Pile Foundation

PILE FOUNDATION
Indra S. Harahap/ EVB4013 VAB2073
PART I:
INTRODUCTION TO PILE
FOUNDATION
Scope of Pile Foundation

Engineering
Selection of Foundation Type

Selection of Pile Type
Single Pile Analysis
Pile Group Analysis
Quality Control and Quality Assurance
Nomenclature
Pile cap
Raker pile
Tie beam
Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile
Taxonomy
(1) Application
Reduce Vibrations
Problem
Solution
Keywords: tanks, silos, chimneys, machine foundations, sand, ground water,

compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, vibrations
Improve Stability of Bridge Abutment
Keywords: soft clay, fill, bridge abutment

Embankment Pile
These piles, not soft clay,

carry fill load and transfer the
load to bearing layer..
Therefore, no horizontal
forces carried by abutment
piles.
Keywords: soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill

Anchor piles as for dry docks
Uplift hydraulic
pressure
Keywords: ground water, up-lift force, anchor piles

Offshore Structures on Piles
Keywords: cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension

force
Stabilization of Slope by Piles
Keywords: slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure
surface
Stabilization of Slope by Piles
Keywords: failure surface, clay, precast piles,

Anchor Piles in Swelling Soil
Keywords: seasonal changes, swelling clay, montmorillonite, high liquid limit,

high plasticity index, building
(2) Based on material

Concrete pile
Steel pile
Timber pile
Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber, H pile

Concrete pile
Precast Concrete Pile
Keywords: point, concrete, reinforcement. pile diameter

Prestressed Concrete Piles
Keywords: height strength concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced

ductility
Concrete strength
Keywords: cube strength, hard driving, normal to easy driving, high

capacity, reduced weight, easy driving
Lifting of precast piles
Keywords: pile length, lifting hooks, moment

Steel Pile
Steel H-Pile
Large contact area, high Qs
Keywords: easy to drive, easy to cut, corrosion, expensive, splicing, soil plug,
driving shoe, steel plate
Steel Pipe Piles
Keywords: diameter, closed

or open ended, soil plug,
diameter
Steel corrosion
Keywords: steel piles, concrete piles, National Bureau of

Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt water
Timber Piles
Characteristics
Keywords: advantages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, shaft,
ground water, butt
Pile splices
Keywords: steel sleeve, steel strap

(3) Disturbance to Surrounding Soil
Keywords: large displacement piles, small displacement piles, non-displacement

piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased
(4) Loading Conditions of Piles
Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension

(5) Load Transfer Mechanism

Resistance of friction pile or floating
pile mostly comes from friction
resistance. Even though there is a
point resistance, since the pile is
not founded into a firm-bearing
layer the point resistance is very
small. In contrary, end bearing or
point bearing pile, the pile
resistance particularly come from
point resistance.
Keywords: friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock
Splices and Rock Points
Keywords: rock point

(6) Based on Installation Method

Driven Pile
Bored Pile
Jacked-Down Pile
Driven pile
Installation method
Settlement during driving in sand
Keywords: settlement, diameter, compaction within this zone

Settlement during driving in clay
Keywords: soft clay, heave, volume, soft clay, remoulded zone, pore water
pressure, undrained shear strength
Redriving of pile in clay
Keywords: risen piles, redriving, heave, soft clay, separation of splice

Bored Pile
Installation method
Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with
concrete, reinforcement
Installation method with casing for soft clay
Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with
concrete, reinforcement
Necking during casting in soft clay
Keywords: casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground water

Bored pile with bell
Keywords: bells
Installation using bentonite slurry
Keywords: ground water, surface casing, bentonite slurry, chisel, pouring of

concrete, lowering of reinforcement element
Various shapes of slurry trench pile
Keywords: size, shape
Jacked-Down Pile
Installation method
Keywords: pump, manometer, steel insert, hydraulic jack, pile

segment
(7) Proprietary Pile

Raymond step tapered pile
Keywords: steel shell, steel cone, light bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete
Franki pile
Keywords: concrete plug, bulb, internal hammer, prefabricated shaft, light casing
PART II.
PILE BEARING CAPACITY
ANALYSIS
Pile Bearing Capacity

Single Pile
Pile Group
Pile Bearing Capacity of

Single Pile
Compression capacity
Tension capacity
Lateral capacity
Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension

Capacity of Pile Group

Efficiency
Group settlement
Issues Relating to Pile

Capacity
Load distribution along pile
Ultimate resistance of piles:

For sand, shaft and point
equally contribute to ultimate
resistance
For clay, shaft resistance
dominated ultimate resistance
Keywords: sand, clay, point resistance, shaft resistance

Load vs. Displacement
Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place
pile, driven pile, with bell
Load deformation relationship

Shaft resistance of soft clay and sand are fully mobilized, i.e. reach its maximum
value, at relatively small pile displacement.
Point resistance is reached at relatively large pile displacement compare to shaft
resistance.
Point resistance of large displacement piles (i.e. driven-pile) is mobilized relatively
faster (at relatively small displacement) than non-displacement piles (i.e. bored-pile).
This due to the fact that driven pile compacting soil close to the pile tip, and boredpile loosening soil close the pile tip due to stress release. However, for a certain
cases driven pile could loosen soil close to the pile tip. For example, driving piles
through very dense sand or highly over consolidated soil.
Idealized load deformation relationship
Keywords: pile load, point resistance, skin resistance

Pile Bearing Capacity

Determination
A. Analytical Method
Based soil strength parameters obtained from laboratory test. Pile bearing capacity
is established based on general bearing capacity equation of shallow foundation.
B. Empirical Method
Based on field-testing method and empirical correlation from loading test. Empirical
relationship has been developed between SPT, CPT and Swedish Sounding with
pile bearing capacity.
C. Dynamic Method
Based on observation during pile driving. Response during pile driving reflects soil
resistance encounter by the pile. Pile ultimate resistance is determined taking into
account pile driving equipment, response during pile driving and other soil
parameters.
D. Pile Load Test Method
Based on load deformation characteristic during pile loading test.
A. ANALYTICAL METHOD
A.1. Introduction
(1) Direction of Pile Loading
Factor of Safety (FOS):

FOS for compression differs
than FOS for tension.
FOS for shaft resistance
differs than for point resistance.
Point and shaft resistance for
sand and clay determined
differently.
Keywords: compression, tension, weight of pile, factor of safety, allowable load,

point resistance, shaft resistance
(2) End Bearing Capacity
Omitted because
small compare to
overburden
Keywords: end bearing, undrained shear strength, bearing capacity factors

Bearing Capacity
Pile resistance for pile in sand mostly contributed by overburden
pressure v.
The following assumptions for determination of pile capacity in
sand are:
The friction angle exist and cohesion equal to zero (=, c=0)
Pile length L, much bigger than pile diameter, as such the
contribution of pile resistance from gamma is negligible.
There are several bearing capacity factors Nq has been proposed:
Meyerhof bearing capacity factor
Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity factor

Various Bearing Capacity Factors
Keywords: Terzaghi, Berezantsev, Meyerhof, Vesic, Brinch Hansen, de Beer,

friction angle
Failure mechanism for Vesics factor
Keywords: point resistance, rigidity index, failure surface, compressibility,

rigidity index
A.2. Pile Capacity in Sand

(1) Bearing Capacity Equation
Keywords: loose, dense, coefficient of

lateral earth pressure at rest, small,
Vesic, displacement pile, nondisplacement pile, tapered pile
(2) Pile Shaft Capacity in Sand
Keywords: pile type, sand, critical

depth,
(3) Lateral Pressure Against Pile Shaft
Keywords: bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile,

straight shaft, tapered shaft, lateral earth pressure
Controlling factors
Lateral pressure exerted by soil on pile surface depend
on the following factors:
Disturbance and the nature of disturbance to
surrounding pile during pile construction. Driven pile
cause compaction (loose to medium sand and soft to
medium clay) or dilation (dense sand or overconsolidated
clay.
The inclination of side (straight side or tapered).
Empirical parameter for K
Keywords: Mansur & Hunter, Tavenas, Ireland, lateral earth pressure

Critical depth
Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity value, diameter, length

A.3. Pile Capacity in Clay

(1) End resistance
(2) Shaft resistance
Keywords: normally consolidated clay,

overconsolidated clay, undrained shear
strength, reduction , ground surface
Lambda-Method
Keywords: offshore structures, depth, mean value, skin

resistance
Empirical estimate of pile skin friction in clay
Keywords: effective overburden pressure,

Flaate, Selnes, undrained shear strength
A.5. Other Consideration

(1) Load Transfer Mechanism
Keywords: t-z curves, q-y curve, driven pile, bored pile

(2) Negative Skin Friction
Keywords: lowering of ground

water level, driven pile, bored pile
A.6. Summary
Summary
Soil
Type
Point Resistance
Q p q p Ap
Shaft Resistance
Qs As f s
Sand
q p qN q'
or
1 2
qp
K o qN q'
3
f s K a v'
Clay
q p 9cu
Note:
K a depends on type of pile.

Shaft resistance constant after
reaching critical depth
f s c u
f s v'
f s ( v' 2cu )
B. EMPIRICAL METHOD
(1) Cone Penetration Test
End resistance
Keywords: area of pile, sand

Shaft friction
Keywords: cone penetration test, friction sleeve small displacement pile, large
displacement pile
(2) Standard Penetration Test

N-Value vs. pile capacity
Keywords: SPT, sand, pile diameter

(3) Weight Sounding Test (WST)

Estimate of Pile Capacity Based
Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, s

Laterally Loaded Single

Pile
Failure Mode of
Horizontally Loaded Piles
Lateral Pile Resistance in

Sand

Clay (Rotational Mode)

Clay
(Pile Failure Mode)

Pile Foundation - Single Pile

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Indra S. Harahap/ EVB4013 VAB2073

Indra S. Harahap/ EVB4013 VAB2073

Scope of Pile Foundation

Selection of Foundation Type

Indra S. Harahap/ EVB4013 VAB2073

Keywords: tanks, silos, chimneys, machine foundations, sand, ground water,

Improve Stability of Bridge Abutment

Keywords: soft clay, fill, bridge abutment

These piles, not soft clay,

Keywords: soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill

Anchor piles as for dry docks

Keywords: ground water, up-lift force, anchor piles

Offshore Structures on Piles

Keywords: cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension

Stabilization of Slope by Piles

Stabilization of Slope by Piles

Keywords: failure surface, clay, precast piles,

Anchor Piles in Swelling Soil

Keywords: seasonal changes, swelling clay, montmorillonite, high liquid limit,

(2) Based on material

Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber, H pile

Keywords: point, concrete, reinforcement. pile diameter

Prestressed Concrete Piles

Keywords: height strength concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced

Keywords: cube strength, hard driving, normal to easy driving, high

Lifting of precast piles

Keywords: pile length, lifting hooks, moment

Large contact area, high Qs

Steel Pipe Piles

Keywords: diameter, closed

Keywords: steel piles, concrete piles, National Bureau of

Keywords: steel sleeve, steel strap

(3) Disturbance to Surrounding Soil

Keywords: large displacement piles, small displacement piles, non-displacement

(4) Loading Conditions of Piles

Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension

(5) Load Transfer Mechanism

Splices and Rock Points

Keywords: rock point

(6) Based on Installation Method

Indra S. Harahap/ EVB4013 VAB2073

Indra S. Harahap/ EVB4013 VAB2073

Settlement during driving in sand

Keywords: settlement, diameter, compaction within this zone

Settlement during driving in clay

Redriving of pile in clay

Keywords: risen piles, redriving, heave, soft clay, separation of splice

Installation method with casing for soft clay

Necking during casting in soft clay

Keywords: casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground water

Bored pile with bell

Installation using bentonite slurry

Keywords: ground water, surface casing, bentonite slurry, chisel, pouring of

Various shapes of slurry trench pile

Keywords: size, shape

Indra S. Harahap/ EVB4013 VAB2073

Keywords: pump, manometer, steel insert, hydraulic jack, pile

(7) Proprietary Pile

Indra S. Harahap/ EVB4013 VAB2073

Pile Bearing Capacity

Indra S. Harahap/ EVB4013 VAB2073