BASICS OF TURBO MACHINERY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SUB OUTCOMES
Students are able to
Understand the principle on which Turbo machinery
works.
Derive the Impulse Momentum equation from Newtons
Second law.
Study the behavior of various types of vanes under the
action of Jet impingement.
Derive the equations for Forces acted by jet impingement
up on the various types of vanes in motion and rest, by
applying Impulse momentum equation.
Understand to get the mechanical work from the
impingement of jet on series of vanes connected to
periphery of circular disk.

PRINCIPLE OF TURBO MACHINERY

Any Boundary which changes the velocity of a

fluid mass in direction or magnitude or both
is subjected to a force by that fluid.

If that boundary is a Vane/Blade (Flat or curved)

capable of motion, then work is done by fluid in
displacing that Vane/Blade.
Turbo machines use this principle of fluid work.
Some machines work under fluid (Force
exerted by the velocity of fluid on the vanes of
machine) Example: Turbines.
Some machines work on fluid (Force is exerted
by the vanes of the machine on the fluid).Eg: Pumps

Turbine vs Pump

FROM NEWTONS II LAW

F=m.a

F=m dv
dt

F.dt = m. dv
F = (m/dt) . dv
F = (mass flow rate) . dv
F = d(mass flow rate . v)
F = d(Momentum)
F = dM --------Impulse momentum equation

IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

Impact = The action of one object (Fluid) coming

forcibly into contact with another object (Vane).

FORCE EXERTED BY FLUID JET ON

STATIONARY FLAT PLATE

Let a jet of diameter d and velocity V issue from

a nozzle and strike a flat plate as shown in figure.

The plate is held stationary and perpendicular to

the centre line of jet.
If there are no friction losses, the jet after striking
the plate will leave with velocity V tangentially
i.e, the jet will get deflected through 90.

FORCE EXERTED BY FLUID JET ON STATIONARY FLAT

PLATE, CONTINUED

The quantity of fluid striking the plate = Q= a.V

2
d
Where, a = C.S of jet =
4
Therefore mass flow rate m
& aV
From Impulse momentum equation
Force exerted by plate = Change in momentum
Force exerted by plate = [Final momentum
- Initial Momentum] in x-direction
Force exerted by plate in x-direction is given by
Fx 0 aV .V (-ve sign indicates force exerted by the plate)
2
Fx aV
2

Fx aV

(+ve sign indicates force exerted by the fluid)

FORCE EXERTED BY FLUID JET ON STATIONARY FLAT

PLATE, CONTINUED

Force exerted by plate in y-direction is given by

-Fy = [Final momentum at exits Initial
momentum at inlet]in y-direction.

Q
Q
Fy [ .V .V ] 0
2
2
Fy 0
Resultant force exerted by the fluid on the plate
is given by

FR Fx 2 Fy 2

FR Fx aV 2

IMPACT OF JET ON FLAT PLATE INCLINED AT TO THE JET

Let a stationary smooth plate be held inclined at an angle to the direction of

flow of jet of diameter d and velocity v, as shown in figure. It is assumed that
there exists no frictional resistance at the plate and there is no impact losses.
The discharge from the nozzle is divided in to two jets after impacting the plate.
Let Q1 be the discharge in upward direction and Q2 be the discharge in downward
direction.

IMPACT OF JET ON FLAT PLATE INCLINED AT TO THE JET

CONTINUED.

From continuity equation

Q=Q1+Q2 ------------------------eq1

RELATION BETWEEN Q1&Q2

We know that there is no resultant force along tangential

direction.
F tangential = [Final tangential momentum at exits Initial
tangential momentum at entry]
0 = [ Q1V Q2V ] [ QV cos ]
Q cos Q1 Q2 ---------------eq2
From eqs 1&2
Q
Q

[1 cos ]
Therefore
2
from eqs 1&3

Q2

Q
[1 cos ]
2

Therefore relation between Q1&Q2 is

Q1 1 cos

Q2 1 cos

IMPACT OF JET ON FLAT PLATE INCLINED AT TO THE JET

CONTINUED.

Force exerted by jet in x-direction

-Fx = [Final Momentum at 2 exits initial momentum at
entry] in x-direction

Fx [ Q1V cos Q2V cos ] [ QV ]

Fx V [(Q1 Q2 ) cos Q ]
Fx V [Q cos cos Q ]
Fx VQ[cos 2 1]
Fx VQ sin 2
Fx aV 2 sin 2

Hence force exerted by jet on stationary inclined vane in x-direction is

Fx aV 2 sin 2

IMPACT OF JET ON FLAT PLATE INCLINED AT TO THE JET

CONTINUED.

Force exerted by jet in y-direction

-Fy = [Final Momentum at 2 exits initial momentum at
entry] in y-direction

Fy [ Q1V sin Q2V sin ] [0]

Fy V sin [Q1 Q2 ]
Fy V sin [Q cos ]
Fy QV sin cos
Fy aV 2 sin cos

Hence force exerted by jet on stationary inclined vane in y-direction is

Fy aV 2 sin cos

2
2
F

F
x
y
Resultant force

Angle made by resultant force is given by tan

Fy
Fx

JET STRIKING A SYMMETRICAL

STATIONARY CURVED VANE AT CENTRE

Let a horizontal jet of c.s a and having velocity V be striking a smooth

stationary symmetrical curved vane at its centre on concave side. Let be
the angle between the two tangents drawn to the vane at its out let tips as
shown.
After striking the vane the jet will divide itself and the each divided jets
glides over the vane and leaves the vanes at its both ends.

Let the flow rate entering be Q

JET STRIKING A SYMMETRICAL STATIONARY CURVED VANE AT CENTRE

CONTINUED

As the vane is symmetrical, the divided two jets at exits

will have the same discharge and equal to Q/2.
Force exerted by plate on fluid in x-direction is given by,

Fx = [Final momentum at exits initial momentum at

entry] in x-direction.
Q
Q
Fx [ cos V cos V ] [ QV ]
2
2
Q
Fx [ QV 2 cos V ]
2
Fx QV [1 cos ] (+ve sign indicates force exerted by fluid on vane)
Therefore force exerted by fluid
On the vane in x-direction is

Fx QV [1 cos ]

JET STRIKING A SYMMETRICAL STATIONARY CURVED VANE AT CENTRE

CONTINUED

Similarly, Force exerted by plate on fluid in y-direction is

given by
F = [Final momentum at 2 exits initial momentum at
y
entry] in y-direction.
Q
Q
Fy [ sin V sin V ] 0
2
2
Fy 0

Therefore force exerted by fluid on vane in y-direction is

zero.
2
2
Resultant force FR Fx Fy

FR Fx QV [1 cos ] aV 2 [1 cos ]

For flat plate, =90; and FR aV

2
2
But; aV [1 cos ] ? aV , therefore Force on curved vane is
2

greater than force on flat vane.

JET STRIKING AN UN SYMMETRIC STATIONARY

CURVED VANE, TANGENTIALLY AT ONE OF THE TIPS

Let a jet of cross-sectional area a and velocity v, strike tangentially at

one of the tips, called the inlet tip, of a smooth curved vane as shown in
figure. Let the tangent at inlet tip makes an angle with the horizontal
and that at the outlet tip make an angle with the axis.

JET STRIKING AN UN SYMMETRIC STATIONARY CURVED VANE,

TANGENTIALLY AT ONE OF THE TIPS

CONTINUED

Now from Momentum principle,

Fx = [Final Momentum at exit Initial
Momentum at inlet] in x direction

Fx V Q cos V Q cos
Fx QV [cos cos ]

Therefore force exerted by fluid on vane in x-direction is

lly

Fx aV 2 [cos cos ]

From momentum principle,

Fy = [Final Momentum at exit Initial Momentum
at inlet] in y direction
Fy V Q sin V Q sin

Fy V Q[sin sin ]
Fy QV [sin sin ]

JET STRIKING AN UN SYMMETRIC STATIONARY CURVED

VANE, TANGENTIALLY AT ONE OF THE TIPS

CONTINUED

Resultant force F Fx 2 Fy 2
F
Direction of the resultant force is given by tan 1 y
Fx
SPECIAL CASE
Further if ==0, the vane becomes Semi
circular & the incoming and outgoing jets are
parallel to horizontal axis and opposite in
direction.
And Fx 2 aV 2

Fy 0

SUMMARY OF STATIONARY VANES

Stationary/

Flat/Curved

Orientation

Moving

aV 2

Stationary

Flat

Vertical

Stationary

Flat

inclined

aV 2 sin 2

Stationary

Curved

Symmetrical

aV 2 [1 cos ]

Impact at
centre
Stationary

Curved

Un
Symmetrical
Entering
tangentially

Stationary

Curved

Symmetrical
Impact at tip
Entering
tangentially

Stationary

Curved

Impact at tip
Semi circular

Resultant

aV 2

aV 2 sin cos

aV 2 [cos cos ]

2 aV 2 cos

2 aV

Fy

Fx

aV 2[sin sin ]
0

Fx 2 Fy 2

aV 2 [1 cos ]

Fx 2 Fy 2

2 aV 2 cos

2 aV 2

EFFECTIVE VELOCITY

Effective velocity is the velocity of jet relative to the plate,

in the direction of the Jet strike.
Suppose when the vane is allowed to move with a velocity u in the
direction of jet, effective velocity of incoming jet is (V-u), as relative
velocity w.r.t plate is (V-u).

NOTE: When the vane is not moving in the direction of jet, the Effective
velocity is not equal to (V-u) and the relative velocities are calculated for
further analysis

FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING OBSERVE THE

EFFECTIVE AND RELATIVE VELOCITIES IN
THE FOLLOWING CASE STUDY

FORCE EXERTED BY JET ON MOVING

FLAT VERTICAL VANE

Let a jet of cross sectional area a moving with absolute

velocity v strikes the flat vertical vane moving with velocity
u as shown in figure.

Moving direction of vane = jet striking direction, therefore

Relative velocity of jet w.r.t vane (V-u) is effective velocity
This phenomena can also analyzed as vane at rest and jet
striking with velocity (v-u). Therefore substitute V with (V-u)
for the plate at rest in the given situation, i.e., vertical plate
at rest striked by jet horizontally.

VANE

CONTINUED..

Therefore force exerted by jet on this moving vane is

Fx a (V u ) 2
Fy 0
Resultant force FR a (V u ) 2
Work done = Resultant force Displacement
W = FR u

a (V u ) u
2

au (V u )

FORCE EXERTED BY JET ON MOVING

FLAT INCLINED VANE

Let a stationary smooth plate be held inclined at an angle

to the direction of flow of jet of diameter d and velocity v, as
shown in figure.
[Direction of vane =
Direction of jet strike]
Therefore substitute V
with relative velocity(V-u) for the plate at rest in
the give situation. Fx a (V u ) 2 sin 2

Fy a (V u ) 2 sin cos
Resultant force F F 2 F 2 [ a (V u ) 2 ] [sin 2 sin cos ]
R
x
y
FR a(V u ) 2 sin
Work done W= F u
R

au (V u ) 2 sin 2

JET STRIKING AT CENTRE OF

SYMMETRICAL MOVING CURVED VANE

CREATIVE QUESTIONS

Find the Resistant Force acting on the Bus due to the striking of air,
when the bus is moving with a velocity 100kmph as shown in figure. Take
the velocity of air stream as 20kmph in opposite direction of the motion of
bus. Neglect the drag forces