marketing
Eggs

395.
396.
398.

399.
400.

401.

of Alfalfa.
Care
in the
of Food
Home.
of
Harmfulness
Mi.xtures.
Headache
Cholera.
Hog
Loco-weed
Disease.
The
The
Adulteration
of
Forage-plant
Seeds.
Potato
Farm.s
of
'"ullure
on
Irrigated
the
West.
Work^LVI.
Station
Experiment
Bread
and
Bread
Making.
Pheasant
in
United
tlie
liaising
States.
Economical
the
Meat
in
of
Use

Irrigation of
Habit-forming

Beets.
Sugar
Agents.

448.
449.

Rabies

Profitable
More
Corn-planting
Method.
Protection
of
the
The
Orchards
in
Pacific
Northwest
from
Spring
Frosts
Fires
Means
of
and
by
A

404.

Irrigation

Bluegrass

of

Its

Culture

Concrete

and
Fence

Capons
Danger

453.

455.
456.

424.
425.

Experiment

421.
422.

426.

Canning

427.

Barlev
States.

428.

Testing

429.

431.
432.

Station

LX.
Work
the Farm.
on
in
Southern
the

Peaches
Culture

of

'"'iid

York

New

Stock.

Farm.

Their

and

the

Moths

Nursery

Imported

Successful
Red
Clover.
Our
Grosbeaks
A

of

Brown-tail

Value

to

458.

The

Best

Two

for

Sorghums

Sweet

460.

House
Frames

461.

The

Cabbage.

434.

The
Home
Sets.
and

Production

435.

Experiment

Station
for the
Tenant

436.

Winter

437.

438.

Results.
Hog Houses.

System

Flies.
as

in

Factor

ing.
Grow-

Truck

4t)2.

of Concrete
Use
the Farm.
on
of
Utilization
Land
Tile
Logged-off
and
i'or Pasture
in Western
Oregon

463.

The

464.

Eradication
The
Winter
Emmer.
The
Control
Disease.

Washington.
Sanitary
Privy.

Western

4S6.

467.
471.
472.

of
of

Quack-grass.
Chestnut-bark

the

Propagation,
Training.
of FarmLng
Systems

Pruning,

Grape

in

and
New

Central

473.

Tuberculosis.

474.

477.

of
Paint
Use
the Farm.
on
Ice Houses.
The
of Pine
in the
Dying
Extent
States:
Cause,
and
Manufacture.
Sorghum-sirup

478.

How

480.

Practical

481.

Stables.
Concrete

Oats
of

of
Work
South.

Onion

483.
485.

Experiment

487.

Cheese

488.

the
Diseases

489.

How

The
Thornless
The
Sweet
Clover.
and
Diet.

Remedy.

Fever

stock
Live-

the

on

Grow

to

Disinfecting

Construction

Farm.
Pear
and

486.

490.

491.

"

Farming

Seed

492.

It.

Pears.

Prickly

Station
Work
Economical
Its

LXVIII.

"

in

Uses

of
Related
and
Cabbage
Their
Control.
and
Crops
Two
eases.
DisPlant
Dangerous
Imported

Foliage

of

English

The

494.

Lawns

and

495.

Alfalfa

Seed

496.

Raising

the
Apple.
Sparrow
as

Lawn

Pest.

Soils.

Production.

Belgian

Other

and

Hares

Rabbits.
497.

and

in
Milk.
Bacteria
The
Profitable
the
of
Management
Small
Orchard
General
the
Apple
on
Farm.
The
More
and
Insect
Important
Enemies
Fruit
of the
and
Fungous

493.

LXII.

Some

Common

Rapacious

Its

Aquatic,

Game,
Birds

in

and

Relation

to

Man.
498.

440.

with
Reference
Anthrax,
Special
Its Suppression.
Spraying
Control
for the
Peaches

441.

Lespedeza,

Brown

482.

Prevent
Typhoid
Methods
of

to

Southern

"

Farm
Seeds
in the Home
and
in the Rural
School.
Industrial
Alcohol:
Sources
and
Manufacture.
The
Peanut.
How
City Family
Farm.
Managed
a
a

433.

439.

Crops.

Agriculture.

476.

of Orchards.
Soil Conservation.
Potato
The
Truck
as
a
Crop.
in the
South.
Hogs
Feeding
The
of
Cnre
Milk
and
in the
Its Use
Home.
Corn
Cultivation.
Seed
Corn.
The
Production
of Cigar-leaf
co
Tobacin Pennsylvania.
Rice
Culture.
Oats:
Distribution
and
Uses.
Control
of Blowing
Soils.
Demonstration
Southern
Work
on
Farms.
Oats:
the
Growing
Crop.

420.

Land.

Caponizing.
General
Spread

Through
454.

Alkali

Malaria.

about

and

Gypsy

475.

Posts.

417.

Facts

Some

452.

for

Jersey.

403.

416.

ery.
Cream-

the

Hydrophobia.

or

450.

459.

in Irrigation
Windmills
Semiarid
the
West.
Oats.
Kherson
Sixty-day and
The
Mnskrat.
Practice
in the
Farm
of
mercial
ComUse
Fertilizers
South
in
the
Atlantic
States.
of Urain.
Irrigation

Uses.
Construction
The

414.
415.

Through

of

Use

Canada

413.

and

Forage.

402.

407.
411.

Growing

Choice
The
of Crops
Bees.
Better
Grain-sorghum

446.
447.

Smudges.

406.

Diseases.
Bee
the Crop.
Preventives
Against

of

Treatment

Beans.

Irrigation

The
in

135

Continued.

Home.

393.

FARMING

FOR

BULLETINS"

FARMERS'
368.

RULES

Rot
or

Scab

Japan

Curculio.
and
Clover.

to

of

Methods
fever

of

Exterminating

the

Texas-

Tick.
Station

499.

Experiment

500.

The

501.

Cotton
Improvement
Conditions.

Control

of

the

Work
Boll

"

LXIX.

Weevil.
Under

Weevil

THE

136

Timothy

503.

Land
Comb

504.

505.
506.
507.
508.

Market

Forage

519.

"

for

Crops

the

Cotton

Region.

568.

Sugar-beet

569.
571.

Conditions.
Texas
Tick
Fever.
or
Culture.
Tobacco

572.

673.

The

574.
576.
577.

578.
579.

Bookkeeping.

Problem.
Weevil
Station
Work
Experiment
Vetches.
Production
of Maple
The

580.

Boll

582.

LXXI.

"

and
Sirup
Sugar.
LXXII.
Station
Work
Experiment
Winter
Barley.
in
of Intensive
An
Farming
Example

583.
685.

"

Belt.
Cotton
in
and
Tomatoes
Home
at
Club
Work.
LXXIII.
Station
Work
Experiment
Tobacco
Curing.
the
Tile
Farm.
Drainage
on
Guinea
Raising
Pigs.
Its
Mutton
in the Diet.
and
Value
Raisers.
Hints
to
Poultry
Atlantic
Vetch
in the South
Growing
States.

586.

522.
523.
524.

525.
526.
528.
529.

Canning

"

530.
531.
533.

Important
Larkspur,

534.

Durum

or

Seed

Gflod

"Poison-Weed."
and

Potatoes

Sugar
Stock
Pood.

Value

Poisoning
Grow

537.

How

538.

Sites, Soils, and

539.

Propagation

to

in

Groves

540.
541.

542.

543.
544.

545.
546.

547.
548.
550.

551.
552.

553.

to

554.
555.

557.
559.
561.

562.

564.

565.

an

the
of

Crimson
Clover:
Cultivation
The

Due

as

Food.

to

Scarcity

of

Acre
of Corn.
Varieties
for Citrus
Gulf
States.
in
the
Citrus
Trees

Growing
of

the
American

566.

Boys'

seng.
Gin-

537.

Sugar

It.

Pig
beet

Under

of Farm
System
Cost
Accounting.
Goat.
Angora
House
Poultry
Construction.
of
Breeds
for
Sheep
the Farm.
Cotton
in the
Growing
Egyptian
Salt
River
Valley, Arizona.
The
and
Handling
of Silage.
Feeding
Crimson
Corn.
Beef
Production
in the
South.
for
Uses
Chestnut
Timber
Killed
by
Bark
the
Disease.
Mole.
The
Common
Natural
Artificial
and
Incubation
of
Hens'
Eggs.
Collection
Preservation
and
of Plant
Material
for
of
in the
use
Study
Economic
Value
of
Skunks.
Economical
Cattle
Corn
Belt.

North

American

Feeding

in

the

Homemade

Silos.
Classification
The
Cotton.
Stock
Watering
Lands.
Grazing
How
Farm
Use
to

Grading

and
Places

on

of

Western

602.

Credit.
Parcel
Post.
Insecticide
of Lead
as
an
Hornworms.
the Tobacco
Against
The
Culture
of Winter
in
Wheat
the
Eastern
Half
of the United
States.
Road
The
How
and
it is Used.
Drag
Pasture
and
Grain
for Hogs
in
Crops
Northwest.
Pacific
An
Outfit
for
Boring
Taprooted
for
Stumps
Blasting.
A
New
of Cotton
Method
Culture
and
Its iVpplication.
Production
Clean
Milk:
and
Hand

603.

Arsenical

599.
600.

601.

Shipping

Eggs

by

Arsenate

ling.
Cattle

Preparation
605.
606.

Dips:

Methods
Directions

and

Use.
Sudan
Grass.
Collection
and

Preservation
of
Material
Other
for
of Agriculture.
Study

and
in
The

the
Farm

607.
608.

Removing

609.
610.

and
Cream.
Bird
Houses
Wild
Onion:

612.
613.
614.
616.
617.
618.

619.
620.

621.
622.
623.

624.
625.

Kitchen

Garlic
and

as

sects
In-

Use

Workshop.

Flavor

How

of
for

from

Milk

Build
Them.
of
tion.
Eradica-

to

Methods

Irrigation.

Breeds
of Beef
Cattle.
Goldenseal
Cultivation.
under
An
Efficient
the
Farm
for
System
Corn
Belt.
Varieties
Winter-Wheat
ern
for the EastUnited
States.
School
Lessons
Corn.
on
of
Disease
Leaf-Spot,
the
a
Sugar
Beet.
Breeds
of Draft
Horses.
The
Outlook.
Agricultural
How
in
ern
NortheastBirds
Attract
to
United
States.
Basket
Willow
Culture.
the
Use
and
Houses
of
Ice
Ice
on
Farm.
the Dairy
and
Artificial
Natural
of
Brooding
Chickens.
Wilt
and
Cotton
Root
Knot.

626.

The
Carpet
Moth."

627.

The

Clubs.

Growing

Humid

Under

Crop.

Corn
Corn

Using

593.

597.

as

Grain
Crop.
for the
Home.
for the
Market.
Anthracnose
Cotton
and
How
to Control
It.
The
Potato
Tuber
Moth.
Use
of Corn,
in
Kafir, and
Cowpeas
the
Home.
Bean
in Eastern
Growing
ton
Washingand
and
Northern
Oregon
Idaho.
The
Organization
Girls'
of Boys'
and
Clubs.
Poultry
The
Moth
and
Brown-tail
Gipsy
the
with
for
Their
Moth,
Suggestions
Control.
Corn
Meal
Food
and
as
a
of
Ways
Kafir

592.

duce
Pro-

Gulf
States.
Stable
The
Fly.
Farm
Buttermaking.
Frost
and
tection
ProCulture, Fertilization,
of
Citrus
Groves
in
the
Gulf
States.
Common
White
Grubs.
Potato-tuber
Diseases.
Thistles.
Controlling Canada
How
Corn
tucky
to Manage
in Kena
Crop
West
and
Virginia.
The
Yellow
Fever
Mosquito.
and
Marketing
Sweet
toes.
PotaStoring

Pop
Pop

589.
591.

596.

Wheat.
and
Its

535.

588.

595.
How

Them.

536.

587.

594.

Poultrj; Diseases.^

Growing

Agriculture.

the

521.

BOOK

Continued.

Hay.

Farm
The

517.
518.

GUIDE

States.

LXX.
Work
Roads.
Benefits
of Improved
Birds
of
Well-known
Food
of Some
Garden.
and
Forest,
Farm,
The
of Wheat,
Smuts
Oats, Barley,
Corn.
and

509.

516.

Irrigated

Production
on
the
Northwestern

Honey.
Station
Experiment

511.
512.
514.
515.

in

S'

BULLETINS"

FAEMEBS'
502.

House

Beetle,
Centipede.

or

"Buffalo

FACTS

USEFUL

BULLETINS"

FARMERS'
628.
629.
630.

631.

633.
638.

Laboratory
for

643.
652.
654.

in

356.

659.
661.

664.
666.

671.

Schools

Agricultural

Culture.
The
Sheep-Killing Dog.
How
Farmers
May
Improvi;
Credit.
Personal

The

673.
675.

The

676.

Hard

If there
of

name

is, in

which

orchard,

your

678.
681.

anxious

are

you

Industry, Washington.
free

the

for
of

D.

identification.

charge.

identification

He

will

There

will

easier

if

him

send

be

boxes

charges

no

to

mail

to

you

with

send

you

learn, write
ask

Borer.
Treatment

Its

and

Spring

Silverfish
Insect.

Growing.

Apple-Tree

Wheat.

Injurious

an

hold
House-

FRUIT.

bearing

tree

to

and

C,

The

OF

Outlook.
in Rice

Roundheaded
Clover
Seed

in Hulling.
Hard
Growing

Blackberry

Their

"Chiggers."

or

Agricultural
Practice
Irrigation

672.

roENTIFIOATION

fruit

Flax.
Fiber
Harvest
Mites,

669.

chanics
Me-

Farm

Beef
for
Cottonseed
JNIeal
Feeding
Cattle.
Community
Circle.
The
Egg
Clothes
Moths.
The
True
of
Farm
the
Method
.V
Analysing
Business.
South.
in the
Growing
Strawberry
Disease.
Foot
and
Mouth

655.

Classification.

Exercises

137

Continued.

Laws
for 1914.
Game
The
Agricultural Outlook.
Birds
Useful
the
Common
Some
to
Farmer.
Peaches:
Sites,
Growing
tion,
Propagatenance
MainPlanting,
Tillage, and
of Soil Fertility.
Peaches:
Renewal
Growing
Pruning,
of
Thinning,
Tops,
Interplanted
Crops, and Special Practices.
Varieties
and
Peaches:
Growing

632.

FARMING

FOR

RULES

AND

strange variety
C.

for

the

few

which

boxes

identificaticui.

fruit

brief

of Plant
for

fruit

the

the

apples

Close, Bureau

P.

you
in

of

sending
be

may
will

It

sent

make

description of

the

tree.

STOCK

LIVE
Write

the

to

of reliable

ASSOCIATIONS.

REGISTRY

secretaries, whose

dealers

nearest

names

given, for addresses

are

you.
HORSES.

AMERICAN
New

THOROUGHBRED

STUD

AMERICAN

HACKNEY

STUD

NATIONAL

REGISTRY

OF

AMERICAN

CLYDESDALE

DOMINION

CLYDESDALE

PERCHERON

STUD

AMERICAN

FRENCH

AMERICAN

SHIRE

AMERICAN

TROTTING

born

J.

BOOK,

E.

Fifth

173

Wheeler,

Ave.,

York.

BOOK

JACK

AMERICAN

AMERICAN

Webb,
Jos.

HORSES,
BOOK,

Charles

STUD

BOOK,

Henry

OP

S. D.

AMERICA,
HORSE

SOCIETY,

ASSOCIATION.
REGISTER

BELGIAN

Wabash,

S.

STUD

HORSE

STUD

Wm.

MORGAN

COACH

St., Chicago,

AMERICAN

BOOK,

51

E. 44th

York

St.,New

Battell, Middlebury,

Vt.

F. Mills, Springfield, 111.

Toronto, Can.

Wade,

Thompson,
S. D.

Charles

III.

Wayne,

Thompson,

Wayne,

Burgess, Winona,

ASSOCIATION,

.1. H.

III

111.

Steiner. 3.55 Dear

111.

BOOK,

J. H.

Felton, Grassland, Tenn.

HORSE

DRAFT

J.

ASSOCIATION,

D.

Conner,

Jr.,

Ind.
SADDLE

HORSE

BREEDERS'

ASSOCIATION,

B.

Nail,

ville,
Louis-

Ky.
AMERICAN
Wis.

SUFFOLK

NATIONAL

REGISTRY

PUNCH

OP

ASSOCIATION,
NORMAN

Alex.

Galbraith, Janesville,

HORSES,

Theo.

Butterworth,

will

given

111.

(Addresses

of

other

associations

be

on

request.)

Quincy,

138

FARMERS'

TEE

STOCK

LIVE

GUIDEBOOK

REGISTKY

ASSOCIATIONS"

Continued.

CATTLE.

ABERDEEN-ANGUS

AI^JEEICAN
AYRESHIRE

C.

RECORD,

CANADIAN

AYRESHIRE

AMERICAN

GALLOWAY

HEED
M.

Thos.

BOOK,

"Winslow, Brandon,

HERDBOOK,

Harvey,

111.

Vt.

Wade,

Henry

BREEDERS'

McFarlane,

Can.

Toronto,

ASSOCIATION,

Frank

B.

pendence,
Inde-

Hearn,

Mo.
AMERICAN

HEREFORD

Independence,
DOMINION

HEREFORD

AMERICAN
THE

CATTLE

BREEDERS'

ASSOCIATION,

C. R.

Thomas,

Mo.
HERD

JERSEY

BOOK,

CATTLE

Henry

CLUB,

HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN

R.

M.

Wade,
324

Gow,

ASSOCIATION

OF

Can.

Toronto,
23rd

W.

St., New
F.

AMERICA,

L.

York.

Houghton,

Vt.

Brattleboro,
HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN

HERD

OF

BOOK

J. W.

CANADA,

Clemons, St. George,

Can.
DUTCH

BELTED

SWISS

DEVON

POLLED

RECORD,

HERD

AMERICAN

B.

L.

Richards, Easton, Pa.

GUERNSEY

P.

Sisson, Wheeling,

J. McLain

BOOK,

Peterboro, N.
KERRY

H.

BOOK,

"N. S. Fish, Groton, Conn.

RECORD,

AMERICAN
RED

HERD

W.

O.

Smith, Dayton,

CATTLE

CLUB

Va.

Wm.

REGISTER,

H.

Caldwell,

H.

CATTLE,

Henry

(Addresses

of

S. Ambler,
other

N.

Chatham,
will

associations

be

Y.

given

on

request.)

SHEEP.
AMERICAN

SHROPSHIRE

SHEEP

Mortimer

RECORD,

Levering, Lafayette,

Ind.
MERINO

NATIONAL

NEW

REGISTER

YORK

A.

REGISTRY

STATE

VERMONT

SHEEP

MERINO

Skiff, Middlebury,

C.

Johnson,

BREEDERS'

-N. Y.

BREEDERS'

Lewis

ASSOCIATION,

Vt.

BREEDERS'

AMERICAN

LEICESTER

RECORD,

NATIONAL

DELAINE

MERINO

SHEEP

MERINO

Earll, Skaneateles,

SHEEP

OHIO

C.

ASSOCIATION,

AMERICAN

J. Horation

ASSOCIATION,
REGISTER

SHEEP

Pa.

Cannonsburg,

ASSOCIATION,

Wesley

Bishop, Troy-

ton, O.

C.

NATIONAL

McNary,

MERINO

Cannonsburg,

Temple,

Cameron,

BREEDERS'

SHEEP

111.
John

ASSOCIATION,

Pa.

SHEEP

LINCOLN

J.

A.

BREEDERS'

H.

ASSOCIATION,

A.

Daniels,

Elva, Mich.
FLOCK

NATIONAL

HAMPSHIRE-DOWN

RECORD

CHEVIOT

J. I. Gordon,

SHEEP,
BREEDERS'

SHEEP

ASSOCIATION,

Mercer,
H.

Pa.

Keim,

doga,
La-

Ind.
AMERICAN

COTSWOOL

AMERICAN

RAMDOUILLET

AMERICAN

SOUTHDOWN

(Addresses

RECORD,

Harding

ASSOCIATION,
RECORD,

of

Geo.

other

Jno.

associations

J.

will

"

Son, Waukesha,

Ind.

E. V, Burnham,
Woodstock,
Springer, Springfield, III.
be

given

on

request.)

O.

140

THE

FARMERS'

GUIDE

TABLE
PERIOD

AVERAGE

Canary

birds

BOOK

II.
INCUBATION.

OF

14

days

Pea

29

days

Ducks

28

days

Pheasants

25

days

Geese

30

days

Pigeons

18

days

Guinea

28

days

Turkeys

28

Hens

21

days

AVERAGE
Ass

PERIOD
12

Bitch

OF

months

12

GESTATION

Goat

f" weeks

Camel

fowls

pig

314

Pig

Cow

months

Rabbit

months

Rat

years

Sheep

Elephant

AVERAGE
Camel
Cat

months

11

weeks

fox

days

Mare

and

65

months

Cat

Dog

LIFE

months

Guinea

and

squirrel

months

30

days

28

days

months

ANIMALS.

OF

100

years

Fox

15

years

15

years

Horse

20

years

Cow

20

years

Rabbit

Deer

20

years

Sheep

10

years

Dog

10

years

Swine

20

years

TABLE
NUMBER

OF

YEARS

SEEDS

years

III
RETAIN

THEIR

VITALIT"?

Barley

Oats

Beans

Onions

Beet

Orchard

Buckwheat

Parsnip

Cabbage

Peanut

Carrot

"!

Peas

Pumpkin

grass

2
1

Celery

Clover

Radish

Corn

Rape

Cucumbers

Rye

Eggplant

Salsify

Flax

Soy-beans

Hop

Squash

Lettuce

Timothy

Millet

Turnip

Muskmelon

Watermelon

Mustard

Wheat

III"

TABLE
AMOUNT
Alfalfa
Alfalfa

SEED

PER

ACRE.
2-

lbs.

Oats

(drilled)

15-20

lbs.

Potatoes

8-10

pks.

Potatoes

2-3

pks.

Pumpkin

Blue-grass

alone)

(sown

grass

25

(sown alone)

12-20

%"

Cabbage

Red-top

lbs.

Rye

pks.

15-20

lbs.

2-

pks.

Timothy
Timothy

(red alone)

....

Corn

(for ears)

6-8

qts.

Corn

(for silage)

9-11

qts.

1-1

Cowpea

V^ bu.

Turnip

pks.

Vetch

Mangels

5-8

lbs.

Millet

1-3

pks.

12-15
.

OF

PLANTS

PER

10-15

lbs.

4-10

lbs.

2-

lbs.

6-

pks.

Clover.

(broadcast)
(hairy)

small

bu.

bu.

grain.

Wheat
.

TABLE
NUMBER

and

lbs.

(alone)

lbs.

Clover

2-4

clover

10-20
.

Timothy

Flax

Crimson

lbs.
5

lbs.

Clover

lbs.

3-

10-18

8-15

lbs.

3-

clover

(alsike alone)

Eutabaga

Sweet

Clover

12-15

lbs.

4-

bus.
bus.

beets

(for stock)

bus.

Sugar

(5 lbs.

Carrot

12

2-

lbs.

lb.

(whole)

Rape

pks.

3-5

Buckwheat

(cut)

Ibt--.

141

Continued.

20-30

(small)

Brome

OF

FARMING

FOR

(boardcast)

Barley
Beans

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

ACRE

IV.
AT

VARIOUS

DISTANCES.

ARM

TEE

142

V.

TABLE

Fumisliing

Ammonia,
Soda, 97 per

of

Nitrate
Dried

98

of

or

Ammonia

PrincipaUy:

Nitrogen

Sulphate

Containing:
Phosphoric

Nitrogen

Ingredients.

INGREDIENTS

FERTILIZER

OF

COMPOSITION

PERCENTAGE

AVERAGE

BOOK

GUIDE

S'

per

24.

20.

cent

Potash

Acid

16.

cent

13

Blood

8.2

Fish

Scrap
Tankage

7.4
12

Azotin

3
.

Principally:

Potash

Furnishing

Meal

Seed

Cotton

Kainit

Sylvinit
Sulphate
cent. )
Sulphate
(Double

Manure

Muriate

of Potash

Wood

of

of

Ashes

Stems

Furnishing

Acid

Phosphoric

Principally:

Phospate

Dissolved

Bone

Bone

Meal

Bone

Black

Bone

Ash

Dissolved
*

Available

Contains
Contains
Contains

t
**

Bone

Black
Acid.

Phosphoric
4

per

about
about

Available

cent.
10

33

cent,

per

Phosphoric

Available
of Lime.

cent.

per

TABLE
AMOUNTS

THE

and

PER

Nitrogen)

Yield

Apples
Barley

15

tons

30

bu.

Beans

30

"

Buckwheat

34

"

Cabbage
Clover, green*
Clover, dry

30

tone

Corn

70

bu.

Grapes
Hops
Mixed
Onions

600

Hay
60

45,000

Pears

16

Peas

30

Plums

tons

lbs.

bu.
lbs.
tons
bu.
tons

Acid.

Phosphoric

ACRE

USED

Acid.

VI.

INGREDIENTS

FERTILIZER

OF

Crop

Oats

per

TJnleached)

(Hardwood,
Hull

Seed

Tobacco

Acid

(96

Potash, Magnesia
Salt)

Ashes

Cotton

Grade

High

Potash,

BY

(Potash, Phosphoric
DIFFERENT

CROPS,

Acid

bu.

200

Potatoes

30

Rye
Sugar Beets
Timothy Hay

15

tons

"

'

6,000
-i.'iOO

lbs.

1,600

Tobacco

10

Tomatoes

Contains

about

83

"

1,400
5

bu.
"

35

Wheat

'

"

tons

700

Turnips
**

1,500 lbs.
4.250

"

per

3,000
cent,

of

tons

lbs.

Lime.

TABLE
AMOUNT

VALUE

FERTLLIZING

OF

143

FARMING

Etc.

Straw,

Yield

FOR

Continued.

VI"

TABLE

Crop

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

PRODUCTS

FARM

VII.
IN
AND

1,000

POUNDS

THE

OF

VARIOUS

STUFFS.

FOOD

Phosphoric
Nitroijon

of Feed

Name

Alfalfa, green
Alfalfa, hay
Alsike
(in bloom), green
Beets, sugar
Brewers'
grains (dried)
Canada

pea
seed

Cotton

Acid

(N)

(P.O,)

7.7

1.3

Potash

(K,0)
5.6

6.1

17.9

6.2

1.1

2.0

2.9

0.8

3.7

40.0

16.1

2.0

meal

32.3

8.2

9.9

meal

72.5

30.4

15.8

26.1

3.7

Corn

4.3

1.1

Corn

2.9

1.1

3.9

14.7

6.3

4.7

7.2

5.4

8.9

6.1

3.8

10.9

13.6

5.7

4.7

3.8

1.3

4.6

24.3

4.0

13.1

12.9

2.2

3.1

54.8

3.3

0.5

12.5

4.0

15.7

ensilage
fodder, green
Cornmeal
(all)
Corn

stalks

with

Corn

stalks

without

Corn

and

Cow

peas,

Crimson

Dried

cob

ears

meal

green

clover, hay
beet
pulp

Gluten

meal
blue

Kentucky
Linseed
Malt

ears

meal

grass,

hay

(old process)

sprouts

Mangels
Oats

Oat
Oat
Peas

13.7
19.9

2.2

0.9

3.8

18.2

7.8

4.8

2.6

1.3

3.8

straw

3.0

17.7

and

3.8

1.5

5.0

7.0

1.5

4.8

19.7

5.5

18.7

12.6

3.6

10.2

1.2

4.9

18.1

8.6

5.8

5.0

2.6

7.6

9.4

3.3

14.2

Wheat

Wheat

16.6
17.4

5.8

forage, in bloom,

oats, green
Red
clover, green
Red
clover, hay
Red
top, hay
Ruta-bagas
Rye
Timothy, green
Timothy, hay
Wheat

54.2
42.1

bran

(winter)
middlings

green

1.9

19.0

5.5

8.7

25.1

26.9

15.2

27.0

26.3

15.3

THE

144

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FOR

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

145

FARMING

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to
to

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to

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pass

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146

FARMERS'

THE

TABLE
NUTRIENTS

DIGESTIBLE

IN

100
STUFFS\

Kind

Total

of Feed

Dry

Matter

Alfalfa, green
hay
Apples
Apple pomace
Barley, grain

89.1

Bean

95.0

19.0
23.3

straw

9.1

Beet, mangel

13

Beet, sugar

Blood,

5
.

91.5

dried

Brewers'

91.8

grains, dry
grains, wet

'

Brewers

28
91.6

Alfalfa

24.3

Buckwheat

bran

89.5

Buckwheat,

grain
middlings

87.4

Buckwheat

87.3
15.3

Cabbage

11-4

Carrot
Clover

(red), green

29.2

Clover

(red), hay

84.7

Corn-aud-cob
Corn

Corn

meal

84

fodder, green
fodder, dry

20

57.8
89

Corn, grain
silage

Corn

9
.

1
.

20.9

Corn

59.5

stover

Cottonseed

91.8

meal

Cowpeas

85.2

Gluten

91.8

meal

Hominy chops
Hungarian hay
Linseed
meal
(new process)
Linseed

Malt

meal

(old process

Skim-milk,

90.8
...

12.8

'

cows

Skim-milk,

3
.

89.9

89.8

sprouts

Milk,

88.9
92
.)

centrifugal
gravity

9.4
9.6

Buttermilk.

9.9

Whey
Hay

6.6

Oat

of mixed

grasses

87. 1
90.8

straw

Oats, grain
Peas, grain
Peas-and-barley,
Peas-and-oats,

89

0
.

89

5
.

green

green

BOOK

GUIDE

16.0
16.0

Pea- vine

straw

86 .4

Pea-vine

silage

27.0

Potatoes

21.1

Pumpkin, field
Eye, grain
Rye bran
Rye straw
Soy-bean
Sugar-beet leaves
Sugar-beet molasses

19

1
.

88
.

88.4
92.9
89.2
12.0
79.2

IX.
POUNDS

OF

VARIOUS

FEEDING

148

FARMERS'

THE

FUNGICIDES

if

BOOK

GUIDE

INSECTICIDES.

AND

be purchased of local dealers

Many of these preparations may
be cheaper to make
will
be
it
to
your
used,
large quantities are

but

own.

Lime-Sulphur.
the San

For

Scale

Jose

and

Disease.

Prevent

to

Quick

15

lime

50

Water
Slake
make

the

lime

mix

and

sulphur, adding

it with

10 gallons
soft paste. Add
the mixture
is well dissolved.

while

gallons and use

Commercial
of

its bulk

warm.

Then

will

This

lime-sulphur should

add

water

with

and

of sulphur

Water

until

in

lime

and

barrel

ten

mixture

add

little water.

pounds

pounds

50

gallons

As

soon

it

as

Keep stirring constantly and adding

the consistency of a thin paste. The

the sulphur.

add

the

to

times

Peaches.

lime

burned

Fresh
Flowers

slake

nine

Sulphur.

Lime-

Cherries, Pears

P^or

to

50

water.

Self-Boiled

Place

make

to

leaf curl.

peach

prevent
diluted

be

enough to
an
hour,

water

boil for about

and

of water

until

or

pounds
pounds
gallons

15

of sulphur

Flowers

reaches

begins
water

lime

When
the lime is
generate enough heat to boil several minutes.
ing.
and
water
to cool the mixture
well slaked, add
prevent further cookwill

through,
is used

keeping

but

as

strain

cool

When

through

It is said

spray.

summer

All

lime

Water
Place
and

hang

the

sack

come

in

slaked.
the
what

in twenty

will rest

on

with

contact

gallons

three

copper

of

hot

is known

top
the

vitriol and

water

on

the

5-5-50

spring before the buds

must
until used, and one

start.

help

lime

water

The

always be

to

peaches.

to

two

very

pounds
gallons

or

tie in cheese
that

will

the

permit

the

Pour

it.

dissolve

cloth,

bottom

of

air to
about

it is

thoroughly
containing
make
fifty gallons. This is
is used on
apple trees in the

and

and

pounds

way

stir until

cloth into

cheese

solution

This

water.

the

this through a
sulphate and add
as

in such

water

sack,

gunny

of the

Strain

dissolved

in

sulphate
gallons of

50

"

the

in

rot

Diseases.

Fungus

Copper sulphate (blue vitriol)

Unslaked

50 gallons. This

to

brown

prevent

to

sulphur

the

Mixture.

Bordeaux

For

Dilute

of lime.

chunks

the

out

sieve, forcing

20-mesh

solutions

dilute

the

water

should

when

not

they

be mixed
are

mixed.

the

is known

what

Often

When

of water.

for each

made

pouring

to

brick

is taken

yellow,

test

in

be

may

and

water

If enough lime is
is needed
the color will

mixture.
if

more

Green.

Paris

Kill

Potato

Bugs.
1

green

for

be used

pound
pounds

20

lime

Hydrated
may

one

red.

To

This

of

of the solution

be used.

Bordeaux

the

by dissolving
pound to each

rate

enough lime is used.

little potassium
ferrocyanide

Dry

Paris

gallon

made

are

each

the

at

149

FARMING

that

will remain

the color

FOR

solutions"

one

to

taken

dissolving a
few drops into

present,

needed

of water

be

should

by

change

gallons

ten

Care

"stock

as

sulphate separately

and

lime

gallon

RlJLEt"

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

when

dusting potatoes

it is not

convenient

to spray.

Kerosene
Hard

soap

Rain

water

Kerosene
Shave
away

mixture

For

spray

pump

spider

of flowers
do

and

and

other

sulphur

of

dilute

not

until

pound of tobacco stems

night, or one
part of "Black

to

For

Paris

Cut

insects

Worms

dilute

about

gallon of
to

extract

or

Army

40

water

soaked

parts of

water.

1/, pound
25
2

Cheap

Molasses

necessary,

add

not

parts

Worms.

Water

Do

15

Bait.

green

sloppy.

with

Lice.

Bran

worms.

assumes

the
the

plant mites dilute the same

to the gallon.
Apply with

leaf"

Poisoned

not

hot,

until

Solution.

One

but

and

or

used.

Plant

For

If

the oil while

to

its bulk

one-half

to

Tobacco

over

add

for 5 minutes,

soft-bodied

other

red

the

ounce

pump

with

and

cream.

For

add

in hot water

one-third

plant lice and

of water.
and

from

increases

consistency of

1/2 pound
1 gallon
2 gallons

(coal oil)

the soap, dissolve

the fire. Churn

from

Emulsion.

IVo
water

Scatter

in

put it where

to

make

the

mixture

little fingerfuls
the hens

can

on

get it.

pounds
gallons
quarts

moist

ground

throughout,
infested
by

150

THE

ARM

8'

GUIDE

BOOK

Hellehore.
For

Fresh

Worms.

Gooseberry

and

Currant
hellebore

white

Water
with

Apply
hellebore

spray

be used

may

Death,

' '

sold

at

preparations
drug

most

to

the

it. Add
the

on

pail

green

in

or

As

is

and

"Bug

then

land-plaster.

or

give the

to

on.

corn

stir in

Do

faint

cover

Place

thoroughly.

and

drain

to

water

warm

not

few

tar

pour

preventive against wireworms,

in

be stirred

may

Shot"

stir

peck, and
to

dust

further

dew

the

Pulling Up.

enough

on

pour
to the

basket

from

Blackbirds

tar

while

Corn.

and

lime, road

dry seed.

the

Paris

sieve

of slaked

handfuls
on

into

corn

morning

are, "Slug
seed houses.

use

Seed

and

tablespoonful of

corn

Crows

Prevent

To

of the

Worms.

and

stores

gallons

lime.

the plants in the

on

ounces

dry application.1 part

hydrated

Tarred

Put

for

Cahhage

For

Sift rye flour

Good
commercial

If

pump.
to 5 of

enough
color.

green

Formaldehyde.
Stinking Smut

Smut,

Oat

For

of Wheat

Scabby Potatoes.

and

Smut
to

50

is caused

another

by

seed

kernels.

the

by
of

means

fungus
or

germs

When

which

spores

seeds

the

is carried

which

the

of the

grow

should

be.

as

the

seed

Spread
solution
over

pile

until

cover

out

but

moist,

repeatedly
and

follows

Treat

to

with

from

cling
fungus

to

the

crop

of

the outside
inside

grows

the

one

the

fungus takes
grain kernels

on

floor

wet

not

the

distribute
sacks

gallons

over

the plant blooms,

plant. Later, when
possession and produces black, dusty spores where

tissues

pint

Formaldehyde
Water

and

canvas

enough
moisture

to

pack

sprinkle with

in the

evenly,

for at least

canvas

or

or

two

then

Shovel

hand.

shovel

hours.

the

The

into

seed

until the next

day. If kept
rapidly
as
possible
grain
by spreading
Avoid
layer and stirirng occasionally with a rake.
a thin
from
reinfection with smut
boxes, or seeders.
smutty sacks, bins, wagon
also.
sohition
be
them
the
The
treatment
Give
formaldehyde
may
Each
and
mixed
in a barrel
applied with a sprinkling can.
gallon of
of grain.
than
bushel
this solution is enough for a little more
one
may

then

be

sown

soak

seed

once

should

longer the
it out into

When

at

be

treating potatoes,
for two

hours.

stand

may

or

dried

use

This

as

30
should

gallons of water,
be done

before

instead

of 50, and

the sprouts

start.

FACTS

USEFUL

RULES

AND

USEFUL
A

carbolic

rVnde

Kerosene
Clean
cracks

Good

Spray

for the

JIfn

House.
1

droppings

For

Killing Lice

on

litter

and

It will

the roosts.

Cattle

and

clean

and

thoronghly, in the
spray
all lice, unites and
fleas.
out

Young

Stocl-

oil

compound
of sulphur

Grease
killed.

be

oil
stock

the

Repeat

all

in ten

Killing Lice

For

Soft

with

over

days

071

to

this

ointment

destroy the

Cattle

and

Young

Churn

oil

and

wash

the

aniinals

Crude

Excellent
carbolic

Lice

Powder

Plaster

acid

pint
quarts

Repeat

Vo pint
II/2 pints
5
pounds

of Paris

Government

salt

quarts

thoroughly.

Mix
thoroughly and rub through a fine sieve.
day before using. Do not use this powder on young

Whitewash
12

2.

for Poultry.

Gasoline

in

will

1.

An

1.

No.

"

together

louse

every

well

No.

with

quarts

Stock

Water

as

1.

crop.

soap

Kerosene

and.

new

No.

"

gallon
pounds
pounds

1
5

Flowers

Kerosene

part
parts

under

Linseed

151

FORMULAS.

acid

and

Lard

FARMING

oil

all

np

FOR

for

Outside

Let

stand

for

one

chicks.

WhitevJash.
Use

"

(1) Slake

gallons of hot

1 bushel

of quicklime

water; (2) dissolve two

common
pounds
pound of sulphate of zinc in 2 gallons of boiling water;
(2) into (1). then add 2 gallons of skim milk and mix
oughly.
thoris
'rtie
Whitewash
surface
with a broad
spread liglitlyovei"

and

pour

of

brush.
2.

Whitewash

Interior
Painting
Slake a peck of quickfor
lime
and
the
is added.
instant the water
boiling water
cover
Strain after slaking, and put in a gallon of salt dissolved in hot water,
of a pound of Spanish whiting, two
a quarter
pounds of rice-paste,and
dissolved
of
in
Mix
a
water.
these thoroughly,
half-pound
M^arm
glue,
and
set aside for a few
cover,
days to ripen.
with

"

152

TEE

this

If

troughs,
two

FARMERS'

is

made

thin

hen-coops,
three

or

should
is

wash

be

If

No

on.

mice,

for

Wax

spray-pump

vermin

lice

or

Warm

Weather

No.

"

ounces
ounces

Tallow

ounce

above
and

proportion
into

pour

make

to

of

pail

it is nearly

until

wax

can

live

1.

the

nests,
is used

the

cold

white.

needed.

amount

Grease

water.

Work

into

Melt

the

sticks

hands

and

gether
to-

and

put

in

place.

Grafting

Cool

for

Wax

No.

Weather

Beeswax

Linseed

Prepare

oil

same

No.

as

Water
First

jars.

boil

and

Place

the

taking

care

that

place,

eggs

will

eggs

keep

The
to

will

size

the

cool
in

eggs

they

are

remain
than

from

solution

the

fertile

day

this

Station

of

and

of

40

gallon

80

gallon
....

] 20

gallon
.

pint

gallon

gallons

Hold

eggs

for

in

one

Use

they

as

placed

stone

laid,

are

cool,

year.

the

following

of
Will

Container

eggs

eggs

eggs

glass.

day,

to

gives

Size
Will

....

number

of

Container

pound

dark

Infertile

eggs.

I^xperiment

Size

water

If

solution

Washington
container

the

clean.

absolutely
in

add

then

water

fresh

longer

pounds

Preservative.

solution

glass

1.

Egg
Water

2.

"

Resin

as

fences,

on

Resin

stir

cool

sprayed

walls.

Beeswax

Use

the

put

be

may

and

BOOK

used.

Grafting

pull

it

enough,

poultry-houses

coats

this

where

GUIDE

gallon

160
....

200

gallon
....

10

gallon

400
....

HoUl
eggs

eggs
eggs

figures

FACTS

USEFUL

HOW
Black
side

Silk

intended

and

Stains

carbon,

turpentine,

and

spots

be softened

Iron
Do

not

can

Rust

use

Warm

"

silk ;

on

Riist From

Steel

10

feather

water.

From

Silk"

dry, then

brush

Scorch
Mildew
a

"

and
Fruit

over

and

burning

Linen

if

sulphur;

with

ounce

one

the

spot

dip

mediately
im-

efficient.

very

with

rub

Lay

"

in

bright

the

milder

the

garment

over

magnesia,

let it

sun.

spots, and
in

the

this

over

for two

sun

way.

Hands

the

citric acid.

or

powder

emery

spot and

juice, place
usual

on

oxalic

of

off.

little soap

lemon

Stains

the

White

in the

wash

of

is often

Alcohol

powder
a

lard.

"

Moisten

From

Rub

little chalk

hours

the

Stains

These

chloroform.

Apply cold soap, then touch

dipped in chlorate of soda, then

Cotton

in cold

Grease

bisulphide of

Use

"

the

through

strained

be used.

also

may

old, use

oil and

solution

half-ounce

fine brush

or

olive

cent

per

Faint

Oil
and

dry

with

153

table with

on

coffee

hot

From
if

or

milk

sour

Mix

"

of soap and rub well.

From
Fruit Stains
with

thoroughly; lay
with

Grease

or

spiritsof

tar

it

wipe

FARMING

STAINS.

show, up; sponge

partly dry, iron.

Remove

To

FOR

REMOVE

to

when

muslin;

TO

Brush

"

RULES

AND

Moisten

"

hands

the

vegetable stains,

with

rub

and
a

them

hold
slice of

raw

potato.
Inks

Indelible

"

10

solution

cent

per

of

potassium cyanide,

very

poisonous.
Iodine

"

Wood

alcohol,
Grease

Tar,

not

Wago7i
Paint, Varnish
use
turpentine
Oil

3Iarks

clay, leave

it

"

on

10

all

per

Soap

and

Turpentine,

cent

of potassium

solution

iodide.

oil,turpentine.
tetrachloride.
benzine, carbon

Do

silk.

Wall
Paper
night, brush

on

on

"

Apply

"

off in the

paste of cold

water

and

pipe

morning.

with equal parts turpenSpots From

Clothing Saturate
tine
and
spiritsof ammonia.
with
flannel dipped in oatmeal.
To Cleanse
Rub
House
Paper
Mix
Cloth
Black
with
three parts
one
part of spiritsof amm(mia
dark
with sponge
clean
rub
rub
with
water;
or
cloth;
water;

Paint

"

"

"

warm

with

the

nap.

Finger Marks, Rub with a soft rag and sweet oil.

over
lightly with a damp linen cloth.
Rub
cloth dipped in kerosene, nfterZinc
with a piece of cotton
v/ith a dry cloth.
Window
Paint can
Glass
be removed
by a strong solution of soda.
Common
To Clean
Tinware
soda, applied with a moistened
paper
newswill
look
and
with
it
like
make
a dry piece,
new.
polished
Boil
in which
in it water
has
To
soda
the Coffee Pot
Cleanse
Furniture
Chromos

"

"

For

Go

"

wards

"

"

"

l"een dissolved.

Chloroform

will

often

restore

the

color

in

colored

goods.

154

THE

S'

TESTED

RECIPES

SALT-RISING
Put

(use

small-sized

one-half

should

in,

poured
scalding
known

it

"railroad
It will

use.

glass)

and

full.

covered

at

an

even

become

for several

of bread, put

bit

this

make

of

be set

kept

of flour

cup

about
scalded

batter.

milk

the

containing
just
temperature
in
six
light
hours,
if

cover

soda

thin

Stir while

now

fitted

enough

dish

days,
1

to

with

over

It may

emptyings."

glass

add

Pour

pea.

one-half

should

keep

loaves

into

partially cooled,

place in
will keep
It

BREAD.
meal

corn

small

about

cup

heat.

as

For

as

become

and

where

set

for

has

fill the

of

dried-beef

large

as

which

milk,

and

tablespoons

BOOK

GUIDE

It

being

is

water

warm

little below

and

is then

until

away

ready

cool.
into

bread

and

pan

of scalded
to avoid
lumps, 1 cup
to
wet
the entire
enough boiling water
thoroughly
of cold
Stir until
2 cups
perfectly smooth, then add about
mass.
flour to make
soft batter.
Stir into this, which
and enough
water
a
be about
hike warm,
three teaspoons
of the emptyings,
should
now
in
of
and
water
set where
warm
larger
a
place the bread
pan
pan
drafts.
Avoid
about
Avill
hot.
When
double
but not
it
keep warm,

it, stirring constantly

over

pour

milk, hot, and

in

add

bulk

soft

place

warm

bake

in

of

teaspoons

with

loaves

and

small

let

moderate

salt

amount

rise

again

and
of

sufficient

kneading

until

about

flour

to

Set

(mixing).
double

in

into

make

bulk,

in

then

oven.

ROLLS.
milk
Pour
scant
1 pint of boiled
half-cup of shortening
over
a
when
and
Add
half lard).
(half butter and
half-cup of sugar,
a
Thicken
in
cake
dissolved
little
water.
a
cold, 1 compressed
yeast
knead
into
rise
soft loaf, adding oneand
for bread
Let
as
sponge.
AVhen
Let
rise again.
half teaspoon
salt at this time.
light knead
and
inch
thick.
Butter
sprinkle very
little, and roll out one
very
with
and
with
cookie
cutter
cut
together;
pinch
edges
lightly
flour;
15 minutes.
for about
in moderate
let get very
oven
light. Bake
for
Let
rise on
the
at
in
ten
Start at nine
night.
use
morning
or
stove.
Avhen
cold weather,
side table, unless
place near
severe

GRAHAM
One-half

cup

New

cups

graham

flour, 2

milk,

1 scant

teaspoon

hour

in

moderate

Orleans
cups

white

BREAD.

molasses, i/o cup

granlated
milk,
sour
flour, 2 cups

soda, 1 teaspoon

salt.

This

two

oven.

makes

Stir

small

well

and

loaves.

sugar,
or

butter

bake

one

156

TEE

FARMERS'

GUIDE

CAKE.

PLAIN
One

If short

milk,

rounding

egg,

sifted

2 cups

of

sugar,

cup

milk,

sweet

half

and
well
beat
together, add
egg
has
salt
and
been
mixed,
powder

medium-sized

in

add

Cream

butter

and

sugar

the
flour, in which
baking
Beat
bake
and
thoroughly

inilk.

tin.

bread

LAYER
One

butter, 1 cup
baking powder.

teaspoons

used.

be

may

soft

tablespoon

Hour, 2 heaping

water

BOOK

and

CAKE.
beaten

tabelspoons
Add
sweet
1 cup
melted
milk, 2 heaping
butter, beat thoroughly.
sifted
2
of salt,
baking
powder,
through
flour,pinch
teaspoons
cups
two
vanilla
makes
three
smaller
1 teaspoon
large layers, or
ones.
;
sugar

cup

eggs

PIE
One

to

cream;

CRUST.

flour, 2 large tablespoons lard, 3 tablespoons water,

the lard into the flour thoroughly, add
Work
and
salt.
the water
with
into
form
work
the
hands
it
for
When
gently
shaping
rolling.
a
is formed,
floured board, pat with a rolling
turn
on
a
a stiff dough
pin and roll into a thin piece.
cup

CUSTARD
Two

beaten, %

eggs,

little salt

and

PIE.

Smooth

nutmeg.

rounding tablespoon

sugar,

cup

flour

the

and

milk; put all ingredients into a pint bowl and

makes
in raw
crust.
fillingfor one
pie. Bake

LEMON
One
1

boiling water,

cup

moisten

with

starch

this

pour

beaten

the

over

eggs

and

lemon.
and

water

and

butter

lemon

butter,

eggs,

cold

juice

enough
the
one

Stir

to

water

the

stew

or

with

mash

dry off, taking

undercrust

together,
in

season

moderately

with

hot

then

cut

let

the

starch,

corn

and

butter

add

into

masher.

pie take 1 well beaten egg, lA

1 cup
rich milk
(a little cream
well

This

sugar,

boiling water;

add
cool, then
grated rind.

the

pieces, until

soft

PIE.

that

care

Cream

little of the

pumpkin,
potato

little

milk.

tablespoon

and

sugar

with

PUMPKIN
Steam

nutmeg
fill with

flour, a

PIE.

tablespoon

sugar,

cup

in

it does
cup

Vo
oven.

small

Return

of

burn

not

brown

improves
teaspoon

the

it to

scorch.

or

1 cup

sugar,

it) and
ginger

fire to

pinch

and

bake

let
For

kin,
pump-

of

salt.
with

PIE.

RHUBARB
One

large

between

bake

and

chopped pie plant, 1 large cup

flour.
juice of 1 lemon, 1 teaspoon

Two-thirds

FILLING.

of

juice

sugar,

cup

boiling
lemon, yolks

small

NO.

1.

IY2 tablespoons

corn

and

water

cup

one

egg,

the

Stir all together

crusts.

two

CAKE

this

sugar,

cup

and

rind

grated

157

FARMING

FOR

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

of 2 eggs,

starch

add

minutes;
tablespoon butter

cook

pour
rind

and

cook

over

and
one

minute.

One-half

milk, 2 teaspoons flour, yolks

1/2cup sweet
teaspoon butter, teaspoon vanilla, 1/2cup chopped
until

boiler

in double

Cook

meats.

nut

cup

milk,
stir;

Put

egg.
bake
m

and

of

egg,

an

one-half

1 egg,

quick

sour
lard, 1 cup
cinnamon,
teaspoon

cup

ginger.
ingrdients

dish

in

together

and

oven.

CO OKIES.
butter the
1 cup
sour
cream,
Mix
soft and bake quickly.

sugar,

cups

soda.

1 teaspoon

1
1

all

SUGAR
One

molasses,

Teaspoon

salt, 1

soft and

mix

Duff's

cup

soda.

teaspoons

teaspoon

even

sugar,

it thickens.

COOKIES.

GINGER
One

2.

sugar,

cup

heaping

of 2 eggs,

NO.

FILLING.

CAKE

size

BREAD.

GINGER

flour,
I/2 cup lard, 1 cup molasses, 2i/l"cups
sugar,
cup
each
of
mon
cinna1 cup
1
soda, ginger,
boiling water,
teaspoon
add
the
lard and
and
Beat
cloves.
molasses;
sugar,
eggs,

One-half
2 eggs,

them,

cream

boiling

water.

then

add

Bake

in

flour, soda
a
long pan
SPONGE

To

7 eggs

take

half

spices and

and
in

last

moderate

of

all the

oven.

CAKE.

pound of flour and

of

pound

of sugar

the sugar
Pour
a
the juice and
and
over
grated rind of a lemon.
and yolks
Beat
whites
and
let it boil.
half-cupful of boiling water
clear
is boiled
to
well
of egg
a
together, and when
sugar
syrup,
thick
and
whole
until
it
is
the
light.
it
them,
beating
over
pour
in a
last of all. Bake
add
the lemon
Stir in the flour lightly and
slow

oven.

STEAK

BEEF

pound of medium
in bottom
square
; place

Cut
inches
over

the

pieces,then

add

thick

STEW.
round

steak

into

pieces about

3-quart basin, drop bits of butter

alternate
layers of onions and sliced poof

THE

158

tatoes, scattering
of

the

BOOK

GUIDE

and

salt

dish

The

each

over

Fresh,

cover

canned

or

layer.

be

may

boiling water;

on

5 hours.

sloAvly for about

S'

top.

on

Pour

top.

little flour

of butter

supply
inch

AB

Put

bake

tightly and

tomatoes,

may

erous
gen1

within

filled to

added,

be

if desired.

Cut
into

boiled
and

carrots, turnips and

potatoes,
bits

add

cooked

of

If the

serve.

meat

season

salted

was

salt and

cooked,

when

beef

in which

with

desired

vegetable

has

been
heat

pepper,

only

small

added.

be

of salt need

amount

meat,

other

any

in broth

boil until tender

dice and

small

STEW.

VEGETABLE

AND

BEEF

MINCE

MEAT.

has been
thoroughly cooked, 2
ground beef, which
beef
suet,
sour
apples (Greenings preferred), 2 teacups
quarts
1
1
English currants, 1
raisins,
pound
teacup
fine,
ground
very
brown
1 pound
granulated
molasses, 1 pound
sugar,
pint black
1 teaspoon
boiled
1
1
jelly,
cider,
or
apple
cider, pint
quart sour
sugar,
meg.
salt, 1 teaspoon cloves, 1 tablespoon cinnamon, 1 grated nutand
rants
be seeded
raisins should
The
ground, the English curoughly
thorMix
cook
and
washed
together,
ground.
thoroughly
and can
hot, as fruit.
One

quart

MOCK

MEAT.

MINCE

peck sour
apples, 5 pounds sugar, half
pound raisins, 1 pound English currants,
brown, half granulated,
2
2 tablespoons cinnamon,
1 tablespoon cloves, 1 tablespoon nutmeg,
2
Dove
2
boiled
tablespoons
molasses,
cider,
vinegar or
cups
cups
One

peck

tomatoes.

green

salt, 2

cups

last two

warm

fine and
boil in three waters,
tomatoes
suet,. Grind
each
Put
minutes
time.
15
when
put on, boiling

together,
until

apples

fire.

If boiled
Can

and

seem

is

cider
same

preferred by

as

gredients
in-

1 hour, or
exception of spices, and
from
before
minutes
5
removing
spices
;
stituted.
subbe
not
pickle juice may
available, pear
boil

with

done

the

add

mince

some

This

meat.

real

to

mince

is

an

excellent

substitute

meat.

PUDDING.

SUET

milk, V2
chopped fine, 1 cup sweet
different
1
chopped
English
currants,
teaspoon
cup
cup
spices to suit taste, 1 teaspoon soda, 1 teaspoon salt,31/2 cups sifted
in two
3 hours
buttered
steam
Stir ingredients together and
flour.
One

COffcB

cup

molasses, 1
raisins, V2

suet

cup

C 3-118.

SAUCE

FOR

SUET

PUDDING.

(all the juice and

3 tablespoons boiling water.
1/2the grated peel), 1 teaspoon nutmeg,
Cook
constantly.
stirring
boiling
water,
over
One

cup

sugar,

1/2 cup

butter,

1 egg,

1 lemon

USEFUL

AND

FACTS

APPLE
and

One
brown

one-half

apple

cups

cups

butter

cup

stir

all

into

the

thoroughly,

sized

sweet

Cook

onions, sliced.
add

hour;

to

pepper

1 cup
taste

mashed

in

toes,
pota-

hot

with

Let

boil

; serve

crackers.

quartes

the

jelly.

not
to

and

soft then

quart

bottle

while

Concords

6 quarts.

but

squeeze,

JUICE.

after

grapes
are

grapes

Do

of sugar

strain

stir soda

sauce;

together,

milk, 2 medium
boiler
three-quarters of an
small
piece of butter, salt and
quart

Ten

cup

soda,

teaspoons

SOUP.

GRAPE

until

for

as

for

sauce,

sifted flour, 1 teaspoon

cinnamon,
Cook
V2 cup butter, salt.
apples,

MILK

double

159

bake.

and

One

FARMING

CAKE.

1/2teaspoon cloves, a little nutmeg,

and sweeten
put through a colander
butter
and
cream
apple sauce,
sugar
beat

FOR

SAUCE

raisins,2

1 cup

sugar,

RULES

of

and

FRUIT

quart

and

seal

SALAD

as

for

scant

is all dissolved,

sugar

This

carefully.
juice.

grape

water.

through cloth
juice, adding

Measure

let boil until

juice;
best

strain

let drain.

hot

make

stemming,
mash

makes

about

DRESSING.

Four

2 tablespoons
tablespoons cream,
vinegar, 3 tablespoons
1/4teaspoon mustard, V4 teaspoon salt. 2 eggs.
Beat eggs
gether
tosugar,
until light, then
salt and
add sugar,
mustard
which
has been
the vinegar and
mixed, next
Cook
hot water
lastly the cream.
over
until
Use
thick, stirring constantly.
fruit
sa,lad.
on
any

CHILI

Chop

and

peppers
1

together
2

onions.

tablespoon salt,

cloves

to

boil
;

taste

dozen

SAUCE.

good

sized

for

1 hour,

Boil

tablespoons
all together

One

lard. 1 cup
sugar,
of cinnamon

cup

tablespoon

each

baking
out.

Bake

in

Wash

and

wipe

three

in

stone

add

for

20

minutes

or

green

cupful vinegar,

sugar,

seal

cinnamon

and

in bottles.

COOKIES
1 cup

1 cup
1 teaspoon

molasses,

and

ginger,
soda, a little salt, flour to make
not
too hot.
a quick oven,
PICKLED

of peppers

then

light brown

MOLASSES

ripe tomatoes,

boiling water,
spoon
cloves, 1 teastiff enough
to roll

CUCUMBERS.
hundred
with

small

cucumbers

and

one

quart

jar
to boiling
Y2 cup of salt. Heat
point 11/2 gallons of cider vinegar, and II/2pints of water.
Add
i/4
whole
cinnamon
pound
and
stick
each, of whole
cloves,
allspice
and 1 ounce
of white mustard-seed, and pour
over
pickles.
;

put

160

THE

ARM

8'

GUIDE

WALNUT
Place
of
boil

When

add

Pour

or

TAFFY.

kettle

pounds

is dissolved

sugar

of tartar

cream

buttered

walnuts.

into

the

I/2teaspoon
in

Spread

fire in

the

over

water.

BOOK

of

and

and

cook

and

sugar

the

the

degree.
hickory
nuts,

crack

pound and a half of shelled

them
and when
boiling candly over
a

pan

the

to

comes

syrup

to

pint

one

break

cool

pieces.
SOAP

MAKING.
NO.

1.

pounds of cracklings
Use
a
large iron
pails (10-quart size) of soft water.
the 3 cans
of lye, let it come
in 1 pail of the water
and
the lye. Then
to a boil so as to dissolve
put in the cracklings. Let
other
hours
and
add, along, the two
this boil slowly for four
five
or
in
handfuls
of
two
Before
quit boiling it put
pails of water.
you
and
around
kettle
the
fire
from
Take
the
borax.
powdered
away
four
cut
out
can
let it stand
night. In the morning
over
soap
you
of the
five inches thick and there will be no lye left in the bottom
or
in
be
used
board
to
in cakes
and lay on
kettle.
Cut
out
dry
can
a
;
Take

three

and

rinds,
kettle, put

of

cans

concentrated

14

can

Babbitt's

time.

short

NO.
One

soft

quart

Strain

cool.

tallow) through
mix
thoroughly
into

mould

This

soap

before
is too

kettle

in

of

2 quarts

stir

over

to

strong

NO.
Farmer's
When

weather

cold

months

two

solution,

cold

the

beef

be

must

thick.

Pour
cool.

thoroughly

old.

3.

Soft

in

sets

into

off before

block

until

use

which

of

it becomes

fire until

and

lye, i/i pound

all is dissolved,

until

heat

(a part
slowly

pour

thick

too

and

grease

cloth,

cheese

and

2.

10-cent

water,
Place

borax.

powdered
then

lye,

Soap.
begin

farmers

many

to

"soap

save

in
ashes, preparatory
such
kinds
of
The "soap grease" consists of all
scraps,
kinds
of odds
in
all
fact
in
with
bones
meat
them,
marrow
as
rinds,
in the
If
beef
is
there
and
ends that are
no
partly grease.
grease
be supplied.
must
lot, some

their

and

grease"
the spring.

In

' '

grease,

Erect
the

the

platform

bottom
lime.

ready

set

the
the

days.
to

barrel

use.

and

on

with

barrel

weather,
When

with

and

about

of

hard-wood
pour

as

trough

both

top

begins

weather

warm

and

platform

straw

some

Fill
to

several

board

the

is made

soap

making

to

spring, before

the

' '

soap

hard-wood

on

the lye is strong

follows
for

knocked

this

about

ashes
water

enough

that
one

to

affect

to

the

the

catching

ends

soap

lye.
out, place in

of

quarts
have

pail
bear

not
at
up

a
an

On
the

slaked

been

posed
ex-

time, for
egg

it is

FACTS

USEFUL

all the

RULES

AND

FOR

161

FARMING

on
grease" in a caldron
kettle, pour
lye to
The
and leave the
it and
boil.
cover
lye will take up all the grease
Boil slowly and
bones clean in the bottom.
keep trying, adding more
until the soap becomes
thick, then let
seems
as
lye or water
necessary,
cool and place in a barrel for future
use.
it
find in the morning
If perchance, as
sometimes
happens, you
will thicken
of water
the addition
has
turned
that the soap
back,
in
used
should
be
water
soft
making.
it. Only
soap

Place

"soap

'

' '

'

HOW

CURE

TO

Clear, cold weather

should
and

cold

use

is the

and

firm

trimmings

for

be

If the

smoked

kept

in the

four

weeks

before

will

BACON.

for butchering

best

cutting

is to

up.

through

last

six weeks

at least

be

AND

Trim

time,

hams

the

as

and

meat

shoulders

sausage.

meat

pickle

HAMS

sufficient.

the

if it is to

There

it should

summer,
be used

is nothing

better

be

immediately,
than
clean,

smokng, although hickory chips will answer

very
well.
All brine
be strong enough
to float an
for pork should
egg.
the
the
add
the
of
water
to
Use
cover
ingredients
enough
meat,
See that
the meat.
formula
over
used, boil, skim, let cool and pour
dry

for

cobs

corn

all the

meat

is covered.

NO.

molasses,

of

pounds

100

For

1 teaspoon

meat

1.
1

"

NO.

pounds

100

For

of

brown

salt, 2 pounds
CURING

meat

"

sugar,

HAMS

AND

4
ounce

of

ounce

of

soda, 8 pounds

saltpeter,

pint of

salt.

2.

tablespoons saleratus, 8 pounds

saltpeter.

BACON
NO.

WITHOUT

of

BRINE.

1.

1 pound
pounds of meat
% pound red pepper,
pepper,
brown
salt.
3
1 bushel
1/2pound powdered
pounds
saltpeter,
sugar,
Mix, rub each piece of meat
thoroughly and pack closely in a large
with
Leave
tub.
same
as
brine, then wash, dry and smoke.

For

100

"

NO.
For

100
4

three

dry

times
and

pounds

of meat

2 quarts salt, 3 ounces

powdered
Mix
well and
rub
1/2 pint molasses.

sugar,

ounces

with

the

"

mixture,

rub
down.

one

weeks

two

between

peter,
saltmeat

rubbings, wash

smoke.
NO.

For

2.

100

pounds

meat

tablespoons brown
portion into the

"

pounds

sugar.
meat

3.

salt, i/ipound

Mix, divide
every

three

into

days.

powdered
three
Place

peter,
salt-

parts, and
with

rind

162

THE

FARMERS'

GUIDE

PACKING
Use
and

jar

stone

freshly scalded

barrel

that

barrel

or

has

old

do.

Do

not

salt into

Put

perfectly clean
for
pork, a
use,

but

Nothing

the

of

bottom

the

it as it
tightly, sprinkling salt over
hams, except that only salt is used.
looks
take out, boil,
if the brine
weeks
muddy
or
ropy,
brine
Do
not
the
to jar.
on
put new
pork and return

jar, pack
Make

is packed.
After
two
wash

skim,

for beef.

used

been

PORK.

whiskey barrel.
receptacles will

or

BOOK

the

in

pork

brine

for

as

pork.
SAUSAGE.
Various
ings
seasonpork trimmings.
less
use
staple. For the city market
the
fore
Pour
the
pieces beseasoning over
country.
After
thoroughly, pack into clean
grinding mix
from

is made
Sausage
used, but sage
are
fat

the

for

than

grinding.
jars and
in

hung

the

over

NO.
For

ly? teaspoons
For

of

pound

Soak
which
will

This

They

of

the

upper
enough salt
all

remove

should

have

Boil

until

brine.

finely. Season
or

liked,
crock

well

set.

rolled

meat

2.

18

ounces

"

and

salt,

teaspoon

pepper,

salt,

ounces

pepper,

CHEESE.

in

to

sage,

as

and

It

been
the

flour and

put
and

with

summer

be

been
blood

for

make

to

render

in
day or two
fairly strong

white

them

before
cleaned
thoroughly
will drop easily. Let
bones

taste

weight
may

has
the

heads

the

of

parts

so

to

as

served

fried.

form

BOLOGNA

in

cut

It makes

clean
the feet,
Thoroughly
When
cold they may
drop out.

firm

cold,

in

Place

etc.

savory,

nice

such

and

salt

pepper

PIGS'

to

sausage

grease,

1.

NO.

HEAD

as

in

the

sage.

ounces

in

bags, dipped

11/2 teaspoons

"

preferred,

sage.

pounds

40

meat

If

top.

muslin

packed in unbleached
place.
a dry

be

may

lard

melted

pour

the

is the

placing
cool, then
aromatic

deep
Let

mass.

thin

and

brine.
pure.
in the

chop
herbs

earthen
remain

slices,or

breakfast

water

sliced

dish
until
and

dish.

FEET.
then
be

boil until

put

into

the
hot

ready
spiced vinegar.
bones

are

SAUSAGE.

pounds of lean beef, 1 pound salt pork, 3 pounds lean fresh

white
1 teaspoonful ground
pork, 1 pound beef suet, 1 ounce
pepper,
1
3
teaspoonful
salt,
large onion chopped
ounces
one
cayenne,
mace,
suet
fine.
and
fine, then mix; add
separately very
Chop the meat
Six

164

THE

FABMERH'

GUIDE

COMMISSION
While

merchant,
deal.

do

we

advise

that
do

caution

in

so,

reliability of

the

those

not

they

MERCHANTS.

guarantee

believe

we

Should
We

not

BOOK

listed below

please notify

shipping

will

unknown

to

of

leaving for parts

Avoid

and

unknown.

BALTIMORE,
BOND

THOMAS

"

SNYDER

THE

STEVENS

Fruits

BROTHERS,

T.

HOLWAY

E.

pocketing

parties

the

entire

them.

and

Hall

Fanuel

St.

Light St.

Market.

St.

Market

107-109

Produce,

Produce, 15
Produce,

General

and

Fruits

COMPANY,

Such

out

and

Poultry

Eggs,

Market.

CO., Fruits

"

MEAD

J. D.

New

Produce, 4
Produce,
CO., Fruits

Hall

Fanuel

houses.

send

MASS.

and

GRAVES

"

Side

North

and

Fruits

PRATT

COLLINS,
13

Fruits

CO.,
BROTHERS,

CHAPIN

who

MD.

BOSTON,
ALLEN-HURD

square

once.

and
Vegetables, 17 E. Camden
CO., Fruits and Vegetables, 220-222
St.
Charles
and
Produce, 226

Fruits

SON,

BLANKFARD

"

you

firms

quotations higher than those of established

in the habit
often irresponsible,and are
are
returns

give

at

us

commission

any

and

General

Market

North

Clinton

cor.

St.
and

Fulton

144-146

gan
Michi-

St.s.
YOUNG

F.

A.

and
Potatoes, 77
CO., Fruits, Onions
and
Fruits
General
INC.,
CO.,

"

St.

Clinton

Produce,

WILLIAMS

"

POTTER

Ave.
N.

BUFFALO,
BURT

H.

PVuits

BEAN,

F.

BRENNISEN

G.

M.

"

WATTLES

DANIEL

"

WHITNEY,

R.

in

Market
and
Perry Sts.
Merchants, 156-158
Michigan Ave.
Wholesale
Butter, Eggs and Cheese, 152 Michigan Ave.
Wholesale
Butter, Eggs and
Cheese, 154 Michigan Ave.
Butter
Wholesale
St.
Cheese, 42 W. Market
Eggs, and

SON,
SON,

BOOSING,

GEO.

Produce

and

BROS.,

ILL.

BROS.,

A.

L.

G.

M.

Vegetables, Butter, Eggs

McCLAY

"

WAGNER

H.

ANKENBAUER

G.

J. CANNON
E.

N.

HENRY
THE

"

MARKLEY

W.
L

"

RILEY

ARMACOST,
L

General

Vegetables, Butter, Eggs and

Poultry,
and
Vegetables, 131 W. So.
CO., Fruits
Fruits
" SONS,
and
Vegetables, 123

CINCINNATI,
F.

and

Produce,

117

W.

So.

St.

Water

COYNE

lots, W.

car

Commission

General

CHICAGO,
BARNETT

Y.

Sixth

SONS,
CO.,

Fruits

119

W.

So.

Water
W.

Water

St,

St.

So.

Water

St.

O.

and

St.
Vegetables, 118 E, Front
General
E. Front
St.
Produce, 111-113
and
St.
CO., Fruits
Vegetables, 110 E. Front
"
Domestic
CO., Foreign and
Fruits, Vegetables, 212-214
"

Fruits

and

St.

PIERCE

"

RANSICK

WEIL-BROCKMAN

CO., Foreign
"

SONS,

and

Domestic

Fruits

CO.,

Fruits

and
and

Fruits,Vegetables,
Produce,

226

Vegetables,

W.

Sixth

107-109

W.

224

Sixth

St.
E.

Front

St.

St.

FACTS

USEFUL

RULES

AND

FOR

BIGALOW

THE

FEUIT
"

STRAUSS

M.

Fruits

CO.,
Fruits

CO.,

and

and
Produce, Cor. E. Ninth
Produce, Hay and Grain, 933

COLUMBUS,
THE

EVANS

THE

WILLIAM

"

TURNER

Fruits

CO.,

FISHER

SONS

"

BALDWIN

M.

L.

GEO.

"

"

Fruits

and

and

Produce,

Fruits

CO.,

Wholesale

CO.,

Broadway.
Bldg.

Garfield

St.

Chestnut

123

E.

120

Produce,

"

Towne

St.

MICH.

Ave.
Vegetables, 360 Jefferson
and
Poultry,
Fruits, Produce

Wood-

29

St.

bridge
BROWN

CHAS.

CO.,

COLLINS

and

O.

DETROIT,
F.

165

O.

CLEVELAND,
H.

FARMING

and
Market.
Produce, Eastern
CO., Fruits
" SON,
Fruits, Vegetables, Beans, etc., 26

"

READE

EDWARD

W.

Woodbridge

St.

J. M.

SMITH

"

Fruits

Wholesale

CO.,

and

HITZ

"

CO., Foreign

and

St.

Woodbridge

IND.

INDIANAPOLIS,
GEO.

W.

41

Produce,

Fruits

Domestic

and

30-34

Vegetables,

S.

ware
Dela-

St.
J.

L.

Fruits

KEACH,

JOHN

Produce,

and

NEUMAN

W.

"

CO.,

Fruits

KANSAS

C.

CLEMONS

C.

Grand

S.

112

CITY,

CO., Wholesale

PRODUCE

St.
S.

29

Delaware

St.

MO.
Fruits

and

Produce,

128

132

and

Ave.

DOUGLAS-AGNEW

CO., Wholesale

FRUIT

Fruits

FRUIT

DENUNZIO

and

Produce,

419

Walnut

St.

KY.

LOUISVILLE,
JOS.

Delaware

Produce,

and

CO., Fruits,Vegetables

and

Produce,

112

W.

Jefferson

St.
KOHLHEPP
D.

B.

"

SPERRY,

and
Fruits
lULA,
Apples, Potatoes,

General
Beans

and

MILWAUKEE,
G.

EISSLER

R.

GODFREY

A.

E.
A.

E.

108-110

Jefferson

St.

S. Second

St.

WIS.

CO.,

"

Fruits

SONS

MINN.

MINNEAPOLIS,
COLLINS

GRINNELL,
St., N.
C.

E.

HEALY

Sixth

"

CO.,

SON,

P.

STACY

"

JORDAN

GEO.
NOBLE

Green

Wholesale

Fruits

Dealers

and

in

Country
Potatoes

Produce,
and

SONS,

BROS.,
W.

DAVIDSON
"

SALTER,

LA.

and
Sixth
Produce, 200-202
Produce, 206 Sixth St., N.
" CO., Fruits
and
Produce, 309-313
Gravier
and
Fruits
Produce, 201-215

Fruits

Fruits

ORLEANS,

St., N.

and

Povdras
St.

212

Produce,

St.

NEW
E.

200

and
Produce, 275 Broadway.
CO., Fruits and Produce, 257 Broadway.
GROSSENBACH
and
Vegetables, 299-303' Broadway.
CO., Fruits, Produce
General
J. W.
PIERCE
Commission,
CO., Produce,
Vegetables, Eggs and
305-307
Broadway.

A.

"

Produce,
Onions,

St.

Sixth
125

N.

FARMERS'

THE

166

GUIDE

NEW
BRO.

N.

YORK,

BOOK

Y.

Fruits
St.
and
Produce, 103-105
Murray
"Sts.
Franklin
and
West
Vegetables, cor.
Fruits
and
Place.
J. " S. H. DAVENPORT,
W.
Produce, 130 Park
Fruits
and
St.
DIXONS
" SON,
R. W.
Produce, 266 Washington
Fruits
and
St.
S. H.
" E. H. FROST,
Vegetables, 319 Washington
St.
and
" PAGE,
Fruits. Vegetables
FURMAN
Produce, 112 Warren
St.
Fruits
B. HANSON,
and
HORACE
Produce, 180 Reade
Morris
Ave.
and
HENRY
L. HUNTER,
Produce, 849
INC., Fruits
St.
HUBBS
"Sr CO., Fruits
and
Produce, 279 Washington
McCORMICK,
and
St.
JOHN
NIX
" CO., Fruits
Vegetables, 281 Washington
St.
and
OLIVIT
Vegetables, 335 Washington
BROS., INC., Fruits
FRENCH
"
SHUTTLEWORTH
CO., INC., Exporters and Importers
SIMONS,

BAHEENBURG

J. H.
E.

R.

A.

r.

BRACKETT

of

"

CO.,

and

Franklin

Fruits, 204

Green
YOUNG

"

Fruits

CO.,

CO., Vegetables

St.
Duane

and

Fruits, Washington

and

PA.

PHILADELPHIA,

St.
Vegetables, 132 Dock
Dock
St.
226
Vegetables,
St.
Fruits
and
WILLIAM
Produce, 10 S. Front
St.
Fruits
and
"
BROWN
Vegetables, 334 N. Front
Fruits
and
G. W.
Vegetables. N.E. cor. Second
BUTTERWORTH,
St.
and
C. G. JUSTICE
Vegetables, 123 Dock
CO., Fruits
St.
Fruits
and
MICHAEL
" SON,
H.
W.
Vegetables, 114 Dock
150
Dock
St.
and
P. S. SCOTT
Vegetables,
CO., Fruits

E.

ARMSTRONG

S.

BARKER

"

"

CO., Fruits

CO., Fruits
G. BONSTEDT,
McMAHON,

H.

B.

WILLIAMS.

E.

S.

WOODWORD

and

and

PA.

CO., Fruits, A^egetables and

Poultry, 56 21st St.
Fi-uits,Produce.
Eggs and Poultry, 60 21st St.
FANNING,
St.
Ave.
and
21st
Fruits
and
FLAHERTY,
Produce, cor. Penn

M.

JOSEPH

and
CO., Fruits
Fruits, Vegetables,

PRODUCE

KOEHLER

WALLACE,

JOHN

F.

PADGETT

"

FRUIT

GERBER
W.

CO.,

Fourth

Fruits

and

M.

W.

O.

AMMON,

Produce,

J.

BAKER

Fruits

and

Produce,

67

E.
and

O.

CO., Fruits, Vegetables,

CO., Foreign and Domestic

Butter

CO., Fruits
L. ANDERSON,
Fruits
W.
H.
HARRISON,
PRICE
"
KREY,
CO., Live
Ave, N. W.
R.

21st

St.

Eggs,

E.

Gary

St.

817

N.

1303

Fourth

N.

St.

Poultry, Butter, Fruit,

ADAMS

"

SHERWOOD,

905

Third

St.

Produce,

Nuts

TOLEDO,
"

ROBERT

J.

and

804-806

and

and

Fruits

WASHINGTON,
E.

205

MINN.

PAUL,

CO., Fruits, Vegetables

" Co., Wholesale
Fruits,

Fillebrown

GEROE

THE

Ave.

Penn

St.

DORE-REDPATH
J.

Butter

CO., Eggs,
ST.

AUGUST

and

Poultry,

MO.

LOUIS,

COMMISSION

BRACKMAN

and

Eggs

VA.

CO., Fruits, Vegetables,

ST.

St.

18th

Produce,
Butter.

RICHMOND,

F.

Sts.

COGGINS

O.

JAMES

S.

Dock

and

St.
and
Produce, 29-30 Market
INC., Fruit
and
St.
" CO., Fruits
Vegetables, 122 Dock

PITTSBURGH,
M.

Sts.

and
D.

111-115

Vegetables,

E.

Third

79

Eggs, 139-141
Produce, 32-36

E.

St.
Third

S. Huron
N.

Huron

C.

B St., N. W.
Vegetables, 907-909
B
and
919
Vegetables,
St., N.
and
Vegetables, 905 B St., N. W.
Produce,
Stock, Poultry, Eggs and
and

Fruits

Louisiana

Ave.

N.

W.

W.

923

Louisiana

St.

St.

St.

USEFUL

AND

FACTS

CUT-FLOWER

RULES

COMMISSION

"

F.

McCAKTHY

H.

M.

E0BIN80N

CO.,

"

MASS.

Hawlev

84

CO.,

St.

Providence

15

St.

CO.,

KASTING

F.

Ellicott

385

St.

ILL.

CHICAGO,
W.

CHAS.

T.

McKELLAR,

A.

51
37-39

BUDLONG,

Ave.

Wabash

51

REINBERG.

PETER

Y.

N.

BUFFALO,
WM.

Wabash

Ave.

Randolph

St.

O.

CINCINNATI,
THE

J.

M.

SON'S

Mc-CULLOUGfT'S

CO.,

EXCHANGE,

FLOWER

CUT

N.

113

BROTHERS,

MINN.

St.

Sixth

FLOWER

CUT

YORK

NEW

M.

C.

FORD,

A.

L.

YOUNG

121

CO.,

RIEDEL

BAGLEY,

54
"

W.

W.

28th

MEYER,

THE

NIESSON
S.

8.

"

PENNOCK-MEEHAN

CO.,

28th

St.

St.

INC.,

34

W.

1209

Arch

St.

28th

PA.

PHILADELPHIA,
LEO

and

St.

28th

St.

28th

W.
"

51

Ave.

Sixth

CO.,

FRENCH,

"

CITY.

YORK

NEW

HENSHAW

Broadway.

38-40

MINNEAPOLIS,
RICE

St.

Walnut

310

MICH.

DETROIT,
MICHIGAN

FARMING

MERCHANTS.

BOSTON,
N.

FOR

St.

CO.,

1 808-1812

Ludlow

St.

167

AR

THE

168

S'

TO

WHERE
A

from

request

their

latest

their

nearest

every

firm

them

to

you

catalog and

CITY

ACETYLENE

CARBIDE

SALES

GEM

UNION

Should

LIGHT

GENERATOR

CO.,

St.

42nd

be

at

us

in

put

guarantees,

no

reliable.

ACETYLENE
THE

will

you

unsatisfactory, please notify

prove

listed below

firms

the

make

we

BOOK

BUY.

price-list,or

absolutely

is

listed

of

any

While

dealer.

GUIDE

touch
believe

we

your

will

CO.,

once.

PLANTS.
O.
CO., Dayton
Building, NeW York.

Rapids, Mich.

Grand

ALARM

Salle,

La

WESTCLOCK,

CLOCKS.

111.

ALFALFA
THE

A.
N.

WING

SEED.

SEED

O.

CO., Mechanicsburg,
Excelsior, Minn.
Ligonier, Ind.
WERTHEIMER,

B.

LYMAN,

ALUMINXJM
THE

ALUMINUM

COOKING

WARE.

UTENSILS

APPLE

ROBERT

GILLIES,
BROS.,

BECKER

CITY

QUAKER

Medina
389

AUTOMATIC

COLUMBIAN

FEEDERS

TANK

STEEL

Pa.

BARRELS.

St., Buffalo, N.
CO., Buffalo, N.

COOPERAGE

Kensington,

Y.

N.

William

CO., New

Y.
Y.

AND

WATERERS.

City,

Mo.

CO., Kansas

AUTOMOBILES.

FORD

CO., Detroit,

MOTOR

Mich.

CO., Pontiac, Mich.

CO., Detroit, Mich.
THE
WILLYS-OVERLAND
CO., Toledo, O.
CAR
SAXON
MOTOR
CO., Detroit, Mich.
CAR
HUPP
MOTOR
CO.. Detroit, Mich
FRANKLIN
AUTOMOBILE
CO., Syracuse, N.

OAKLAND

CAR

MOTOR

MOTOR

HUDSON

CAR

AUTO

CHASE

MOTOR

ATTERBURY
THE

AUTOCAR

INTERNATIONAL
THE

AVERY

CO., Syracuse
CO., Buffalo, N.
Pa.
CO., Ardmore,

TRUCK

CO.

HARVESTER

CO., Peoria,

HI.

Y.

TRUCKS.

MOTOR

N.

Y.

Y.

OF

AMERICA,

with

that

dealings with

ALABASTINE.
ALABASTINE

bring

Chicago,

HI.

USEFUL

RULES

AND

FACTS

BABCOCK

SCIENTIFIC

CENTRAL

FOR

FARMING

169

TESTERS.

CREAM
111.

CO., Chicago,

BAGS.
BUFFALO

CO., Buffalo,

BAG

Y.

N.

BARN

Stanchions,
THE

HARRIS

JAMES

MFG.

BOYLE

FERRIS

Etc.

III.

Atchinson, Wis.
Bend, Wis.
EQUIPMENT
CO., West
CO., Fairfield, Iowa.
CO.,

BARN

BEND

CO., Harvarrl,

"

MANUFACTURING

WEST

Plans,

Pens,

CO., Salem, O.
SON, Salem, O.

"

HELM,

HUNT,
JAMES

EQUIPMENT.
Carriers, Bull

Litter

MACHINERY
LOUDEN
RICHARDS-WILCOX

CO.,

Fort

MFG.

111.

Aurora,

BASKETS.

BURLINGTON

BASKET
BASKET

WEBSTER

CO., Burlington,
CO., Webster, N. Y.

BEES

DEHUHN
W.

Hamilton,

SONS,

"

FALCONER

T.

MFG.

THE

A.

I. ROOT

THE

A.

G.
"

111.

Rapids,

Grand

CO.,
Hamilton,

Y.

N.

O.

CO., Medina,

SON,

SUPPLIES.

BEE

CO., Falconer,

WOODMAN

DEDANT

AND

Iowa.

Mich.

111.

BELTING.
BICKFORD

BASKETS

BERRY

BROTHERS

MONTGOMERY
ALBANY

NEW

CO.. 35

BELTING

FRANCIS

"

BOX

CO., Buffalo,
BASKET

AND

CO.,

C.

A.

FORGE
S.

CO.,

FORGE

Buffalo,

WORKS,

BONE

STRATTON

MFG.

F.

W.

MANN

E.

C.

"

Mich.

CUTTERS.

CO., Milford, Mass.

Milford.

Mass.

Pa.
Easton,
CO., Syracuse,

N.

Y.

MATERIAL.

BUILDING

GORDON-VAN
HARRIS

CO., Davenport,

TINE

BROS.,

CHICAGO
INTERNATIONAL

MILL

Albany,

Y.

N.

Saranac,

CUTTER

CO..

STURNS

Y.

CO., Erie, Pa.

BROS.,

WILSON

N.
New

FORGES.

BONE

STANDARD

St., Buffalo, N.

CRATES.

AND

BLACKSMITHS'
BUFFALO

Pearl

WORK
MILL

la.

111.

Chicago,

SUPPLY
"

TIMBER

CO., Chicago, 111.

CO., Bay

City,

Mich.

Ind.

Y.

170

FARMERS'

TEE

BUZZ
A.

GRAY'S

W.

MFG.

APPLETON
HERTZLER
NP]W

SAWS

CUTTING

FOR

Midtlletown,
SONS,
CO., Batavia, 111.

ZOOK

"

GUIDE

HOLLAND

ENGINE

GAS

WOOD.

Pa.

CO., New
Holland,
Fulton
CO., 202

MACHINE

CONSOLIDATED

CORD

Vt.

Belleville.

CO.,

BOOK

Pa.

St.,

New

York.

CAMERAS.
KODAK

EASTMAN

CO.,

Rochester,

CANOES
THE

W.

OLD

TOWN

CANOE
STEEL

MICHIGAN
DETROIT

CO., Detroit,

BOAT

Atn"

BOATS.

Mich.

CALCIUM.

CARBIDE,
CALCIUM

Y.

CO., Salem, Ohio.

CO., Old
Town, Maine.
BOAT
CO., Detroit, Mich.

MULLINS

H.

N.

CARBIDE

WORKS,

Niagara

Falls, N.

CARPENTERS'

SIMMONS

HARDWARE

CO.,

New

Y.

TOOLS.
York

and

Philadelphia.

CARRIAGES.
ELKHART

CARRIAGE

"
HARNESS
CO., Elkhart,
CO., Utica, N. Y.
THE
OHIO
CARRIAGE
MFG.
O.
CO., Columbus,
D. T. BOHON,
Kv.
Harrodsburg,
South
STUDEBAKER,
Bend, Ind.
CHAS.

CHILDS

H.

CAST
U.

S.

CAST

IRON

Ind.

"

PIPE

IRON

PIPE.

FOUNDRY

"

CO.,

York

New

City.

CEMENT.
THE

PORTLAND

ATLAS

LEHIGH

CEMENT

York
CO., New
CO., Allentown, Pa.

CEMENT

PORTLAND

CEMENT

SMITH

"

HOLTON

MFG.

CO.,

TOOLS.

Clinton,

CHICKEN
THE

NOVELTY

MFG.

CO., Abington,

Wis.

COOPS.
111.

CHURNS.
THE

NOVELTY

COLUMBIAN
DE

KING

THE

FAYWAY

THE

MASON

MFG.

Abington, HI.
CO., Columbus, O.
MFG.
CO., Chicago, 111.
CO., 117 John
St., Cincinnati,
MFG.
CO., Canton, 0.
MALL

CO.,

CRANE

O.

City.

172

MERS'

FAB

THE

GUIDE

CHICKS.

DAY-OLD
EMPIRE

N.
Seward,
FARM,
Angola,
FARM,

POULTRY

CONNER'S

POULTRY

BRANFORD

FARMS,

ARTHUR

H.

WARD
WINSOR

Mattituck,

PENNY,
P.

R.

TENACRE

HILL

Acushnet

3.

POULTRY

GRAY

W.

M.

"

PHILLIPS,

T.

CO.,

168

Bedford,

N.

J.

Salt

Point,

2.3rd

St.. New

Y.

N.

SHEARS.

W.

York.

Pa.

Pomeroy,

DISINFECTANTS

CHEMO

New

Pa.

DEHORNING

JOHN

Station,
Mich.

Lansing,

CHICKERY,
NEIMOND,
Richfield,
POULTRY
FARM,

KEER

JACOB
FERNWOOD

Y.

N.

Cedar
Grove, Princeton,
FARM,
Mass.
FARM,
Hudson,
FARM,
Bolton, Mass.
N.
J.
Frencbtown,

POULTRY

SHADY

No.

FARM,

POULTRY

BELLMOSS
THE

D.

POULTRY

Y.

Del.

Frankford,

FARM,

MICHIGAN

Y.
N.

Conn.

Groton,

DASEY,

W.

BOOK

AND

EXTERMINATORS.

LICE

CO., Buffalo, N. Y.
DAVIS
"
CO., Detroit, Mich.

PARK,

DITCHING
THE

BUCKEYE

THE

JESCHKE

TRACTION

MACHINES.

CO., Findley, O.
Bellevue, O.
"
GRADER
Ky.
CO., Owensboro,
Barron
York
City.
Bldg., New
DITCHER

MANUFACTURING

OWENSBORO

DITCHER

BAKER-BARROB,

INC.,

CO.,

DOGS.
Collies.

KENNELS,

IMNA

SUNNY

NELSON'S,
STAR

WHITE

AMERICAN

KENNELS,

City,

Grove

Conn.

Simsburv,

West

COLLIE

BRAE

KENNELS,
KENNELS,

Bloomington,
Branch,
Ave.,

Long
2.3.3 Third

KENNELS,

Lynbrook,

KENNELS,

and

Dallos,

KENNELS,

333

Connell
Fox

FIELD'S

KENNELS,

Somers.

York

City.

Setters.

Pa.

Shepherd

German
ELMVIEW

J.

New

Island.

Long

Pointers
MIDKIFF

THE

N.

Danes.

Great

BOHRER

III.

Pa.

Dogs.

Bldg., Scranton,

Pa.

Hounds.

Conn.

DRAIN

TILE.

Allen's
Hill, N. Y.
ABBEY,
N.
Y.
CHILDS,
Geneva,
JOHN
J. JACKSON,
Albany, N. Y.
LYTHE
TILE
CO., Angola, N. Y.
FIRE
NATIONAL
PROOFING
CO., Fulton,
Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa.
T. LEGGETT
WM.
CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.
PECK
E. Bethany,
" WOOD,
N.
Y.
New
York.
TOMPKINS
257
BROS.,
Broadway,
York.
CLAY
THE
PRODUCTS
ROBINSON
CO., Flatiron
Bldg., New
B.

A.

G.

S.

Mass

USEFUL

AND

FACTS

ELECTEIC

DANIEL

(Hardy

N.

Lockport,

Lancaster,

CUTTERS.

DICK

THE

SMALLEY

THE

SILVER

THE

MFG.

E.

O.

CO., Salem,

N.

Shortsville,

CO.,

ROSS

W.

Wis.

Milwaukee,

CO.,

MFG.
MFG.

MACHINE

PAPEC

MACHINERY.

MANUFACTURING

CO.,
FARM

BOARD

OF

CHAFFIN

"

STATE

R.

B.

CO., Springfield, O.
EVAPORATING

BOUTELL

Mich.

"

PRODUCTS

RUMLEY

Lyell Ave., Rochester, N.

558

AGENCIES.
Del.

AGRICULTURE,
Dover,
CO., Inc.. Richmond, Va.

St., Buffalo, N. Y.
CO., Pearl
Brisbane
ESTEE,
Bldg., Buffalo.
J. C. ELLIS,
Springvir.r, N. Y
BALL'S
FARM
AGENCY,
Owego, N. Y.
"
PILE
CO., INC., Petersburg, Va.
"
J. B. RICE
CO., Warren, O.
D.
C.
R. RICHARDS,
M.
Washington,
GREIN

F.

"

MAXON

ROWE

MFG.

KITZLEMAN
CYCLONE

Galesburg, 111.
Muncie.
Ind.
BROS.,
FENCE
CO., Waukegan,

TRACTOR

B.

111.

HOLT

LTD..

Pa.

CO., Rockford,

CO., Peoria, 111.

CO., 27th and University

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTRIC

York,
IMPLEMENT

MFG.

TRACTOR

BULL

TRACTORS.

CO., Chicago, 111.

CO..

FARQUAHR

EMERSON-BRANTINGHAM
THE

Y.

CO.,

FARM

BULLOCK

N.

GATES.

FARM

A.

HARVESTER
WHEEL

CO.

CO., Quiney.

OF

S.

MFG.

CO., Marion.

111.

O.

FEED

IN

Cotton
THE

WILLIAM

A.

BURNETT

CO..

Alfalfa
EMPIRE

STATE

ALFALFA

MILLS.

CAR
Seed

111.

E., Minneapolis, Minn.

AMERICA,
Chicago, 111.

"

HUBER

North.)

CO..

MFG.

JOSEPH

the

Y.

SILO
CO., Kalamazoo.
Bellefontaine, O.
N.
Y.
00., Elmira,
CO., Canton, O.

TANK

IRONWOON

in

Pa.

ENSILAGE

KALAMAZOO

Pa.

Pittsburgh,

Y.

N.

TREES

WALNUT

POMEROY,

N.

JONES,

F.

East

CO.,

CO., Buffalo,

ENGLISH

J.

MFG.

ELECTRIC

ROBERTSON

173

FARMING

SUPPLIES.

ELECTRIC

WESTINGHOUSE

FOR

RULES

LOTS.
Meal.

Louisville, Ky.
Meal.

Munnsville,

N.

Y.

Y.

THE

174

Cotton
BABTLETT

THE

31 E

Seed

S'

GUIDE

Linseed,

Meal,

Molassine

Meal.

Board

331

COMPANY,

COMPANY

H-O

THE

MEAL

Calf

Dairy,

Feed.
N.

Hog

FEED

Gluten

FEED
THE

A.

THE

LETZ

N.

H.

MFG.

BOWSHER,

Chicks.

Y.

N.

COOKERS.
Y.

MILLS.

GRINDING

S. Ashland
CO., 3709
Point, Ind.
CO., Crown
South
Bend, Ind.

STRAUB

W.

Minn.

Feed.

CO., Courtland, N.

MANUFACTURING

LEWIS

for

Feed

CO., Buffalo,
FEED

Feed.

111.

CO., Peoria,

MILLING

LEAF

Horse

Minneapolis,

Scratch

Dairy
CLOVER

111.

Y.

and

CO.,

and

Feed

CEREAL

CONTINENTAL

Chick

Buffalo.

Poultry,

SUGAR

Meal.

Waukegan,

FACTORY,

MILLS,

INTERNATIONAL

Trade, Boston, Mass.

of

Blatchford's
CALF

BLATCHFORD

Etc.

Bran,

Mich.

CO., Jacksou,

MOLASSINE

BOOK

Ave., Chicago,

111.

FERTILIZERS.

CO.,

COLE-MORTIMER
THE

CHEMICAL

AGENCIES

NITRATE
THE

CHEMICAL

CHASE

"

GUN

IV

ER

ARMS

JOHNSON

MARLIN

FIREARMS

SAVAGE

ARMS

CO., Utica,

COLT'S
THE

CO.,

ARMS
PATENT

"

TOOL

FIRE
ARMS

UNION

299

CO.,

ARMS
619

AMMUNITION.

Y.

CYCLE

"

WORKS,

N.

BUFFALO
CAMPBELL
WM.

PYRENE

FIRE

MFG.

Mass

Y.

New
York
Broadway,
CO.. Chicopee Falls, Mass.
CO., Hartford, Conn.
Auburndale
Ave., Toledo, O.

EXTINGUISHER

COOKERS.

CO.,

67

Carroll

St., Buffalo,

N.

Y.

CO., Detroit, Mich.

FIRE

BUFFALO

Fitchburg

Conn.

Haven,

FIRELESS
FIRE

Va.

Y.

N.

CO., New

ARMS

REMINGTON
.J. STEVENS

N.

CO., Batavia,
CO., Ithaca,

GUN

ITHACA

AND

ARMS

St., N.

Y.

CO., Richmond,
St., Buffalo, N. Y.

William

965

CO.,

FIRE
BAKER

PERUVIAN

CO., Buffalo, N.

FERTILIZER

H.

Hartford

1204

"

VIRGINIA-CAROLINA
A.

York
City.
Toronto, Can.
Bldg., Chicago, 111.
GUANO
CO., 143 Liberty

St.. New
CO..

CO.,

FORMULA

MAPES

BOWKER

Chamber

51

LABORATORIES

EXTINGUISHERS.

EXTINGUISHER

CO.,

1358

Broadway,

CO.,
N.

67
Y.

Carroll

St., Buffalo

N.

Y.

Y.

FARMING

FOR

RULES

AND

FACTS

USEFUL

175

FLASHLIGHTS.

WORKS,

EVER-READY

AMERICAN

FRUIT

MFG.

BARKER

CO.,

BROS.

(Buyers.)

Funston

119

CO.,

"

Y.

N.

St., Rochester,
FURS

FUNSTON

BAGS.

PICKING

Ambrose

35

Y.

City, N.

Island

Long

Bldg.,

BROS.,
Minneapolis, Minn.
Pa.
B.
Lock
DEAN
Haven,
FURST,
Y.
N.
M.
J. JEWETT
" SONS,
Redwood,
McMillan
fur
" wool
CO., Minneapolis,
W.
24th
WARENOFF
" KLEIN,
154
St., New

Louis, Mo.

St.

ANDERSCH

L.

FUR

ROBENSTEIN

A.

CO.,
BRO., 24

"

BLUSTEIN

DAVID

52

W.

E.

12th

GASOLINE

WITTE

IRON

GRAY

MOTOR

WORKS

ENGINE

UNITED

STATES

THOMPSON

THE

MIDDLEDITCH

J.

B.

N.

Y.

Mich.

Lansing,
WORKS,
CO., Detroit, Mich

Mich.

ENGINE

Canal

1504

St., Chicago,

Wis.

Beloit,

CO., Detroit, Mich.

Utica, N. Y.
Stores
612
STORES,
Bldg., New
Kan.
St., Ottawa,
CO., 209
King
ENGINE

NORTON

CO..

CHARLES

WILLIAM

OTTAWA

MFG.

DP]TROIT

CAR

MOTOR

GALLOWAY

WM.

ENGINES.

CO., Terrace, Buffalo,

City, Mo.

Detroit

CO.,

THE

GAS

WORKS,

ENGINE

ELLIS

York.
St., New
York.
St., New

Kansas

CO.,

CO.,

SEAGER

York.

28th

AND

ENGINE

GASOLINE

OLIN

Minn.

SUPPLY

CO., Detroit,

York.

Mich.

Iowa.

CO., Waterloo,

GLOVES.
O.

C.

HANSON

CO., Milwaukee,

MFG.

Wis.

GRAIN
STEEL

COLUMBIAN

TANK

CO.,

BINS.
Kansas

GRAIN
HERTZLER

"

PEORIA

DRILL

CROWN

MFG.

ZOOK
"

CO.,
SEEDER

CO., Phelps,

W.

MILLER

OTIS

Belleville, Pa.
CO., Peoria, HI.
Y.

N.

CO., Rockford,
MFG.

MOE

"

CO..

DES

MOINES

THE

SMITH

INCUBATOR

SPECIALTY
INCUBATOR

RELIANCE

POULTRY

BERRY'S

2011

SPROUTERS.
111.

Otis

CO., Colfax,

CLOSE-TO-NATURE

Mo.

DRILLS.

GRAIN
J.

City,

Bldg., Chicago,

111.

Iowa.

CO.,

Des
Moines,
O.
Mansfield,
CO.,
CO., Freeport, 111.
FARM,
Clarinda, Iowa.

Iowa.

GREENHOUSES.
LORD

"

JOHN

C.

BURNHAM

MININGER

CO., Irvington-on-Hudson,
CO., Morbridge
Bldg., New

N.

Y.
York

City.

111.

176

TEE

S'

MFG.

WILCOX

BOOK

STONES.

GKIND

EICHARDS,

GUIDE

CO.,

III.

Aurora,

HARNESSES.

KING

HARNESS

CO.,

CARRIAGE

MUTUAL
"

M.

57

Rome,

N.

CO.,

Pine

"

WHITTEN

BROWN,

"

OF

PLOW

MONMOUTH
HOWELL-GILMORE

CO..

PRODUCTS

PLOW

CO.,

CO.,
Ann
CO.',

PRESS

HAY

CO.,

Kansas

RADIATOR

CO.,

SYSTEMS.

TANNED;

HIDES

TANNING

SYLVANIA

CO., Bay
ROBES

COATS,
FUR

CROSBY-FRISIAN

THE

Mich.

Kalamazoo.

CONSTRUCTION

AMERICAN

NORTH

111.

Chicr.ffo. 111.

CO.,

STOVE

KALAMAZOO

Sandwich,

Arbor, Mich.
City, Mo.

HEATING
AMERICAN

City, Mo.

Y.

N.

111.

Quincv,

MACHINE

ARBOR

ADMIRAL

Kansas

CO..

Elmira,

MANUFACTURING

SANDWICH
ANN

PRESS

HAY

AUTO-FEDAN

111.

PRESSES.

HAY

COLLINS

KINDS.

ALL

Conn.
CO., Higganum.
Monmouth,
FACTORY,
MFG.
CO., Lomax, 111.

HARROW

RUMLEY

Louis, 111.

Mo.

CO., Philadelphia, Pa.

ALLEN

CUTAWAY

THE

St.

East

CO.,

St. Joseph,

Y.

N.

Bush,

HARROWS

S. L.

Y.

Y.

HARNESS

SfiOP,

HARNESS

Joseph, Mo.
Terrace, Buffalo, N.

St.

CO.,

SONS,

"

SMITH

H.

H.

MFG.

HARNESS

AMSEE

JOHN

MITTENS

AND

CO., 571 Lyell

Sylvania, O.

CO.,

City, Mich.

Ave.,

Rochester,

HOGS.
Beri: shires.

TOMPKINS
J.

E.

ROLLING
R.

H.
M.

Landsdale,

FARM,

Marbledale,

WATSON,

FARM,

HILL

E.

Pa.

Conn.

Norwich,

T.

Scio, N. Y.
Bellvale, Orange Co., N.

WALTER,

EDWARD

Eureka

Stock

Farm,
L

O.
HENRY

VICTOR
G.

S.

THE
F.

A.

B.

STANG,

FARMS,
BENJAMIN,
L.

B.

SILVER

GARNER,

OAKWOOD

J.

Y.

Portland,

CO., 103
Cincinnatus,

Y.

West

Chester, Pa.

C.

Pearl
River, Rockland
Bellville, Orange Co.,

Co.,
N.

N.

Y.

Y.

Mich.
Vicars
N.

Bldg., Cleveland, O.

Y.

Jersey
ARTHUR

Y.

BLACK,

FARMS,

VICTOR

N.

N.

Whites.

Chester
EUGENE

L,

L.

Brod
Y. BUCKLEY,
Axe, Pa.
C. " H. B. HARPENDING,
Dundee,
H.
West
Pa.
Alexander,
TAYLOR,

Moorestown,
COLLINS,
N. Y.
FARM,
Newburg,

N.

Reds.
J.

MADE.
N.

Y.

USEFUL

AND

FACTS

HOG

"

STEEL

Y.

WILLIAM

HORSE
FLEXIBLE

CHICAGO

HOSIERY

D.

E.

CO.,

New

York.

New

MACHINES.
La

Salle
114

Ontario

and

Ave.,
W.

32nd

St.,

New

CO., Kenosha,

Wis.

York.

Wis.
CO., Milwaukee,
CO., Amsterdam, N, Y,
KNITTING
FULD
" HATCH
CO., Albany, N. Y.
WELLS
"
CO., St. Joseph, Mich.
COOPER,
Mass.
HOSIERY
MeCALLUM
CO., Northampton,
Iowa.
H. B. GLOVER
CO., Dubuque,
HOSIERY

HOLEPROOF

KNITTING

CHALMERS

HOTBED
C.

N.

ROBINSON

"

BRO.,

Baltimore,

SPECIALTY

POWER

ENGINE

RIFLE

CO.,
CO.,

2429

WM.

P.

PRAY,
MFG.

St.,

New

York.

York.

TOOLS.

New

York.

INCUBATORS.
BROODER
CO., Quiney,
Moines, Iowa.
INCUBATOR
CYPHERS
CO., Buffalo, N. Y.
INCUBATOR
WISCONSIN
CO., Racine, Wis.
STATE
INCUBATOR
PRAIRIE
City, Pa.
CO., Homer
HATCH
Neb.
INCUBATOR
SURE
CO., Fremont,
INCUBATOR
ROCKFORD
CO., Rockford, HI.
Neb.
RAYO
INCUBATOR
CO., Omaha,
111.
INCUBATOR
WARSAW
CO., Warsaw,
M.
M.
JOHNSON
CO., Clay Center, Neb.
STEEL
PRESSED
MOLINE
CO., E. Moline, 111,
MFG.
CORNELL
INCUBATOR
CO., Ithaca, N. Y.
INCUBATOR
THE
BUCKEYE
CO., Springfield, O.
BURR
INCUBATOR
CO., Omaha, Neb.
THE
UNITED
FACTORIES
CO., Cleveland, O.
RELIABLE

X-RAY

INCUBATOR

INCUBATOR

AND

CO.,

Des

'

RAMS.

Trinity Bldg.,
Trinity Bldg., New

N.
Y.
Verbank,
CO., Greenwich

Md.

Ill

ICE

SASH.

HYDRAULIC

WISNER

St., Chicago.
York.

UNDERWEAR.

AND

HOSIERY
"

SICHER

Bldg.,

CO.,

CO.,

MACHINE

CHICAGO-KENOSHA

Stores

CLIPPING

SHAFT

CLIPPING

GILLETTE

Mo.

BLANKETS.
22

STORES,

City,

Kansas

HORSE
CHARLES

177

TROUGHS.

Cattaraugus, N.
TANK
CO.,

BURGER,

COLUMBIAN

FARMING

STATION.

HOG

OAKS

FOR

SERUM.

CHOLERA

EXPERIMENT

YOUR

OF

DIRECTOR

RULES

111.

THE

178

8'

INCUBATORS.

MAMMOTH

INCUBATOR

CYPHERS
NEWTON

INCUBATOR

GIANT

MFG.

BROODER

AND

INCUBATOR

CANDLE

CO., Utica, N. Y.
CO., Eastwood, N. Y.

INCUBATOR

MAMMOTH

HALL

THE

CO., Buffalo, N. Y.
CO., Harrisonburg,

C. W.

Newfield, N. J.
CO., Troy,

SKINNER,

BINS.

AND

CRIBS

CORN

O.

CO., Wooster,

BIN

AND

CRIB

IRON

THE

O.

IRRIGATION

IRON

Va.

SYSTEMS.

IRRIGATION

SKINNER

BOOK

GUIDE

LADDERS.

S. TILLEY,
Watervliet,
"
CO., Appleton,
BACON
J.

N.

Y.

N.

Y.

LAMPS.
WHITE

LAMP

CO.,

BATTERY

STORAGE

UNIVERSAL
SUPPLY

HOME

Grand

Rapids, Mich.
(Oil.)
CO., Philadelphia, Pa. (Electric.)
S. La
Salle
BATTERY
CO., 3412
St., Chicago, 111.
(Electric.)
City Mo.
(Oil.)
CO., Kansas

FLAME
ELECTRIC

THE

LAND

FOR
in

the

Superintendent
SCOTT,
N.
210
3rd
HARRISON,

of

Land
W.
F.

D.

A.

exception

of

all

the

about

It

States."

United

land

the

the

and

been

has

in

land

government

this

connection,

and

is

reclaimed
has

now

sold
taken

been

that, with

with

the

rights,

water

up.

Lands.

which
have
land
selling at a low
they are
price and
the
of a few
of their
addresses
Following are
agents:
Atlantic
Coast
McCOY,
Line, Jacksonville, Fla.
Frisco
1902
SEBASTIAN,
Bldg., St. Louis, Mo.
LA
Norfolk
and
Western
BAUME,
Ry., Roanoke, Va.
S. F. Ry., 2301
A. T. "
SEAGRAVES,
Railway
Exchange,
Chicago,
General
BELLAH,
Agt., N. C. " St. L. Ry., Nashville, Tenn.
railroads

Many

on

terms.

easy

WILBUR
JOHN

H.

C. L.
L,

D.
titled,
enC, for pamphlets
stead
HomeDesiring to Make
Lands
in the
Unappropriated

Persons
"The

of

Railroad

F.

Canada.

Ottawa,
Pa.
Land.

said, however,

be

Belt.

Office, Washington,
edition

last

may
that

Wheat

Government

Homesteaders

to

desirable

S,

Land

General

the

to

"Suggestions
Entries," and

Canadian

Immigration,
St., Harrisburg,

U.
Write

PURPOSES.

FARM

H.

Farms

the

of

Many
or

for

Eastern

sale.

These

in

states

the

have

lists may

Secretary of Agriculture of
has
a
city in the West
Nearly every
in touch
with
will be glad to put you
the

LEATHER

BICKFORD

"

FRANCIS

BELTING

Different

compiled
be
the
Board

States.
lists

obtained
state

of

reputable

111.

of

free
in

farms
of

which

Trade,
land

you

wish

are

occupied
un-

ing
address-

by
to

locate.

secretary of which
agents in their vicinity.
the

BELTING.

CO., Buffalo, N.

which

charge

Y.

180

FARMERS'

THE

OEDER

MAIL

SEAES

HOUSES.

Chicago, ni.
" CO., Chicago,
LEONARD
"
CO., Chicago,
CO., Buffalo, N. Y.

EOEBUCK,

"

MONTGOMERY

WARD

LINCOLN,
LARKIN

THE

HARTMAN

AND

FURNITURE

THE

WILLIAM

THE

NEW

GALEA
MFG.

MAPLE

WAY

ARCHES

SYRUP

SCHANK

AND

SEPARATOR
MILKING

CO., Linesville,Pa.
MACHINES.

CO., Bloomfield, N.
CO., New
Castle, Pa.
MACHINE
CO., Oneida, N. Y.
MOLASSES

MOLASSES

PITTSBURG

CO.,
Albany,

BROS.,

MOORE

THE

111.

O.

HARDWARE

SEPARATOR

CREAM

HINMAN

Chicago,

EVAPORATORS.

AND

MILKING

EMPIRE
SHARPLESS

111.

SPREADERS.

CO., Cleveland,

MFG.

CO., Chicago,

CO., Waterloo, Iowa.

CO., Coldwater, O.
CO., Batavia, 111,
HARVESTER
CO.
OF
AMERICA,

INTERNATIONAL

McLANE

"

SPREADER

IDEA

APPLETON

111.
111.

CARPET

MANURE

GRIMM

BOOK

GUIDE

FOR
706

N.

J.

STOCK.

Ave., Pittsburg,

Penn

Pa.

Y.

MOTORCYCLES.
HARLEY-DAVIDSON
HENDEE

JOHNSON'S

IVER

MIAMI

THE

ARMS

Y.

N.

CO., Springfield, Mass.

WORKS,
Fitchburg,
O.
CO., Middletown,

CYCLE

"
MFG.

"

CYCLE

NITRATE

WILLIAM

DR.

MYERS,

S.

AGENCIES

NITRATE

Wis.

CO., Milwaukee,

MOTOR

MFG.
CO., Angola,
MANUFACTURING

EMBLEM

Ave.,

St.,

Pearl

106

SODA.

OF

Madison

25

CO.,

Mass.

New

New

York
York

City.
City.

NURSERIES.
ANGER

ELLW

BROWN
H.

WILEY

S.

"

BROS.,

STARK
MAPLE
THE

"

BROS.,

BEND

BARRY,
Rochester,
Rochester, N. Y.
SON, Cayuga, N. Y.
Louisiana, Mo.
NURSERY,
Perry, O.

BROS.

BARNES

N.

CO., Yalesville,Conn.

NURSERY

Painesville, 0.
HARRISON,
Batavia, N. Y.
BOGUE,

"

STORES
NELSON

NURSERY

GREEN'S

CO..

N.

Rochester,

NURSERIES,

HARRISON'S

Berlin,

RICHARDSON

ORCHARD
THE

SUPPLY
HAMILTON

CO.,
ORCHARD

HEATERS.

PREVENTATION

FROST
826

N.

Y.

Md.

ORCHARD
THE

Y.

Fourth

HEATER

City,
CO., Kansas
St., St. Louis, Mo.
CO., Wheeling, W. Va.

Mo.

USEFUL

FACTS

AND

RULES

FOR

FARMING

181

PAINTS.
O.

W.

246

INGERSOLL,
"
ROEBUCK,

SEARS

LEAD

NATIONAL
BLACK

"

DIAMOND

PAINT

JERSEY

NEW

ZINC

LUCAS

JOHN

Plymouth
St., Brooklyn,
Chicago, 111.
OIL
CO., Pittsburg, Pa.

"

AND

CO., 55

C.

PRATT

TREE

St., New

PAPER

CO.,

POST

THE

HINDE

Day-old

Eggs,

BOXES.

Chicks,

Dressed

Poultry,

Etc.

PAPER

DAUCHE

"

Philadeli)hia, Pa.

Ave.,

PARCEL
For

City.

TOWELS.

Glenwood

720

WOUNDS.
York

PAPER

SCOTT

Cincinnati,

York

Pa.

FOR

Church

50

CO.,

Y.

WORKS,
City.

St., New

CO., Philadelphia,
PAINT

B.

VARNISH

Wall

N.

CO., Sandusky, O.
York
St., New
City.
CRAWFORD
A.
W.
THE
Mass.
CO., INC., South
Weymouth,
ANDREWS
PAPER
BOX
THE
Tenn.
CO., Chattanooga,
" CO., 168
23rd
W.
York
JOHN
W.
GRAY
St., New
City.
FARMS
POULTRY
TYWACANA
CO., Farmingdale, L. I., N.
H.

Harrison

45

BRUMMER,

K.

PERIODICALS.
The
THE

RURAL

New

NEW-YORKER,

COUNTRY

York

GENTLEMAN,

FARM

Ft.

DAIRYMAN,

IOWA

HOMESTEAD,

NATIONAL

STOCKMAN

NEW

ENGLAND

OHIO

FARMER,

Atkinson,

Moinea,

Des

AND

Pa.

Wis.

Iowa.

FARMER,

Pittsburg,
Springfield, Mass.

HOMESTEAD,

COMPANION,

Best

FEDERAL

CHEMICAL
JONES

PHOSPHATE

Boston,

CO.,

Paper.

Story

Mass.

PHOSPHATE

ROBIN

Pa.

Cleveland, Ohio.
The

YOUTH'S

Papers.

City.

Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pa.

JOURNAL,

HOARD'S

THE

Farm

Leading

ROCK.
Tenn.

Columbia.
CO.,

Nashville,

Tenn.

PIANOS.
IVERS

POND
PIANO
CO., 131 Boylston
Jackson
Blvd.
and
Wabash
SONS,
J. B. THIERY,
Wis.
Milwaukee,
New
York
WING
" SON,
City.
CORNISH
N.
J.
CO., Washington,
REED

"

"

PLOWS.

GOWANDA
JOHN
HAPGOOD

PLOW

DEER

N.
CO.. Gowanda,
CO., Syracuse, N. Y.
PLOW
CO., Alton, III.

Y.

St., Boston, Mass.

Ave., Chicago, 111.

Y.

O.

182

TEE

FARMERS'

GUIDE

PORTABLE
POKTABLE

PEEFECTION
HODGSON

THE

MILLEE

MFG.

POTTEE

"

T.

P.

HOUSE
CO., 4038 N.
St.,Boston, Mass.
Alabama
St.,St. Louis, Mo.
Grove, 111.

CO., 8001
CO., Downers

KALI

WORKS,

FOR

Inc.,

POTATO

CHAMPION

ALLEN

L.

CONNER'S

EGGS

RANCOCAS

THE

COENING

FARMS,
MEAD

SUNNY
ARTHUR
MOHEGAN

FARM

JOHN
SUMMIT

POULTEY

POULTRY

S. L.

PARDIE,

LAUEELTON

W.

FA

J.
Y.

Mass.

PLANT,

FARM,
N.

Mohegan

CYPHERS

OTIS

"

C.

S.

A.

MFG.

FOEGE

WENDELL

CO..

CAN

CO.,

PAGE

POULTEY

Mich.

Washino^ton

SUPPLY

CO.,

CO..

Tipton,

MFG.

OAKS

THE

N.

St., Boston,
HI.

1.^57 Water

COMPANY,

K.

Ind.

LITTER.

St.. New

York

POULTRY
AMERICAN

POITLTRY

WESTERN

JOTTRNAL,

POULTRY

AMERICAN

STEAM

SNOW

PUMP

PAPERS.
.542

PUMPS

WORKS.

S. Dearborn

OF

LARGE

Buffalo,

N.

CAPACITY.
Y.

PUMPS.
THE
F.

GOULD
E.

TEMPLE

MFG.

MYERS

"
PUMP

CO.,

Seneca

BRO.,
Ashland,
CO.. 109 Meager

St., Chicago, HI.

Rapids, la.
Syracuse, N. Y.

ADVOCATE,

POWER

City.

Cedar

JOURNAL,

POULTRY

Mass.

Rockford,

POULTRY
O.

Y.

Holly, Mich.

CO..

147

Buffalo, N.

Bldg., Chicago, 111.

Saranac,

WOEKS,
CO..

FOUNTAINS.

Otis

2001

INCUBATOE

IDEAL

Y.

Ridgely, Md.

INCUBATOR

MOE

N.

Y.

POULTRY
THE

Lake.

Pa.

N. J.
Lakewood,
Conn.
Hartford,

EMS,
West

TUENEE,

N.
N.

Eohrerston.

SON,

Genoa,

J.

Conn.

Methuen,

"

N.
Mills-In-The-Pines,,

N.

Brook,

Mattituck,

WAEFEL

H.

CHICKS.

Y.

Brown's

Bound

DAY-OLD

Y.

FARM,

EVERLAY

N.

Angola,

Millstone,

PENNY,

H.

THE

N.

Clyde,
FARMS,

AND

FAEM,

FAEM,
Groton,

EGG

GIBSON.

F.

FARM,

Ind.

J.

HATCHING

POULTEY

BRANFORD

C.

CO., Hammond,

FOR

POULTEY

THE

York.

DIGGERS.

AND

MACHINERY

POULTRY,

New

Broadway,

CO., Greenloch, N.
MOWER
CO., Utica, N. Y.
" CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
MFG.
CO., Jackson, Mich.

ASPINWALL

G.

42

MFG.

EUREKA
S.

Ave., Chicago

FERTILIZERS.

PLANTERS

POTATO

BATEMON

Cal.

WasMngton

116

POTASH
GEARAN

HOUSES.

POULTEY

CO.,

E. F.

POULTRY

BOOK

Palls, N.

Y.

Ohio.
St.. Chicago. HI.

J.

USEFUL

AND

FACTS

RULES

FOR

FARMING

183

RASPBERRIES.

ALLEN,

WM.
WILLETT
J.

L.

FAEMER,

JOSEPH
T.

BLACK,

H.

WEST,

B.

Md.

Salisbury,
WHEELOCK,
Pulaski,

"

Collins, N.

N.
N.

SON

Y.
"

N.

CO., Hightstown,

J.

O.

Perry,

REFRIGERATORS.

MONROE

REFRIGERATOR

McCRAY

CO., Lockland, Ohio.

CO., Kendallville,Ind.
Chicago, 111.

REFRIGERATOR

SEARS

"

ROEBUCK,

ROAD
DITCHER

OWENSBORO
GLIDE

GRADER

"

MACHINE

ROAD

MACHINERY.

CO., INC.,

CO., Minneapolis,
ROOFING

THE

UNITED

THE

EDWARDS

H.

W.

"
L.

SON,

CO., Cleveland,
CO..

East

McCARRON

THE

OHIO

SHEET

AMERICAN
THE

CO., 286

GALVANIZING

AMERICAN

SYKES

LATH

AMERICAN

MFG.

PLATE

Bldg., Chicago, 111.

CO.",
Niles,

"

ROLLING

CO., Middleton,
CO., Warren,
CO., Middleton, O.

ROOFING

MILL

RUBBER

STATES

UNITED

RUBBER

CO.,

B.

CO., LTD.,

FARQTTHAR

AMERICAN

SAW

ENTERPRISE

MILL

York

York,

Pa.

MACHINERY

CO., Hacketstown,
Ohio.

FARM.

SCALES,
JONES
THE

OF

BINGHAMTON,

N.
Binghamton,
CO., Buflfalo, N. Y.
COMPANY.
New
York
City.
SCALE
CO., Kansas
City, Mo.

FAIRBANKS
AMERICAN

SEEDS

SALZER

W.

ATLEE

J.

CO.,

SEED
STORES

EDWARD
J.

"
BURPEE
F.

H.

"

DIBBLE,

GREGORY

"

GUANO

KINDS.

Citv.

Crosse, Wis.

La

HARRISON

CO., Paiuesville,
CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
Hoveove

SONS,
SHEEP

NATURAL

ALL

" CO., New

York
MAULE,
Philadelphia, Pa.
DREER,
Philadelphia, Pa.

HENRY

THE

OF

HENDERSON

WILLIAM

Y.

SCALE

BUFFALO

PETER

City.

MILLS.

CO., Columbus,

MFG.

CO..

Ohio.

Falls, N. Y.
Marblehead, Mass.
MANURE.

Aurora,

O.
O.

BOOTS.
New

SAW
A.

O.

CO., Pittsburg, Pa.

ROOFING

IRON

METAL

111.

Chicago,

Dickey
"

"- TIN

O.

O.

Mass.

Walpole,
"

Ky.

MATERIALS.

CO., Cincinnati,

MFG.

JOHNS-MANVILLE

BIRD

W.

FACTORIES

Owensboro,

Minn.

111.

PULVERIZED,

N.

FARMERS'

THE

184

SHTNGLE

CABOT,

SAMUEL

INC.,

CO.,

N.

SHIPPING

CO.,

MFG.

SEFTON

THE

1329

W.

BEOS.

CO.,

MFG.

St., Chicago,

111.

COOPS.

Olive, 111.
Allegan, Mich.

Mt.

COOPMAN,"

"THE

WAENEE,

Y.

N.

COOPS.
35th

SHOW
NIEMANN

Toiiawanda,

St., Boston, Mass.

Oliver

STAINS.

AND

DIPS

SHINGLE

STAINED

STANDAED

BOOK

GUIDE

SILOS.

CO., Anderson, Ind.

Fellows'
Bldg., Indianapolis,
CO., Odd
FAEMEES'
HANDY
WAGON
CO., Saginaw, Mich.
PACKAGE
CEEAMEEY
CO., Eutland, Vt.
E. W.
BOSS
CO., Springfield, O.
THE
NAPPANEE
LUMBEE
" MFG.
Ind.
CO., Nappanee,
SILO
ECONOMY
MFG.
CO., Frederick, Md.
INTEENATIONAL
SILO
CO., Linesville, O.
THE
TANK
STEVENS
" TOWEE
Me.
CO., Auburn,
PUFFEE-HUBBAED
THE
MFG.
CO., Des
Moines, la.
MFG.
UNADILLA
CO., Unadilla, N. Y.
LUMBEE
THE
W.
L. SCOTT
CO., Norwich, N. Y.
HAEDEE
MFG.
CO., Cobleskill, N. Y.
NATIONAL
FIEE
PEOOFING
CO., Syracuse, N. Y.
WOODS
SILO
" MFG.
CO., Lincoln, Neb.
INTEENATIONAL
SILO
CO., Linesville, Pa.
INDIANA

SILO

GUEENSEY

CLAY

Ind.

SILVEEWAEE.
INTEENATIONAL

ONEIDA
THE

SILVEE
COMMUNITY,
"

HOLMES

EDWAEDS

CO., Meriden, Conn.

LTD., Oneida, N. Y.
SILVEE
CO., Bridgeport,

SPRAYING

MACHINES

Conn.

(POWER).

TANK
CO., 30 Gloster St., Philadelphia,
CO., Greenloch, N. J.
BEAN
SPEAY
PUMP
CO., Lansing Mich.
BENNETT
SPBAYEE
"Sr ENGINE
CO., Medina, O.
THE
E. C. BEOWN
CO., Eochester, N. Y.
CUSHMAN
SPEAYEE
CO.. St. Joseph, Mo.
THE
DEMING
CO., Salem, O.
DEYO-MACEY
ENGINE
N.
Y.
CO., Binghamton,
DOMESTIC
ENGINE
" PUMP
CO., Shippensburg, Pa.
FORCE
PUMP
FIELD
CO., Elmira, N. Y.
FEIEND
MFG.
CO., Gasport, N. Y.
THE
MFG.
GOULDS
Falls, N. Y.
CO., Seneca

AIE-TIGHT

STEEL

BATEMAN

MFG.

HAEDIE

THE

THE

H.

LE

L.

E.

HUEST

PLOW

EOY

MOEEILL
E.

"

MYEES

EOCHESTEE
THE
SPEAY

"

STAHL

MOTOE

Mich.

CO., Hudson,

MFG.

PUMP

HAYES

PLANTEE

CO.,

CO., Canton,
CO., LeRoy, N.

MORLEY

MFG.

Galva,

111.

O.
Y.

CO., Benton

Harbor,
Ashland, O.
SPEAY
PUMP
CO., Eochester, N. Y.
SPEAYEE
CO., Quincy, 111.
Erie
326
WOEKS,
St., Buffalo, N.
"

Mich.

SON,

Y.

Pa.

USEFUL

SPRAY

FACTS

AND

MATERIAL,

ANSBACKEK

RULES

FOR

MANUFACTURERS

AND

FARMING

185

WHOLESALERS.

"

New
York
CO., 253 Broadway,
City.
CO., Madison, N. .1. (Aphine).
BOWKER
INSECTICIDE
CO., 43 Chatham
St., Boston, Mass.
THE
DOW
CHEMICAL
CO., Midland, Mich.
FERGUSON
109
Chestnut
St.. Philadelphia, Pa.
BROS.,
(Copper Sulphate).
934-941
N. Front
JAMES,
GOOD,
St., Phila.. Pa.
(Fish Oil Soap).
GRASSELLI
CHEMICAL
CO., Cleveland, Ohio.
HEMINWAY'S
PUEPLE
LONDON
York
St., New
CO., 133 Front
City.
CHEMICAL
HORTICULTURAL
CO., 12th and Chestnut
Sts., Philadelphia, Pa,.
KENTUCKY'
TOBACCO
PRODUCT
CO., Louisville, Ky.
FRED
William
York
100
L. LAVANBURG,
St., New
City.
MFG.
MECHLING
BROS.
N. J.
CO., Camden,
MERRIMAC
CHEMICAL
CO., 33 Broad
St., Boston, Mass.
SPRAYING
NIAGARA
CO., Middleport, N. Y.
Y'ork
PRATT
" CO., B. G., .50 Church
City
St., New
PAINT
WILLIAMS
SHERWIN
CO., Cleveland, Ohio.
Carbon
E. R., Penn
Yan, N. Y. (Fuma
Bi-sulphid).
TAYLOR,
CHEMICAL
THOMSON
CO., Baltimore, Md.
for tree
O. " W.
(Sticky materials
Rapids, Mich.
CO., Grand
THUM,
banding)
for Spray
E. C, Floradale, Pa.
(General Sales Agent
Materials).
TYSON,
York
CHEMICAL
VREELAND
St., New
City.
CO., 50 Church
APHINE

MFG.

"

STANCHIONS.

Forestville, Conn.
CO., Rochester,
THE
WASSON
STANCHION
CO., Cuba, N. Y.
WALLACE
R.
Forestville, Conn.
CRUMB,
N.
WARSAW-WILKINSON
Y.
CO., Warsaw,
MACHINERY
LOUDEN
CO., Fairfield, Iowa.
C.

H.

ROBERTSON,
STEEL

FOSTER

STANCHION

HUNT-HELM-FERRIS
J.

E.

HARRIS

MFG.

III.

O.

CO., Salem,

STONE

CRUSHERS.

MANUFACTURING

AUSTIN

CO., Chicago, 111.

Wis.
CO., Milwaukee,
32nd
Wis.
Milwaukee.
CO., 1126-C,
St.,
MACHINE
CO., New
Holland, Pa.

CHALMERS

ALLIS
T. L.

Y.

111.

Harvard,

CO.,
CO., Ottawa,

PORTER

N.

MFG.

SMITH

NEW

HOLLAND

STOVES.
HOOSIER
THE

STOVE

STEEL

KALAMAZOO

STOVE

MALLEABLE

IRON

MAJESTIC

MFG.

MARVIN

SMITH

GOLD

COIN

RANGE

CO., Cleveland, O.
Mich.
CO., Kalamazoo,

CO., Beaver
Dam,
CO.. St. Louis, Mo.
"

CO., Chicago,
CO., Troy, N.

STOVE

MICHIGAN

Ind.

CO., Marion,

IMPERIAL

STOVE

CO.,

Detroit,

111.
Y.
Mich.

STRAWBERRY
R.

M.

KELLOGG

WILLETT
WM.

"

ALLEN

J. W.
S.

CO., Three

WHEELOCK.

ALLEN,

JACOB

C.

"

Salisbury,

PLANTS.

Rivers, Mich.
Collins, N.

North
Md.

BUZENBURG,
Brant, N.
Paw
BROS..
Paw, Mich.
ALLEN
" SON,
Allen, Md.

KEMPTON,

Longmeadow,

Wis.

Y.

Mass.

Y.

186

TEE

li M

S'

PULLERS.

STUMP

Tree,
CO., Lone
CO., Centerville, la.
IJl.
MFG.
CO., Monmouth,
Wash.
Seattle,
FITZPATEICK,

ZIMMEEMAN
MILNE
J.

la.

STEEL

MFG.

HERCULES
W.

BOOK

GUIDE

TANKS.

Inc.,

CORCORAN,

J.

A.

CO., Deerfield,

MFG.

York.

HEATERS.

TANK

NELSON

New

Broadway,

192

Wis.

TAJSTNERS.

SYLVANIA

TANNING

NATIONAL

TANNING

CO., Logansport,
CO., Rochester, N.
CO., Sylvania, O.
CO., Des Moines, la.

Ind.

TANNERY

TANNING

FUR

PELOQUIN

THE

"

ROPE

LOGANSPORT

Y.

TELEPHONES.
CARLSON

STROMBERG

AND

TENTS

BROS.

MACHINES.

CO., Buffalo, N.

PITTS

BANDS.

TREE
THE

O.

"

CO.,

THUM

W.

111.

CO., Chicago,
111.

CO., Chicago,

FARQUAHR

B.

A.

Y.

HARVESTER

INTERNATIONAL

Iowa.

St., Colfax,

THRESHING

BUFFALO

HOUSES.

CANVAS

CO., 374 Front

CO., Toledo, Ohio.

CLOSE-TO-NATURE
HETTRICK

CO., Rochester, N.

MFG.

TEL.

Mich.

Rapids.

Grand

TURKEYS.

S.

"

DURIGG

SON,

H.

J.

H.

D.

H.

W.

W.

L.

Grouvenir,

CARPENTER,

JOSEPHINE

MISS

Belleville,Pa.
FARM,
Armstrongs
Mills, Ohio.

POULTRY

VIEW

VALLEY

DYKE,
WITHROW,
ANDE,RSON,
BURNETT,

VAN

Gettysburg,
Dublin, Va.
Stewartstown,

MFG.

ANCHOR

MFG.

Y.

CLEANERS.

CO., Dayton, O.
St.. Buffalo,
CO., 650 Main

N.

VARNISH.

CO., Buffalo, N.
INC., Buffalo, N.

VARNISH

CENTURY
PRATT

"

LAMBERT,

Y.
Y.

WAGONS.

ELECTRIC

WHEEL
South

STUDEBAKER,
HAVANA

METAL

Y.

Pa.

N.

Montgomery,
VACUUM

DUNTLEY

N.

Pa.

CO., Quincy,
Bend, Ind.

WHEEL

CO..

111.

Havana,

111.

Y.

Y.

THE

188

FARMERS'

GUIDE

BOOK

GLOSSARY.
Acid

"

Alkali

red litmus

caustic

"

blue

paper

Ammonia

"

substance

Available

red.

paper

will neutralize

that

nitrogen
decay.

gaseous

it
Food

Plant

litmus

blue

acids

and

turn

lye.

; as

containing

substances

will turn

that

substance

sour

compound

which

that

be

Substances

"

can

when

escapes

used

food

as

by

plants.
Bacteria

Ration

Balanced

protein, carbohydrates
Biennial

Blight

"

"

used
Bud

"

plant

will not

catch

Crop

bacteria.

to

and

lime

phate
sul-

eopper

crop

enough

have

"

of lime.

containing carbon, hydrogen

Foods

Gas

"

form

to

water;

gas

breathed

and

of carbon

composed
is

nearly

It

oxygen.

carbon.

pure

take

to

season

farmer

the

Millet is

for his stock.

and

oxygen.

starch.

by plants.

in

planted late in the

crop
that is a failure, or when
fodder

and
and

sugars

as

one

the

place

finds that

of the

he

principal

crops.

Cover

Crop

buckwheat

feeding materials;

Rich

"

"

in

an

case

to

sown

crop

orchard,

or

fertilizingmaterials.

of different

rotting mixture

"

Concentrates

the

due

limestone.

element; charcoal

An

"

Native

"

by animals

out

Compost

as

of

solution

dies.

then

of plants often

water

proportion

Acid

other

some

"

in the

Carbonic

of

and

years

element, the chief constituent

An

Carbohydrates
last two

CatcJi

"

Carbonate

Carbon

lives two

proportions of

proper

undeveloped branch.
"

is breathed

that

the

where.
else-

destroy fungi.

An

Calcium

The

fat.

condition

Mixture
to

Calcium

containing

and

diseased

Bordeaux

food

"

soil and

in the

vegetable organisms found

Minute

"

rye

furnish

as

mulch

in the

sown

meals.

grains and
or

manure;

green

fall to plow

under

in

spring.
Cocoon

"

made

by

an

in

insect

which

to

the

pass

pupa

state.

Curculio
Dormant
Element

earth's

"

kind

Not

"

"

of beetle

growing;

One

of

The

feed

the

or

as

wee\al.

trees

elementary

in

winter.

substances

which

make

up

crust.

Ensilage

"

Evaporate

"

that

Changing

to

is
a

preserved
vapor

and

in

silo.

passing off in

the

air.

the

USEFUL

FcrmentaMon
Fertile

Formalin

per

that will kill

substance

crops.

solution

cent

check

or

which

Microscopic organisms

"

formaldehyde.

of

the

lacking

plant

moulds

the

fungi.

of

growth

the

green

blights.

and

disease, fermentation,

cause

etc.

To

"

Gestation-

To

Gluten

cut

Cattle

Grade

Heredity

The
Hybrid
animals
together.

Hydrogen
thing.s.

One

"

Liicuhaie

To

"

Inoculate

Insecticide
Kainit

oil,soap

and

Larva

Legumes

and

of

one

to

parent.

dormant, inactive

state.

matter.

different

two

found

kinds

in water

of

plants

in all

and

or

living

bacteria.

acid

insects

destroy

to

insects.

potash salt, rained

solution

spraying

many.
Stassfurt, Ger-

in

consisting of

kerosene

Mildew

cobweblike

"

in

milk

when

sours.

grub stage.

the

to the

clover

family

; as

alfalfa,clover,

etc.

Soil containing

"

formed

belonging

Plants

"

beans,

Loam

The

"

Young

"

soy

animal

water.

Acid

Lactic

tree.

means.

any

containing

"

in

animal

or

elements;

substance

salt

oifspring

breeding

by

supply

Emulsion

Kerosene

of

of the

"

"

vegetable

hatch

To

"

of

in cereals.

pure-bred

winter

the

pass

result

"

limb

or

protein found

of

resemblance
To

"

young.

trunk

the

between

cross

Decaying

"

of

unborn

breed.

The

"

Hibernating
Humus

"

the

around

groove

mixed

or

common

of carrying

vegetable form

"

sprout.

Period

"

Girdle"

peas,

yielding good

189

FARMING

by yeast.

"

Germinate

the

FOR

A
fiowerless
{plural fungi)
often microscopic and
cause
are

Fimgus
color.
They
decay,

forty

"

RULES

cliange produced

fruitful

"

Fungicide-

Germs

The

"

Being

"

AND

FACTS

organic

considerable

growth

of

fungi

on

matter.

plants

or

decaying

matter.

Mulch

Nitrate

"

Nitrogen
essential

to

Nodules
Nutrient

light covering of leaves, straw, fine dust,

"

"

An

plant

element;

"

animal

and

Small

"

containing nitrogen

salt

bunches

food

it forms

all nitrates

are

nearly four-fifths

or

substance.

masses

formed

stances.
sub-

soluble.

of the

life.
or

other

by bacteria.

air;

is

THE

190

FARMERS'

Organic

Matter

GUIDE

Substance

"

BOOK

produced

life

by

either

animal

or

vegetable.
Osmosis

The

"

of

interchange

gases

liquids

or

mal
ani-

thin

through

membranes.

Oxidation

Oxygen

element

gaseous

"

oxygen.

in

present

the

air

and

to

necessary

life.

sustain

Perennials

Plants

"

Acid

Pliosphonc
in

with

Combining

"

from

living
A

phosphorus

"

to

year

year

trees.

; as

found

compound

in

and

bones

rocks.

some

Potash

potassium

"

Propagate
Protein

increase

To

"

compound
in

substances

Food

for

necessary

Bred

Animals

that

"

without

generations
Ration

contain

Rotation

of

marked

nitrogen.

bred

for

many

blood.

of

allowance

Crops

characteristics

other

introducing
daily

The

"

with

growth.

numbers.

"

Pure

plant

food

succession

for

different

of

"

animal.

an

crops

the

on

same

field.

Roughage
Scion

feed

Coarse

"

shoot,

A
"

such

sprout,

as

branch

or

hay,

straw,

used

in

cornstalks.

or

grafting

another

upon

plant.
Seed

Bed

Food

Silage

Sport

The

"

seeds

fungus

"

Spores

on

in

which

in

the

seed

is

sown.

silo.

Father.

"

true

earth

preserved

"

Sire
Smut

The

"

Hubbard
Sterilize
Stover

Tillage

To

"

kill

all

To
"

"

To

causing
fungus

powdery

plants

they

supply

the

or

plant

; as,

of

sources

a
new

germs.

the
move

fruit
of

one

are

with

Preparing

"

of

unusual

They

Cornstalks

"

Transplant
Ventilate

An
"

vine.

plants

seeds

mass.

from

differ

embryo.

no

Mutation

or

of

microscopic

having

in

disease

the
land

plants
fresh

ears

for
from
air.

taken

off.

crops.
one

soil

to

another.

white

squash

varieties.

USEFUL

RULES

AND

FACTS

FARMING

FOR

191

INDEX.
and

Advantages

of

Disadvantages

Farm

Page.
7

Life

29

Alfalfa
Bees

59

Bee-Keeping

and

45

Buckwheat

Bujdng

Farm

Ill

Calves
Concrete

80

Merchants

164

and

Cement

Commission

39

Corn
Cornell
Cow

Troubles

91

Rations

Poultry

Their

and

103

Kemedies

53

Currants

14

Drainage
Farmers

115

Cattle

Dairy

Feeding

133

Bulletins

'

Fertilizers

17

Flowers

57
76

Forestry
Fungicides
'

General

Insecticides

and

'

Don

'ts

'

'

for

148

Farmers

130
188

Glossary
Labor

Government
Eations

Grain

Hay

Crop,

How

to

for

Milk

128

Production

123
45

The

153

Stains

Remove

of

Identification

Improving

Bureaus

137

Fruit
Commercial

Without

Farm

the

Fertilizers

Barnyard

Manure

23

25

Lime
Live

or

Stock

Registry

137

Associations

21

Manures

Maple
Market
Method

87

Sugar Making
Gardening
for Balancing

54
a

Ration

for

Dairy

Cows

117

Milk

lOi)

Oats

43
65

The

Orchard,
Pasture,

74

The

Pertinent

Questions

for

Farmers'

Wives

83
33

Potatoes
Troubles

Poultry

and

Their

Remedies

96

Profitable

100

Profitable

125

Dairying
Hog Raising
Profitable
Poultry Raising
Raspberries
Silos
and
Silage
Stations
State
Experiment
Culture
Strawberry
Tables, I-X
Tested
Recipes
Useful

89

51
120
132
47
139
154
151

Formulas

Weeds

70

Wheat

44

Where

to

Where

to

168

Buy
Go

for

Advice

132