1

MORPHOLOGY OF
FLOWERING PLANTS
Concepts

Angiosperms are flowering, fruit bearing, spermatophytic

plants that are well adapted to life on land. These plants are
the most advanced and evolved group that exists today.
They all have enclosed seeds and bear flowers.
Angiosperms lack archegonium which is replaced by pistil.
They have double fertilization and endosperm is of triploid
nature.
The male gametes are nonmotile and carried by pollen tube
to avoid dependence on water for fertilization.

PLANT MORPHOLOGY

Plant morphology refers to the study of external form and

structure of plants.

Region of cell maturaton: The outermost layer of this region

has thick walled or impermeable cells. Its only function is to
anchor the plant firmly in the soil.

MODIFICATION OF ROOTS
Modified Tap Roots

Fusiform : It is swollen in the middle and is tapering at both

the ends e.g. radish.

Napiform : It is much swollen at the upper end and abruptly

tapering towards the lower end e.g. sugar beet.

Conical : The conical root is broadest at the top (base) and

is gradually tapering towards the lower end e.g. carrot.

Tuberous root : Tap root is irregularly swollen except at the

base e.g. tapioca.

Nodulated : In legumes, the roots are symbiotically

associated with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Rhizobium
leguminosarum. This results in the formation of several
nodules in the branches of the roots e.g. rhizobium.
Modified Branched Root

Pneumatophores : Pneumatophores or respiratory roots are

short, vertical and negatively geotropic (grow in an upward
direction) that occur in certain halophytes, which grow in
saline marshes (mangroves). They bear numerous minute
pores or special lenticels (pneumatothodes) in their terminal
parts that help in taking atmospheric oxygen which is
completely absent in the saline water e.g. rhizophora.
Modified for Mechanical Functions

Prop root : Plants are profusely branched and branches are

thick and heavy. From these branches roots arise and hang
downwards in the air and later penetrete the soil and function
as prop (for support) to the branch e.g. radishe.g. banyan.

Stilt root : In some plants roots arise from lower nodes of

stem and enter the soil and become stronger e.g. screwpine.

Climbing root : arise from nodes and help the plant in

climbing e.g. betel.

Clinging root : Arise from node of a stem and pierce the

stem of host plant and thus help in fixing the plant to the
host e.g. orchid.

Floating root : Spongy aerial roots filled with air help the
plant in floating e.g., Jussiaea.

THE ROOT

It is the underground system, usually below the soil and

originates from the radicle.

Generally it is positively geotropic, negatively phototropic

and positively hydrotropic.

It lacks nodes, internodes, leaves and buds.

In few hydrophytes a root cap is absent and instead root

pockets are present. A root pocket differs from a cap in its
mode of development. In Pandanus (screwpine), multiple
caps are present.

The primary functions of root are fixation of plant firmly on

soil, absorption of water and conduction of mineral nutrients.

Roots also prevent soil erosion.

Region of the root

Root cap (calyptra): Root cap is derived from calyptrogen.

It covers root tip and protects it against friction from soil
particles.

Region of active cell division or meristematic region: The

growing point produces new cells for root cap and basal
parts.

Region of elongation: The cells elongate rapidly due to

vacuolization. This zone is responsible for growing of root
in length.

Region of root hair: Outer cells just above the region of

elongation give rise to lobular unbranched unicellular root
hairs for increasing absorptive area.
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Contractile root : Roots are meant for keeping storage stems

at a proper depth in the soil e.g., onion.

Root thorn : Roots near the soil become hard like thorns.
These thorns serve as protective organ e.g., coconut.
Modified Adventitious Root
Modified for Physiological Functions
Storage root

Assimilatory root : Develop chlorophyll and perform

photosynthesis e.g., Tinospora.

Parasitic root : Roots arise from the stem and enter the host
plant developing contact with xylem and phloem of the host
stem e.g., Cuscuta.

Reproductive root : Vegetative buds arise on adventitious

roots which after separation from parent plant form new
plants e.g., Ipomea.

Epiphytic root : These aerial hanging roots present in

epiphytes (plants growing on other plants for space only)
e.g., Orchids.

Tuberous root : Arise from nodes of stem and one root out
of bunch become tuberous and fleshy for storage of food
e.g., sweet potato.

Fasciculated root (Asparagus) : Arise in bunches (fascicles)

from lower nodes of stem and become thick and fleshy for
storage of food e.g., asparagus.

Nodulose root : Terminal portions swell up e.g., Curcuma

amada.

Moniliform root : Due to food storage these roots swells at

different places e.g., dioscorea.

Annulated root : Swelling at different places takes place in

such a way that it looks like stack of rings e.g., Ipecac.

SHOOT SYSTEM

It is a direct prolongation of the plumule.

It is negatively geotropic and positively phototropic.

It is distinguishable into nodes and internodes and lacks a

terminal cap.

The space between two successive nodes is called as

internode.

Stem facilitates conduction of water, mineral and food

material. It also produces and supports leaves and
reproductive structure.
MODIFIED STEMS
Underground

Tuber: Irregularly shaped swollen stem. Stores plenty of

food. The eyes on potato tuber indicate axillary buds at
the nodes e.g. potato.

Bulb : Having a discoid stem. Bears large and fleshy scaly

leaves which store food e.g. onion.

Rhizome : grows horizontally forward under soil surface.

Nodes and internodes are very distinct e.g. ginger.

Corm : Highly swollen vertical stem. Adventitious roots are

borne by basal nodes only e.g. Amorphophallus.
Sub-aerial

Runner : have long and thin internodes and branches creep

over the surface of soil e.g. Oxalis.

Offset : This stem is like a runner but the internodes are

thicker and shorter e.g. Pistia.
Stolon : Arise from nodes of underground portions of stem
and grow in the horizontal direction. After growing for
sometime the apical region of the branches comes out of the
soil, grows into air and roots arise from lower side of nodes
e.g. Mentha.
Sucker : A branch moves obliquely or sometimes grows
horizontally under the surface of soil and then comes out of
the soil growing obliquely upwards e.g. Chrysanthemum.

Aerial or Metamorphosed

Thorn : They are stiff, sharp structures which have lost

their growing point and become hard e.g. Duranta.

Stem-tendril : Thread-like sensitive structures which can coil

around a support and help the plant in climbing e.g. grape.

Phylloclade : They are flattened green stems of unlimited

growth which have taken over the function of
photosynthesis e.g. Opuntia.

Cladode : They are green stems of limited growth (usually

one internode long) which have taken over the function of
photosynthesis from the leaves.

LEAF
The leaf is a specialised organ of photosynthesis, transpiration
and gaseous exchange.
Parts of Leaf or Phyllopodium

Leaf Base: It is the point of attachment of the leaf petiole to

the stem.

Stipules : Stipules are a pair of lateral outgrowths arising

from the leaf base

Petiole : It is the stalk of the leaf.

Lamina : Lamina is usually flattened green photosynthetic

part of leaf.
Venation
Venation is the arrangement of the veins and the veinlets in a leaf.

Reticulate Venation: The veins are arranged in a net like

manner, e.g., dicots.

Parallel Venation: Here the veins are arranged parallel-to

each other, e.g., monocots.
Types of the Leaves

Simple leaf : In simple leaf lamina is not divided completely

into distinct leaflets.

Compound leaf : In compound leaf, incision of leaf blade

goes down to the rachis so the leaf is broken up into number
of segments called leaflets. The compound leaves are of
two types-pinnate and palmate.
Pinnate : The segmentation of the leaf-blade is towards
the mid-rib, so that the leaflets are borne laterally by
midrib or rachis.
Palmate : In palmate compound leaves the
segmentation of the leaf extends from the apical margin
to the petiole so that the leaflets are articulated to the
tip of the petiole like fingers on a palm.

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Phyllotaxy
The arrangement of mature leaves on the stem or its branches is called phyllotaxy.
It is of three types :

Modifications of Leaves

Leaf tendrils
Leaves or their
portions may
become modified
into tendrils in
various plants.
e.g. Pisum
sativum,
Gloriosa

Leaf spines
Leaves or their parts
are modified into
spines either to
escape transpiration
or for protection
e.g. Opuntia,
Barberry

Scale leaves
Store food and
water and are,
therefore, thick
and fleshy
e.g. Asparagus

Pitcher
Phyllode
The leaf-blade is
The leaf or
modified into a
lamina sheds
and the petiole pitcher-like structure.
modifies into The pitcher is provided
leaf like
with a lid which itself is
structure
an outgrowth of the
e.g. Australian
leaf-apex.
e.g. Nepenthes
acacia

Bladder
The leaf segments
get modified into
tiny bladders. The
bladder like
structure is meant
for catching the
aquatic insects
e.g. Utricularia

Phyllotaxy

Alternate :
Only one leaf is borne
at each node in alternate
manner e.g. Mustard,
Sunflower

Opposite :
two leaves occur
at each node.

Decussate : When the

successive pairs of leaves
arise at right angles to
the proceeding pair
e.g. Calotropis

Whorled : When more

than two leaves occur at
a node, e.g. Nerium,
Hydrilla.

Superposed : When the

successive pairs of leaves
on a branch arise in one
vertical plane e.g. Quisqualis

INFLORESCENCE

An inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on peduncle or mother axis.

Types of Inflorescence

I. Racemose (Indefinite)
(Main axis grows indefinitely bearing
flowers in Acropetal order)

II. Cymose (Definite)

(Main axis terminates into flower
& flowers arise in Basipetal order)

RACEMOSE

Main axis elongated

Raceme : Pedicellate (Stalked) flowers occur
in an acropetal order on the mother axis. e.g.,
larkspur.
Spike : Sessile flowers occur in an acropetal
order on the elongated mother axis. e.g., bottle
brush.
Catkin : Unisexual flowers occur very close to
one another on a short axis e.g., Mulberry. The
whole inflorescence falls down as a single unit.

Main axis shortened

Corymb : Pedicels of
lower flowers more
elongated. All flowers
are at the same level
e.g. Iberis.
Umbel : Axis reduced,
pedicels are nearly
equal in length e.g.
Coriandrum.

Main axis reduced or flattened

Capitate : Sessile flowers on
suppressed axis forming globose
structure e.g. Mimosa , Acacia
Capitulum or Head : Sessile
flowers on a flattened disc or
receptacle e.g. Compositae.

Spadix : Small unisexual flowers occur in

different groups on a thick axis. All the flowers
are enclosed in a large showy bract called
spathe e.g., Banana, arum lily.
Spikelet : Unit of compound inflorescence of
grasses (members of family Poaceae)

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CYMOSE

Special cymes

Typical cymes

Monochasial or uniparous cyme

In this form the main axis ends in a flower and
produces only one lateral branch at a time.
(i) Helicoid cyme : Eg. Heliotropium,
Bigonia, Junius.
(ii) Scorpioid cyme : Eg. Drosera,
Fressia, Hyoscymus.

Dichasial or Biparous cyme : Eg., Ixora,

Tectona grandis (teak), Jasminium,
Caryophyllaceae (Dianthus)

Polychasial or multiparous cyme : Eg.,

Calotropis, Hamelia patens.

Cyathium : Single female flower is surrounded by

many male flowers. It has a cup shaped involucre
e.g., Euphorbia, Phyllanthus.

Verticilaster : Whorls of flowers around the axis at

nodes in condensed cymes e.g., Labiatae family.

Hypanthodium : Receptacle is fleshy and cupshaped. Flowers are sessile and unisexual. Female
flower are found on the lower side and the male
flowers near the aperture e.g. Ficus spp.

Scapigerous : In Allium cepa (Onion) the leafless

flowering axis is known as scape. It bears cluster of
flowers that form a head which is covered by one or
more bracts called spaths e.g., Onion, garlic.

Perigynous : When the sepals, petals and stamens appear

FLOWER
to be arising from middle of the ovary, the flower is
A flower is a reproductive shoot which bears sex organs and
described as perigynous. In these flowers, the ovary is semiperforms following functions: (i) production of pollen and ovules.
inferior, e.g., Saxifraga.
(ii) pollination (iii) fertilization (iv) development of fruit, and seeds

Epigynous : When the sepals, petals and stamens appear to

and their dispersal.
be arising from the top of the ovary, the flower is described
Sex-distribution
as epigynous. In these flowers, the ovary is inferior, e.g.,
1.
Bisexual, perfect or monoclinous: A flower with both sexual
myrtaceae, (Callistemon), umbelliferae (Coriandrum),
organs, i.e., stamens and pistils.
compositae, cucurbitaceae, etc.
2.
Unisexual, Imperfect or diclinous :

Perianth: Collective terms when petals and sepals are not

(a) Monoecious : Both male and female flowers are present
distinguished.
in the same plant.

Tepal: A segment of perianth.

(b) Dioecious : Male and female flowers are present in

Polyphyllous: In such flowers tepals are free.

different plants.

Gamophyllous:
In such flowers tepals are fused.
(c) Polygamous : possess more than two types of flowers
e.g. Mango, cashewnut, trees possess three types of Calyx
flowersbisexual, staminate and neuter.
The outermost non-essential but protective whorl of the flower is
the calyx. It is represented by the sepals.
Arrangement of Floral Parts
Polysepalous : Sepals are free.

Acyclic: Floral organs are arranged in spirals, e.g., Magnolia.

Gamosepalous : Sepals are wholly or partially united.

Cyclic: Floral organs are arranged in whorls, e.g., Solanum.

Hemicyclic: Floral organs are partly in spiral and partly in Corolla Aestivation
whorls, e.g., Anona.

Valvate : Arrangement without overlapping e.g., Custard

Bracts : It is a leaf like structure at the base of pedicel in

apple, Acacia.
whose axil a flower arises. The flower is described as
Twisted : All are in or out, e.g., china-rose.
bracteate when the bract is distinct. It is called ebracteate

Imbricate : One sepal/petal completely external, one is

when the bract is missing.
completely internal and rest overlap one another e.g., Cassia.
Symmetry of Flower

Quincuncial : A form of imbricate where two petals or sepals

Actinomorphic or regular flower : Flower are radially

are external, two are internal and one partly internal and
symmetrical i.e., divisible into two equal halves by any radial
partly external e.g., Guava.
plane. e.g. Malvaceae.

Vexillary or Descending Imbricate : Consists of 5 petals.

Zygomorphic or irregular flower : Flower are bilaterally

Odd posterior petal is largest and outermost. It overlaps a
symmetrical i.e., divisible into two equal halves by a single
pair of smaller lateral petals, which in turn overlap a boat
verticle plane. e.g. Papilionaceae, Compositeae,
shaped keel e.g., Pea.
Caesalpineae, Poaceae.
Shape of Corolla
Asymmetic flower : e.g. Orchid.

Cruciform : Four petals arranged in th form of cross(X).

Position of the Flower
Each petal has a claw and limb Eg. Crucifereae.

Hypogynous : When the calyx, corolla and androecium arise

Tubular : Eg. Sunflower
from below the ovary, the flower is described as
Papilionaceous: Eg. Pulses.
hypogynous. The ovary thus becomes superior, e.g.,
Bilabiate : Eg. Ocimum
cruciferae, liliaceae.
5.
Ligulate : Eg. Ray floret of sunflower.
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Androecium

Monadelphous : Stamens fused to form a single bundle (only

filaments fused and anthers free) e.g., China-rose.

Diadelphous, When the filaments are united in two bundles

and the anthers remain free, e.g., Pea.

Polydelphous: When the filaments are united into more than

two bundles but anthers are free, e.g., Citrus.

Syngenesious: Anthers are united to form one bundle, e.g.,

Helianthus.

Synandrous : Total stamens are united e.g. Cucurbitaceae

Didynamous: Four stamens in two pairs, a pair of shorter

and a pair of long stamens, e.g., Oscimum.

Tetradynamous: Six stamensfour long and two short, e.g.

Brassica.

Epipetalous : (fusion of stamens with petals) e.g. malvaceae,

solanaceae, compositeae.
9.
Versatile anther : Eg. Poaceae

Chambers of Ovary

Unilocular : Eg. Poaceae, Compositeae, Papilionaceae.

Bilocular : Eg. Crucifereae, Solanaceae.

Trilocular : Eg. Liliaceae, Cucurbitaceae.

Pentalocular : Eg. Malvaceae.

Note : Gynobasic style : Eg. Salvia, Ocimum (Labiatae).

Placentation

Marginal : One chambered ovary has placenta forms a

ridge on the ventral suture of the ovary and ovules are
borne,e.g. Pea.

Parietal : One chambered ovary having placentae on the

inner wall e.g. Papaya, mustard.

Axile : Several chambered ovary having placenta on the

central axis ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary
e.g. China-rose, Petunia.

Free central : The ovary is one-chambered. The placenta

arises from the base of the ovary in the form of a swollen
central axis. The ovules are borne all over the surface of the
placenta, e.g, Primrose

Basal : The ovary is one chambered. The placenta is

very small and arises directly on the thalamus. Only one
ovule is borne at the base of the ovary, e.g. Compositeae,
poaceae.

Gynoecium

CARPELS

Simple
e.g. : Leguminoseae,
poaceae
Apocarpous
e.g. : Rosaceae,
buttercup

Compound

Syncarpous
e.g. China rose,
potato, crucifers,
sunflower

Wall
FRUIT= RIPENED OVARY

Simple

Ovules

Aggregate
Etaerio of achenes : Each fruitlet is an achene. The
thalamus is fleshy and becomes red on maturation
and is the edible part in Strawberry, e.g. Clematis,
Ranunculus, Lotus
Etaerio of follicles : Many follicles (fruitlets) make
an etaerio which are arranged on the enlarged
thalamus in a bunch, e.g. Calotropis

Etaerio of drupes : Many small drupes, developed

from different carpels are arranged collectively
(in groups) on the fleshy thalamus, e.g. Rubus

Etaerio of berries : It is an aggregate fruit consist

of small berries e.g., in custard apple, many berries
are developed on fleshy thalamus, e.g. custard
apple, Artabotrys.

Pericarp

Epicarp
Mesocarp
Endocarp

Seeds
Multiple or Composite

Sorosis : These fruits

develop from spike,
spadix or
catkin
inflorescence. In Ananas
sativus (Pine apple) too,
rachis, bracts and
perianth are the edible
parts, e.g. Mulberry
(Morus), Pineapple, Jack
fruit (kathal).

Syconus : It develops
from hypanthodium
infloresence.
Receptacle becomes
fleshy and many
achenes develop from
the pistillate flowers.
Develops from Hypanthodium, e.g. Banyan

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Flesh Simple Fruit

(Pericarp fleshy)

Berry : Develop from

mono or multicarpellary,
syncarpous, superior
ovary. Epicarp in these
fruits makes the ring of
fruit. Mesocarp is fleshy
and endocarp is thin like a
membrane, e.g. tomato,
guava.

Hesperidium : Develop
from multicarpellary,
syncarpous, superior
ovary having axile
placentation. Mesocarp is
in the form of white, fibrous
part fused with epicarp, e.g.
lemon, orange

Pepo : These fruits

resemble berries, but these
develop from inferior ovary
with parietal placentation
Epicarp makes a hard rind,
e.g. cucumber, watermelon
Pome : It is a false fruit as
it, develops from the fleshy
thalamus. True fruit
remains inside the swollen
thalamus, e.g. apple, pear.

Dry Simple Fruit

(Pericarp dry)

Indehiscent
Achene : One seeded
developed from superior
ovary, fruit wall and seed
coat free, e.g., Hogweed
(Boerhaavia), Mirabilis
jalapa
Caryopsis : A superior
acheme, fruit wall and
seed coat fused e.g., rice,
wheat, maize
Cypsela : An inferior
acheme, e.g., sunflower,
marigold
Nut : A large woody
pericarp acheme, e.g.,
water chestnut, oak,
cashew-nut, litchi

Dehiscent
Follicle : Dehiscing by
ventral suture, e.g.,
Caloptropis.
Legume or Pod :
Dehiscing by both the
sutures. e.g., pea.
Siliqua : Dehiscing from
base to apex, e.g. mustard
to expose replum with
attached
seeds
(Brassica)
Capsule : Dehiscing in
many ways e.g., lady
fiinger.

Schizocarpic
Dehiscing into one seeded
parts :
Lomentum : A legnum
breaking into one seeded
parts e.g., Acacia,
Mimosa.
Cremocarp : Capsule
breaking into two
mericarp e.g. Coriander,
Fennel.
Regma : Single seeded
fruitlets dehisce to release
out its seeds called cocci
e.g. Castor, Geranium
Double samra : Breaking
into two winged fruitlets
e.g. Acer (Maple)

Exalbuminous (non-endospermic) seeds : They usually store

THE SEED
reserve food material in cotyledons e.g., bean, gram and pea.
Seed is the ripended ovule which contains an integumented embryo
DESCRIPTION
OF SOME IMPORTANT FAMILIES
or miniature plant with adequate reserve food for future
FABACEAE
development of the embryo.

It is commonly called as legume family. It is 4th largest (after

Dicotyledonous Seed
compositae, orchidaceae and gramineae) and 2nd most
The outer or the only seed coat (if one is present) is called testa,
valuable (after gramineae) family of plant kingdom that
while the inner one is named as tegmen. The surface of the seed
provides maximum timber.
possesses a fine pore at one end is called micropyle.
Just behind the micropyle is present a dark spot called hilum, Habit Annual or biennial, herb, shrub or tree.
which is a scar left on the seed coat when it is detached from the Root Tap root system.
fruit wall.
Stem Erect or creeping, solid or weak.
Monocotyledonous Seed
Leaf Alternate or whorled, stipulate, compound,

In maize grain the seed coat is fused with the pericarp.

reticulate venation.

The endosperm has one to three layered peripheral proteins Floral Characters
layer called aleurone layers which separates the embryo Inflorescence : Racemose
with endosperm. The cotyledon is also called scutellum in Flower : Bisexual, zygomorphic
cereals. It is laterally attached to the embryonal axis. The
Calyx : Sepals five, gamosepalous; imbricate aestivation.
lower end of the axis is called the radicle which has a
protective sheath termed coleorhiza. The upper end of the Corolla : Petals five, polypetalous, papilionaceous, consisting of
a posterior standard, two lateral wings, two anterior ones forming
axis is called the plumule which is covered by coleoptile.
There are two types of seeds i.e., albuminous and exalbuminous. a keel (enclosing stamens and pistil), vexillary aestivation.

Albuminous (endospermic) seeds : In these seeds food is Androecium : Ten, diadelphous, anther dithecous.
stored in the endosperm, e.g., corn, wheat, caster, onions, Gynoecium : Ovary superior, mono carpellary, unilocular with
many ovules, style single.
etc.
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Fruit : Legume; seed: one to many, non-endospermic

Floral Diagram of Solanum nigrum (Makai) :

G
Floral formula : % K(5) C 1 + 2 + (2) A
(9) +1 1
Floral Diagram of Pisum sativum :

Economic Importance

Various kinds of pulses are obtained from the plants of this

family e.g., garden peaedible pea (Pisum sativum), chick
pea or gram (Cicer arietinum), Lobia (Vigna inensis), Arhar
(Cajanus cajan) etc.

Ground nut (Arachis hypogea)Its embryo is used in

preparation of vegetable oil. Soyabean (Glycine max)It
is rich in protein.

Sesbania, Trifolium is used as fodder.

Roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice = mulaithi) are used

in sore throat.

Roots of plants of this family are nodulated that contain

nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium.

SOLANACEAE

It is a large family commonly called as potato family.

Vegetative Characters :

Plants mostly, herbs, shrubs and small trees.

Stem : Herbaceous rarely woody, aerial; erect, cylindrical,
branched, solid or hollow, hairy or glabrous, underground
stem in potato (Solanum tuberosum).
Leaves : Alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound,
exstipulate; venation reticulate.
Floral Characters :

Inflorescence Axillary, solitary or cymose in Datura.

Flower Ebracteate, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite,

pentamerous and hypogynous.

Calyx Sepals 5, gamosepalous, valvate, persistent.

Corolla Petals 5, gamopetalous, valvate or twisted.

Androecium Stamens 5, epipetalous anthers.

Gynoecium Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior,

bilocular, many ovules in each locule.

Fruit Generally berry, capsule in Datura.

LILIACEAE
It is commonly called as Lily family.
HabitUsually perennial herb as Polygonatum, sometimes small
shrubs as Ruscus.
RootAdventitious, fibrous.
StemErect or climbing as Smilax, branched or unbranched,
herbaceous.
Leaf Exstipulate, alternate or whorled, parallel venation.
InflorescenceRaceme, umbel or sometimes solitary.
FlowerPedicellate, bracteate, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic,
trimerous, hypogynous.
Perianth Tepal six (3 + 3) perianth in two whorls, imbricate
aestivation,. Androecium six (3 + 3) stamens in two whorls.
GynoeciumTricarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary, axile
placentation, trilocular, two or more ovules in each locule.
FruitCapsule or rarely berry.
Floral formula Br.

P3 + 3 A 3 + 3 G(3)

Economic Importance
Allium cepa, A. sativum and Asparagus racemosus are used as
vegetables.
Leaves of Allium cepa (onion) are used in dental and ear troubles.
The leaves of Allium sativum (lahasun) are used in cough and
fever.
Colchicine, an alkaloid obtained from Colchicum autumnale is
used to induce polyploidy in plants.

Floral Formula EBr. K(5) C(5)A (5) G(2)

Many plants belonging to this family are source of food
(tomato, brinjal, potato), spice (chilli), medicine (belladonna,
ashwagandha), fumigatory (tobacco) and of ornamental
values such as Petunia.

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Exercise
1.

2.

3.

4.
5.
6.

7.

8.

The main application of morphological studies is in the field

of :
(a) Cytology
(b) Taxonomy
(c) Embryology
(d) Forestry
The root differs from stem in having
(a) Nodes and internodes
(b) Axillary buds
(c) Multicellular hairs
(d) Unicellular hairs
In a typical young dicot root the number of organographical
regions is :
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 2
Example for tuberous adventitious roots is
(a) Dahlia
(b) Carrot
(c) Radish
(d) Beet
A root-cap is usually absent in the roots of
(a) Hydrophytes
(b) Epiphytes
(c) Parasites
(d) All of these
The part of the root most active in water absorption
(a) Root cap
(b) Maturation zone
(c) Meristematic zone (d) Zone of elongation
Choose the correct option for A, B and C.

9.
10.
11.

12.
13.

14.

Which of the following is a root parasite ?

(a) Rafflesia
(b) Loranthus
(c) Cassytha
(d) Utricularia
Fibrous roots develop in maize from
(a) Upper nodes
(b) Lower nodes
(c) Upper internodes (d) None of these
Santalum album is normally considered as a
(a) Complete root parasite
(b) Partial root parasite
(c) Complete stem parasite
(d) Partial stem parasite
An example of tuber is
(a) Sweet potato
(b) Potato
(c) Pumpkin
(d) Dahlia
Reserve food is mainly found in
(a) Underground stems
(b) Underground modified tap roots
(c) Underground modified adventitious roots
(d) All of the above
Which option is correctly matched with the diagrams?

(a) A-Valvate, B-Twisted, C-Imbricate, D-Vexillary

(b) A-Vexillary, B-Valvate, C-Twisted, D-Imbricate
(c) A-Imbricate, B-Vexillary, C-Valvate, D-Twisted
(d) A-Twisted, B-Imbricate, C-Vexillary, D-Valvate
15. Sucker is a subaerial stem modification for vegetative
propagation and is seen in
(a) Hydrocotyle
(b) Chrysanthemum
(c) Pistia
(d) Launea
16. Which of the following statement (s) is/are incorrect?
I. Calyx and corolla are reproductive organs of a flower.
II. Zygomorphic flower can be divided into two equal
radial halves in any radial plane.
III. Flowers without bracts are termed as bracteate.
(a) A - zone of elongation, B - zone of meiosis, C - zone of
IV. Parthenocarpic fruit is formed after fertilization of the
mitosis
ovary.
(b) A - zone of maturation, B - zone of meristematic activity,
V. In legumes, seed is non-endospermic.
C - zone of elongation
VI. Radical buds develop on roots.
(c) A - zone of mitosis, B - zone of elongation, C - zone of
(a) I, II, III, IV
(b) I, II, V,
root cap
(c) III, IV, VI
(d) IV, V, I
(d) A - region of maturation, B - region of elongation, C 17. Epiphyllous buds serve the function of
meristematic activity
(a) Respiration
(b) Nutrition
An example of negatively geotropic root
(c) Reproduction
(d) Absorption
(a) Coralloid root of Cycas
18. The bulbous underground part of Amorphophallus
(b) Pneumatophore of mangroves
represents stem because of the presence of
(c) Assimilatory roots of Trapa
(a) Axillary buds
(b) Nodes and internodes
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Scaly leaves
(d) All of these
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9
19.
20.
21.

22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

30.

31.

Phylloclade is the aerial modification of

32. Drosera catches insects by
(a) Petiole
(b) Stipule
(a) Forming adhesive dises
(c) Leaf-base
(d) Stem
(b) Bladder
Cladode is the modification of
(c) Pitcher
(a) Whole stem
(b) Axillary bud
(d) Tentacles which secrete a shining liquid
(c) Leaf
(d) Leaflets
33.
Stipules
are found in :
An aerial modification of axillary bud meant for vegetative
reproduction is
(a) all dicots
(a) Stolon
(b) Runner
(b) all dicots and some monocots
(c) Bulb
(d) Bulbil
(c) some dicots and monocots
The highest plant of the world belongs to
(d) all dicots and monocots
(a) Monocots
(b) Gymnosperms
34. Choose the correct combinations.
(c) Dicots
(d) Pteridophytes
Spine, thorn and prickle are
Column I
Column II
(a) Homologous
(b) Synonymous
A. Gamosepalous
I. Flower of lily
(c) Analogous
(d) Protecting structures
B. Polysepalous
II. Sterile anther
Which of the following can produce flowers and leaves?
(a) Thorn
(b) Spine
C. Gamopetalous
III. Free petals
(c) Prickle
(d) Phyllode
D. Polypetalous
IV. Free sepals
Which is not a modification of stem ?
E. Epiphyllous
V. Fused petals
(a) Tuber of Potato
(b) Pitcher of Nepenthes
F. Staminode
VI. Fused sepals
(c) Corm of Colocasia (d) Rhizome of Ginger
From sugarcane, sugary sap is obtained from :
(a) Fruit
(b) Root
A
B
C
D
E
F
(c) Cell-sap
(d) Leaf
(a)
IV
V
III
I
VI
II
An offset is present in those plants which are :
(b)
IV
V
III
I
II
VI
(a) Terrestrial
(b) Amphibious
(c)
VI
IV
V
III
I
II
(c) Aquatic
(d) All of these
(d)
VI
IV
V
III
II
I
A bulbil is the modification of :
(a) Bulb
(b) Rhizome
35. A perianth bearing flower is said to be :
(c) Terminal bud
(d) Axillary bud
(a) Monochlamydous (b) Dichlamydous
In a leaf in which the mid rib, known as rachis beats laterally
a number of leaf-lets arranged alternately or in opposite
(c) Achlamydous
(d) Metachlamydous
manner is known as
36. An incomplete flower is :
(a) Simple leaf
(b) Pinnately compound leaf
(a) Always unisexual
(c) Decompound leaf (d) None of these
(b) Always bisexual
Vivipary is characteristic of
(c) Either unisexual or bisexual
(a) mesophytes
(b) xerophytes
(d) Imperfect
(c) hygrophytes
(d) halophytes
37. A single plant can not produce viable seeds in:
Which is the correct combinations ?
(a) Monoecious species
Column I
Column II
(b) Hermaphrodite species
(Members of Fabaceae)
(Economic importance)
(c) Dioecious species
A. Gram, sem, moong,
I. Medicine
(d) Polygamous species
soyabean
38. In hypogynous flowers the ovary occurs at:
B. Soyabean,groundnut II. Ornamental
(a) the highest position
C. Indigofera
III. Fodder
(b) the lower position
(c) intermediate position
D. Sunhemp
IV. Fibres
(d) lateral position
E. Sesbania, Trifolium
V. Dye
39. A flower having all the sepals and petals of the same size is
F. Lupin, Sweet potato
VI. Edible oil
referred to as :
E. Mulaaithi
VII. Pulses
(a) Actinomorphic
(a) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV, E - V, F - VI, G - VII
(b) Zygomorphic
(b) A-VII, B - VI, C - V, D -IV, E - III, F - II, G-I
(c) Asymmetric
(c) A - II, B - IV, C - VI, D - I, E - III, F - V, G - VII
(d) Either actinomorphic or zygomorphic
(d) A - I, B - III, C - V, D - VII, E - II, F - IV, G - VI
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10
40.

Choose the correct option.

48.

49.

50.

41.

42.
43.
44.
45.

46.

47.

(a) Epicarp, Mesocarp, Seed, Endocarp

(b) Epicarp, Mesocarp, Ovule, Endocarp
(c) Epicarp, Mesocarp, Ovary, Endocarp
(d) Epicarp, Mesocarp, Embryo, Endocarp
A condition in stamen where the anthers are united but
filaments are free but attached to petals
(a) Synandrous
(b) Syngenesious
(c) Synandrous-epiphyllous
(d) Syngenesious-epipetalous
A bract can be differentiated from bracteole by its :
(a) Size
(b) Position
(c) Function
(d) Colour
The androecium of mustard is called :
(a) Tetradynamous
(b) Didynamous
(c) Sygenesious
(d) Synandrous
Glumes are modified :
(a) Androecium
(b) Gynoecium
(c) Petals
(d) Bracts
A monocarpic plant is one which :
(a) Has only one carpel
(b) Flowers once in life-time
(c) Produces only one seed
(d) Produces only one fruit
Protogynous condition is found in :
(a) China rose
(b) Sun flower
(c) Banyan
(d) Mango
Which one of the option is correct?

51.
52.

53.

54.

55.
(a) A - Hilum, B - Micropyle, C - Radicle, D - Cotyledon,
E - Plumule
(b) A - Hilum, B - Micropyle, C - Plumule, D - Cotyledon,
E - Radicle
(c) A - Micropyle, B - Hilum, C - Plumule, D - Cotyledon,
E - Radicle
(d) A - Hilum, B - Micropyle, C - Plumule, D - Radicle,
E - Cotyledon

56.

57.

Epipetalous stamens are found in :

(a) Cruciferae
(b) Solanaceae
(c) Liliaceae
(d) Mimosaceae
Which of the following characters can not be expressed by
floral formula?
(a) Sexuality
(b) Symmetry
(c) Adhesion of floral parts
(d) Aestivation
A zygomorphic condition rendered by oblique ovary is
found in :
(a) Papilionaceae
(b) Caesalpiniaceae
(c) Solanaceae
(d) Compositae
An androecium with two large and two small stamens :
(a) Diadelphous
(b) Dithecus
(c) Didynamous
(d) Dimorphism
The sweet pea blossom is a good example of a self-pollinating
plant because of the structure called :
(a) Keel
(b) Epigynous ovary
(c) Bract
(d) Spathe
Identify A, B, C, D and E parts of a typical structure of
monocotyledonous seeds.

(a) A- Endosperm, B - Embryo, C - Scutellum,

D - Coleorrhiza, E - Coleoptile
(b) A- Embryo, B - Endosperm, C - Scutellum,
D - Coleoptile, E - Coleorrhiza
(c) A - Endosperm, B - Embryo, C - Scutellum,
D - Coleoptile, E - Coleorrhiza
(d) A - Embryo, B - Endosperm, C - Scutellum,
D - Coleorrhiza, E - Coleoptile
Capitulum inflorescence is a modification of :
(a) Raceme
(b) Panicle
(c) Spike
(d) Cyme
An example of scapigerous cyme is
(a) Onion
(b) Asparagus
(c) Maize
(d) Colocasia
Cauliflower used as vegetable is :
(a) an undifferentiated composition of leaves
(b) a fleshy inflorescence
(c) a bunch of fertile flowers
(d) not a flower or inflorescence
Inflorescence which is not racemose but resemble a single
flower is called :
(a) Capitulum
(b) Cymose
(c) Cyathium
(d) Simple cyme

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11
58.

59.
60.

61.

62.
63.

64.
65.

66.

67.
68.
69.
70.

71.

In a raceme the flowers are

(a) Arranged in a basipetal succession
(b) Arranged in acropetal succession
(c) Separate sexes
(d) Of the same sex
Flowers of Euphorbia are
(a) Monochlamydous (b) Dichlamydous
(c) Polychlamydous
(d) Achlamydous
An example of spadix inflorescence
(a) Male flower of Maize
(b) Female flower of mulberry
(c) Male flower of Euphorbia
(d) Female inflorescence of maize
The milk of coconut is obtained from the fleshy and liquid :
(a) Mesocarp and Placenta
(b) Endosperm and embryo
(c) Endosperm and pericarp
(d) Endosperm
The edible part of pomegranate :
(a) Fleshy seedling
(b) Fleshy pericarp
(c) Fleshy seed coat (d) Fleshy placenta
The edible part of wood apple is
(a) Placenta and whole endocarp
(b) Placenta and inner endocarp
(c) Placenta and epicarp
(d) Pericarp and placenta
The fleshy and edible part of pear respresents :
(a) Inflorescence axis (b) Thalamus
(c) Involucre
(d) Ripened ovary
An aggregate fruit develops from :
(a) Syncarpous pistil
(b) Apocarpous pistil
(c) Syncarpous and Apocarpous pistil
(d) Inflorescence
A simple fruit develops from
(a) Multicarpellary syncarpous pistil
(b) Mono-or multicarpellary syncarpous pistil
(c) Multicarpellary apocarpous pistil
(d) Multicarpellary apo-& syncarpous pistil
The number of suture present in follicle
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
The fruit of Sal (Shorea robusta) is
(a) Samara
(b) Samaroid
(b) Double samara
(d) Multiple samara
The Cabbage of Commerce is :
(a) Vegetative bud
(b) flower bud
(c) Axillary bud
(d) Adventitious bud
The Coir of commerce is obtained from :
(a) Stem fibres of jute
(b) Leaf fibres of palm
(c) Mesocarp of coconut
(d) Midrib of coconut leaf
A dry, one seeded, indehiscent fruit with the seed coat and
pericarp completely united is
(a) Achene
(b) Cypsela
(c) Caryopsis
(d) Nut-meg

72.
73.
74.

75.
76.

77.

78.
79.

80.
81.
82.

83.

84.

85.

Lomentum is a term used to describe a kind of

(a) Inflorescence
(b) fruit
(c) Seed
(d) Outgrowth from seed
Fleshy fruits are
(a) Indehiscent
(b) Dehiscent
(c) Schizocarpic
(d) Either type
Pollen of one flower when transferred to the stigma of a
female flower on the same plant, it is called :
(a) Xenogamy
(b) Dichogamy
(c) Geitonogamy
(d) Homogamy
Papilionaceons corolla is found in :
(a) Cassia flower
(b) Bean flower
(c) Mustard flower
(d) Caesalpinia flower
If the pollen of a flower falls on the stigma of another flower
belonging to the same plant it is
(a) Genetically self pollination
(b) Ecologically a cross pollination
(c) Genetically and ecologically a cross pollination
(d) None
A condition in which pollen grains are held together to form
tetrad or polyad is found in :
(a) Mimosaceae
(b) Calotropis
(c) Orchids
(d) Malvaceae
Translator apparatus is associated with :
(a) Protein Synthesis (b) Pollinium formation
(c) Pollen formation
(d) Polycarpic nature
The process by which pollen grains are produced from pollen
mother cells :
(a) Pollination
(b) Microsporogenesis
(c) Microphylly
(d) Pollinosis
Disease caused by pollen grains :
(a) Palynomorph
(b) Sporo-pollenin
(c) Palynosis
(d) Pollinosis
A typical female gametophyte of angiosperms is :
(a) 7-celled
(b) 8-celled
(c) 1-celled
(d) Many-celled
A pollen grain represents
(a) First cell of male gamete
(b) First cell of male sporophyte
(c) First cell of male gametophyte
(d) Last cell generation of sporophyte
Scutellum is a/an
(a) protective covering of radicle
(b) protective covering of plumule
(c) endosperm of gymnosperms
(d) shield-shaped cotyledon
The endosperm tissue of angiosperms is :
(a) produced after fertilization
(b) triploid
(c) a hybrid of paternal and maternal cells
(d) All of the above
The male gametophyte of angiosperms is :
(a) Independent in nature
(b) Dependent on sporophyte & gametophyte
(c) Dependent on male sporophyt
(d) Dependent on male and female sporophyte

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12
86.

87.

88.

89.

Seeds of gram are

(a) exalbuminous and epigeal
(b) exalbuminous and hypogeal
(c) albuminous and epigeal
(d) albuminous and hypogeal
An outgrowth at the micropylar region of seed as found in
castor-beans :
(a) Kernel
(b) Scutellum
(c) Caruncle
(d) Cupule
The plants of Parwal (Trichosanthes) are propagated by
(a) Seeds
(b) Fruits
(c) Root cuttings
(d) Stem cuttings
Which of the following is a false fruit ?
(a) Apple

90.
91.

92.

93.

(a)
(b)

94.

(c)
(d) Br % K(5) C(5) A(10) G1
Which one of the following is a true fruit?
(a) Apple

(b) Coconut

(c) Plum
(d) Mango
Trilocular ovary with axile placentation is found in :
(a) Liliaceae
(b) Gramineae
(c) Compositae
(d) Cruciferae
Cross pollination is a rule in :
(a) Cleistogamy
(b) Chasmogamy
(c) Dicliny
(d) Bisexuality

Polypetalae, polyandry, syncarpy and dimerae are

characteristic to :
(a) Malvaceae
(b) Mimosaceae
(c) Brassicaceae
(d) Asteraceae
The floral formula of solanaceae is

95.

(b) Pear

(c) Cashew nut

(d) Coconut
Leaves alternate, corolla regular and gamopetalous, ovary
superior with several ovules in each loculi,carpels two,
twisted aestivation, stamens five. These are characters of :
(a) Asteraceae
(b) Solanaceae
(c) Malvaceae
(d) Scrophulariaceae

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13

Hints & Solutions

1.

2.
3.
4.

5.

6.
7.
8.

9.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.
17.

(b) Morphological study is mainly concerned with forms

and external features of various plant parts. From such
study it is possible to differentiate a plant from another.
So the main application of morphology lies in the
classification of plants, i. e., taxonomy.
(d) A root differs from stem, without any exception, by the
presence of unicellular root hairs and in the absence of
nodes and internodes.
(b) A root in basipetal succession, is differentiated into
root-cap zone, meristematic zone, elongation zone and
permanent zone.
(a) In Dahlia, roots do not originate from radicles and are,
therefore, adventitious. Roots of radish, carrot and beet
originate from radicle are the examples of modified tap
root.
(d) The main function of root-cap is to protect the growing
apex from soil particles. Plant growing in water
(hydrophytes) or on another plant (epiphytes) or in
another plant (parasites) are devoid of root-cap.
(b) Water absorption takes place through root-hairs. The
latter are present only in maturation zone.
(d)
(d) The coralloid root of Cycas and pneuamatophores of
mangroves (like Rhizophora) become negatively
geotropic i.e., come above the soil surface, due to
bacterial infection and for aeration, respectively.
(a) Depending on the site and duration, a parasite may be
root parasite or stem parasite, total or partial. Rafflesia
(the largest flower) is an example of total root parasite.
Loranthus and Cassytha are stem parasite. Utricularia
is an insectivorous, aquatic plant.
(b) In maize, Pandamus etc., adventitious roots develop
from the lower nodes of the stem to provide mechanical
support and are called stilt roots.
(b) Santalum album (Sandal wood plant) is a small tree,
but at the young stage remains parasite on the root of
other plants.
(b) Tuber is an underground modification of stem. Potato
is a typical example of tuber.
(d) Root is the usual storage part of plants. Sometimes,
stem may be storage in nature are in underground
modifications.
(a)
(b) The main purpose of sub-aerial modification of stem is
vegetative propagation, as found in runner, offset,
stolon and sucker. The examples of sucker are
Chrysanthemum, Mint, etc.
(a)
(c) Epiphyllous bud is a type of adventitious bud, i.e, not
originating from stem apex or axil of a leaf. Usually it
develops from margin (or leaf surface) of leaf as in
Bryophyllum Kalanchoe etc. It serves the function of
vegetative propagation.

18. (d) A stem when modified into an underground structure

(like root) may be differentiated on the basis of the
characteristics of stem like the presence of nodes and
internodes, leaves, buds, adventitious roots etc.
19. (d) In cactus (e. g., Opuntia) the leaf is reduced to spine
(as xeric adaptations) and the whole stem is modified
into flat-green, water storing structure, called
phylloclade.
20. (b) Like phylloclade, cladode is also a modification of stem.
But here the branch or axillary bud is only modified
into a flat, tree like structure with only one internode.
21. (d) Bulbil is a structure rich in food materials and serves
the function of vegetative propagation.
22. (b) The tallest (longest) plant is Sequoia sempervirns
(Californian red wood) which is a conifer that is a member
of gymnosperms.
23. (c) Spine is a modified leaf, thorn is a modified stem, and
prickle is an epidermal outgrowth of stem. So their origin
is different. However, they perform similar function
(analogous structure).
24. (a) Flower is derived from shoot. So any modified stems
(like thorn) can produce flower.
25. (b)
26. (c) The cell sap of the internodal part of the sugar-cane
contains sugary juice.
27. (c) An offset is a lateral branch, meant for vegetative
propagation and is homologous to runner. It differs
from the latter in being restricted to hydrophytes only.
28. (d)
29. (b) When a simple leaf is dissected transversely into a
number of leaf-lets, the leaf is called pinnate compound
leaf.
30. (d)
31. (b)
32. (d) In Drosera, leaf-margins are dissected to form tentacles
with glandular tips, which secrete a viscous substance
to catch the prey.
33. (d) Stipules are characteristically present in certain dicot
families. In monocots, stipule is found only in Smilax
in the form of tendril.
34. (c)
35. (a) A flower with two accessory whorls, calyx and corolla,
is said to be dichlamydous . When a flower contains a
single accessory whorl, not differentiated into calyx
and corolla, the termed applied is perianth and such
flower is called monochlamydous.
36. (c) Out of the four floral parts, i.e., calyx, corolla,
androecium and gynoecium., when any one is absent
the flower is called incomplete. An incomplete flower,
therefore lacks either an accessory whorl or an essential
whorl, consequently the flower would either be bisexual
or unisexual.

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14
37.

38.
39.

40.
41.

42.

43.

44.
45.
46.

47.
48.

49.

50.
51.
52.
53.
54.

55.

(c) When the male and female reproductive organs develop 56. (b) The edible part of cauliflower represents a fleshy
on different individual plants the condition is called
inflorescence. Here the upper part of the peduncle is
dioecious. In such plant species, fertilization can not
suppressed, so that all the flowers appear to lie in one
occur in a single isolated plant.
plane. The lower and older flowers are with long
(a)
pedicels, and the upper and younger flowers are with
(a) A flower with all the petals of the same size produces a
shorter pedicels. This is a type of corymb inflorescence.
circular out line, thereby rendering an actinomorphic 57. (c) In cyathium inflorescence, extreme case of reduction is
symmetry. Corolla with one petal larger or smaller than
noticed. Here the peduncle is reduced to a small disc
the rests provides zygomorphic symmetry and corolla
which bears single female flower and many male
with petals of different sizes forms asymmetric condition.
flowers. The flowers are achlamydous , i.e., without
(a)
any accessory whorls. The whole inflorescence is
(d) In an androecium, when the stamens are united only
covered by a large bract called involucre, thus
by anthers the condition is called syngenesious (a case
producing a single flower-like appearance.
of cohesion). When the stamens (filaments) are united 58. (b) Raceme is a typical racemose inflorescence and is
to petals, it is called epipetalous (a case of adhesion),
characterised by indetermiante growth of peduncle and
Syngenesious-epipetalous stamens are characteristic
acropetal succession of flowers, i.e., older flower at the
of Compositae (Asteraceae).
base and younger at th apex.
(b) Both bract and bracteole are leafy structure associated 59. (d)
with flowers. Bract develops one peduncle 60. (d) Spadix is a type of spike, covered by large bract/bracts.
(inflorescence axis) and bracteole develops on pedicle
The female inflorescence of Maize is covered by many
or at the base of the thalamus.
bracts, hence represents a spadix.
(a) The mustard (Brassica campestris) belongs to 61. (d)
62. (c)
63. (b)
64. (b)
Cruciferae (Brassicaeae). The stamens of this family is 65. (b) An aggregate fruit is an association of simple fruits,
characteristically tetradynamous (two small and four
called etaerio. An aggregate fruit can develop only from
large free stamens).
apocarpous pistil (free multiple carpels).
(d) Glumes are characteristically present in gramineae. They 66. (b) A simple fruit develops from single ovary, irrespective
are scaly (leafy) structures and develop on peduncle.
of the number of carpel.
(b)
67. (a) In dehiscent fruits, there are one or more longitudinal
(c) In protogyny, the gynoecium matures before
lines, along which the mature fruit opens, called suture.
androecium in a bisexual flower. Such condition is found
The number of suture is one of the important features
in Magnolia, Michelia (Magnoliaceae), Anona,
in identifying the type of dehiscent fruits. Follicle differs
Polyalthia (Anonaceae), Ficus (Moraceae) etc.
from all other dehiscent fruits in having a single suture.
(b)
68. (b) In samara, the pericarp is modified to wing. In Shorea,
(b) When the stamens (by their filaments) are united to
the calyx is persistent and modified to wing.
petals the stamens are called epipetalous. Such 69. (a) Cabbage is a condensed shoot i.e., a vegetative bud
condition is found in Solanaceae, Malvaceae,
(terminal).
Compositae, etc.
70. (c) The mesocarp of coconut fruit is represented by fibres,
(d) In floral formula, sexuality, symmetry, number of floral
which provides the raw material for coir of commerce.
parts and their cohesion and adhesion, and the position 71. (c)
of ovary can be depicted. The characters like 72. (b) Lomentum is a schizocarpic fruit.
placentation, aestivation and nature of thalamus can 73. (a) Fleshy fruits are always indehiscent. The seeds are
not be given.
exposed only after the decay of the fleshy part (usually
(c) Sometimes zygomorphy may result from oblique
pericarp).
position of ovary as in the case of Solanaceae.
74. (c) Geitonogamy is found in monoecious plants like maize.
(c) Didynamous stamen is found in Ocimum (Labiatae).
This type of pollination may also occur in
(a) In papilionaceous corolla (sweet pea), the two lower
hermaphrodite plant species.
petals (keel remain united and cover the stigma surface. 75. (b) Papilionaceous corolla is characteristic to papilionaceae
As a result cross pollination can not takes place.
(Fabaceae). Bean is an example of this family.
(c)
76. (a) In geitonogamy, pollination occur in the same plant,
(c) In capitulum inflorescence, the flowers (florets) are
resulting no new recombinations.
sessile and arranged in centripetal succession 77. (a) In Mimosaceae and Typhaceae, the pollen grains are
(originally acropetal). It is , therefore, a modification of
not set free after meiosis but are held together in the
spike.
form of tetrad or polyad.
(a) In onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (A. sativum) the 78. (b) The pollinia are connected with each other by slender
inflorescence appears like umbel but the arrangmeent
stalk-like process forming translator apparatus.
of flowers is more or less centrifugal i.e., cymose like. 79. (b) Pollen grains or microspores are halpoid structures and
This is a special type of inflorescence called
are produced from pollen or microspore mother cell by
scapigerous cyme or unbellate cyme.
meiosis. The process is called microsporogenesis.
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15
80. (d) Pollen grains of certain plants cause allergic reaction
to human beings. The allergic response to pollen is
called hayfever or pollinosis. Protein content of the
pollen (mainly g -globulin) affects the mucous
membrane of the upper respiratory tract.
81. (a) In majority (70%) of angiosperms, the embryo sac or
female gametophyte is 8-nucleate (called Polygonum
type), of which the two nuclei are united to form as
diploid (2n) secondary nucleus. So the mature female
gametophyte is 7-celled (1 egg cell, 2 synergids, 1
secondary nucleus and 3 antipodal cells).
82. (c) The pollen grains is haploid and represents the first cell
of male gametophyte.
83. (d)
84. (d)
85. (d) The male gametophyte of angiosperms initiatesfrom
the formation of pollen grain and ends with the
production of micro-sporangium of anther (i.e., on male
sporophyte) and the later part of development takes
place at stigmatic surface and style (i.e., on the female
sporophyte).
86. (b)
87. (c) In certain seeds, like castor, an outgrowth develops
from the integument (testa) and covers the micropyle,
called caruncle.

88. (c) In Trichosanthes, the seeds are non-viable

(Parthenocarpic). It is propagatd by root cuttings.The
roots develop buds.
89. (a)
90. (a) Monocot flowers are trimerous. In Liliaceae, carpel are
three and united. So the ovary is trilocular with axile
placentation.
91. (c) Cleistogamy is a condition in which flowers never
open. Self-pollination can only take place in bisexual,
cleistogamous flowers. Opposite to cleistogamy is
chasmogamy, where flowers open at maturity. Dicliny
is otherwise called unisexuality. In such condition only
cross pollination can occur.
92. (c) Pentamerous condition i.e., the floral parts in multiple
of five, is characterisitic to dicot families. In Cruciferaea
(Brassicaceae) the floral parts are in multiple of two
(dimerous) or four (tetramerous). In this family the petals
are four and cruciform and stamens (tetradynamous)
are free, and the carpels (two) are united (Syncarpous).
93. (a)
94. (d)
95. (b) Five stamens, bicarpellary condition and presence of
many ovules in the ovary, characterise Solanaceae from
other families.

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